2268:
2011:. Thus, accounting for the infelicity of epistemic contradictions within a classical semantics for modals would bring along the unwelcome prediction that "It might be raining" entails "It is raining". Update Semantics skirts this problem by providing a nonintersective denotation for modals. When given such a denotation, the formula
1725:
The framework of update semantics is more general than static semantics because it is not limited to intersective meanings. Nonintersective meanings are theoretically useful because they contribute different information depending on what information is already present in the context. For instance, if
2209:
without getting trivialized, i.e. without returning the empty set. If the input context passes the test, it remains unchanged. If it fails the test, the update trivializes the context by returning the empty set. This semantics can handle epistemic contradictions because no matter the input context,
41:
that treats the meaning of a sentence as its potential to update a context. In static semantics, knowing the meaning of a sentence amounts to knowing when it is true; in dynamic semantics, knowing the meaning of a sentence means knowing "the change it brings about in the information state of anyone
1170:
From a formal perspective, intersective update can be taken as a recipe for lifting one's preferred static semantics to dynamic semantics. For instance, if we take classical propositional semantics as our starting point, this recipe delivers the following intersective update semantics.
290:
2161:
2689:
For a complete derivation of the
Epistemic Contradiction Principle within Update Semantics, see for instance Goldstein (2016), p. 13. This derivation crucially depends on a particular definition of entailment, as well as an intersective semantic entry for
297:
While this translation captures (or approximates) the truth conditions of the natural language sentences, its relationship to the syntactic form of the sentence is puzzling in two ways. First, indefinites in non-donkey contexts normally express
454:
387:
620:
semantic entries, in which the information contributed by updating with some formula can depend on the information already present in the context. This property of update semantics has led to its widespread application to
1907:
313:
that remains available outside the syntactic scope of the operator that introduced it. To cash this idea out, they proposed their respective formal systems that capture donkey anaphora because they validate
175:
616:
ones, which simply lift static systems into the dynamic framework. However, update semantics includes systems more expressive than what can be defined in the static framework. In particular, it allows
1708:
2074:
1247:
2254:
2035:
1966:
2187:
1989:
1589:
1038:
926:
863:
1433:
1367:
1125:
397:
2228:
2207:
2055:
2009:
1798:
1744:
1633:
1550:
1524:
1484:
1145:
1078:
784:
764:
703:
683:
659:
610:
491:
2728:
2708:
1301:
1832:
1778:
744:
330:
3482:
1609:
1504:
1464:
1165:
1058:
986:
966:
946:
808:
590:
570:
541:
517:
2657:
2620:
612:. Systems of update semantics vary both in how they define a context and in the semantic entries they assign to formulas. The simplest update systems are
2779:
3253:
2296:
928:
this represents a scenario where the information agreed upon by all participants in the conversation indicates that the actual world must be either
1837:
Many natural language expressions have been argued to have nonintersective meanings. The nonintersectivity of epistemic modals can be seen in the
1746:
is intersective, then it will update any input context with the exact same information, namely the information encoded by the proposition
285:{\displaystyle \forall x\forall y(\,({\text{farmer}}(x)\land {\text{donkey}}(y)\land {\text{own}}(x,y))\rightarrow {\text{beat}}(x,y)\,)}
3121:
2788:
1874:
1446:. Eliminativity says that an update can only ever remove worlds from the contextâit can't add them. Distributivity says that updating
3475:
309:
To explain these peculiarities, Heim and Kamp proposed that natural language indefinites are special in that they introduce a new
3783:
3773:
3208:
2291:
102:
87:
2862:
2484:
3329:
3203:
2772:
302:
rather than universal quantification. Second, the syntactic position of the donkey pronoun would not normally allow it to be
38:
2981:
2802:
2492:
3788:
3778:
3468:
2601:
1714:
1856:
These sentences have been argued to be bona fide logical contradictions, unlike superficially similar examples such as
3629:
2867:
2416:
2156:{\displaystyle C={\begin{cases}C&{\text{if }}C\neq \varnothing \\\varnothing &{\text{otherwise}}\end{cases}}}
2955:
1642:
3522:
3349:
3011:
2832:
299:
3354:
3304:
3066:
2765:
2281:
3414:
3273:
2852:
2321:
1912:
These sentences cannot be analysed as logical contradictions within purely intersective frameworks such as the
1861:
1184:
3527:
3409:
2950:
2233:
2014:
3439:
3106:
3076:
3051:
2991:
2890:
2822:
1927:
1838:
122:. Donkey anaphora is exemplified by the infamous donkey sentences, first noticed by the medieval logician
55:
46:, which take an input context and return an output context. Dynamic semantics was originally developed by
2459:
2391:
1834:
when it updates some contexts, but some completely different information when it updates other contexts.
3732:
3512:
3334:
3228:
3193:
3081:
3056:
2900:
2817:
2306:
303:
2169:
1971:
3662:
3603:
3565:
3560:
3507:
3319:
3126:
2905:
2562:
2346:
2037:
can update input contexts differently depending on whether they already contain the information that
1913:
630:
160:
42:
who accepts the news conveyed by it." In dynamic semantics, sentences are mapped to functions called
2101:
3742:
3575:
3491:
3404:
3369:
3314:
3258:
3161:
3146:
3116:
3096:
3071:
2940:
2925:
2507:
2062:
626:
470:
75:
1559:
449:{\displaystyle (\exists x\phi \rightarrow \psi )\Leftrightarrow \forall x(\phi \rightarrow \psi )}
3763:
3737:
3652:
3517:
3449:
3374:
3344:
3309:
3289:
3218:
3198:
3136:
3131:
3041:
3031:
3016:
2960:
2369:
2273:
991:
887:
813:
71:
1857:
1373:
1307:
1083:
3692:
3680:
3657:
3644:
3634:
3621:
3429:
3384:
3364:
3324:
3263:
3233:
3006:
2935:
2213:
2192:
2040:
1994:
1783:
1729:
1618:
1535:
1509:
1469:
1130:
1063:
769:
749:
688:
668:
665:
if it amounts to taking the intersection of the input context with the proposition denoted by
644:
595:
476:
156:
152:
118:, which resists an elegant compositional treatment in classic approaches to semantics such as
3685:
3434:
3359:
3248:
3026:
2713:
2672:
2635:
2583:
2522:
2361:
869:
382:{\displaystyle (\exists x\varphi )\land \psi \Leftrightarrow \exists x(\varphi \land \psi )}
119:
2693:
1253:
3672:
3588:
3583:
3545:
3238:
3141:
3036:
3001:
2286:
115:
91:
1803:
1749:
715:
2742:
17:
3768:
3424:
3419:
3339:
3223:
3101:
2996:
2837:
2057:
provides. The most widely adopted semantic entry for modals in update semantics is the
1594:
1489:
1449:
1150:
1147:
would be understood as an attempt to rule out the possibility that the actual world is
1043:
971:
951:
931:
881:
793:
622:
575:
546:
526:
59:
2757:
884:
representing the information in the common ground of a conversation. For instance, if
496:
3757:
3111:
3086:
2920:
123:
2373:
3593:
3499:
3379:
3299:
3166:
3046:
2930:
2910:
1921:
685:. Crucially, this definition assumes that there is a single fixed proposition that
3611:
3537:
3294:
3268:
3151:
2915:
2842:
2440:
2316:
1917:
1713:
Intersectivity amounts to the conjunction of these two properties, as proven by
1438:
The notion of intersectivity can be decomposed into the two properties known as
127:
2267:
3550:
3444:
3091:
2857:
2812:
2807:
2587:
2311:
2263:
873:
107:
47:
2445:
Reference and
Generality: An Examination of Some Medieval and Modern Theories
3704:
3555:
3243:
3061:
2986:
2965:
2895:
2847:
2827:
2301:
111:
67:
51:
2752:
2676:
2639:
2526:
151:
To capture the empirically observed truth conditions of such sentences in
3156:
2945:
2390:
Nowen, Rick; Brasoveanu, Adrian; van Eijck, Jan; Visser, Albert (2016).
3697:
2365:
63:
3460:
2753:
Dynamic
Semantics and Pragmatic Alternatives, ESSLLI 2017 Course Notes
2747:
1176:
Intersective update semantics based on classical propositional logic:
2730:
as updating consecutively with the conjuncts in their linear order.
1920:. The Epistemic Contradiction Principle only holds on the class of
3021:
34:
1902:{\displaystyle \varphi \land \Diamond \neg \varphi \models \bot }
3709:
96:
The first systems of dynamic semantics were the closely related
3464:
2761:
469:
is a framework within dynamic semantics that was developed by
2578:
Stalnaker, Robert (1978). "Assertion". In Cole, Peter (ed.).
876:
of assertion. In
Stalnaker's original system, a context (or
163:
scoping over the variable corresponding to the pronoun "it".
2230:
will always output a context that fails the test imposed by
2149:
58:, but has since been applied widely to phenomena including
1968:. However, such frames also validate an entailment from
2743:
Dynamic
Semantics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2189:
tests whether the input context could be updated with
2716:
2696:
2236:
2216:
2195:
2172:
2077:
2043:
2017:
1997:
1974:
1930:
1877:
1806:
1786:
1752:
1732:
1645:
1621:
1597:
1562:
1538:
1512:
1492:
1472:
1452:
1376:
1310:
1256:
1187:
1153:
1133:
1086:
1066:
1046:
994:
974:
954:
934:
890:
816:
796:
772:
752:
718:
691:
671:
647:
598:
578:
549:
529:
499:
479:
400:
333:
178:
2487:. In Hastings, R; Jackson, B; Zvolenszky, Z (eds.).
3720:
3671:
3643:
3620:
3602:
3574:
3536:
3498:
3397:
3282:
3186:
3179:
2974:
2883:
2876:
2795:
1486:is equivalent to updating each singleton subset of
2722:
2702:
2556:
2248:
2222:
2201:
2181:
2155:
2049:
2029:
2003:
1983:
1960:
1901:
1826:
1792:
1772:
1738:
1702:
1627:
1603:
1583:
1544:
1518:
1498:
1478:
1458:
1427:
1361:
1295:
1241:
1159:
1139:
1119:
1072:
1052:
1032:
980:
960:
940:
920:
857:
802:
778:
758:
738:
697:
677:
653:
604:
584:
564:
535:
511:
485:
448:
381:
284:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2491:. Semantics and Linguistic Theory. Vol. 11.
2415:Geurts, Bart; Beaver, David; Maier, Emar (2020).
1820:
1810:
1766:
1756:
1008:
998:
851:
841:
732:
722:
27:Framework in logic and natural language semantics
3254:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
106:, developed simultaneously and independently by
1703:{\displaystyle C=\bigcup \{\{w\}\mid w\in C\}}
3476:
2773:
8:
1852:: #It's raining and it might not be raining.
1697:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1236:
1203:
1114:
1102:
1027:
1015:
915:
897:
2651:
2649:
2385:
2383:
705:always denotes, regardless of the context.
3483:
3469:
3461:
3183:
2880:
2780:
2766:
2758:
2748:Dynamic Semantics Notes, Daniel Rothschild
2340:
2338:
2336:
139:: Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.
2715:
2695:
2561:Goldstein, Simon (2017). "Introduction".
2297:Formal semantics of programming languages
2235:
2215:
2194:
2171:
2141:
2109:
2096:
2076:
2042:
2016:
1996:
1973:
1929:
1876:
1805:
1785:
1751:
1731:
1644:
1620:
1596:
1561:
1537:
1511:
1491:
1471:
1451:
1375:
1309:
1255:
1186:
1152:
1132:
1085:
1065:
1045:
993:
973:
953:
933:
889:
815:
795:
771:
751:
717:
690:
670:
646:
597:
577:
548:
528:
498:
478:
399:
332:
278:
258:
232:
215:
198:
194:
177:
145:: If a farmer owns a donkey, he beats it.
114:. These systems were intended to capture
1800:is nonintersective, it could contribute
2464:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2421:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2396:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2332:
2136:
2129:
1242:{\displaystyle C=\{w\in C\mid w(P)=1\}}
2249:{\displaystyle \Diamond \neg \varphi }
2030:{\displaystyle \Diamond \neg \varphi }
3209:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
7:
2458:King, Jeffrey; Lewis, Karen (2018).
1961:{\displaystyle Rwv\Rightarrow (w=v)}
872:in 1978 as a way of formalizing the
868:Intersective update was proposed by
572:is the context one gets by updating
473:. In update semantics, each formula
3122:Quantificational variability effect
2789:Formal semantics (natural language)
126:and brought to modern attention by
2697:
2240:
2021:
1896:
1887:
1263:
425:
404:
358:
337:
185:
179:
170:FOL translation of donkey sentence
155:, one would need to translate the
25:
2417:"Discourse Representation Theory"
2182:{\displaystyle \Diamond \varphi }
1984:{\displaystyle \Diamond \varphi }
1869:Epistemic contradiction principle
137:Donkey sentence (relative clause)
2266:
2292:Discourse representation theory
103:discourse representation theory
88:Discourse representation theory
3204:Combinatory categorial grammar
2508:"Generalized Update Semantics"
2354:Journal of Philosophical Logic
2347:"Defaults in Update Semantics"
2123:
2117:
2090:
2081:
2070:The test semantics for modals:
1955:
1943:
1940:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1682:
1676:
1655:
1649:
1572:
1566:
1526:and then pooling the results.
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1314:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1260:
1227:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1096:
1090:
1009:
1005:
999:
995:
852:
848:
842:
838:
826:
820:
746:be the proposition denoted by
733:
729:
723:
719:
559:
553:
506:
500:
443:
437:
431:
422:
419:
413:
401:
376:
364:
355:
346:
334:
279:
275:
263:
255:
252:
249:
237:
226:
220:
209:
203:
195:
191:
1:
2982:Antecedent-contained deletion
2564:Informative Dynamic Semantics
2493:Linguistic Society of America
1721:The test semantics for modals
143:Donkey sentence (conditional)
1584:{\displaystyle C\subseteq C}
3630:Ontology (computer science)
2606:Essays in logical semantics
2582:. Brill. pp. 315â332.
1080:would return a new context
1033:{\displaystyle \!]=\{w,v\}}
921:{\displaystyle C=\{w,v,u\}}
858:{\displaystyle C=C\cap \!]}
3805:
3523:Intuitionistic type theory
2863:Syntaxâsemantics interface
2567:(PhD). Rutgers University.
2462:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
2419:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
2394:. In Zalta, Edward (ed.).
85:
39:natural language semantics
3355:Question under discussion
3305:Conversational scoreboard
3082:Intersective modification
3067:Homogeneity (linguistics)
2588:10.1163/9789004368873_001
2506:Goldstein, Simon (2019).
2282:Conversational scoreboard
1428:{\displaystyle C=C\cup C}
1362:{\displaystyle C=C\cap C}
1120:{\displaystyle C=\{w,v\}}
880:) is defined as a set of
519:that takes and returns a
44:context change potentials
3415:Distributional semantics
2322:Scope (formal semantics)
2223:{\displaystyle \varphi }
2202:{\displaystyle \varphi }
2050:{\displaystyle \varphi }
2004:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1843:epistemic contradictions
1793:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1780:. On the other hand, if
1739:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1628:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1545:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1519:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1479:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1140:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1127:. Thus, an assertion of
1073:{\displaystyle \varphi }
779:{\displaystyle \varphi }
759:{\displaystyle \varphi }
698:{\displaystyle \varphi }
678:{\displaystyle \varphi }
654:{\displaystyle \varphi }
605:{\displaystyle \varphi }
493:is mapped to a function
486:{\displaystyle \varphi }
18:Context change potential
3784:Systems of formal logic
3528:Constructive set theory
3410:Computational semantics
3147:Subsective modification
2951:Propositional attitudes
2345:Veltman, Frank (1996).
1860:, which can be given a
1850:Epistemic contradiction
790:if and only if for any
3774:Philosophy of language
3440:Philosophy of language
3077:Inalienable possession
3057:Free choice inferences
3052:Faultless disagreement
2823:Generalized quantifier
2724:
2723:{\displaystyle \land }
2704:
2489:Proceedings of SALT XI
2250:
2224:
2203:
2183:
2157:
2051:
2031:
2005:
1985:
1962:
1903:
1828:
1794:
1774:
1740:
1704:
1629:
1605:
1585:
1546:
1520:
1500:
1480:
1460:
1429:
1363:
1297:
1243:
1161:
1141:
1121:
1074:
1054:
1034:
982:
962:
942:
922:
859:
804:
780:
760:
740:
699:
679:
655:
606:
586:
566:
537:
513:
487:
450:
383:
286:
157:indefinite noun phrase
3513:Constructive analysis
3335:Plural quantification
3229:Inquisitive semantics
3194:Alternative semantics
2725:
2705:
2703:{\displaystyle \neg }
2656:Yalcin, Seth (2007).
2619:Yalcin, Seth (2007).
2483:Dekker, Paul (2001).
2251:
2225:
2204:
2184:
2158:
2052:
2032:
2006:
1986:
1963:
1904:
1829:
1795:
1775:
1741:
1705:
1630:
1606:
1586:
1547:
1521:
1501:
1481:
1461:
1430:
1364:
1298:
1296:{\displaystyle C=C-C}
1244:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1075:
1055:
1035:
983:
963:
943:
923:
860:
805:
781:
761:
741:
700:
680:
656:
618:information sensitive
607:
587:
567:
538:
514:
488:
451:
384:
287:
98:File Change Semantics
3566:Fuzzy set operations
3561:Fuzzy finite element
3508:Intuitionistic logic
3320:Function application
3127:Responsive predicate
3117:Privative adjectives
2714:
2694:
2608:. Dordrecht: Reidel.
2234:
2214:
2193:
2170:
2075:
2041:
2015:
1995:
1972:
1928:
1914:relational semantics
1875:
1804:
1784:
1750:
1730:
1643:
1619:
1595:
1560:
1536:
1510:
1490:
1470:
1450:
1374:
1308:
1254:
1185:
1151:
1131:
1084:
1064:
1044:
992:
972:
952:
932:
888:
814:
794:
770:
750:
716:
710:Intersective update:
689:
669:
645:
596:
576:
547:
527:
497:
477:
398:
331:
176:
161:universal quantifier
82:Dynamics of anaphora
3789:Linguistic modality
3779:Non-classical logic
3743:Non-monotonic logic
3492:Non-classical logic
3405:Cognitive semantics
3370:Strawson entailment
3315:Existential closure
3259:Situation semantics
3162:Temperature paradox
3132:Rising declaratives
3097:Modal subordination
3072:Hurford disjunction
3032:Discourse relations
2710:and a treatment of
2677:10.1093/mind/fzm983
2640:10.1093/mind/fzm983
2527:10.1093/mind/fzy076
2485:"On If And Only If"
2392:"Dynamic Semantics"
2166:On this semantics,
1827:{\displaystyle \!]}
1773:{\displaystyle \!]}
739:{\displaystyle \!]}
637:Intersective update
543:is a context, then
318:and its corollary.
306:by the indefinite.
72:discourse relations
3738:Intermediate logic
3518:Heyting arithmetic
3450:Semantics of logic
3375:Strict conditional
3345:Quantifier raising
3310:Downward entailing
3290:Autonomy of syntax
3219:Generative grammar
3199:Categorial grammar
3137:Scalar implicature
3042:Epistemic modality
3017:De dicto and de re
2720:
2700:
2658:"Epistemic Modals"
2621:"Epistemic Modals"
2602:van Benthem, Johan
2366:10.1007/BF00248150
2274:Linguistics portal
2246:
2220:
2199:
2179:
2153:
2148:
2047:
2027:
2001:
1981:
1958:
1899:
1824:
1790:
1770:
1736:
1700:
1625:
1601:
1581:
1542:
1516:
1496:
1476:
1456:
1425:
1359:
1293:
1239:
1157:
1137:
1117:
1070:
1050:
1030:
978:
958:
938:
918:
855:
800:
776:
756:
736:
695:
675:
651:
602:
582:
562:
533:
509:
483:
446:
379:
311:discourse referent
282:
33:is a framework in
3751:
3750:
3733:Inquisitive logic
3728:Dynamic semantics
3681:Three-state logic
3635:Ontology language
3458:
3457:
3430:Logic translation
3393:
3392:
3385:Universal grinder
3365:Squiggle operator
3325:Meaning postulate
3264:Supervaluationism
3234:Intensional logic
3214:Dynamic semantics
3175:
3174:
3007:Crossover effects
2956:Tenseâaspectâmood
2936:Lexical semantics
2671:(464): 983â1026.
2634:(464): 983â1026.
2144:
2112:
1922:relational frames
1715:Johan van Benthem
1604:{\displaystyle C}
1591:for all contexts
1499:{\displaystyle C}
1459:{\displaystyle C}
1160:{\displaystyle u}
1053:{\displaystyle C}
981:{\displaystyle u}
961:{\displaystyle v}
941:{\displaystyle w}
803:{\displaystyle C}
585:{\displaystyle C}
565:{\displaystyle C}
536:{\displaystyle C}
521:discourse context
261:
235:
218:
201:
153:first order logic
54:in 1981 to model
31:Dynamic semantics
16:(Redirected from
3796:
3686:Tri-state buffer
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3435:Linguistics wars
3360:Semantic parsing
3249:Montague grammar
3184:
3027:Deontic modality
2881:
2868:Truth conditions
2803:Compositionality
2796:Central concepts
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2531:
2530:
2521:(511): 795â835.
2512:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2351:
2342:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2113:
2110:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1040:, then updating
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
987:
985:
984:
979:
967:
965:
964:
959:
947:
945:
944:
939:
927:
925:
924:
919:
870:Robert Stalnaker
864:
862:
861:
856:
809:
807:
806:
801:
785:
783:
782:
777:
765:
763:
762:
757:
745:
743:
742:
737:
704:
702:
701:
696:
684:
682:
681:
676:
660:
658:
657:
652:
611:
609:
608:
603:
591:
589:
588:
583:
571:
569:
568:
563:
542:
540:
539:
534:
518:
516:
515:
512:{\displaystyle }
510:
492:
490:
489:
484:
467:Update semantics
462:Update semantics
455:
453:
452:
447:
392:Egli's corollary
388:
386:
385:
380:
291:
289:
288:
283:
262:
259:
236:
233:
219:
216:
202:
199:
159:"a donkey" as a
120:Montague grammar
21:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3716:
3667:
3639:
3616:
3598:
3589:Relevance logic
3584:Structural rule
3570:
3546:Degree of truth
3532:
3494:
3489:
3459:
3454:
3389:
3278:
3239:Lambda calculus
3171:
3142:Sloppy identity
3102:Opaque contexts
3037:Donkey anaphora
3002:Counterfactuals
2970:
2872:
2791:
2786:
2739:
2734:
2712:
2711:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2534:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2287:Donkey anaphora
2272:
2265:
2262:
2232:
2231:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2190:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2107:
2097:
2073:
2072:
2039:
2038:
2013:
2012:
1993:
1992:
1970:
1969:
1926:
1925:
1873:
1872:
1858:Moore sentences
1802:
1801:
1782:
1781:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1641:
1640:
1617:
1616:
1614:Distributivity:
1593:
1592:
1558:
1557:
1534:
1533:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1487:
1468:
1467:
1448:
1447:
1372:
1371:
1306:
1305:
1252:
1251:
1183:
1182:
1149:
1148:
1129:
1128:
1082:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1042:
1041:
990:
989:
970:
969:
950:
949:
930:
929:
886:
885:
882:possible worlds
812:
811:
810:, we have that
792:
791:
768:
767:
748:
747:
714:
713:
687:
686:
667:
666:
643:
642:
641:An update with
639:
623:presuppositions
594:
593:
574:
573:
545:
544:
525:
524:
495:
494:
475:
474:
464:
396:
395:
329:
328:
174:
173:
116:donkey anaphora
94:
92:Donkey anaphora
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3604:Paraconsistent
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:Intuitionistic
3496:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Inferentialism
3422:
3420:Formal grammar
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Possible world
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Glue semantics
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3187:Formal systems
3181:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Polarity items
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Conservativity
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2961:Quantification
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Presupposition
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2737:External links
2735:
2733:
2732:
2719:
2699:
2682:
2645:
2611:
2593:
2570:
2532:
2498:
2475:
2450:
2432:
2407:
2379:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2219:
2210:updating with
2198:
2178:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2059:test semantics
2046:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2000:
1980:
1977:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1854:
1853:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1789:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1735:
1722:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1624:
1611:
1600:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1541:
1531:Eliminativity:
1515:
1495:
1475:
1455:
1444:distributivity
1436:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1303:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1156:
1136:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1069:
1049:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
977:
957:
937:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
866:
865:
854:
850:
847:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
799:
775:
755:
735:
731:
728:
725:
721:
694:
674:
650:
638:
635:
601:
581:
561:
558:
555:
552:
532:
508:
505:
502:
482:
463:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
389:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
325:Egli's theorem
316:Egli's theorem
295:
294:
293:
292:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
231:
228:
225:
222:
214:
211:
208:
205:
197:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
149:
148:
147:
146:
140:
83:
80:
60:presupposition
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3801:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3673:Digital logic
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3576:Substructural
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Performatives
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Logophoricity
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Evidentiality
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2717:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Import-Export
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2243:
2237:
2217:
2196:
2176:
2173:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:Frank Veltman
2060:
2044:
2024:
2018:
1998:
1978:
1975:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:explanation.
1863:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1814:
1787:
1760:
1733:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1598:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1493:
1473:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1440:eliminativity
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1370:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1154:
1134:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1067:
1047:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1002:
975:
955:
935:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
894:
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
845:
835:
832:
829:
823:
817:
797:
789:
773:
753:
726:
711:
708:
707:
706:
692:
672:
664:
648:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
599:
579:
556:
550:
530:
522:
503:
480:
472:
471:Frank Veltman
468:
461:
440:
434:
428:
416:
410:
407:
393:
390:
373:
370:
367:
361:
352:
349:
343:
340:
326:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
317:
312:
307:
305:
301:
272:
269:
266:
246:
243:
240:
229:
223:
212:
206:
188:
182:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
162:
158:
154:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
129:
125:
124:Walter Burley
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
99:
93:
89:
81:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3727:
3653:Three-valued
3594:Linear logic
3380:Type shifter
3350:Quantization
3300:Continuation
3213:
3167:Veridicality
3047:Exhaustivity
3012:Cumulativity
2931:Indexicality
2911:Definiteness
2906:Conditionals
2833:Logical form
2685:
2668:
2664:
2631:
2627:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2518:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2357:
2353:
2165:
2069:
2061:proposed by
2058:
1911:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1724:
1712:
1637:distributive
1636:
1613:
1553:
1530:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1175:
1169:
877:
867:
788:intersective
787:
709:
663:intersective
662:
640:
631:conditionals
617:
614:intersective
613:
520:
466:
465:
391:
324:
315:
310:
308:
296:
169:
150:
142:
136:
101:
97:
95:
43:
30:
29:
3693:Four-valued
3663:Ĺukasiewicz
3658:Four-valued
3645:Many-valued
3622:Description
3612:Dialetheism
3295:Context set
3269:Type theory
3152:Subtrigging
2916:Disjunction
2843:Proposition
2441:Peter Geach
2317:Modal logic
1918:modal logic
1554:eliminative
878:context set
523:. Thus, if
300:existential
128:Peter Geach
3758:Categories
3551:Fuzzy rule
3445:Pragmatics
3092:Mirativity
2858:Speech act
2813:Entailment
2808:Denotation
2580:Pragmatics
2469:2020-08-11
2460:"Anaphora"
2426:2020-08-11
2401:2020-08-11
2312:Irene Heim
1924:such that
1839:infelicity
874:speech act
661:is called
172:: :
108:Irene Heim
86:See also:
48:Irene Heim
3764:Semantics
3705:IEEE 1164
3556:Fuzzy set
3244:Mereology
3180:Formalism
3062:Givenness
2987:Cataphora
2975:Phenomena
2966:Vagueness
2896:Ambiguity
2848:Reference
2828:Intension
2818:Extension
2718:∧
2698:¬
2302:Hans Kamp
2244:φ
2241:¬
2238:◊
2218:φ
2197:φ
2177:φ
2174:◊
2143:otherwise
2137:∅
2130:∅
2127:≠
2121:φ
2088:φ
2085:◊
2045:φ
2025:φ
2022:¬
2019:◊
1999:φ
1979:φ
1976:◊
1941:⇒
1897:⊥
1894:⊨
1891:φ
1888:¬
1885:◊
1882:∧
1879:φ
1862:pragmatic
1815:φ
1788:φ
1761:φ
1734:φ
1692:∈
1686:∣
1680:φ
1662:⋃
1653:φ
1623:φ
1576:⊆
1570:φ
1540:φ
1514:φ
1474:φ
1420:ψ
1411:∪
1405:φ
1390:ψ
1387:∨
1384:φ
1354:ψ
1345:∩
1339:φ
1324:ψ
1321:∧
1318:φ
1288:φ
1279:−
1267:φ
1264:¬
1216:∣
1210:∈
1135:φ
1094:φ
1068:φ
1003:φ
846:φ
836:∩
824:φ
774:φ
754:φ
727:φ
693:φ
673:φ
649:φ
600:φ
557:φ
504:φ
481:φ
441:ψ
438:→
435:ϕ
426:∀
423:⇔
417:ψ
414:→
411:ϕ
405:∃
374:ψ
371:∧
368:φ
359:∃
356:⇔
353:ψ
350:∧
344:φ
338:∃
256:→
230:∧
213:∧
186:∀
180:∀
112:Hans Kamp
68:questions
52:Hans Kamp
3398:See also
3283:Concepts
3157:Telicity
2992:Coercion
2946:Negation
2941:Modality
2891:Anaphora
2604:(1986).
2443:(1962).
2374:19377671
2260:See also
2111:if
76:modality
56:anaphora
3698:Verilog
2901:Binding
766:. Then
64:plurals
3721:Others
3330:Monads
2877:Topics
2372:
629:, and
627:modals
217:donkey
200:farmer
74:, and
3769:Logic
3538:Fuzzy
3022:De se
2926:Focus
2884:Areas
2853:Scope
2661:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2370:S2CID
2360:(3).
2350:(PDF)
2328:Notes
1506:with
1466:with
1060:with
988:. If
968:, or
592:with
304:bound
35:logic
3710:VHDL
2665:Mind
2628:Mind
2515:Mind
1916:for
1639:iff
1556:iff
1442:and
712:Let
260:beat
110:and
100:and
90:and
50:and
37:and
3274:TTR
2673:doi
2669:116
2636:doi
2632:116
2584:doi
2523:doi
2519:128
2362:doi
1991:to
1841:of
1635:is
1552:is
786:is
234:own
3760::
2667:.
2663:.
2648:^
2630:.
2626:.
2535:^
2517:.
2513:.
2382:^
2368:.
2358:25
2356:.
2352:.
2335:^
2256:.
2065:.
1871::
1845:.
1717:.
1167:.
948:,
633:.
625:,
394::
327::
130:.
78:.
70:,
66:,
62:,
3484:e
3477:t
3470:v
2781:e
2774:t
2767:v
2679:.
2675::
2642:.
2638::
2590:.
2586::
2529:.
2525::
2495:.
2472:.
2447:.
2429:.
2404:.
2376:.
2364::
2124:]
2118:[
2115:C
2105:C
2099:{
2094:=
2091:]
2082:[
2079:C
1956:)
1953:v
1950:=
1947:w
1944:(
1938:v
1935:w
1932:R
1822:]
1818:]
1812:[
1808:[
1768:]
1764:]
1758:[
1754:[
1698:}
1695:C
1689:w
1683:]
1677:[
1674:}
1671:w
1668:{
1665:{
1659:=
1656:]
1650:[
1647:C
1599:C
1579:C
1573:]
1567:[
1564:C
1494:C
1454:C
1423:]
1417:[
1414:C
1408:]
1402:[
1399:C
1396:=
1393:]
1381:[
1378:C
1357:]
1351:[
1348:C
1342:]
1336:[
1333:C
1330:=
1327:]
1315:[
1312:C
1291:]
1285:[
1282:C
1276:C
1273:=
1270:]
1261:[
1258:C
1237:}
1234:1
1231:=
1228:)
1225:P
1222:(
1219:w
1213:C
1207:w
1204:{
1201:=
1198:]
1195:P
1192:[
1189:C
1155:u
1115:}
1112:v
1109:,
1106:w
1103:{
1100:=
1097:]
1091:[
1088:C
1048:C
1028:}
1025:v
1022:,
1019:w
1016:{
1013:=
1010:]
1006:]
1000:[
996:[
976:u
956:v
936:w
916:}
913:u
910:,
907:v
904:,
901:w
898:{
895:=
892:C
853:]
849:]
843:[
839:[
833:C
830:=
827:]
821:[
818:C
798:C
734:]
730:]
724:[
720:[
580:C
560:]
554:[
551:C
531:C
507:]
501:[
444:)
432:(
429:x
420:)
408:x
402:(
377:)
365:(
362:x
347:)
341:x
335:(
280:)
276:)
273:y
270:,
267:x
264:(
253:)
250:)
247:y
244:,
241:x
238:(
227:)
224:y
221:(
210:)
207:x
204:(
196:(
192:(
189:y
183:x
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.