937:"Negative questions" are interrogative sentences which contain negation in their phrasing, such as "Shouldn't you be working?" These can have different ways of expressing affirmation and denial from the standard form of question, and they can be confusing, since it is sometimes unclear whether the answer should be the opposite of the answer to the non-negated question. For example, if one does not have a passport, both "Do you have a passport?" and "Don't you have a passport?" are properly answered with "No", despite apparently asking opposite questions. The Japanese and Korean languages avoid this ambiguity. Answering "No" to the second of these in Japanese or Korean would mean, "I
45:
212:
1008:
in sentences such as "I wonder where my keys are" and "Ask him where my keys are." Indirect questions do not necessarily follow the same rules of grammar as direct questions. For example, in
English and some other languages, indirect questions are formed without inversion of subject and verb (compare
944:
A similar ambiguous question in
English is "Do you mind if...?" The responder may reply unambiguously "Yes, I do mind," if they do mind, or "No, I don't mind," if they do not, but a simple "No" or "Yes" answer can lead to confusion, as a single "No" can seem like a "Yes, I do mind" (as in "No, please
289:
The main semantic classification of questions is according to the set of logically possible answers that they admit. An open question, such as "What is your name?", allows indefinitely many possible answers. A closed question admits a finite number of possible answers. Closed questions may be further
1076:
wrote: "Though she understood the question, she did not herself ask any questions â unlike the child who asks interminable questions, such as What that? Who making noise? When Daddy come home? Me go Granny's house? Where puppy? Sarah never delayed the departure of her trainer after her lessons by
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A direct answer to a given question is a piece of language that completely, but just completely, answers the question...What is crucial is that it be effectively decidable whether a piece of language is a direct answer to a specific question... To each clear question there corresponds a set of
198:
Some authors conflate these definitions. While prototypical questions (such as "What is your name?") will satisfy all three definitions, their overlap is not complete. For example "I would like to know your name." satisfies the pragmatic definition, but not the semantic or syntactic ones. Such
1029:, a question often forms the basis of the investigation and can be considered a transition between the observation and hypothesis stages. Students of all ages use questions in their learning of topics, and the skill of having learners creating "investigatable" questions is a central part of
880:
i. (a) Yes. (b) She's ready. (c) No, she's not. ii. (a) I don't know. (b) Why do you ask? (c) She might be. iii.(a) She's still looking for her wallet. (b) She wasn't expecting you before 5 o'clock. (c) I'll let you know when she's ready.
229:
A direction question is one that seeks an instruction rather than factual information. It differs from a typical ("information") question in that the characteristic response is a directive rather than a declarative statement. For example:
226:, where the addressee is asked to produce information which is already known to the speaker. For example, a teacher or game show host might ask "What is the capital of Australia?" to test the knowledge of a student or contestant.
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don't do that"), and a "Yes" can seem like a "No, I don't mind" (as in "Yes, go ahead"). An easy way to bypass this confusion would be to ask a non-negative question, such as "Is it all right with you if...?"
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at the end of a sentence identifies questions in writing. As with intonation, this feature is not restricted to sentences having the grammatical form of questions â it may also indicate a sentence's
281:), such as "Have you stopped beating your wife?" may be used as a joke or to embarrass an audience, because any answer a person could give would imply more information than he was willing to affirm.
1334:(2017) "The interpretation of prosodic variability in the context of accompanying sociophonetic cues", Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology, 8(1), 11.
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of questioning student responses may be used by a teacher to lead the student towards the truth without direct instruction, and also helps students to form logical conclusions.
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may be colloquially applied to a number of uses of questions where the speaker does not seek or expect an answer (perhaps because the answer is implied or obvious), such as:
327:(or similar words or expressions in other languages). Examples include "Do you take sugar?", "Should they be believed?" and "Am I the loneliest person in the world?"
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In
English, alternative questions are not syntactically distinguished from yesâno questions. Depending on context, the same question may have either interpretation:
877:(any statement made by the addressee in reply to the question). For example, the following are all possible responses to the question "Is Alice ready to leave?"
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and a few others who underwent extensive language training programs (with the use of gestures and other visual forms of communications) successfully learned to
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Question (C) indicates speaker's commitment to the truth of the statement that somebody killed the cat, but no commitment as to whether John did it or did not.
529:. These stand in as variables representing the unknown information being sought. They may also combine with other words to form interrogative phrases, such as
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asking where the trainer was going, when she was returning, or anything else". The ability to ask questions is often assessed in relation to comprehension of
219:
The principal use of questions is to elicit information from the person being addressed by indicating the information which the speaker (or writer) desires.
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is a sentence which is syntactically declarative but is understood as a question by the use of a rising intonation. For example, "You're not using this?"
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Smith, Joseph Wayne. Essays on ultimate questions: critical discussions of the limits of contemporary philosophical inquiry, Aldershot: Avebury, 1988.
862:
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Most languages have an intonational pattern which is characteristic of questions (often involving a raised pitch at the end, as in
English).
906:. (For example, in , the respondent can cancel the implicature by adding a statement like: "Fortunately, she packed everything up early.")
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Different languages may use different mechanisms to distinguish polar ("yes-no") questions from declarative statements (in addition to the
1081:. It is widely accepted that the first questions are asked by humans during their early infancy, at the pre-syntactic, one word stage of
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quite complex questions and requests (including question words "who", "what", "where"), although so far they have failed to learn how to
672:
1501:
Stahl, George. "Un développement de la logique des questions", in: Revue
Philosophique de la France et de l'Etranger 88 (1963), 293â301.
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In many languages, including
English and most other European languages, the interrogative phrase must (with certain exceptions such as
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is a polar question formed by the addition of an interrogative fragment (the "tag") to a (typically declarative) clause. For example:
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On the other hand, there are
English dialects (Southern Californian English, New Zealand English) in which rising declaratives (the "
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subdivided into yesâno questions (such as "Are you hungry?") and alternative questions (such as "Do you want jam or marmalade?").
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The canonical expected answer to such a question would be either "England", "Ireland", or "Wales". Such an alternative question
192:
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the word order in "where are they?" and "(I wonder) where they are"). Indirect questions may also be subject to the changes of
980:") to answer negative questions (or negative statements) in an affirmative way; they provide a means to express contradiction.
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is a type of clause which is characteristically associated with questions, and defined by certain grammatical rules (such as
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549:. In other languages, the interrogative appears in the same position as it would in a corresponding declarative sentence (
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clauses. Open and closed questions are generally distinguished grammatically, with the former identified by the use of
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presents two or more discrete choices as possible answers in an assumption that only one of them is true. For example:
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A widespread and accepted use of questions in an educational context is the assessment of students' knowledge through
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Questions may be phrased as a request for confirmation for a statement the interrogator already believes to be true.
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such as "Is this a polar question, or an alternative question?" present a list of possibilities to choose from.
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Fieser, James; Lillegard, Norman (eds.). Philosophical questions: readings and interactive guides, 2005.
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William
Chisholm, Louis T. Milic, John A.C. Greppin. Interrogativity. â John Benjamins Publishing, 1982.
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are distinct clause types characteristically associated with open and closed questions, respectively.
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Loos, Eugene E.; Anderson, Susan; Day, Dwight H. Jr.; Jordan, Paul C.; Wingate, J. Douglas (eds.).
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573:). English is one of a small number of languages which use word order. Another example is French:
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Only the responses are answers in the
Cambridge sense. The responses in avoid committing to a
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The distinction between these classes tends to be grammaticalized. In
English, open and closed
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Questions may also be used as the basis for a number of indirect speech acts. For example, the
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responsive. ... A direct answer must provide an unarguably final resolution of the question.
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Unlike (B), questions (C) and (D) incorporate a presupposition that somebody killed the cat.
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and various other (mostly European) languages, both forms of interrogative are subject to an
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Questions are used from the most elementary stage of learning to original research. In the
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In English, these are typically embodied in a closed interrogative clause, which uses an
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Cross-linguistically, the most common method of marking a polar question is with an
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Which has the form of an interrogative, but the illocutionary force of a directive.
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Muratta Bunsen, Eduardo. "Lo erotico en la pregunta", in: Aletheia 5 (1999), 65â74.
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category of speech act which seeks to obtain information from the addressee.
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such as "What kind of question is this?" allow many possible resolutions.
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that the addressee supports one of these three teams. The addressee may
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Along similar lines, Belnap and Steel (1976) define the concept of a
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Proceedings of the Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference (SALT)
1280:"Chapter 93: Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions"
76:, for instance, are interrogative in form but may not be considered
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of word order between verb and subject. In English, the inversion
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They're closed? But the website said it was open until 10 o'clock.
245:"Pass the salt." can be reformulated (somewhat more politely) as:
210:
43:
37:"Asking" redirects here. For the song by Sonny Fodera and MK, see
545:) appear at the beginning of the sentence, a phenomenon known as
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835:"How are you?". An uncommon variant of the question mark is the
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type characteristically used to form questions, they are called
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example "Is this a polar question?", which can be answered with
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839:(âœ), which combines the function of the question mark and the
421:-words, and for this reason open questions may also be called
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Questions may be marked by some combination of word order,
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Linguistically, a question may be defined on three levels.
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Soggetti di responsabilita: questioni di filosofia pratica
393:) admits indefinitely many possible answers. For example:
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Some languages have different particles (for example the
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this presupposition with an answer like "None of them".
83:
Questions come in a number of varieties. For instance;
1467:. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 241, 143.
1237:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
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In speech, these are distinguishable by intonation.
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questions, as they are not expected to be answered.
1491:Hamblin, C.L. "Questions", in: Paul Edwards (ed.),
1420:"Indirect Questions - English Grammar Lesson - ELC"
1189:Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2002)
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Request for confirmation and speaker presupposition
656:Other languages use verbal morphology, such as the
146:of interrogatives, and are typically identified as
693:In some languages, such as English, or Russian, a
267:Why have I brought you all here? Let me explain...
556:A question may include multiple variables as in:
778:(B) John killed the cat, did he? (tag question)
626:
48:A question mark made of smaller question marks
1192:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
638:
497:- Yesâno question formed using inversion and
343:Are you supporting England, Ireland or Wales?
64:. Questions are sometimes distinguished from
8:
1345:More on uptalk of this author: Paul Warren,
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1300:
870:
716:rising declaratives, distinguished by their
1347:Uptalk: the phenomenon of rising intonation
365:Do these muffins have butter or margarine?
362:Do these muffins have butter or margarine?
199:mismatches of form and function are called
1246:
1244:
1013:and other changes that apply generally to
1375:, "Speaker commitments: Presupposition",
863:Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1444:Premack, David; Premack, Ann J. (1983).
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513:Open questions are formed by the use of
1196:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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537:Which shoes should I wear to the party?
126:which raise an issue to be resolved in
72:forms, typically used to express them.
1465:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
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1183:
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902:, but are not logically equivalent to
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988:As well as direct questions (such as
774:and several questions related to it.
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1349:, Cambridge University Press. 2016,
1107:, the logic of questions and answers
758:This form may incorporate speaker's
195:in English) which vary by language.
781:(C) Was it John who killed the cat?
441:. Where languages have one or more
1397:The Logic of Questions and Answers
1312:World Atlas of Language Structures
1284:World Atlas of Language Structures
1262:"What is an alternative question?"
669:World Atlas of Language Structures
25:
667:Of the languages examined in the
495:b. Does Sam read the newspaper?
234:A: When should I open your gift?
142:, questions are regarded as the
110:Questions are widely studied in
1528:Interrogative words and phrases
560:Whose gifts are in which boxes?
476:, which sometimes necessitates
215:A man asking a woman a question
1308:"Chapter 116: Polar Questions"
892:answer. The responses in all
871:§ Semantic classification
853:Yesâno question § Answers
478:the addition of the auxiliary
60:which serves as a request for
1:
1424:ELC - English Language Center
1157:Who Asked the First Question?
998:interrogative content clauses
474:is limited to auxiliary verbs
397:Where should we go for lunch?
1395:& T.B. Steel Jr. (1976)
1266:Glossary of linguistic terms
927:Answering negative questions
831:is placed at the beginning:
812:or certain other scripts, a
673:AtatlĂĄhucaâSan Miguel Mixtec
489:a. Sam reads the newspaper.
122:, questions are regarded as
1085:, with the use of question
770:(A) Somebody killed the cat
686:In some languages, such as
437:, interrogative words, and
193:subjectâauxiliary inversion
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1493:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1450:W. W. Norton & Company
1220:Cambridge University Press
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304:
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1136:Question under discussion
865:distinguishes between an
751:You remembered the eggs,
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627:
32:Question (disambiguation)
1399:, pages 3, 12 & 13,
1070:ask questions themselves
804:In languages written in
712:rising declaratives and
612:Have you killed a bird?
608:Avez-vous tué un oiseau?
599:You have killed a bird.
595:Vous avez tué un oiseau.
417:. These are also called
249:Would you pass the salt?
222:A slight variant is the
1463:Crystal, David (1987).
789:(D) Who killed the cat?
766:. Consider a statement
285:Semantic classification
27:Request for information
1485:, Reggio Emilia, 1993.
1379:26: 1083â1098, 2016, (
1074:David and Anne Premack
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762:when it constitutes a
706:there is a distinction
660:verbal postfix in the
620:interrogative particle
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116:philosophy of language
89:are those such as the
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1401:Yale University Press
1126:Inquisitive semantics
918:statements which are
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847:Responses and answers
517:such as, in English,
331:Alternative questions
264:Has he lost his mind?
214:
140:inquisitive semantics
136:alternative semantics
118:. In the subfield of
99:Alternative questions
47:
1448:. New York; London:
1268:. SIL International.
1083:language development
1079:syntactic structures
1004:. These are used as
992:), there also exist
745:Let's have a drink,
337:alternative question
201:indirect speech acts
74:Rhetorical questions
30:For other uses, see
1523:Human communication
1006:subordinate clauses
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515:interrogative words
451:interrogative words
277:(a special case of
258:rhetorical question
243:imperative sentence
176:, a question is an
154:which answer them.
130:. In approaches to
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1340:10.5334/labphon.92
1233:Searle, J (1969).
1214:Searle, J (1969).
1121:Interrogative word
1052:Enculturated apes
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990:Where are my keys?
984:Indirect questions
941:have a passport".
785:As compared with:
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429:Question formation
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124:illocutionary acts
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1533:Sentences by type
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1031:inquiry education
1027:scientific method
1002:where my keys are
833:ÂżCĂłmo estĂĄ usted?
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1393:Nuel Belnap
1332:Paul Warren
1235:Speech acts
1216:Speech acts
1000:), such as
837:interrobang
800:Punctuation
741:aren't you?
714:inquisitive
547:wh-fronting
531:which shoes
491:- Statement
349:presupposes
158:Definitions
144:denotations
112:linguistics
70:grammatical
62:information
1512:Categories
1430:2018-01-24
1166:References
1087:intonation
933:Yes and no
851:See also:
820:function.
679:Intonation
439:intonation
435:morphology
174:pragmatics
120:pragmatics
1151:Confusion
1105:Erotetics
1100:Curiosity
974:Norwegian
964:" or the
895:implicate
818:pragmatic
747:shall we?
710:assertive
483:, as in:
470:inversion
256:The term
167:semantics
128:discourse
78:bona fide
58:utterance
18:Questions
1317:15 April
1289:15 April
1160:, a book
1093:See also
1021:Learning
920:directly
875:response
873:) and a
810:Cyrillic
708:between
636:Mandarin
624:Japanese
501:-support
405:such as
134:such as
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1518:Grammar
1111:Inquiry
1048:Origins
1033:. The
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956:", the
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718:prosody
688:Italian
583:French
551:in situ
458:English
150:of the
91:English
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1200:
1066:answer
1058:Washoe
972:, and
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867:answer
855:, and
753:right?
702:uptalk
648:Polish
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443:clause
353:cancel
187:, the
185:syntax
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1062:Sarah
1054:Kanzi
1042:exams
1011:tense
806:Latin
527:which
525:, or
413:, or
389:, or
319:, or
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1319:2021
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962:doch
861:The
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523:what
519:when
415:what
407:when
207:Uses
148:sets
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