409:. Between August 2015 and December 2017, it suspended over 1.2 million accounts for terrorist content to reduce the number of followers and amount of content associated with the Islamic State. Following the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk in October 2022, content rules have been weakened across the platform in an attempt to prioritize free speech. However, the effects of this campaign have been called into question.
20:
422:
User moderation allows any user to moderate any other user's contributions. Billions of people are currently making decisions on what to share, forward or give visibility to on a daily basis. On a large site with a sufficiently large active population, this usually works well, since relatively small
39:
is the process of detecting contributions that are irrelevant, obscene, illegal, harmful, or insulting, in contrast to useful or informative contributions, frequently for censorship or suppression of opposing viewpoints. The purpose of content moderation is to remove or apply a warning label to
237:. With the overwhelming growth of users and UGC, companies needed many more employees to moderate the content. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, tech companies began to outsource jobs to foreign countries that had an educated workforce but were willing to work for cheap.
370:
and post-traumatic stress disorder. In response to negative coverage related to its content moderation contracts, a
Facebook director indicated that Facebook is in the process of developing a "global resiliency team" that would assist its contractors.
182:
platforms of all types, in order to ensure that the content complies with legal and regulatory exigencies, site/community guidelines, user agreements, and that it falls within norms of taste and acceptability for that site and its cultural context."
1235:
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etc. Depending on the site's content and intended audience, the site's administrators will decide what kinds of user comments are appropriate, then delegate the responsibility of sifting through comments to lesser
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950:
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1103:
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User moderation can also be characterized by reactive moderation. This type of moderation depends on users of a platform or site to report content that is inappropriate and breaches
1136:
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to launch the first
African Content Moderators Union on 1 May 2023. This union was launched 4 years after Daniel Motaung was fired and retaliated against for organizing a union at
1202:
430:. In this process, when users are faced with an image or video they deem unfit, they can click the report button. The complaint is filed and queued for moderators to look at.
1290:
1390:
625:"A new social contract for the social media platforms: prioritizing rights and working conditions for content creators and moderators | International Labour Organization"
214:
firms and the content moderation suppliers. The social media platforms (e.g
Facebook, Google) are largely based in the United States, Europe and China. The MNEs (e.g
191:
The content moderation industry is estimated to be worth US$ 9 billion. While no official numbers are provided, there are an estimates 10,000 content moderators for
150:. A group of people are chosen by the site's administrators (usually on a long-term basis) to act as delegates, enforcing the community rules on their behalf. These
528:"Are social media companies motivated to be good corporate citizens? Examination of the connection between corporate social responsibility and social media safety"
1159:
245:
Employees work by viewing, assessing and deleting disturbing content. Wired reported in 2014, they may suffer psychological damage In 2017, the
Guardian reported
940:
1366:"Elon Musk on X: "@essagar Suspending the Twitter account of a major news organization for publishing a truthful story was obviously incredibly inappropriate""
1258:
233:
the task to specialized companies, often in low-wage areas such as India and the
Philippines. Outsourcing of content moderation jobs grew as a result of the
1084:
1549:
1339:
575:
1006:
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While at one time this work may have been done by volunteers within the online community, for commercial websites this is largely achieved through
877:
347:, office in June 2019. Employees in the Tampa location described working conditions that were worse than the conditions in the Phoenix office.
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768:
624:
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916:
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358:. In the Tampa office, workers reported inadequate mental health resources. As a result of exposure to videos depicting graphic violence,
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386:. In Germany, Facebook was responsible for removing hate speech within 24 hours of when it was posted. In late 2018, Facebook created an
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1192:
337:
workers who threatened to harm them. In response, a
Cognizant representative stated the company would examine the issues in the report.
257:
to sort out the most graphic and inappropriate content, but critics claim that it is insufficient. In 2019, NPR called it a job hazard.
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are the norm when content moderators are hired. This makes moderators more hesitant to speak up about working conditions or organize.
1603:
638:
1193:"Facebook content moderators break NDAs to expose shocking working conditions involving gruesome videos and feces smeared on walls"
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1599:
280:
as copyright violation, deleting a post containing hate-speech or reviewing graphic content are quantified for performance and
746:
629:
1635:
1612:
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems table of contents, Vienna, Austria 2005, 543–550.
306:
265:
223:
1545:"Supporting the Creation of Scholarly Bibliographies by Communities through Online Reputation Based Social Collaboration"
1226:"Cognizant Getting $ 200M From Facebook To Moderate Violent Content Amid Allegations Of 'Filthy' Work Conditions: Report"
782:
1415:
1640:
222:) are usually headquartered in the global north or India while suppliers of content moderation are largely located in
131:
112:
499:
127:
77:
1630:
351:
334:
211:
27:
discussion, where a user called
Mallory has deleted several comments before closing the discussion and locking it
1164:
382:
had increased the number of content moderators from 4,500 to 7,500 in 2017 due to legal requirements and other
354:
with
Cognizant to obtain the job, although three former workers broke the agreements to provide information to
258:
234:
974:"Facebook content reviewers are coping with PTSD symptoms by having sex and doing drugs at work, report says"
483:
254:
135:
1391:"Elon Musk could roll back social media moderation – just as we're learning how it can stop misinformation"
901:
Custodians of the internet: platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media
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697:
527:
478:
387:
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175:
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are given special privileges to delete or edit others' contributions and/or exclude people based on their
52:
908:
383:
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and low wages make content moderation extremely challenging. The number of tasks completed, for example
253:. Some large companies such as Facebook offer psychological support and increasingly rely on the use of
660:"Moderating in Obscurity: How Indian Content Moderators Work in Global Content Moderation Value Chains"
802:
1645:
1595:
367:
1493:
1263:
760:
427:
406:
397:, the number of Facebook employees responsible for content moderation was much smaller as of 2021.
318:
1127:"Facebook moderator dies after viewing horrific videos, others share disturbing incidents: report"
1478:
Grimes-Viort, Blaise (December 7, 2010). "6 types of content moderation you need to know about".
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or an internal "Supreme Court" to decide what content remains and what content is removed.
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in the videos they were instructed to evaluate. Moderators at the
Phoenix office reported
151:
108:
623:
Wamai, Jacqueline Wambui; Kalume, Maureen Chadi; Gachuki, Monicah; Mukami, Agnes (2023).
95:
Major platforms use a combination of algorithmic tools, user reporting and human review.
1544:
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Alhoori, Hamed; Alvarez, Omar; Furuta, Richard; Muñiz, Miguel; Urbina, Eduardo (2009),
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81:
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1259:"Report reveals desperate working conditions of Facebook moderators — including death"
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numbers of troublemakers are screened out by the votes of the rest of the community.
326:
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Also known as unilateral moderation, this kind of moderation system is often seen on
1007:"Facebook vows to improve content reviewing after moderators say they suffered PTSD"
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593:
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359:
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179:
162:, and generally attempt to remove negative contributions throughout the community.
104:
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may also employ content moderators to manually flag or remove content flagged for
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Slash (dot) and burn: distributed moderation in a large online conversation space
1562:
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658:
Ahmad, Sana; Krzywdzinski, Martin (2022), Graham, Mark; Ferrari, Fabian (eds.),
473:
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19:
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116:
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301:. Cognizant employees tasked with content moderation for Facebook developed
294:
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215:
1160:"A Facebook content moderator died after suffering heart attack on the job"
119:. Some websites must also make their content hospitable to advertisements.
1051:"Three Facebook moderators break their NDAs to expose a company in crisis"
739:"The Laborers Who Keep Dick Pics and Beheadings Out of Your Facebook Feed"
1131:
1085:"Facebook worker who died of heart attack was under 'unworldly' pressure"
1011:
379:
196:
85:
72:
1340:"Texas's New Social Media Law Will Create a Haven for Global Extremists"
878:"For Facebook Content Moderators, Traumatizing Material Is A Job Hazard"
825:"Facebook is hiring moderators. But is the job too gruesome to handle?"
457:
210:
of content moderation typically includes social media platforms, large
200:
32:
1320:
Facebook whistleblower
Frances Haugen talks about the Facebook Papers
453:
192:
24:
1524:
Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media
1416:"Twitter loses its top content moderation official at a key moment"
576:"Invisible Data Janitors Mop Up Top Websites - Al Jazeera America"
219:
64:
18:
130:, and has seen several cases concerning the issue make it to the
1197:
978:
250:
68:
60:
1389:
Burel, Grégoire; Alani, Harith; Farrell, Tracie (2022-05-12).
850:"Underpaid and overburdened: the life of a Facebook moderator"
103:
or other objectionable content. Other content issues include
1591:
1338:
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed; Koduvayur, Varsha (26 May 2022).
803:"Should Facebook Block Offensive Videos Before They Post?"
594:"Behind the Screen: Commercial Content Moderation (CCM)"
122:
In the United States, content moderation is governed by
1291:"Artificial intelligence will create new kinds of work"
783:"Professor uncovers the Internet's hidden labour force"
1550:
Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
818:
816:
698:""The darkness and despair of people will get to you""
1494:"150 AI Workers Vote to Unionize at Nairobi Meeting"
941:"The secret lives of Facebook moderators in America"
717:"Concern for Those Who Screen the Web for Barbarity"
696:
Elliott, Vittoria; Parmar, Tekendra (22 July 2020).
174:
to describe the practice of "monitoring and vetting
343:published a follow-up investigation of Cognizant's
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170:Commercial Content Moderation is a term coined by
871:
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92:, although this varies widely from site to site.
1435:"A new framework for online content moderation"
934:
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928:
333:in the workplace, and feared retaliation from
287:In February 2019, an investigative report by
80:. Most often, they will attempt to eliminate
8:
526:Grygiel, Jennifer; Brown, Nina (June 2019).
63:, and news sites powered by scripts such as
598:Sarah T. Roberts | The Illusion of Volition
444:150 content moderators, who contracted for
264:Psychological hazards including stress and
226:countries like India and the Philippines.
55:such as posts, comments, videos including
630:International Journal of Labour Research
16:System to sort undesirable contributions
1005:Silverstein, Jason (25 February 2019).
511:
51:Various types of Internet sites permit
1553:, vol. 5714, Berlin, Heidelberg:
1063:from the original on 12 September 2022
40:problematic content or allow users to
1172:from the original on 30 November 2019
1125:Carbone, Christopher (20 June 2019).
953:from the original on 21 February 2021
761:"The Internet's Invisible Sin-Eaters"
570:
568:
521:
519:
517:
515:
293:described poor working conditions at
7:
1608:Cliff Lampe and Paul Resnick :
664:Digital Work in the Planetary Market
618:
616:
614:
249:may arise, with symptoms similar to
35:that allow users to create content,
972:Feiner, Lauren (25 February 2019).
1439:Computer Law & Security Review
939:Newton, Casey (25 February 2019).
14:
1271:from the original on 20 June 2019
1238:from the original on 20 June 2019
1205:from the original on 19 June 2019
1139:from the original on 21 June 2019
1106:from the original on 20 June 2019
1019:from the original on 20 June 2019
986:from the original on 20 June 2019
639:International Labour Organization
350:Moderators were required to sign
1433:Hartmann, Ivar A. (April 2020).
1224:Johnson, O’Ryan (19 June 2019).
1158:Eadicicco, Lisa (19 June 2019).
771:from the original on 2015-09-08.
749:from the original on 2015-09-13.
464:, which contracts for Facebook.
1191:Feiner, Lauren (19 June 2019).
1257:Bufkin, Ellie (19 June 2019).
1049:Newton, Casey (19 June 2019).
307:post-traumatic stress disorder
266:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1600:Technische Universität Berlin
1492:Perrigo, Billy (2023-05-01).
1082:Bridge, Mark (20 June 2019).
715:Stone, Brad (July 18, 2010).
309:, as a result of exposure to
166:Commercial content moderation
1563:10.1007/978-3-642-04346-8_19
1414:Fung, Brian (June 2, 2023).
544:10.1016/j.telpol.2018.12.003
848:Olivia Solon (2017-05-25).
823:Olivia Solon (2017-05-04).
366:, some employees developed
132:United States Supreme Court
1662:
1626:Internet forum terminology
1451:10.1016/j.clsr.2019.105376
500:We Had to Remove This Post
432:
405:Social media site Twitter
128:Communications Decency Act
1526:. Yale University Press.
1522:Sarah T. Roberts (2019).
532:Telecommunications Policy
352:non-disclosure agreements
259:Non-disclosure agreements
1594:a collaboration between
1165:San Antonio Express-News
23:Comment moderation on a
484:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
407:has a suspension policy
255:artificial intelligence
136:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
479:Meta-moderation system
413:Distributed moderation
274:algorithmic management
187:Industrial composition
176:user-generated content
134:, such as the current
53:user-generated content
28:
1636:Reputation management
1592:Data Workers' Inquiry
1325:de:ZDF Magazin Royale
909:Yale University Press
142:Supervisor moderation
48:content themselves.
22:
1596:Weizenbaum Institute
1557:, pp. 180–191,
368:psychological trauma
268:, combined with the
113:child abuse material
1264:Washington Examiner
896:Gillespie, Tarleton
737:(23 October 2014).
428:community standards
319:conspiracy theories
1641:Content moderation
1480:Social Media Today
721:The New York Times
670:, pp. 77–95,
489:Recommender system
364:child sexual abuse
331:sexual intercourse
305:issues, including
241:Working conditions
208:global value chain
97:Social media sites
37:content moderation
29:
1572:978-3-642-04345-1
1344:foreignpolicy.com
918:978-0-300-23502-9
809:. 26 August 2015.
791:. March 19, 2014.
677:978-0-262-36982-4
282:quality assurance
235:social media boom
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278:labeling content
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172:Sarah T. Roberts
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