526:
41. In the case of mobilization, men can be called up for military service up to the age of sixty-five. Turkish men legally residing abroad are required to do military service from the year they turn 19 until the end of the year they turn 38. Men who voluntarily enlist in the armed forces can do so from the age of eighteen. Turkish women can voluntarily serve in the
Turkish army as non-commissioned officers or officers and in that case they can be called up as reservists until their forty-first year of life. Until 2014, the normal conscription period was fifteen months. Thereafter, the maximum conscription period was reduced to twelve months. There are different variants in the conscription system as used until the amendment of the law of 26 June 2019. For persons with two years of vocational training or a low level of education, the maximum conscription period of twelve months applies. Two variants apply to conscripts with four years of secondary school and higher education: either twelve months as an officer (Third Lieutenant), or a reduced conscription of six months as a non-commissioned officer.
613:
888:(EBCO) indicates that nowadays in Turkey conscientious objectors are not detained because of their refusal to perform military service. A fine is imposed instead. As long as conscientious refusal continues, those involved run the risk of being fined again and from a legal point of view there is still the possibility of being sentenced to a prison sentence. The Turkish Military Penal Code (Article 63) sets out the system of penalties for refusing military service. If a conscript still has not registered and/or has been examined before the attendance date of those who were called up in the same year, this constitutes an offence. The article distinguishes between people who report themselves and people who are arrested. People who turn themselves in within seven days face a maximum of one month in prison, while those apprehended within seven days face a maximum of three months in prison.
786:. As a rule, a postponement is requested for one year, which can be extended by one year upon presentation of the correct documents. The Turkish Military Service Law allows conscripted students to first complete their university education (until the year they turn 30) or postgraduate training and research (up to the year they turn 36). Depending on the situation, the person requesting a deferral must provide evidence to the military district registry office that reviews the deferral application. This includes, for example, medical reports, documents from the educational institution, or a document explaining the reasons for detention. These documents form the basis for approving or rejecting the postponement request
588:) will be reinforced during the conscription. It is known that after a person is approved for military service, he receives a written notification from the military registration office stating that he can collect the documents regarding his registration and attendance at that office. These documents also state to which unit one has been assigned and to which training center one must report for basic military training. The Military ID is the official ID for members of the Turkish Armed Forces. Members of the armed forces are required to carry their military ID at all times, even if they are wearing civilian clothes. Conscripts receive the military ID at the beginning of their military service.
456:
33:
641:. This also applies to the rules regarding conscription and recruitment. The army stopped using conscripts in combat operations a few years ago. The military operations are only carried out by professional soldiers, both in southeastern Turkey and in Iraq and Syria. While this may have been the case in the 1990s and early 2000s, conscripts are no longer deployed in active conflict or military operations, including counter-terrorism operations.
2399:
2409:
930:
842:, receive an additional amount per month. The amounts in may be adjusted semi-annually in connection with inflation. Conscripts residing abroad do not have to follow a month's military training after the buy-out of their conscription. However, prior to the surrender of military service, they must follow an online course from the Turkish Ministry of Defense.
977:
are legally bound to discharge draft evaders or face legal consequences, however valuable an asset these people are. It is a common opinion that having completed military service carries a symbolic value to the majority of Turks. It is commonly regarded as a rite of passage to manhood, and most men grow up with the anticipation of serving out their time.
612:
830:
military training. After that month, a conscript can be exempted from the remaining conscription by paying a certain amount. After six months of military service, a conscript may, if deemed suitable, continue for six months in paid military service. Soldiers who perform six months of paid military service in the southeast or east, such as in
689:, with an estimated number of more than 615,000 on active duty or in reserve. Since the late 1990s, the proportion of professional soldiers and professionals within the armed forces has increased sharply to about fifty percent of the total number of active duty personnel. Conscripts are deployed in all parts of the TSK, including the
992:
Turkish
Economics Professor Cevdet Akçay has stated that conscription always results in a net loss of wealth for any country, and that politicians do not discuss the topic of conscription based on objective and logical arguments. Akçay states: "One side might say that, mandatory military service is a
976:
Most companies require men to have completed their military service before their job candidacies can be accepted. Traditionally, families do not consent to their daughters marrying men who have not served their terms. The reason behind this requirement is an irregular loss of workforce; the companies
891:
Articles 50 and 51 of the
Turkish Military Penal Code indicate that the court may convert prison sentences of less than one year into a fine. In addition, prison sentences of less than two years may be conditionally suspended by a judge. In case of desertion, higher penalties apply to both conscripts
790:
individual cases. In case of objection to this decision, a subsequent medical examination can be carried out in a military hospital in the country concerned. Persons who have been granted a postponement of conscription will receive a written statement about this from the military registration office.
554:
broadcasts the call for conscription through
Turkish state radio and television. Anyone enlisting for the first time that year is called up, along with those who received a temporary exemption or deferment the previous year. Conscripts do not receive a personal call for registration. Everyone who has
620:
The
Department of Defense's Directorate General of Drafting Services (ASAL) is responsible for conscript deployment planning. The information about the turnout such as location and date can be viewed by the conscript at the military district registration offices, and can now also be requested by the
804:
The
Military Service Act sets out that persons who are physically or mentally unfit for military service can be exempted from conscription. To obtain this exemption, one must submit a medical report. In the event of non-complete disapproval due to physical condition, the person will have to undergo
525:
Articles 2, 25 and 26 of Turkey's
Military Service Law stipulate that every man in Turkey must be conscripted and registered from 1 January of the year in which he turns twenty. Military service does not apply to women. A conscripted man is conscripted until 1 January of the year in which he turns
571:
During the examination, an inventory is made of the conscript's state of health, level of education, profession and special skills such as knowledge of languages. The military registration office sends the conscript a written notification that information about attendance can be obtained from the
509:
The
Conscription Law was introduced in 1919 and has stayed in force since then. However, the length of service has been successively reduced over time. Between 1919 and 1998, the average length of service was 18 months for non-educated males and 12 months for educated (university level). In 1998,
829:
approved the government's proposal to amend the law on military service. Conscription is reduced from twelve months to six months for soldiers and non-commissioned officers. Reserve officers remain on duty for twelve months. All
Turkish conscripts residing in Turkey must follow a one-month basic
562:
If a person has not responded to the general call to register and be examined for military service, the military authorities will send a notice to the address of the person concerned stating that the person concerned must still report to the military authorities in order to complete the relevant
603:
allowed conscripts to travel out legally. The purport is that the freedom of
Turkish nationals to leave the country may only be restricted on the basis of a court decision following a criminal investigation or prosecution. If the Turkish nationality is lost, the citizenship is also lost and one
789:
Turks abroad who cannot participate in military service for medical reasons must undergo a medical examination at a hospital recognized by the Turkish consulate or embassy. The medical evaluation report approved by a consulate or embassy is shared with the Ministry of Defense, which decides on
555:
completed his military service remains a reservist up to the upper limit described. People are expected to respond to the call by presenting themselves with the necessary documents at one of the military registration offices, or in case of residence abroad, at the
522:. Ministerial circulars set out the rules and procedures for exemption from military service in exchange for a financial contribution or other form of compensation, and for discharge from military service in exchange for working in other government agencies.
883:
Withdrawal from registration and attendance is considered a refusal to conscription and is punishable by law. In practice, the Turkish authorities often impose a lighter sentence than the harshest possible measure of imprisonment. The
916:). There is no possibility under Turkish law for exemption from military service for conscientious objections, including objections for religious reasons. Refusing to serve is illegal. Turkey has no alternative military service.
816:
and who completed their military service in their country of origin can, on application, be exempted from Turkish military service. It is also possible to be exempted from military service by reporting that one is homosexual.
538:, a total of 1.9 million young men have been deferred from military service because of their studies. Three million other men have asked for a postponement for other reasons. An exception was 2017, the year after the
993:
net loss for our economy and therefore I don't support it. Whereas the other side might support it despite its effect on the economy and explain their reasons, but such discussion does not happen in our country."
563:
procedures. If the registration and examination of the person concerned has still not taken place by the time the other conscripts from the same year are due to take office, this constitutes an offence.
510:
these lengths were reduced to 12 months for non-educated conscripts and 6 months for educated ones. After 2001, the current length of service was introduced, with a bar on further reductions until 2024.
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Conscripts can be deployed in all parts of the Turkish armed forces, except in combat operations or active conflicts. For example, only professional soldiers are used in operations by Turkey against the
1051:
1326:
1549:
1516:
201:
1417:
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at the end of 2017, the army is the largest Turkish military unit with approximately 355,000 troops, including approximately 197,000 conscripts. The army consists of four armies (
197:
808:
Conscript brothers of conscripts who died in combat automatically receive an exemption from military service. The same applies to brothers and sons of conscripts who die in a
1483:
744:. In addition to the Armed Forces that fall under the Ministry of Defence, there is the Gendarmerie. Conscripts can also be posted to the gendarmerie. The gendarmerie (
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1574:
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216:
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885:
302:
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citizens from 21 to 41 years of age. It is 6 months for all males regardless of education degree. Different rules apply to Turks abroad. For Turks with
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The legislation makes no mention of the specific time when certain turnout-related documents are provided to conscripts. The only reference is that a
1318:
2288:
1256:
377:
2313:
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539:
442:
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1224:
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599:. As a result, conscription evaders and deserters can be apprehended in various situations, such as at the border or at traffic controls. A
2040:
1651:
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1921:
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382:
137:
132:
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1982:
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826:
387:
32:
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542:, when the Turkish government did not call on new conscripts to register. No professional soldiers were hired in that year either.
1192:
2443:
2374:
142:
1475:
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Each year, approximately 300,000 men over the age of twenty are called up for military service. According to 2018 data from the
2433:
2328:
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1997:
1949:
1841:
1644:
327:
297:
1784:
2333:
1714:
1410:"Turkey's paid exemption from military service system begins – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East"
1152:"Response by the Delegation of Turkey to the Questionnaire on the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security"
342:
282:
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If one is still studying, in that case universities will apply for a standard deferral for their students (article 35 f);
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347:
54:
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The rules and procedures for conscription are set out in the Military Service Law in accordance with Article 72 of the
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renewed checks every two years during the period of service to ensure that they are still unfit to stand.
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59:
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On request due to indispensability if one works for the government, (defense) industry, or as a
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attack during their military service. Turkish citizens who obtained their citizenship through
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464:
94:
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596:
177:
104:
99:
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The Military Service Act distinguishes between three types of evasion of military service (
1620:
1044:"Thematisch ambtsbericht dienstplicht Turkije juli 2019 – Ambtsbericht – Rijksoverheid.nl"
1010:
1439:
1103:
1184:
813:
1011:"T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı – Consulat Général De Türkiye À Paris – Notes d'information"
748:) falls under the Ministry of Defense as far as training and education are concerned.
486:, the conscription lapses if they have already served in the army of another country.
2427:
2402:
686:
625:. Conscripts can only object to their placement on the grounds of health complaints.
84:
761:
Deferral of military service can be obtained on the basis of law 1111, article 35:
152:
114:
24:
835:
740:(also known as the Aegean Army), stationed on the west coast with headquarters in
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The general information collection system is linked to the authorities that issue
2412:
1440:"Questionnaire on the code of conduct on politico- military aspects of security"
981:
905:
737:
89:
38:
1621:"Ekonomideki büyüme alım gücüne yansıyor mu? | Teke Tek - 26 Ekim 2021"
872:
831:
809:
634:
460:
1543:"The Criminality of Conscientious Objection in Turkey and Its Consequences"
782:
One can also request a deferment of conscription because of being held in
572:
office. Nowadays, conscripts can also look up this information digitally.
1636:
1160:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 4 November 2019.
1156:
741:
733:
717:
670:
638:
592:
468:
2018:
1625:
1319:"A professional army not far away as conscription times set to shorten"
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On the other hand, it is held to be one of the main reasons behind the
725:
498:
901:
475:
1185:"Professionalization of the TSK: 'Contractual Soldiering' in Turkey"
611:
454:
920:
Attitude towards conscription, the army and conscripts (draftees)
1515:. European Bureau for Conscientious Objection. 11 January 2018.
682:
479:
2022:
1640:
633:
Turkish law does not discriminate between persons of different
923:
1250:"Turkey's Constitution of 1982 with Amendments through 2017"
1100:"Defense.gov News Article: NATO Military Women Share Views"
1050:(in Dutch). Ministerie van Algemene Zaken. 11 July 2019.
1449:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
497:
Women are not conscripted, but are permitted to become
2352:
2312:
2054:
1968:
1930:
1672:
984:prevalent among well-educated young professionals.
1476:"New military service law approved – Türkiye News"
1223:. European Country of Origin Information Network.
732:, stationed in the northeast with headquarters in
724:, stationed in the southeast with headquarters in
1506:"Annual report conscientious objection in Europe"
595:, but also to other authorities, for example the
778:In case of poor health (with doctor's statement)
752:Postponement, exemption and alternative service
645:Components of the Turkish military organization
1355:. Central Intelligence Agency. 28 March 2023.
2034:
1652:
478:, compulsory military service applies to all
436:
8:
621:conscript via the online government website
886:European Bureau for Conscientious Objection
629:Deployment of conscripts in armed conflicts
2041:
2027:
2019:
1659:
1645:
1637:
443:
429:
20:
988:The economic consequences of conscription
908:, Turkey does not recognize the right of
1126:"TSK'dan kadın astsubaylara makyaj izni"
943:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1317:Durmuş, Yusuf Ziya (19 February 2019).
1002:
406:
151:
123:
45:
23:
1605:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1598:
1212:
1210:
1555:from the original on 27 February 2022
1522:from the original on 25 December 2022
1486:from the original on 10 December 2022
1456:from the original on 14 February 2022
1389:from the original on 10 December 2022
1298:from the original on 27 November 2022
1291:. United States Department of State.
1230:from the original on 1 September 2022
1195:from the original on 10 December 2022
1132:from the original on 29 December 2014
1038:
1036:
1021:from the original on 28 November 2020
858:Evasion of registration/examination (
7:
1408:Kayaoglu, Barin (27 November 2018).
669:; including the naval air force and
1359:from the original on 28 August 2022
1329:from the original on 17 August 2022
1054:from the original on 7 October 2022
775:When working abroad (Article 35 g);
1262:from the original on 26 March 2023
681:). Turkey has the largest army in
16:Overview of conscription in Turkey
14:
1420:from the original on 28 June 2022
1379:"TSK'daki asker sayısı açıklandı"
1282:"Turkey 2018 Human Rights Report"
1164:from the original on 6 April 2023
1080:from the original on 4 March 2016
2407:
2398:
2397:
1183:Karasu, Busra H. (21 May 2016).
928:
31:
704:According to statements by the
2365:British Indian Ocean Territory
1385:(in Turkish). 2 January 2017.
1:
1074:"Göklerin kadın savaşçıları!"
601:2010 constitutional amendment
557:Turkish consulate or embassy
552:Ministry of National Defense
55:Alternative civilian service
892:and professional soldiers.
530:Registration and inspection
2460:
955:Such statements should be
797:
746:Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı
604:cannot serve in the army.
2393:
1218:"Turkey/military service"
2114:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2444:Conscription by country
2375:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
910:conscientious objection
896:Conscientious objection
865:Evasion of enlistment (
608:Induction and placement
2434:Conscription in Turkey
1715:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1667:Conscription in Europe
1255:. Constitute Project.
653:(TSK) consists of the
617:
471:
65:Conscientious objector
825:On 25 June 2019, the
667:Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri
615:
463:gendarme on guard at
458:
124:By historical country
37:1780 caricature of a
2289:United Arab Emirates
2049:Conscription in Asia
957:clarified or removed
679:Türk Hava Kuvvetleri
659:Türk Kara Kuvvetleri
651:Turkish Armed Forces
520:Turkish Constitution
484:multiple citizenship
407:By geographical area
378:United Arab Emirates
2316:limited recognition
1931:States with limited
1480:Hürriyet Daily News
1106:on 11 December 2014
1076:. 26 October 2012.
1015:paris.cg.mfa.gov.tr
860:yoklama kaçakçılığı
767:sports professional
110:Penal military unit
75:Counter-recruitment
70:Conscription crisis
2439:Military of Turkey
1353:The World Factbook
1349:"Turkey (Turkiye)"
827:Turkish parliament
618:
536:Turkish government
472:
80:Draft-card burning
60:Civil conscription
2421:
2420:
2358:other territories
2016:
2015:
1587:on 8 October 2012
974:
973:
852:asker kaçakçılıǧı
453:
452:
153:By modern country
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2411:
2401:
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2370:Christmas Island
2056:Sovereign states
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2020:
1969:Dependencies and
1673:Sovereign states
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1580:. Archived from
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1547:
1541:Üçpınar, Hülya.
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1482:. 26 June 2019.
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1102:. Archived from
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1048:rijksoverheid.nl
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800:Pink certificate
586:askerlik cüzdanı
445:
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105:National service
100:Military service
46:Related concepts
35:
21:
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2012:
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1950:Northern Cyprus
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1847:North Macedonia
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1575:"Archived copy"
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769:(article 35 e);
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716:, stationed in
647:
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578:
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507:
449:
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328:the Philippines
298:the Netherlands
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41:
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2354:Dependencies
2284:Turkmenistan
2278:
2249:Saudi Arabia
1960:Transnistria
1911:
1624:
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1589:. Retrieved
1582:the original
1569:
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1536:
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1197:. Retrieved
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1104:the original
1094:
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1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1047:
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1014:
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979:
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962:
949:unverifiable
941:weasel words
938:
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890:
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757:Postponement
745:
709:
703:
678:
666:
658:
648:
632:
619:
616:Turkish Navy
590:
585:
579:
570:
561:
549:
540:coup attempt
533:
524:
517:
508:
496:
488:
473:
372:
348:South Africa
143:Soviet Union
115:War resister
25:Conscription
18:
2413:Asia portal
2314:States with
2234:Philippines
2174:South Korea
2169:North Korea
2064:Afghanistan
1998:Isle of Man
1933:recognition
1907:Switzerland
1842:Netherlands
1591:24 February
1323:Daily Sabah
982:brain drain
951:information
906:South Korea
900:Similar to
738:Fourth Army
722:Second Army
695:Coast Guard
691:Gendarmerie
582:military ID
567:Examination
546:Call system
514:Legislation
363:Switzerland
303:New Zealand
278:South Korea
273:North Korea
90:Impressment
2428:Categories
2294:Uzbekistan
2269:Tajikistan
2184:Kyrgyzstan
2164:Kazakhstan
2084:Bangladesh
2074:Azerbaijan
1877:San Marino
1837:Montenegro
1817:Luxembourg
1797:Kazakhstan
1700:Azerbaijan
1383:ntv.com.tr
1025:10 October
997:References
798:See also:
730:Third Army
714:First Army
685:after the
673:) and the
459:A Turkish
323:Mozambique
173:Azerbaijan
39:press gang
2380:Hong Kong
2334:Palestine
2259:Sri Lanka
2254:Singapore
2134:Indonesia
1988:Gibraltar
1812:Lithuania
1513:ohchr.org
1289:state.gov
1136:2 January
1110:2 January
1084:2 January
965:July 2016
939:contains
873:Desertion
832:Gaziantep
810:terrorist
794:Exemption
784:detention
675:air force
635:ethnicity
593:passports
576:Documents
461:conscript
353:Sri Lanka
343:Singapore
288:Lithuania
217:reduction
168:Australia
163:Argentina
2403:Category
2324:Abkhazia
2274:Thailand
2229:Pakistan
2209:Mongolia
2204:Maldives
2199:Malaysia
2099:Cambodia
2008:Svalbard
1993:Guernsey
1940:Abkhazia
1892:Slovenia
1887:Slovakia
1862:Portugal
1720:Bulgaria
1601:cite web
1550:Archived
1517:Archived
1484:Archived
1451:Archived
1447:osce.org
1418:Archived
1387:Archived
1357:Archived
1327:Archived
1293:Archived
1257:Archived
1225:Archived
1193:Archived
1162:Archived
1157:osce.org
1130:Archived
1078:Archived
1052:Archived
1019:Archived
736:and the
734:Erzincan
718:Istanbul
671:infantry
639:religion
623:e-Devlet
499:officers
469:Istanbul
2299:Vietnam
2214:Myanmar
2194:Lebanon
2124:Georgia
2079:Bahrain
2069:Armenia
1917:Ukraine
1867:Romania
1827:Moldova
1785:Ireland
1780:Iceland
1775:Hungary
1765:Germany
1760:Georgia
1750:Finland
1745:Estonia
1740:Denmark
1725:Croatia
1710:Belgium
1705:Belarus
1695:Austria
1690:Armenia
1685:Andorra
1680:Albania
1626:YouTube
1559:5 April
1526:5 April
1490:5 April
1460:5 April
1424:5 April
1393:5 April
1363:5 April
1333:5 April
1302:5 April
1266:5 April
1234:5 April
1199:5 April
1168:5 April
1058:5 April
846:Evasion
840:Hakkâri
821:Buy-out
726:Malatya
661:), the
505:History
416:Ireland
398:Vietnam
393:Ukraine
293:Myanmar
253:Germany
248:Georgia
238:Finland
233:Eritrea
223:Denmark
178:Bermuda
2344:Taiwan
2279:Turkey
2244:Russia
2179:Kuwait
2159:Jordan
2149:Israel
2109:Cyprus
2094:Brunei
2089:Bhutan
2003:Jersey
1945:Kosovo
1912:Turkey
1902:Sweden
1882:Serbia
1872:Russia
1857:Poland
1852:Norway
1832:Monaco
1802:Latvia
1770:Greece
1755:France
1730:Cyprus
1548:. EP.
945:biased
902:Israel
867:bakaya
836:Şırnak
728:, the
720:, the
597:police
476:Turkey
373:Turkey
368:Taiwan
358:Sweden
338:Serbia
333:Russia
318:Monaco
313:Mexico
308:Norway
283:Latvia
263:Israel
258:Greece
243:France
213:Cyprus
188:Canada
183:Brazil
2385:Macau
2304:Yemen
2264:Syria
2239:Qatar
2219:Nepal
2154:Japan
2129:India
2119:Egypt
2104:China
1978:Åland
1897:Spain
1822:Malta
1792:Italy
1585:(PDF)
1578:(PDF)
1553:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
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1296:(PDF)
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1228:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
877:firar
742:İzmir
228:Egypt
193:China
2224:Oman
2189:Laos
2144:Iraq
2139:Iran
1607:link
1593:2011
1561:2023
1528:2023
1492:2023
1462:2023
1426:2023
1395:2023
1365:2023
1335:2023
1304:2023
1268:2023
1236:2023
1201:2023
1189:NAOC
1170:2023
1138:2015
1112:2015
1086:2015
1060:2023
1027:2020
904:and
838:and
710:ordu
693:and
683:NATO
663:navy
655:army
649:The
550:The
480:male
268:Iran
208:Cuba
2356:and
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699:PKK
637:or
492:PKK
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467:in
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