468:
1145:
642:. A 2008 study regarding the stability of modern Icelandic appears to confirm its status as "stable". Therefore, Icelandic and Sardinian are considered relatively conservative languages. Likewise, some
653:
Writing is generally said to be more conservative than speech since written forms generally change more slowly than spoken language does. That helps explain inconsistencies in writing systems such as
710:
language. Sardinian, the most conservative
Romance language both lexically and phonetically, has a verbal morphology that is somewhat simpler than that of other Romance languages such as Spanish or
676:; at the same time, they are highly conservative in their verbal system, which has been greatly simplified in most other Slavic languages. English, which is one of the more innovative
1146:"Björn Collinder: Survey of the Uralic languages, compiled by Björn Collinder in collaboration with other scholars, xxii, 539 pp. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1957. Sw. kr. 68"
516:
form, variety, or feature of a language is one that has changed relatively little across the language's history, or which is relatively resistant to change. It is the opposite of
1119:
1025:
680:
in most respects (vocabulary, inflection, vowel phonology, syntax), is nevertheless conservative in its consonant phonology, retaining sounds such as (most notably)
1064:
Russ, Charles (1986). "Breaking the spelling barrier: The reconstruction of pronunciation from orthography in historical linguistics". In
Gerhard Augst (ed.).
657:; since the spoken language has changed relatively more than has the written language, the match between spelling and pronunciation is inconsistent.
698:
1103:
1073:
833:
495:
650:, for example, tend to be more conservative than nonstandard varieties, since education and codification in writing tend to retard change.
878:...if the Romance languages are compared with Latin, it is seen that by most measures Sardinian and Italian are least differentiated...
1048:
922:
865:
741:
has changed remarkably little since the Old
Georgian period (the 4th/5th century AD). A roughly analogous concept in biology is
1189:
995:
Chambers, J.K. (2009). "Education and the enforcement of standard
English". In Y. Kawaguchi, M. Minegishi and J. Durand (ed.).
345:
123:
405:
350:
532:
form is not only chronologically old (and often conservative) but also rarely used anymore in the modern language, and an
380:
71:
599:/ˈka.ru/). The Spanish word, which is more similar to the common ancestor, is more conservative than its French cognate.
325:
191:
788:
445:
151:
969:
825:
683:
488:
435:
335:
161:
730:
606:
is said to be conservative if it has fewer new developments or changes than related varieties do. For example,
340:
283:
98:
528:
forms, varieties, or features, which have undergone relatively larger or more recent changes. Furthermore, an
757:
691:
440:
278:
255:
778:
703:
596:
390:
357:
310:
226:
206:
186:
88:
66:
61:
672:, are innovative in the grammar of their nouns, having dropped nearly all vestiges of the complex Slavic
603:
166:
689:
681:
481:
410:
320:
201:
146:
43:
749:
665:
654:
251:
181:
156:
128:
467:
1019:
839:
677:
661:
631:
627:
619:
607:
555:
or sound feature, is one that remains closer to an older form from which it evolved, relative to
540:
language stage is chronologically old, compared to a more recent language stage, while the terms
471:
450:
420:
375:
330:
298:
288:
176:
171:
970:"Language change vs. stability in conservative language communities. A case study of Icelandic"
1165:
1099:
1069:
1044:
918:
829:
773:
738:
647:
639:
315:
293:
236:
31:
1041:
From Case to
Adposition: The Development of Configurational Syntax in Indo-European Languages
1157:
761:
753:
718:
711:
669:
635:
623:
560:
415:
246:
241:
216:
211:
196:
733:, which is not necessarily directly descended from it, Classical Syriac is still a highly
722:
660:
A language may be conservative in one respect while simultaneously innovative in another.
615:
568:
17:
1089:
890:
725:, which was spoken at the same time; Classical Arabic strongly resembles reconstructed
260:
912:
1183:
857:
742:
726:
702:), which remain only in the Germanic languages of English, Icelandic and Scots, with
843:
818:
303:
93:
1093:
813:
673:
509:
455:
430:
51:
1161:
938:
Jones, Michael (2003). "Sardinian". In Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (eds.).
425:
108:
1169:
908:
783:
707:
611:
576:
400:
395:
231:
221:
113:
103:
973:
1120:"Lithuanian | Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales"
729:, and Syriac has changed much more. Compared to closely related modern
643:
556:
118:
588:
552:
27:
Linguistics term for language forms that change little over time
548:
typically compare contemporary forms, varieties or features.
614:
than other languages that evolved from Old Norse, including
893:; Tuttle, Edward (1982). "Sardinian". In John Green (ed.).
1010:
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams (2010).
1150:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
737:
language form because it is also chronologically old.
820:
Dictionary of
Historical and Comparative Linguistics
646:
of a language may be more conservative than others.
817:
721:was a conservative Semitic language compared with
895:Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology 3
559:forms from the same source. For example, the
489:
8:
1024:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
997:Corpus Analysis and Variation in Linguistics
955:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction
942:. Oxford University Press. pp. 314–350.
638:are regarded as being the most conservative
748:In the context of whole language families,
551:A conservative linguistic form, such as a
536:form has fallen out of use altogether. An
496:
482:
38:
1098:. Columbia University Press. p. 13.
1090:Versteegh, Cornelis Henricus Maria "Kees"
1066:New Trends in Graphemics and Orthography
968:Friðriksson, Finnur (19 November 2008).
756:are the most conservative within modern
1068:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 164–178.
808:
806:
804:
800:
50:
1017:
610:is, in some aspects, more similar to
7:
386:Conservative and innovative language
1039:Hewson, John; Bubeník, Vít (2006).
868:from the original on 6 January 2020
25:
972:(doctoral thesis). Archived from
953:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010).
706:also remaining in the endangered
466:
999:. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1:
1043:. John Benjamins Publishing.
957:. Cambridge University Press.
326:Functional discourse grammar
192:Ethnography of communication
1012:An Introduction to Language
897:. Mouton. pp. 171–188.
789:Prestige (sociolinguistics)
446:Second-language acquisition
1206:
1144:Sinor, D. (October 1959).
826:Edinburgh University Press
124:Syntax–semantics interface
29:
18:Conservative (linguistics)
1162:10.1017/S0041977X00065745
436:Philosophy of linguistics
336:Interactional linguistics
731:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
30:Not to be confused with
862:Encyclopædia Britannica
758:Indo-European languages
717:In the 6th century AD,
1190:Historical linguistics
779:Historical linguistics
587:that evolved from the
273:Theoretical frameworks
227:Philosophy of language
207:History of linguistics
940:The Romance languages
167:Conversation analysis
976:on 26 September 2017
411:Internet linguistics
321:Construction grammar
1095:The Arabic Language
1014:. Cengage Learning.
858:"Romance languages"
844:10.3366/j.ctvxcrt50
346:Systemic functional
141:Applied linguistics
83:General linguistics
678:Germanic languages
668:, closely related
648:Standard varieties
451:Theory of language
421:Origin of language
376:Autonomy of syntax
331:Grammaticalization
177:Discourse analysis
172:Corpus linguistics
1105:978-0-231-11152-2
1075:978-3-11-086732-9
914:Story of Language
835:978-1-4744-7331-6
774:Great Vowel Shift
640:Romance languages
506:
505:
294:Distributionalism
237:Psycholinguistics
32:Linguistic purism
16:(Redirected from
1197:
1174:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
983:
981:
965:
959:
958:
950:
944:
943:
935:
929:
928:
905:
899:
898:
887:
881:
880:
875:
873:
854:
848:
847:
823:
810:
762:Uralic languages
723:Classical Syriac
719:Classical Arabic
705:
695:
687:
670:Slavic languages
632:Nuorese dialects
630:(especially the
604:language variety
567:/'karo/ and the
498:
491:
484:
470:
416:LGBT linguistics
406:Internationalism
381:Compositionality
242:Sociolinguistics
217:Neurolinguistics
212:Interlinguistics
197:Ethnomethodology
39:
21:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
993:
989:
979:
977:
967:
966:
962:
952:
951:
947:
937:
936:
932:
925:
907:
906:
902:
891:Contini, Michel
889:
888:
884:
871:
869:
856:
855:
851:
836:
812:
811:
802:
797:
770:
655:that of English
575:/ʃɛʀ/ are both
502:
461:
460:
371:
363:
362:
274:
266:
265:
261:Writing systems
152:Anthropological
142:
134:
133:
84:
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1156:(3): 590–590.
1136:
1111:
1104:
1081:
1074:
1056:
1049:
1031:
1002:
987:
960:
945:
930:
923:
917:. Lippincott.
900:
882:
849:
834:
799:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
769:
766:
764:respectively.
602:A language or
504:
503:
501:
500:
493:
486:
478:
475:
474:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
441:Prescriptivism
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1125:
1124:www.inalco.fr
1121:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1050:90-272-4795-1
1046:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
949:
946:
941:
934:
931:
926:
924:03-9700-400-1
920:
916:
915:
910:
904:
901:
896:
892:
886:
883:
879:
867:
863:
859:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
831:
827:
822:
821:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
794:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
743:living fossil
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Proto-Semitic
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
701:
700:
693:
685:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Proto-Romance
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
479:
477:
476:
473:
469:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Descriptivism
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
358:Structuralism
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Prague circle
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Documentation
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:Computational
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
80:
79:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1094:
1084:
1065:
1059:
1040:
1034:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
980:26 September
978:. Retrieved
974:the original
963:
954:
948:
939:
933:
913:
903:
894:
885:
877:
870:. Retrieved
861:
852:
819:
814:Trask, R. L.
747:
734:
716:
697:
659:
652:
601:
595:/'ka:rum/ (
592:
584:
580:
572:
564:
550:
545:
542:conservative
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:conservative
513:
507:
385:
304:Glossematics
284:Constituency
256:interpreting
94:Lexicography
36:
872:19 February
674:case system
510:linguistics
456:Terminology
431:Orthography
351:Usage-based
252:Translating
147:Acquisition
52:Linguistics
909:Pei, Mario
795:References
750:Lithuanian
666:Macedonian
577:adjectives
546:innovative
522:innovating
518:innovative
426:Orismology
311:Functional
299:Generative
289:Dependency
109:Pragmatics
99:Morphology
89:Diachronic
1170:1474-0699
1020:cite book
784:Philology
708:Elfdalian
662:Bulgarian
628:Sardinian
620:Norwegian
612:Old Norse
608:Icelandic
401:Iconicity
396:Etymology
316:Cognitive
279:Formalist
232:Phonetics
222:Philology
114:Semantics
104:Phonology
1184:Category
1092:(1997).
911:(1949).
866:Archived
816:(2000).
768:See also
739:Georgian
644:dialects
626:, while
579:meaning
534:obsolete
526:advanced
202:Forensic
182:Distance
129:Typology
44:a series
42:Part of
754:Finnish
735:archaic
712:Italian
636:Italian
624:Swedish
585:beloved
561:Spanish
557:cognate
538:archaic
530:archaic
157:Applied
67:History
62:Outline
1168:
1129:20 May
1102:
1072:
1047:
921:
842:
832:
634:) and
616:Danish
569:French
472:Portal
370:Topics
119:Syntax
840:JSTOR
622:, or
593:cārum
591:word
589:Latin
571:word
563:word
524:, or
72:Index
1166:ISSN
1131:2024
1100:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1026:link
982:2017
919:ISBN
874:2017
830:ISBN
760:and
752:and
688:and
664:and
581:dear
573:cher
565:caro
553:word
544:and
512:, a
254:and
247:Text
1158:doi
704:/ð/
583:or
508:In
1186::
1164:.
1154:22
1152:.
1148:.
1122:.
1022:}}
1018:{{
876:.
864:.
860:.
838:.
828:.
824:.
803:^
745:.
714:.
699:th
618:,
520:,
46:on
1172:.
1160::
1133:.
1108:.
1078:.
1053:.
1028:)
984:.
927:.
846:.
696:(
694:/
692:ð
690:/
686:/
684:θ
682:/
497:e
490:t
483:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.