251:, and usually involved going around the room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?"—speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared.
247:'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to the original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy". However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were
179:, they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising.
399:
385:
2049:
371:
263:, conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women. As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something
199:, at the First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular
267:, something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions".
293:
was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups. This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience, and the usage of critical consciousness
211:
sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York
Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak. Over the next few years, small-group consciousness raising
273:
wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as a form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time,
353:
uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case. These include replacing references to children as
Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to
246:
While explaining the theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie
Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only
238:
argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as the results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping
358:
as "raising our consciousness" in biology to the possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics). Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to
170:
began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie
Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer:
254:
Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an
322:
among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as
1026:
We said we could 'best explore our sexual attitudes most truthfully in an all-male group', and in many ways we did indeed operate as an awareness or conscious raising group as well as an editorial collective.
66:
or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness is often the first activity in which any
243:. Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men.
772:)), p. 188 & n. 3 (author, with doctorate in religion from Univ. of Southern Calif., taught at Yale Divinity School & Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.) (p. 188 n. 3 citing Shreve, Anita,
335:, all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and a means of raising awareness in the wider society.
294:
through the creation of art as a liberatory praxis. Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as
1927:
34:
in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus the attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g.
506:
106:
819:
217:
2084:
129:
Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as "
1072:
1214:
216:, which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the
559:(to know). Until the early 17th century, consciousness was used in the sense of moral knowledge of right or wrong, what is today referred to as
1988:
1857:
1528:
1897:
1063:
1641:
1523:
213:
2077:
1907:
1543:
795:
1827:
1186:
1164:
1154:
1114:
930:
842:
769:
533:
224:, a member of the West Village would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was the movement's most successful form of
1130:
1121:
604:
1538:
274:
she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions".
1777:
1688:
1207:
977:
1144:
2187:
2172:
2167:
2070:
1717:
1671:
289:
Historically, poetry has been used as a consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups. Activist and writer
31:
910:
418:
2157:
1837:
1548:
1593:
228:, and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade".
2162:
1553:
448:
204:
2182:
2120:
1588:
1200:
866:
Castelao-GĂłmez, Isabel (February 2016). "Looking back at
Feminism and Poetry: An interview with Jan Montefiore".
2177:
1079:
1007:
428:
154:
group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout the United States. In
November 1967, a group including
86:
of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information.
35:
1767:
1722:
1558:
1402:
1272:
423:
147:
2130:
2105:
1947:
1937:
1847:
1578:
1533:
332:
240:
94:
788:
The art of protest : culture and activism from the civil rights movement to the streets of
Seattle
151:
2093:
2022:
1867:
1746:
1661:
1629:
1482:
1302:
1887:
1710:
1695:
1636:
1614:
1392:
1332:
433:
155:
63:
2030:
1877:
1609:
1457:
936:
891:
813:
277:
However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and
231:"In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups."
2136:
1917:
1787:
1568:
1282:
1257:
1247:
1182:
1150:
1110:
1102:
1059:
926:
883:
848:
838:
801:
791:
765:
710:
692:
582:
529:
453:
438:
324:
221:
2113:
1817:
1624:
1492:
1472:
1452:
1312:
1223:
1160:
918:
875:
700:
684:
413:
345:
248:
163:
102:
2053:
1757:
1583:
1477:
1462:
1407:
1387:
1367:
1287:
1277:
1242:
1043:
443:
404:
376:
359:
feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option.
350:
43:
2035:
1055:
74:
However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as
1978:
1797:
1651:
1497:
1467:
1432:
1427:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1252:
1237:
705:
672:
311:
225:
98:
68:
47:
612:
2151:
1968:
1678:
1573:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1422:
1372:
1357:
1352:
940:
895:
519:
167:
673:"The women's liberation movement, activism and therapy at the grassroots, 1968–1985"
1807:
1683:
1563:
1487:
1417:
1412:
1377:
1342:
1292:
1267:
1262:
1174:
1140:
390:
270:
200:
192:
985:
688:
523:
1666:
1646:
1397:
1297:
1048:
290:
212:
spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the
75:
762:
Living in the Lap of the
Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America
398:
1656:
1382:
1362:
1317:
1126:
366:
328:
315:
314:
activists, who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants
278:
208:
184:
159:
130:
118:
110:
83:
59:
51:
887:
879:
852:
774:
Women
Together, Women Alone: The Legacy of the Consciousness-Raising Movement
696:
1307:
922:
805:
355:
114:
714:
478:
A consciousness raising group organized by the New York
Radical Feminists.
2017:
1705:
1619:
458:
319:
256:
235:
176:
79:
27:
1011:
2062:
1518:
1502:
1700:
1192:
611:. The Chicago Women's Liberation Institution. 1971. Archived from
1177:, "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism", 1984, collected in
1146:
Feminist Revolution: an abridged edition with additional writings
953:
260:
55:
39:
2066:
1196:
302:, online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing.
528:. Englewood, Colorado: Roberts and Company. p. 1.
525:
The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach
1747:
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
203:, founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and
653:, p. 43 & n. 8 (p. 43 n. 8 citing Shreve, Anita,
507:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
107:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2005:
1960:
1928:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
1738:
1731:
1602:
1511:
1230:
605:"How to start your own consciousness-raising group"
310:In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with
1047:
1122:How to start your own consciousness-raising group
207:—promoted consciousness raising and distributed
173:
790:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
547:The word consciousness derives from the Latin
2078:
1208:
911:"Consciousness-raising and critical practice"
8:
818:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
776:(N.Y.: Fawcett Columbine, 1989), pp. 10–11).
197:A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising
146:Consciousness raising groups were formed by
497:The Yogyakarta Principles, Article 2, 9, 15
2085:
2071:
2063:
1735:
1215:
1201:
1193:
1179:No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays
1038:
1036:
1034:
835:Sister outsider : essays and speeches
1120:Chicago Women's Liberation Union (1971),
704:
82:, in order to harness and/or sustain the
1008:"Gay Left: An Overview by Jeffrey Weeks"
1165:Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon
490:
471:
429:Diffusion of innovations § Process
1858:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
1529:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
811:
354:our using non-sexist terminology) and
16:Activism which use awareness campaigns
1898:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
1818:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
786:Vernon), Reed, T. V. (Thomas (2005).
239:oneself and helping others to become
7:
1642:Feminist views on transgender topics
1054:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.
764:(Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 1995 (
1181:, Wesleyan University Press, 1992,
1107:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
868:European Journal of Women's Studies
577:In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution
1908:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
166:(originally Kathie Amatniek), and
14:
1828:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
195:1968, Kathie Sarachild presented
2047:
1989:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
1524:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1131:The Tyranny of Structurelessness
647:Living in the Lap of the Goddess
397:
383:
369:
214:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1594:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)
1544:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
1539:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
509:, Article 8 "Awareness raising"
1778:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm
1:
1718:Social construction of gender
1672:Feminist views on pornography
1135:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
689:10.1080/09612025.2018.1450611
117:and harmful practices toward
917:, Routledge, pp. 1–13,
419:Black Consciousness Movement
1549:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
954:"Journal | Sinister Wisdom"
671:Crook, Sarah (2018-03-16).
655:Women Together, Women Alone
218:Women's Liberation Movement
2204:
1554:New York Radical Feminists
1010:. Gay Left. Archived from
449:Situationist International
205:New York Radical Feminists
2121:The personal is political
2100:
2044:
1589:Women Against Pornography
1171:, pp. 144–150.
349:, anti-religion activist
880:10.1177/1350506815607838
119:people with disabilities
923:10.4324/9781315107851-1
555:(with or together) and
78:, membership drives or
42:), conflicts (e.g. the
32:United States feminists
1768:Sisterhood Is Powerful
1723:Violence against women
1559:New York Radical Women
1403:Catharine A. MacKinnon
958:www.sinisterwisdom.org
833:Audre., Lorde (2007).
677:Women's History Review
661:, pp. 5–6 & 9–14).
424:Critical Consciousness
189:
148:New York Radical Women
2131:Sex-positive feminism
2126:Consciousness raising
2106:The Feminine Mystique
2013:Consciousness raising
1948:The Industrial Vagina
1938:Sisterhood Is Forever
1848:Against Sadomasochism
1579:The Furies Collective
1534:Deep Green Resistance
915:Consciousness-Raising
333:Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
241:politically conscious
95:Yogyakarta Principles
20:Consciousness raising
2188:Second-wave feminism
2173:Feminist terminology
2168:Feminism and history
2094:Second-wave feminism
2023:Miss America protest
1868:Sisterhood Is Global
1662:Political lesbianism
1483:Marilyn Salzman Webb
1167:. Also reprinted in
2054:Feminism portal
1888:Feminism Unmodified
1711:Internalized sexism
1696:Reproductive rights
1637:Feminist separatism
1615:False consciousness
1393:Holly Lawford-Smith
1333:Shulamith Firestone
1169:Feminist Revolution
742:, Appendix, p. 202.
740:Feminist Revolution
728:Feminist Revolution
618:on 12 February 2004
575:Susan Brownmiller.
434:False consciousness
156:Shulamith Firestone
50:), movements (e.g.
2158:Awareness activism
2031:Radical lesbianism
1610:Child sexual abuse
1458:Alix Kates Shulman
1189:, p. 117–150.
1103:Brownmiller, Susan
978:"Conditions: Five"
909:Yu, Nilan (2018),
837:. Crossing Press.
636:Brownmiller, p. 79
594:Brownmiller, p. 78
234:Early mid-century
152:Women's Liberation
137:Issues and methods
2163:Critical pedagogy
2145:
2144:
2137:Feminist sex wars
2060:
2059:
2001:
2000:
1788:The Female Eunuch
1569:Stop Porn Culture
1303:Kimberlé Crenshaw
1283:Susan Brownmiller
1258:Rosalyn Baxandall
1248:Ti-Grace Atkinson
1161:Sarachild, Kathie
1065:978-0-618-68000-9
583:Susan Brownmiller
454:Suicide awareness
439:Internet activism
325:Magnus Hirschfeld
222:Susan Brownmiller
91:awareness raising
64:political parties
24:awareness raising
2195:
2183:Radical feminism
2114:God Giving Birth
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2027:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1838:Ain't I a Woman?
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1736:
1493:Harriet Wistrich
1473:John Stoltenberg
1453:Kathie Sarachild
1313:Christine Delphy
1224:Radical feminism
1217:
1210:
1203:
1194:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1078:. Archived from
1077:
1069:
1053:
1050:The God Delusion
1044:Dawkins, Richard
1040:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
984:. Archived from
974:
968:
967:
965:
964:
950:
944:
943:
906:
900:
899:
863:
857:
856:
830:
824:
823:
817:
809:
783:
777:
760:Eller, Cynthia,
758:
752:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
718:
708:
683:(7): 1152–1168.
668:
662:
645:Eller, Cynthia,
643:
637:
634:
628:
627:
625:
623:
617:
609:Cwluherstory.com
601:
595:
592:
586:
580:
572:
566:
565:
544:
542:
516:
510:
504:
498:
495:
479:
476:
414:Awareness ribbon
407:
402:
401:
393:
388:
387:
386:
379:
374:
373:
372:
346:The God Delusion
187:
164:Kathie Sarachild
103:LGBT stereotypes
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2178:Feminist theory
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2096:
2091:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2025:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1758:Sexual Politics
1751:
1727:
1598:
1507:
1478:Michele Wallace
1463:Valerie Solanas
1408:Sheila Michaels
1388:Marjorie Kramer
1368:Sheila Jeffreys
1288:Phyllis Chesler
1243:Chude Pam Allen
1226:
1221:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1006:Jeffrey Weeks.
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
976:
975:
971:
962:
960:
952:
951:
947:
933:
908:
907:
903:
865:
864:
860:
845:
832:
831:
827:
810:
798:
785:
784:
780:
759:
755:
751:Willis, p. 121.
750:
746:
738:
734:
726:
722:
670:
669:
665:
644:
640:
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
603:
602:
598:
593:
589:
574:
573:
569:
540:
538:
536:
518:
517:
513:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
483:
482:
477:
473:
468:
463:
444:Legal awareness
405:Religion portal
403:
396:
389:
384:
382:
377:Feminism portal
375:
370:
368:
365:
351:Richard Dawkins
341:
308:
306:For LGBT rights
296:Sinister Wisdom
287:
188:
183:
144:
139:
127:
105:as well as the
93:is used in the
44:Darfur genocide
30:popularized by
26:) is a form of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1979:SCUM Manifesto
1975:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1814:
1804:
1798:Lesbian Nation
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:Feminist views
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Male privilege
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:Monique Wittig
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Gloria Steinem
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Janice Raymond
1430:
1428:Irene Peslikis
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Germaine Greer
1345:
1340:
1338:Marilyn French
1335:
1330:
1328:Melissa Farley
1325:
1323:Andrea Dworkin
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1253:Kathleen Barry
1250:
1245:
1240:
1238:Wim Hora Adema
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1158:
1138:
1137:, 17, 151–165.
1124:
1118:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1085:on 2008-02-28.
1064:
1030:
998:
969:
945:
931:
901:
858:
843:
825:
797:978-0816637706
796:
778:
753:
744:
732:
720:
663:
638:
629:
596:
587:
567:
551:, composed of
534:
520:Koch, Christof
511:
499:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:
470:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
409:
408:
394:
380:
364:
361:
340:
337:
312:gay liberation
307:
304:
286:
285:Through poetry
283:
226:female bonding
181:
143:
140:
138:
135:
126:
123:
101:attitudes and
99:discriminatory
69:advocacy group
48:global warming
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2055:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:Off Our Backs
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Postgenderism
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:The Feminists
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:Florence Rush
1446:
1444:
1443:Adrienne Rich
1441:
1439:
1438:Rosetta Reitz
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Meghan Murphy
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Robert Jensen
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Merle Hoffman
1356:
1354:
1353:Carol Hanisch
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1187:0-8195-5250-X
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Willis, Ellen
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:0-394-73240-5
1152:
1148:
1147:
1143:(1975/1978).
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:0-385-31486-8
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:(101 KB)
1081:
1074:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:on 2015-02-16
1013:
1009:
1002:
999:
988:on 2021-05-06
987:
983:
979:
973:
970:
959:
955:
949:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:9781315107851
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:(1): 93–105.
873:
869:
862:
859:
854:
850:
846:
844:9780307809049
840:
836:
829:
826:
821:
815:
807:
803:
799:
793:
789:
782:
779:
775:
771:
770:0-8070-6507-2
767:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
724:
721:
716:
712:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
639:
633:
630:
614:
610:
606:
600:
597:
591:
588:
584:
579:. p. 21.
578:
571:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
537:
535:9780974707709
531:
527:
526:
521:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
494:
491:
485:
475:
472:
465:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
406:
400:
395:
392:
381:
378:
367:
362:
360:
357:
352:
348:
347:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
305:
303:
301:
297:
292:
284:
282:
280:
275:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
252:
250:
244:
242:
237:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Carol Hanisch
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
141:
136:
134:
132:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:breast cancer
33:
29:
25:
22:(also called
21:
2125:
2112:
2104:
2036:Womyn's land
2012:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1808:Woman Hating
1806:
1796:
1786:
1766:
1756:
1745:
1684:Prostitution
1564:Redstockings
1488:Ellen Willis
1418:Robin Morgan
1413:Kate Millett
1378:Lierre Keith
1343:Marilyn Frye
1293:D. A. Clarke
1278:Judith Brown
1268:Julie Bindel
1263:Linda Bellos
1178:
1168:
1145:
1141:Redstockings
1134:
1106:
1097:Bibliography
1080:the original
1049:
1025:
1019:. Retrieved
1012:the original
1001:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
981:
972:
961:. Retrieved
957:
948:
914:
904:
871:
867:
861:
834:
828:
787:
781:
773:
761:
756:
747:
739:
735:
730:, p. 147–148
727:
723:
680:
676:
666:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
632:
620:. Retrieved
613:the original
608:
599:
590:
576:
570:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
539:. Retrieved
524:
514:
502:
493:
474:
391:LGBTQ portal
344:
342:
309:
299:
295:
288:
276:
271:Ellen Willis
269:
264:
259:, surviving
253:
245:
233:
230:
209:mimeographed
201:Redstockings
196:
193:Thanksgiving
190:
174:
145:
128:
90:
88:
73:
23:
19:
18:
1973:(1970–2008)
1878:Intercourse
1667:Pornography
1647:Gender role
1630:Second wave
1398:Audre Lorde
1298:Nikki Craft
1273:Jenny Brown
1127:Freeman, Jo
982:Bitch Media
622:18 February
581:(quoted by
549:conscientia
291:Audre Lorde
150:, an early
142:In feminism
125:Terminology
111:stereotypes
76:fundraising
2152:Categories
1918:Only Words
1657:Patriarchy
1383:Anne Koedt
1363:bell hooks
1318:Gail Dines
1021:2015-02-25
992:2018-11-29
963:2018-11-29
561:conscience
486:References
339:In atheism
329:Iwan Bloch
300:Conditions
279:apolitical
249:women-only
185:Anne Forer
160:Anne Koedt
131:conscience
115:prejudices
109:to combat
84:motivation
60:Earth Hour
52:Greenpeace
1308:Mary Daly
1129:(1972). "
1073:"on-line"
1015:(Journal)
941:150786628
896:148814316
888:1350-5068
853:773898749
814:cite book
697:0961-2025
616:(Leaflet)
265:political
236:feminists
89:The term
71:engages.
2018:Herstory
1706:Misogyny
1620:Feminism
1163:(1973):
1105:(1999).
1046:(2006).
806:59138260
715:30381789
659:op. cit.
651:op. cit.
522:(2004).
459:Wokeness
363:See also
316:come out
257:abortion
182:—
177:Old Left
97:against
80:advocacy
28:activism
1625:Lesbian
1519:Cell 16
1503:Laura X
706:6195332
318:of the
175:In the
2133:(1979)
2117:(1968)
2109:(1963)
2026:(1968)
1993:(2014)
1983:(1967)
1952:(2008)
1942:(2003)
1932:(2000)
1922:(1993)
1912:(1992)
1902:(1989)
1892:(1987)
1882:(1987)
1872:(1984)
1862:(1984)
1852:(1982)
1842:(1981)
1832:(1981)
1822:(1974)
1812:(1974)
1802:(1973)
1792:(1970)
1782:(1970)
1772:(1970)
1762:(1970)
1701:Sexism
1603:Issues
1512:Groups
1231:People
1185:
1153:
1113:
1087:
1062:
939:
929:
894:
886:
851:
841:
804:
794:
768:
713:
703:
695:
532:
356:Darwin
320:closet
62:) and
2006:Other
1961:Other
1752:1970)
1739:Books
1732:Media
1584:WOMAD
1083:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
937:S2CID
892:S2CID
557:scire
541:3 Mar
466:Notes
1183:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1060:ISBN
927:ISBN
884:ISSN
849:OCLC
839:ISBN
820:link
802:OCLC
792:ISBN
766:ISBN
711:PMID
693:ISSN
624:2015
543:2019
530:ISBN
331:and
298:and
261:rape
56:PETA
40:AIDS
1133:".
1056:406
919:doi
876:doi
701:PMC
685:doi
553:cum
343:In
220:".
191:On
133:".
2154::
1780:"
1157:).
1117:).
1070:;
1058:.
1033:^
1024:.
980:.
956:.
935:,
925:,
913:,
890:.
882:.
872:23
870:.
847:.
816:}}
812:{{
800:.
709:.
699:.
691:.
681:27
679:.
675:.
657:,
649:,
607:.
545:.
327:,
281:.
162:,
158:,
121:.
113:,
58:,
54:,
46:,
38:,
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
1776:"
1750:(
1216:e
1209:t
1202:v
1149:(
1109:(
1068:.
995:.
966:.
921::
898:.
878::
855:.
822:)
808:.
717:.
687::
626:.
585:)
563:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.