94:
involvement and control of the nitrate industry rose significantly, but from 1901 to 1921, Chilean ownership increased from 15% to 51%. The growth of
Chilean economy sustained in its saltpetre monopoly and meant that compared to the previous growth cycle (1832–1873), the economy became less diversified and overly dependent on a single natural resource. In addition, Chilean nitrate, used worldwide as fertilizer, was sensitive to economic downturns, as farmers made cuts on fertilizer use one of their earliest economic measures in the face of economic decline. It has been questioned whether or not the nitrate wealth conquered in the War of the Pacific was a
469:. Undeterred by the seaport concessions granted to Bolivia via the 1904 treaty, Bolivian popular opinion still attributes problems to the landlocked condition, and getting a sovereign piece of the seacoast via Chilean land is often seen as the solution to the problems. Numerous Bolivian presidents pressured Chile for sovereign access to the sea. Diplomatic relations with Chile were severed on March 17, 1978 in spite of considerable commercial ties. The leading Bolivian newspaper
526:
military historian Robert L. Scheina, the
Chilean plunder of Peruvian national literary and art treasures contributed to "demands of revenge among Peruvians for decades." Scholar Brooke Larson pointed out that the War of the Pacific was the "first time since independence wars" that "Peru was invaded, occupied and pillaged by a foreign army" and that "no other Andean republic experienced such a costly and humiliating defeat as Peru did in the hands of Chile".
402:
346:
71:
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819:"because it is undoubtedly preferable to be Chilean than Peruvian, because has a cleaner and more glorious history, and its better to belong to the phalanx of the conquerors than that of the conquered, because the Chilean race is more virile, valiant, prouder, nobler and more enterprising than the Peruvian race, which due to reasons of climate will always be enervated" Chilean newspaper
107:
307:, a dictator of Peru, banned Chinese immigration as a punishment for their betrayal, and Chinese were barred from immigrating to the country until the 1970s. Today, however, Sinophobia has been less relevant, and the Chinese are widely accepted as Peruvian citizens, but distrust of China and the Chinese still remains.
170:
never happened and both finalized their border, both countries remained belligerent and came close to war in 1982. On the other side, Argentina's unsupportive action for
Bolivia and Peru also made their relationships very tense, and there is a sense of distrust towards Argentina among many Peruvians and Bolivians.
553:, and different criollo elite remained deeply divided in opposing camps. The fear of disorder, opposing factions, and armed peasants was for many Peruvians larger than that of the Chilean invaders. In some cases, the delegations of European countries and of the US provided safety during riots and persecutions.
260:
The principal cause of the great defeat is that the majority of Peru is composed of that wretched and degraded race that we once attempted to dignify and ennoble. The Indian lacks patriotic sense; he is born enemy of the white and of the man of the coast. It makes no difference to him whether he is a
169:
For
Argentina, since they failed to get involved in the conflict and were also colonizing the less inhabited South, mainly in fear of Brazil's possible support for Chile in the war, Chile's victory in the conflict stemmed tensions that Chile was trying to take land from the Argentines. Although that
327:
The War of the
Pacific also sparked an indigenous peasant guerrilla movement throughout the central Sierra against Chileans and collaborationist landlords. In 1884, Cáceres turned against his former guerrilla allies to defend the old order. In 1886 and 1888, the Cáceres sent troops to the central
186:) once wrote, "What defeated Peru was the superiority of a race and of a history". During the occupation of Tacna and Arica (1884–1929) the Peruvian people and nation were treated in racist and denigrating terms by the Chilean press. During the war Peruvians were disrespectfully referred to as "
525:
According to Bruce W. Farcau, "in Peru, the wounds run less deep than in neighboring
Bolivia". After the War of the Pacific, Peru was left without saltpeter production, the Chilean controlled production decreased to 15%, and production controlled by British investors rose to 55%. According to
31:
After the war, Chile had obtained military hegemony at the
Pacific Coast of South America. Chile's expansion was seen with concern across the continent, and Chilean diplomats responded by fomenting rivalries between Chile's neighbors and other South American countries and promoting friendly
93:
As the victor and possessor of a new coastal territory following the War of the
Pacific, Chile benefited by gaining a lucrative territory with significant mineral income. The national treasury grew by 900% between 1879 and 1902 because of taxes coming from the newly-acquired lands. British
32:
relationships between countries with disputes with Chile's neighbors. Examples are the
Chilean attempts to establish friendly relationships between Ecuador and Colombia, both countries with serious territorial disputes with Peru in the Amazon.
328:
Sierra to disarm the peasants. The lack of rule of law in central sierra was such that in one particular case, a landowner was able to recover his occupied estate only in 1902 after a massive mobilization of military, police, and gunmen.
302:
revolted and even joined the
Chilean Army. In one 1881 pogrom in the Cañete Valley it is estimated that 500 to 1,500 Chinese were killed. Even in the 20th century, the memory of Chinese support for Chile was so deep that
78:
It was only in 2007 that the Chilean government returned almost 4,000 books to Peru's national library, more than a century after they were taken by Chilean soldiers, in the hope of improving the two nations' relations.
131:
Historical and current anti-Chilean resentiment in Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina was caused by the 19th-century Chilean expansionism. The War of the Pacific contributed decisively in the first two of those countries.
52:, the only country not at war with Chile despite a common border, had tensions with Chile since but, unlike Peru and Bolivia, successfully maintained peace with Chile but almost fought a war over the border in 1978.
384:
became an important figure in Peru because of his alleged gallantry during the conflict, especially his treatment of Prat's family and rescue of Chilean sailors in Iquique, which gained him recognition as the
39:
and sold superfluous arms and munitions to Ecuador. Despite Chile's overall good relations with Ecuador, both countries had a minor diplomatic crisis resulting from the capture of the Peruvian torpedo boat
1111:
446:
granted Bolivia the right to tax-free transport of goods and duty-free access to northern Chilean ports. It also obliged the Chilean government to build two rail-lines linking
498:
475:
featured at least every week an editorial on the subject, and Bolivians annually celebrate a patriotic "Dia del Mar" (Day of the Sea) to remember the crippling loss.
151:
vein in the Atacama Desert, which makes Chile the largest copper exporter in the world, is held in the lands claimed by Bolivia; the same lands lost during the war.
217:
population was seen after the war as a "foreign element" contrasting with the also newly-conquered Mapuches who were seen as "primordial" Chileans. Following the
484:
61:
1072:
583:
1112:"JosĂ© Puga, "Alistan estreno de filme chileno que hablará de la hidalguĂa de Miguel Grau" in El Comercio (Peru). 5 March 2009. Accessed 13 October 2011"
727:
879:"El problema de los estados mediterráneos o sin litoral en el derecho internacional marĂtimo. Un estudio de caso: El diferendo Bolivia-PerĂş-Chile"
680:
41:
261:
Chilean or a Turk. To educate the Indian and to inspire him a feeling for patriotism will not be the task of our institutions, but of the ages.
321:
In this town six compatriots were executed by firing squad and history cannot be changed. Eternal glory to the heroes and martyrs of Quequeña!
1253:
1082:
1055:
443:
776:
There is strong anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru because the country lost a large chunk of its southern territory to Chile in a war in 1879.
221:, Chilean newspapers published extremely patriotic, chauvinist, and expansionistic material. An extreme example of such journalism is
178:
During and after the war there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class. Chilean historian
1235:
921:
488:
65:
529:
The war and afterward had profound political and social instability in Peru. The war shook the whole social order of Peru: armed
166:
and then suffered the indignity of having its capital, Lima, occupied by Chile at the end of the war and essentially ransacked.
748:
210:
154:
In Peru, a strong anti-Chilean sentiment exists because it lost "a large chunk of its southern territory to Chile" in the
1132:
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465:(the coast) remains a deeply-emotional and political issue for Bolivians, as was particularly evident during the 2003
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159:
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206:
135:
In Bolivia, a common political discourse attributes that country's underdevelopment to its loss of seaports in the
853:
88:
1208:
Larson, Brooke. 2004. Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Page 178.
960:
Larson, Brooke. 2004. Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910. Page 196.
598:
505:
grew until 1899 since both Chile and Argentina claimed former Bolivian territories. On August 28, 1929, Chile
502:
35:
Military co-operation with Ecuador grew considerably, and Chile sent instructors to the military academy in
294:"collaborationists" in the central Sierra, most of whom were of ethnic Chinese descent, and indigenous and
98:. During the Nitrate Epoch, the government increased public spending but was accused of squandering money.
126:
510:
767:
568:
Burr , Robert N. 1955. The Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century South America: An Exploratory Essay.
227:, which stated that firearms obtained in Peru, while useless in the hands of Peruvian "fags" (Spanish:
74:
Chilenization of Tacna. Black cross painted on a Peruvian household, despite raising the Chilean flag.
678:
Brown, J. R. (1963), "Nitrate Crises, Combinations, and the Chilean Government in the Nitrate Age.",
493:
During the war, Chile dropped its claims on more than 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) of
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179:
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218:
199:
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144:
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19:
840:"Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile"
304:
729:
Avoiding the Dutch disease? The Chilean industrial sector in the nitrate trade cycle. 1870–1938
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1231:
1187:, Soto Cárdenas, Alejandro. Santiago : Ed. University of Santiago de Chile, 1998. Page 50
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During the occupation of Peru civilians were directly involved in the war. This mural reads: "
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190:" (a slur for persons of mixed European and non-European ancestry) by Chilean officers.
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Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economĂa: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.
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where they in 1881 defeated the last major Mapuche uprising. Chile's newly-acquired
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315:
1243:
1136:
1074:
The Ten Cents War: Chile, Peru, and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884
451:
381:
147:
and its outlet to the Pacific Ocean, following that war. Currently Chile's huge
114:
275:
117:. The mural reads: "What once was ours, will be ours once again" and "Hold on
814:
Lines in the sand: nationalism and identity on the Peruvian-Chilean frontier
494:
243:
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Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers in Lima. In response, the Chinese
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1133:"El dĂa del mar se recordará con más que un tradicional desfile cĂvico"
701:
546:
295:
232:
203:
1007:"Narrating Chinese Massacre in the South American War of the Pacific"
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Taylor, Lewis. Indigenous Peasant Rebellions in Peru during the 1880s
549:
Peruvians murdered Chinese shopkeepers in Lima, Peruvian mobs sacked
542:
447:
299:
148:
1006:
990:
Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru.
693:
442:
With the loss of sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean in mind, the
789:
Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific
514:
455:
314:
187:
163:
105:
69:
36:
1135:(in Spanish). Bolpress. 15 March 2006. p. 1. Archived from
118:
396:
340:
1184:
British Influence on the Salt: The Origin, Nature and Decline
274:
supported Chile in the conflict, it had stemmed a sense of
938:"OcupaciĂłn de la AraucanĂa: Ăšltimas campañas de ocupaciĂłn"
545:
revolted and even joined the Chilean Army, indigenous and
509:. In 1999, Chile and Peru at last agreed to implement the
1245:
Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791-1899
1047:
Dragons in the Land of the Condor: Writing Tusán in Peru
413:
357:
656:, p190–192. Also available in print from Merlin Press.
23:
were profound and numerous in the countries involved.
1161:. United States Washington, D.C.: Institute of Peace.
501:
to ensure Argentina's neutrality. After the war, the
102:
Rise of Bolivian and Peruvian anti-Chilean sentiment
712:
710:
541:"collaborationists" in the central Sierra, Chinese
231:), would be useful by Chileans to "kill indians" (
202:, Chile diverted part of its war efforts to crush
650:"Ecological Imperialism: The Curse of Capitalism"
584:"Naval Presence: The Cruiser Esmeralda in Panama"
46:in Ecuadorian territorial waters during the war.
1077:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 74.
900:
898:
896:
751:. Council of Hemispheric Affairs. Archived from
673:
671:
625:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7082436.stm
278:in Peru, the first of its kind ever existed in
838:Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012).
121:, because here come the Colorados of Bolivia."
8:
910:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX
648:Foster, John B. & Clark, Brett. (2003).
877:Velázquez Elizararrás, Juan Carlos (2007),
1101:(Editorial Los Amigos del Libro, 1974), 61
986:
984:
982:
980:
833:
831:
791:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
485:Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá
209:. Chilean troops coming from Peru entered
62:Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá
1099:Naval Tradition of the Peoples of Bolivia
1044:LĂłpez-Calvo, Ignacio (November 6, 2014).
970:
968:
966:
883:Anuario Mexicano de Derecho Internacional
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726:Ducoing Ruiz, C. A.; MirĂł, M. B. (2012),
461:Despite the concessions, the loss of the
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743:
741:
681:The Hispanic American Historical Review
570:The Hispanic American Historical Review
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513:fully by providing Peru with a port in
1170:
800:
665:Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 124-125.
591:International Journal of Naval History
507:returned the province of Tacna to Peru
252:elites, exemplified in the writing of
7:
716:Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 25–29.
768:"Peru disputes boundary with Chile"
444:1904 Treaty of Peace and Friendship
1159:Boundary Disputes in Latin America
620:"Chile returns looted Peru books"
14:
1011:Journal of Asian American Studies
766:Lopez, Edison (16 January 2008).
489:Patriotic Leagues (Southern Cone)
83:Chilean economic boom and decline
66:Patriotic Leagues (Southern Cone)
774:. Lima, Peru. Associated Press.
400:
344:
1050:. University of Arizona Press.
1005:Tinsman, Heidi (October 2019).
863:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009
749:"Bolivia/Chile Pacific Access"
652:(accessed September 2, 2005).
266:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Peru
1:
1157:Dominguez, Jorge et al. 2003
533:peasants sacked and occupied
311:Unrest and war trauma in Peru
286:peasants sacked and occupied
158:. Peru lost its provinces of
1248:. Brassey's, Incorporated.
1242:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
654:The Socialist Register 2004
499:1881 Chile-Argentina treaty
389:("Gentleman of the Seas").
1294:
482:
240:indigenous peoples in Peru
124:
86:
59:
1071:Farcau, Bruce W. (2000).
1060:– via Google Books.
637:The Epic of Latin America
242:became scapegoats in the
174:Rise of superiority ideas
89:Economic history of Chile
1097:Jose Vargas Valenzuela,
582:Tromben, Carlos (2002),
1223:; Pinto, Julio (2002).
503:Puna de Atacama dispute
207:resistance in the south
1023:10.1353/jaas.2019.0038
854:University of Tarapacá
387:Caballero de los Mares
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263:
127:Anti-Chilean sentiment
122:
75:
511:Treaty of Lima (1929)
318:
258:
109:
73:
916:. pp. 282–283.
912:(Seventh ed.).
18:consequences of the
1139:on 12 February 2010
755:on 12 October 2011.
597:(1), archived from
238:After the war, the
143:. Bolivia lost its
115:pointing to the sea
1273:War of the Pacific
812:William E. Skuban
412:. You can help by
356:. You can help by
332:Rise of war heroes
325:
219:occupation of Lima
200:occupation of Lima
194:Indigenous peoples
182:(son of president
156:War of the Pacific
145:Litoral Department
141:landlocked country
137:War of the Pacific
123:
76:
27:Diplomatic changes
20:War of the Pacific
1278:Aftermath of wars
1255:978-1-57488-450-0
1084:978-0-275-96925-7
1057:978-0-8165-3111-0
467:natural gas riots
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1215:Bibliography
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1197:Scheina 2003
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1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
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1173:, p. 2
1171:Farcau 2000
856:: 115–134.
801:Farcau 2000
452:Antofagasta
393:Arturo Prat
382:Miguel Grau
377:Miguel Grau
139:becoming a
1267:Categories
1143:October 2,
1118:2012-02-28
889:: 1379–430
608:2014-09-25
557:References
531:indigenous
483:See also:
284:indigenous
276:Sinophobia
244:narratives
198:After the
125:See also:
113:'s statue
87:See also:
60:See also:
1031:208688727
816:page 79:
772:USA Today
535:haciendas
495:Patagonia
472:El Diario
288:haciendas
211:AraucanĂa
50:Argentina
947:June 30,
908:(2000).
845:Chungara
821:El Corvo
639:, p. 180
622:BBC News
551:Chiclayo
282:. Armed
233:Mapuches
160:Tarapaca
702:2510493
547:mestizo
543:coolies
539:criollo
497:in the
463:litoral
438:Bolivia
433:Overall
300:coolies
296:mestizo
292:criollo
272:Chinese
249:criollo
229:maricas
204:Mapuche
1252:
1234:
1081:
1054:
1029:
920:
700:
635:Crow,
448:La Paz
215:Aymara
188:cholos
149:copper
1027:S2CID
852:(1).
733:(PDF)
698:JSTOR
602:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
515:Arica
479:Chile
456:Arica
164:Arica
119:rotos
37:Quito
1250:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1145:2009
1079:ISBN
1052:ISBN
949:2013
918:ISBN
521:Peru
487:and
454:and
162:and
64:and
43:Alay
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450:to
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