1333:
1279:
1429:
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416:
337:
611:
42:
1058:
794:
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1205:
4308:
750:. In this process, a species that arrives on a group of islands rapidly becomes more diverse over time, splitting off into new species or subspecies. A species that reaches an island ecosystem may face little competition for resources, or may find that the resources that they found in their previous habitat are not available. These factors together result in individual evolutionary branches with different means of survival.
722:
484:
4770:
3924:
987:, have long been populated by humans. Generally, larger islands are more likely to be able to sustain humans and thus are more likely to have been settled. Small islands that cannot sustain populations on their own can still be habitable if they are within a "commuting" distance to an island that has enough resources to be sustainable. The presence of an island is marked by
3908:
1038:. The interest in the study of islands is due to their unique cultures and natural environments that differ from mainland cultures. This is for a few reasons: First, the obvious political and geographic isolation from mainland cultures. Second, unique restraints on resources and ecology creating marine-focused cultures with a focus on
1271:. Colonization has resulted in a decline of observance of traditional cultural practices in places such as Hawaii, where Native Hawaiians are now a minority. Cultural attitudes related to communal ownership of land as well as a lack of individualistic decision-making may make some island cultures less compatible with the global
704:
on an island surrounded by ocean would indicate that it once was attached to a continent, since these fish cannot traverse the ocean on their own. Over the course of time, evolution and extinction changes the nature of animal life on a continental island, but only once it splits from the mainland. An
1377:
live on islands. In 2017, a detailed review of 1,288 islands found that they were home to 1,189 highly-threatened vertebrate species, which was 41 percent of the global figure. Coral bleaching is expected to occur with more frequency, threatening marine ecosystems, some of which island economies are
1307:
and boats and strains on infrastructure from tourist activity. Islands in colder climates often rely on seasonal tourists seeking to enjoy nature or local cultures, and may only be one aspect of an island's economy. In contrast, tourism on tropical islands can often make up the majority of the local
119:
as a natural barrier to the introduction of new species, causing the species that do reach the island to evolve in isolation. Continental islands share animal and plant life with the continent they split from. Depending on how long ago the continental island formed, the life on that island may have
529:
of debris in rivers; almost all rivers have some form of fluvial islands. These islands may only be a few meters high, and are usually temporary. Changes in the flow speed, water level, and sediment content of the river may effect the rate of fluvial island formation and depletion. Permanent river
622:
In biology, endemism is defined as the phenomenon where species or genus is only found in a certain geographical area. Islands isolate land organisms from others with water, and isolate aquatic organisms living on them with land. Island ecosystems have the highest rates of endemism globally. This
1013:
The motivation for island exploration has been the subject of research and debate. Some early historians previously argued that early island colonization was unintentional, perhaps by a raft being swept out to sea. Others compare the motivations of
Polynesian and similar explorers with those of
876:
of Earth. He wrote that "the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings". Through the study of the finches and other animals he realized that organisms survive by changing to adapt to their habitat. It would be over twenty years before he published his
696:, an island which no iguana had lived on previously. They survived floating on a mass of uprooted trees from a storm. Plant species are thought to be able to travel great distances of ocean. New Zealand and Australia share 200 native plant species, despite being separated by 1500 km.
1459:. Sandbags or stones are dropped with a barge into the sea to bring the land level slightly out of the water. The island area is then filled with sand or gravel, followed by a construction of this revetment to hold it together. Islands have also been constructed with a permanent
1393:
Increasing intensity of tropical storms also increases the distances and frequency with which invasive species may be transported to islands. Floodwaters from these storms may also wash plants further inland than they would travel on their own, introducing them to new habitats.
480:. The formation of reefs and islands related to those reefs is aided by the buildup of sediment in shallow patches of water. In some cases, tectonic movements lifting a reef out of the water by as little as 1 meter can cause sediment to accumulate and an island to form.
991:, differences in cloud and weather patterns, as well as changes in the direction of waves. It is also possible for human populations to have gone extinct on islands, evidenced by explorers finding islands that show evidence of habitation but no life.
684:. Tropical storms have the capacity to transport species over great distances. Animals like tortoises can live for weeks without food or water, and are able to survive floating on debris in the sea. One case study showed that in 1995, fifteen
709:, a tree that is present in Australia, New Zealand, parts of South American, and New Guinea, places that today are geographically distant. A possible explanation for this phenomena is that these landmasses were once all part of the continent
699:
Continental islands, islands that were at one point connected to a continent, are expected to share a common history of plant and animal life up until the point that the island broke away from the continent. For example, the presence of
1373:. These risks are expected to decrease the habitability of islands, especially small ones. Beyond risks to human life, plant and animal life are threatened. It has been estimated that almost 50 percent of land species threatened by
408:. However, not all island chains are formed this way. Some may be formed all at once by fractures in the tectonic plates themselves simultaneously creating multiple islands. One supporting piece of evidence is that of the
1385:
received media attention for a press conference publicizing the ongoing submerging of the island country. Tuvalu signed a cooperation agreement with
Australia agreeing to annually allow 280 of its citizens to become
948:. Many of the previous island settlements required traveling distances of less than 100 km (62 mi), whereas Polynesians may have traveled 2,000–3,200 km (1,200–2,000 mi) to settle islands such as
1026:. These historians theorize that successful explorers were rewarded with recognition and wealth, leading others to attempt possibly dangerous expeditions to discover more islands, usually with poor results.
671:
Oceanic islands, ones that have never been connected to shore, are only populated by life that can cross the sea. This means that any animals present on the island had to have flown there, in the case of
2351:
635:, the total number of unique species in a region, is lower on islands than on mainlands. The level of species richness on islands is proportional to the area of that island, a phenomenon known as the
234:, are generally not considered islands. Islands that have been bridged or otherwise joined to a mainland with land reclamation are sometimes considered "de-islanded", but not in every case.
785:
species) consumes spiders and insects that live on plants. Other examples of this phenomenon exist worldwide, including in Hawaii and
Madagascar, and are not limited to island ecosystems.
1224:. These missionaries faced resistance, but found success when some local chiefs used European support to centralize power. Beginning in the 16th century, European states placed most of
845:
in their young, resulting in a selection pressure for smaller animals that require less food. Having fewer predators would mean these animals did not need not be large to survive.
1482:
have also been described as a type of island. Some atolls have been covered in concrete to create artificial islands for military purposes, such as those created by China in the
3702:
1341:
3203:
Bird, Michael I.; Condie, Scott A.; O’Connor, Sue; O’Grady, Damien; Reepmeyer, Christian; Ulm, Sean; Zega, Mojca; Saltré, Frédérik; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (June 17, 2019).
994:
Not all islands were or are inhabited by maritime cultures. In the past, some societies were found to have lost their seafaring ability over time, such as the case of the
3707:
Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3744:
Spatz DR; Zilliacus KM; Holmes ND; Butchart SHM; Genovesi P; Ceballos G; Tershy BR; Croll DA (2017), "Globally threatened vertebrates on islands with invasive species",
2120:
1491:
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and neighboring islands. These species compete for resources with native animals, and some may grow so densely that they displace other forms of existing life.
425:
713:
and separated by tectonic drift. However, there are competing theories that suggest this species may have reached faraway places by way of oceanic dispersal.
202:
An island is an area of land surrounded by water on all sides that is distinct from a continent. There is no standard of size that distinguishes islands and
1390:
of
Australia. The Marshall Islands, a country of 1,156 islands, have also been identified as a country that may be existentially threatened by rising seas.
3956:
1074:
The
Polynesian diet got most of its protein from fishing. Polynesians were known to fish close to shore, as well as in deep water. It was reported that
2654:
841:
and competitors, resulting in selection pressure towards larger animals. Larger animals may exhaust food resources quickly due to their size, causing
190:
can cause widespread destruction of infrastructure and animal habitats. Species that live exclusively on islands are some of those most threatened by
64:
is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split from a
3490:
1494:
indicates that these islands may not have the same legal status as a naturally occurring island, and as such may not confer the same legal rights.
2519:
Kier, Gerold; Kreft, Holger; Lee, Tien Ming; Jetz, Walter; Ibisch, Pierre L.; Nowicki, Christoph; Mutke, Jens; Barthlott, Wilhelm (June 9, 2009).
1369:
caused a loss of almost all the infrastructure in
Dominica. Sea level rise and other climate changes can reduce freshwater reserves, resulting in
392:
above stationary hotspots would form islands in a linear chain, with the islands further away from the hotspot being progressively older and more
131:
or a continental island splitting from the mainland. Today, up to 10% of the world's population lives on islands. Islands are popular targets for
1831:
3626:
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and other fruits and vegetables. Different island climates made different resources more important, such as the
Hawaiian islands being home to
1332:
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1559:
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Whittaker, Robert J.; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Matthews, Thomas J.; Borregaard, Michael K.; Triantis, Kostas A. (September 2017).
1668:
1303:, thanks to their unique climates, cultures, and natural beauty. However, islands may suffer from poor transportation connectivity from
4652:
3018:
2888:
1564:
3784:
3471:
3385:
3150:
1803:
680:, were carried by such animals, or were carried in a sea current in what is known as a "rafting event". This phenomenon is known as
3878:
1160:
Many island nations have little land and a restricted set of natural resources. However, these nations control some of the largest
127:
Humans have lived on and traveled between islands for thousands of years at a minimum. Some islands became host to humans due to a
1544:
1245:
3597:
3086:
4657:
3949:
492:
1763:"Accidental and ideal island cities: islanding processes and urban design in Belize City and the urban archipelagos of Europe"
1428:
610:
4750:
4642:
4300:
1611:
1237:
505:. These islands erode and grow as the wind and waves shift. Barrier islands have the effect of protecting coastal areas from
1646:
983:
Historians have sought to understand why some remote islands have always been uninhabited, while others, especially in the
4814:
4512:
4439:
4344:
3411:
3001:
1554:
1336:
San Juan, Puerto Rico after
Hurricane Maria. Climate change is expected to cause more frequent inland flooding on islands.
1278:
1268:
864:, including tanager birds, contributed to his understanding of how evolution works. He first traveled to the islands as a
4307:
3819:
1432:
1236:
was colonized by Spain as early as 1526. It changed hands from
Germany to Japan to the United States before joining the
2679:
4369:
2266:
3437:
4804:
4773:
3942:
1539:
1514:
1220:, and other islands by Westerners, these nations have been the subject of colonization. Islands were the target of
639:. This is because larger areas have more resources and thus can support more organisms. Populations with a higher
3848:
1524:
1321:
636:
461:, the continent-like area of crust that New Zealand sits on, has had 93% of its original surface area submerged.
1045:
4457:
2176:"Formation of fluvial islands and its determining factors, case study of the River Neris, the Baltic Sea basin"
1529:
1324:. During tourism downturns, these economies struggle to make up the lost inflow of cash with other industries.
953:
879:
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studies organisms on islands and their environment. It has yielded important insights for its parent field of
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1534:
1519:
1475:
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340:
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155:
33:
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would have required crossing distances of water of at least 29 km (18 mi). Some islands, such as
4599:
4354:
3355:
1221:
825:, though it is unknown if it grew in size before or after reaching the island. Larger animals such as the
2957:
1466:
Some modern islands have been constructed by pouring millions of tons of sand into the sea, such as with
742:
adapted to new niches. Their seed-eating beaks evolved to handle foods such as nuts, fruits, and insects.
4745:
2833:
1460:
1398:
and trade also have introduced non-native life to islands. These processes result in an introduction of
770:
730:
628:
3543:"History of Plant Introductions to Pohnpei, Micronesia and the Role of the Pohnpei Agriculture Station"
2013:
1130:
in order to preserve it. There is archeological evidence that Canary Islanders would chew the roots of
2397:
Veron, Simon; Haevermans, Thomas; Govaerts, Rafaël; Mouchet, Maud; Pellens, Roseli (August 12, 2019).
1823:
1034:
About 10% of the world's population lives on islands. The study of the culture of islands is known as
4574:
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2410:
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1983:
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studies the ecological processes that take place on islands, with a focus on what factors effect the
561:
434:
72:, and oceanic islands, which have never been part of a continent. Oceanic islands can be formed from
2914:
142:
by Europeans, resulting in the majority of islands in the Pacific being put under European control.
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4036:
3916:
3112:
1387:
1264:
1177:
778:
754:
739:
227:
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837:. In the case of smaller animals, it has been hypothesized that animals on islands may have fewer
100:
are those made by humans, including small rocky outcroppings built out of lagoons and large-scale
4647:
4634:
4487:
4447:
4158:
4061:
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1819:
907:
830:
766:
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has a major role in distributing the seeds of trees between islands, a form of oceanic dispersal.
442:
97:
1486:. These atolls were previously low-tide elevations, landmasses that are only above water during
1381:
Some islands that are low-lying may cease to exist given high enough amounts of sea level rise.
1126:
fields of taro, whereas in some islands, like Tahiti, breadfruit was more widely cultivated and
793:
631:
efforts, to prevent the extinction of these species. Despite high levels of endemism, the total
1762:
4703:
4609:
4522:
4228:
4066:
4056:
4016:
3981:
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3718:
3676:
3657:"Island tourism: marketing culture and heritage – editorial introduction to the special issue"
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3334:
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3250:
3232:
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3014:
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2804:
2734:
2568:
2550:
2501:
2483:
2444:
2426:
2379:
2321:
2313:
2101:
2049:
2041:
1949:
1931:
1885:
1799:
1743:
1733:
1676:
1423:
1354:
1317:
1309:
999:
956:
to discover new islands for settlement. Between 1100 and 800 BC, Polynesians sailed East from
857:
735:
681:
644:
640:
615:
581:
450:
369:
348:
187:
151:
121:
3069:
457:, are what remains of continents that shrank and sunk beneath the sea. It was estimated that
4794:
4698:
4532:
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4502:
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4427:
4253:
4113:
4031:
3996:
3761:
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2726:
2558:
2540:
2491:
2475:
2434:
2418:
2371:
2350:
Graham, Natalie R.; Gruner, Daniel S.; Lim, Jun Y.; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (June 27, 2017).
2305:
2198:
2091:
2033:
1991:
1939:
1923:
1877:
1774:
1504:
1467:
1444:
1399:
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873:
834:
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573:
397:
377:
286:
183:
167:
159:
101:
46:
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1701:
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4329:
4238:
4233:
4118:
4001:
2800:
1483:
1448:
1366:
1358:
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1103:
1102:. Island cultures also cultivate native and non-native crops. Polynesians grew the native
1075:
961:
701:
506:
498:
401:
389:
368:
or island chains, which are collections of islands. These chains are thought to form from
309:
293:
89:
69:
2620:
2521:"A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions"
2241:
3558:
3220:
3166:
3010:
2784:
2722:
2536:
2414:
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2194:
2087:
2029:
1987:
1873:
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4123:
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4026:
4006:
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3245:
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2969:
2563:
2520:
2496:
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1944:
1911:
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1350:
1346:
1252:
1155:
1035:
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as a food source, and has a beak adapted for removing pulp and flowers from cacti. The
721:
706:
659:
593:
585:
531:
518:
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because they absorb some of the energy of large waves before they can reach the shore.
420:
405:
247:
211:
175:
171:
147:
143:
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1857:
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in 1496. It has been hypothesized that since the inhabitants had little incentive for
412:, which are all estimated to be 8 million years old, rather than being different ages.
4788:
4740:
4723:
4673:
4614:
4589:
4452:
4379:
4051:
3655:
Brown, Keith G.; Cave, Jenny (January 1, 2010). G. Brown, Keith; Cave, Jenny (eds.).
3319:
2956:
Keegan, William F.; Diamond, Jared M. (January 1, 1987), Schiffer, Michael B. (ed.),
2587:
2037:
1995:
1971:
1590:
1002:
since the island's first discovery in the first century until being conquered by the
984:
973:
526:
501:
are long, sandy bars that form along shorelines due to the deposition of sediment by
469:
446:
50:
4604:
4492:
4364:
4359:
4258:
4248:
4193:
2202:
2121:"Why Some Geologists Say Charles Darwin's Theory of Coral Atoll Formation Is Wrong"
1599:
1479:
1471:
1209:
1083:
1079:
842:
826:
624:
545:
409:
365:
139:
93:
17:
2216:
1463:, a steel or concrete structure built in a closed loop and then filled with sand.
1316:
on top of tourism in order to ensure economic growth. This reliance can result in
1196:, a territory that receives substantial military expenditure and aid from France.
1078:
were known to fish as far as 500 km (310 mi) from shore at coral reefs.
1282:
Tourists are attracted to tropical beaches in large numbers, such as this one in
761:
species that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands. These birds evolved different
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4569:
4542:
4537:
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4384:
4339:
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4263:
3986:
1636:
1403:
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1229:
1087:
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and sailing. Third, a lasting historical and political significance of islands.
1023:
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945:
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903:
549:
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373:
352:
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128:
81:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2422:
746:
Species that colonize island archipelagos exhibit a specific property known as
41:
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4579:
4497:
4422:
4213:
4071:
3928:
3714:
3672:
2375:
2217:"Bananal Island | Amazon Rainforest, Wildlife & Conservation | Britannica"
2096:
2071:
2070:
Nunn, Patrick D.; Kumar, Lalit; Eliot, Ian; McLean, Roger F. (March 2, 2016).
1605:
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1411:
1374:
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1272:
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of people from their home islands as well as increases in cancer rates due to
1217:
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1111:
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and had little to any contact with the mainland, they had no need for boats.
957:
869:
865:
822:
648:
569:
433:
Other island chains form due to being separated from existing continents. The
313:
203:
191:
3680:
3574:
3304:
3236:
2999:
Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
2738:
2655:"Intensifying hurricanes are helping invasive species spread across the U.S."
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2430:
2383:
2317:
2105:
2045:
1935:
1889:
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grow on volcanic islands that have submerged beneath the surface. When these
4624:
4584:
4412:
4349:
4268:
4198:
3923:
3879:"What Makes an Island? Land Reclamation and the South China Sea Arbitration"
3656:
3174:
2545:
2309:
2145:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1747:
1456:
1304:
1204:
1161:
1127:
1123:
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838:
693:
565:
535:
458:
381:
231:
65:
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3338:
3254:
3182:
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2325:
2053:
1953:
1927:
1796:
A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
980:
in the South, with New Zealand's first settlements between 1250 and 1300.
206:. Continents have an accepted geological definition – they are the largest
3907:
3074:(2nd ed.). New York City: George Grady Press. pp. 10, 48, 54–56.
453:
may be called continental islands. Other islands, like those that make up
355:, creating a chain of volcanoes as the lithosphere moves over the hotspot.
4552:
4547:
4374:
4289:
4148:
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2628:
2479:
1972:"Review of the chronology of marine terraces in the Hawaiian Archipelago"
1727:
1487:
1407:
1370:
1050:
988:
941:
902:
The first evidence of humans colonizing islands probably occurred in the
710:
689:
605:
207:
85:
73:
2706:
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to ecosystems that are especially small and fragile. One example is the
530:
islands also exist, the largest of which (that is completely inland) is
4688:
4562:
4407:
4283:
4278:
4188:
4183:
4173:
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3582:
3566:
3542:
2759:"Why Evolution Goes Wild on Islands: The Science of Adaptive Radiation"
1300:
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1225:
1181:
1119:
1039:
810:
782:
758:
685:
589:
522:
438:
400:, with the oldest island being 25 million years old, and the youngest,
380:
is hotter than the surrounding area. These hotspots would give rise to
308:
The spelling of the word was modified in the 15th century because of a
282:
163:
135:
due to their perceived natural beauty, isolation, and unique cultures.
132:
2958:"2 - Colonization of Islands by Humans: A Biogeographical Perspective"
1916:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
765:
in order to eat different kinds of food available on the islands. The
251:
4713:
4708:
4243:
4223:
4178:
4021:
3464:
The Pacific Islands: Politics, Economics, and International Relations
3119:. Manatū Taonga — Ministry for Culture and Heritage. November 2, 2023
1779:
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112:
77:
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2399:"Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide"
2294:"Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature's laboratories"
1881:
1180:. The natural beauty of island nations also makes them a magnet for
860:
through the study of island ecology. The species he observed on the
301:
3847:
Fang, Huacan; Duan, Menglan (2014). "3.7.3 The Artificial Island".
3627:"Pacific Islands: politics, economics, and international relations"
1455:. One traditional way of constructing islands is with the use of a
1275:
economy, causing these nations to experience less economic growth.
809:(also known as the island rule), states that small mammals such as
388:
would form the rock the islands are made of. For some islands, the
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3661:
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
2730:
2621:"The resurrection of oceanic dispersal in historical biogeography"
1912:"The age and origin of the Pacific islands: a geological overview"
1436:
1427:
1331:
1277:
1203:
1143:
1131:
1056:
1044:
1007:
969:
952:. They would send navigators to sail the ocean without the aid of
915:
805:
Species endemic to islands show a common evolutionary trajectory.
792:
774:
762:
720:
673:
658:
609:
577:
541:
477:
344:
321:
271:
223:
108:
3088:
We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific
1478:, and are sold for private ownership or construction of housing.
1447:. One of the first recorded instances of this when people of the
627:. Areas with high lives of biodiversity are a priority target of
4728:
4718:
4693:
4203:
4133:
4081:
4076:
1255:
era saw many island states achieve independence or some form of
1241:
1169:
1107:
1091:
965:
798:
677:
502:
396:, before disappearing under the sea entirely. An example is the
385:
3938:
1587: – Island owned by a single private citizen or corporation
1410:
owners. It has since been transported by hurricanes across the
1240:
in 1982, maintaining a "free association" status with the U.S.
926:
that allowed humans to colonize it before it became an island.
4208:
4011:
3701:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2023),
2352:"Island ecology and evolution: challenges in the Anthropocene"
897:
219:
116:
3709:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2043–2122,
3356:"Polynesian culture - Kinship, Social Hierarchy | Britannica"
2915:"Darwin's Living Legacy--Evolutionary Theory 150 Years Later"
2014:"New Zealand phylogeography: evolution on a small continent"
1614: – Developing countries that are small island countries
1451:
created eighty such islands by piling coral and rock in the
449:
is formed, pushing away older crust. Islands sitting on the
3279:"Islands and the world from an anthropological perspective"
27:
Piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water
3091:(Second ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 8.
2601:: 78–90 – via Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles.
1910:
Neall, Vincent E.; Trewick, Steven A. (October 27, 2008).
1053:, used in Polynesia for making an edible breadfruit paste.
576:
of species. Scientists often study islands as an isolated
429:
showing the world's major groups of atolls and coral reefs
270:, similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and
3541:
Ragone, Diane; Lorence, David H.; Flynn, Timothy (2001).
2464:"Endemism hotspots are linked to stable climatic refugia"
1443:
For hundreds of years, islands have been created through
1263:
left many atolls destroyed or uninhabitable, causing the
146:
has resulted in some but not all island nations becoming
3491:"Historical Background: Colonization of Pacific Islands"
769:
has a large bill used to crack seeds and eat fruit. The
230:, areas of land that are not above the surface during a
186:
completely. Increases in the frequency and intensity of
3850:
Offshore operation facilities: equipment and procedures
3818:
Fisher, Richard; Hirschfeld, Javier (January 6, 2022).
1595:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1574:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1192:, and general territorial control. One such example is
538:
of Brazil, which has a maximum width of 55 kilometers.
1581: – Island recorded on maps but proven nonexistent
1134:
for sustenance, a practice that wore heavily on their
3205:"Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident"
2705:
Censky, Ellen J.; Hodge, Karim; Dudley, Judy (1998).
1732:. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Acorn Press.
964:
and reached the islands that make up the modern-day
214:. Islands can occur in any body of water, including
4666:
4633:
4438:
4398:
4315:
3972:
3283:
International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
2707:"Over-water dispersal of lizards due to hurricanes"
1342:
Effects of climate change on small island countries
829:tend to become smaller, such as in the case of the
3386:"How an Ancient Practice Aids Marine Conservation"
2889:"Evolution World Tour: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador"
1312:. These islands sometimes also require consistent
96:can also form from sediment and debris in rivers.
3785:"Tuvalu: Why Is the Small Island Nation Sinking?"
3320:"Fish consumption and health in French Polynesia"
1244:was a Spanish territory until 1898, and now is a
972:. The furthest extent of this migration would be
922:, were probably connected to the mainland with a
1761:Pigou-Dennis, Elizabeth; Grydehøj, Adam (2014).
1474:in Dubai. These islands are usually created for
906:era, 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. Reaching the
623:means that islands contribute heavily to global
3820:"Why we are in 'the age of artificial islands'"
2462:Harrison, Susan; Noss, Reed (January 7, 2017).
1492:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2012:Wallis, Graham P.; Trewick, Steven A. (2009).
1349:threatens human development on islands due to
3950:
3466:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–11.
3416:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 59–67.
2964:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 49–92,
1602: – Island accessible by foot at low tide
734:) into three other species of finches on the
426:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
8:
2962:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory
1608: – Effect on people who move to islands
1299:Islands have long been a popular target for
1018:, the explorer who sailed westward over the
849:Darwin, the Galápagos, and natural selection
2588:"The bats of Silhouette Island, Seychelles"
1858:"A Possible Origin of the Hawaiian Islands"
1729:Bridging islands: the impact of fixed links
1216:Since the first discoveries of Polynesian,
1184:. Islands also have geopolitical value for
3957:
3943:
3935:
3853:. Amsterdam ; Boston: Elsevier, GPP.
2680:"How rafts helped primates rule the world"
2267:"Largest And Highest Islands Of The World"
120:diverged greatly from the mainland due to
3765:
3384:Tiare Tuuhia, Hakai (November 10, 2023).
3294:
3244:
2636:(2) – via Elesevier Science Direct.
2562:
2544:
2495:
2438:
2095:
1943:
1778:
544:form for a variety of reasons, including
3517:"Australia and Oceania: Human Geography"
2174:Baubinienė, Aldona (December 20, 2014).
1828:Transactions of the Philological Society
1798:. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
928:
482:
414:
335:
40:
3877:Mirasola, Christopher (July 15, 2015).
3438:"The island fruit that caused a mutiny"
2887:Magazine, Smithsonian; Helmuth, Laura.
1625:
1022:in search of an alternate route to the
3872:
3870:
3842:
3840:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3778:
3776:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3650:
3648:
3620:
3618:
3485:
3483:
3379:
3377:
3350:
3348:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3063:
3061:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2882:
2880:
2827:
2825:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
1593: – Island without human residents
1406:, initially introduced to the U.S. by
299:, and more distantly related to Latin
178:threatens to submerge nations such as
3883:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
3149:Cornwall, Warren (February 8, 2024).
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2858:MacPherson, Rick (February 6, 2017).
2834:"Gigantism & Dwarfism on Islands"
2801:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806
2169:
2167:
2065:
2063:
2007:
2005:
1965:
1963:
1834:from the original on November 6, 2018
1696:
1694:
1560:List of islands by population density
738:. Due to the absence of other birds,
552:can form as part of these processes.
343:through Earth at the Hawaii hotspot.
7:
3783:Prete, Giovanni (January 29, 2024).
2205:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1851:
1849:
1631:
1629:
618:is endemic to the Galápagos Islands.
3598:"A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam"
3413:Food Culture in the Pacific Islands
3011:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
2785:"On the Origin of Darwin's Finches"
2757:Lovette, Irby (December 20, 2018).
274:carrying its contemporary meaning.
4653:Integrated coastal zone management
2970:10.1016/b978-0-12-003110-8.50005-0
2619:de Queiroz, Alan (February 2005).
1649:from the original on March 7, 2007
1565:List of islands named after people
1138:. These islanders would also grow
813:evolve to become larger, known as
801:is an example of island gigantism.
548:, plate tectonics, and volcanism.
312:caused by an association with the
150:, with lasting effects related to
25:
2832:Tyson, Peter (November 1, 2000).
1439:is built on an artificial island.
1259:. Nuclear weapons testing on the
944:distant oceanic islands were the
753:The classical example of this is
521:is an island that forms from the
4769:
4768:
4306:
4299:
3922:
3906:
3596:Herman, Doug (August 15, 2017).
3521:education.nationalgeographic.org
3410:Haden, Roger (August 10, 2009).
3277:Ma, Guoqing (October 16, 2020).
3113:"Pacific voyaging and discovery"
2246:education.nationalgeographic.org
2038:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04294.x
1856:Wilson, J. Tuzo (June 1, 1963).
1706:education.nationalgeographic.org
1673:education.nationalgeographic.org
1545:List of islands by highest point
1090:fishing were all used, to catch
872:in 1835, as part of a five-year
3040:"Polynesia's Genius Navigators"
2789:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1212:leaving due to nuclear testing.
933:Chronological dispersal of the
493:East Coast of the United States
115:life. Oceanic islands have the
104:projects used for development.
4751:Region of freshwater influence
3151:"A thousand years of solitude"
2913:Stix, Gary (January 1, 2009).
2203:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.025
1612:Small Island Developing States
1238:Federated States of Micronesia
1150:Island nations and territories
320:, which itself comes from the
1:
4800:Coastal and oceanic landforms
4513:Large-scale coastal behaviour
4345:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3631:scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu
3462:Fairbairn, Te'o I.J. (1991).
3002:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
2072:"Classifying Pacific islands"
1726:Baldacchino, Godfrey (2007).
1555:List of islands by population
1142:and raised livestock such as
898:Sea § Humans and the sea
688:survived a 300 km journey to
464:Some islands are formed when
437:may have been separated from
138:Islands became the target of
49:, a major archipelago in the
3085:Lewis, David (May 1, 1994).
2783:Sato, Akie (March 1, 2001).
1996:10.1016/0277-3791(93)90019-I
1433:Kansai International Airport
998:, which were occupied by an
476:, the island is known as an
107:Islands are host to diverse
4810:Oceanographical terminology
3625:Fairbairn, Te'O IJ (1991).
2147:"What is a barrier island?"
1862:Canadian Journal of Physics
757:, a group of up to fifteen
390:movement of tectonic plates
364:Islands often are found in
88:along shorelines, creating
4831:
3296:10.1186/s41257-020-00038-x
3229:10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9
2423:10.1038/s41598-019-47951-6
2356:Environmental Conservation
1998:– via Research Gate.
1976:Quaternary Science Reviews
1540:List of islands by country
1515:List of artificial islands
1421:
1339:
1164:in the world, deposits of
1153:
1061:Cultivated taro plants, a
895:
817:. One such example is the
717:Evolution on island groups
603:
31:
4764:
4297:
3715:10.1017/9781009325844.017
3673:10.1108/17506181011045163
2376:10.1017/S0376892917000315
2097:10.1186/s40562-016-0041-8
1970:Jones, Anthony T (1993).
1794:Ringe, Donald A. (2006).
1572: – Military strategy
1525:List of fictional islands
1322:environmental degradation
1065:for many island cultures.
856:formulated the theory of
637:species-area relationship
445:, a phenomenon where new
4458:Coastal biogeomorphology
2586:Gerlach, Justin (2004).
1530:List of island countries
1246:unincorporated territory
954:navigational instruments
880:On the Origin of Species
487:A barrier island in the
3318:Dewailly, Eric (2008).
3175:10.1126/science.ado5092
2546:10.1073/pnas.0810306106
2310:10.1126/science.aam8326
2119:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1550:List of islands by name
1535:List of islands by area
1520:List of divided islands
1476:real estate development
1365:. For example, in 2017
1230:colonial administration
705:example is that of the
513:Formation in freshwater
156:nuclear weapons testing
34:Island (disambiguation)
4355:Coastal morphodynamics
3927:Quotations related to
3919:) at Wikimedia Commons
3758:10.1126/sciadv.1603080
3068:Gatty, Harold (1943).
1928:10.1098/rstb.2008.0119
1824:"On False Etymologies"
1767:Island Studies Journal
1480:Offshore oil platforms
1440:
1337:
1291:
1222:Christian missionaries
1213:
1066:
1054:
937:
892:History of exploration
802:
781:(in the habit of true
743:
668:
619:
580:of how the process of
495:
430:
356:
53:
4746:Physical oceanography
2151:oceanservice.noaa.gov
1431:
1361:, and an increase in
1340:Further information:
1335:
1281:
1207:
1154:Further information:
1060:
1049:A breadfruit tree in
1048:
932:
796:
771:Genovesa cactus finch
731:Geospiza magnirostris
724:
662:
613:
486:
418:
339:
44:
4815:Lacustrine landforms
4575:Submergent coastline
4528:Marine transgression
4483:Discordant coastline
4468:Concordant coastline
3602:Smithsonian Magazine
3390:Smithsonian Magazine
3327:Asia Pac J Clin Nutr
2893:Smithsonian Magazine
2125:Smithsonian Magazine
1510:List of archipelagos
1016:Christopher Columbus
940:The first people to
935:Austronesian peoples
665:Seychelles fruit bat
562:insular biogeography
435:Japanese archipelago
76:activity, grow into
32:For other uses, see
4679:Coastal engineering
3559:2001EcBot..55..290R
3221:2019NatSR...9.8220B
3167:2024Sci...383..580C
3117:New Zealand History
3046:. February 15, 2000
2919:Scientific American
2723:1998Natur.395..556C
2537:2009PNAS..106.9322K
2415:2019NatSR...911693V
2368:2017EnvCo..44..323G
2195:2015Geomo.231..343B
2088:2016GSL.....3....7N
2030:2009MolEc..18.3548W
1988:1993QSRv...12..811J
1922:(1508): 3293–3308.
1874:1963CaJPh..41..863W
1820:Wedgwood, Hensleigh
1388:permanent residents
1265:forced displacement
833:. This is known as
779:green warbler-finch
472:encircle a central
360:Formation in oceans
228:Low-tide elevations
18:Continental islands
4648:Coastal management
4488:Emergent coastline
4159:Intertidal wetland
4062:Continental margin
3567:10.1007/BF02864566
3360:www.britannica.com
3209:Scientific Reports
2864:American Scientist
2860:"Darwin's Islands"
2660:. October 27, 2020
2480:10.1093/aob/mcw248
2403:Scientific Reports
2221:www.britannica.com
2076:Geoscience Letters
1441:
1418:Artificial islands
1338:
1328:Threats to islands
1292:
1214:
1067:
1055:
938:
908:Indonesian islands
887:Humans and islands
831:pygmy hippopotamus
803:
767:large ground finch
748:adaptive radiation
744:
726:Adaptive radiation
669:
620:
592:since the time of
496:
443:seafloor spreading
431:
357:
170:are threatened by
98:Artificial islands
54:
4805:Fluvial landforms
4782:
4781:
4610:Wave-cut platform
4523:Marine regression
4067:Continental shelf
4057:Coastal waterfall
3966:Coastal geography
3911:Media related to
3860:978-0-12-396977-4
3724:978-1-009-32583-7
3633:. pp. 15, 42
3423:978-0-313-34493-0
3161:(6683): 580–584.
3098:978-0-8248-1582-0
2979:978-0-12-003110-8
2531:(23): 9322–9327.
2024:(17): 3548–3580.
2018:Molecular Ecology
1739:978-1-894838-24-5
1424:Artificial island
1355:tropical cyclones
1353:, more dangerous
1318:social inequality
1310:built environment
1000:indigenous people
976:in the East, and
862:Galápagos Islands
858:natural selection
736:Galapagos Islands
682:oceanic dispersal
647:, which promotes
645:genetic diversity
641:carrying capacity
616:Galapagos penguin
582:natural selection
451:continental shelf
404:, still being an
370:volcanic hotspots
188:tropical cyclones
152:industrialization
122:natural selection
16:(Redirected from
4822:
4772:
4771:
4533:Raised shoreline
4508:Ingression coast
4503:Graded shoreline
4478:Cuspate foreland
4310:
4303:
4254:Submarine canyon
4114:Freshwater marsh
3959:
3952:
3945:
3936:
3926:
3910:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3746:Science Advances
3741:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3698:
3685:
3684:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3497:. March 18, 2014
3487:
3478:
3477:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3274:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3146:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3025:
3024:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2953:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2548:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2468:Annals of Botany
2459:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2347:
2330:
2329:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2189:(231): 343–352.
2180:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:10.24043/isj.305
1758:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:on July 16, 2019
1675:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1633:
1596:
1575:
1505:Lists of islands
1470:in Qatar or the
1445:land reclamation
1400:invasive species
1363:invasive species
1261:Marshall Islands
1194:French Polynesia
874:circumnavigation
835:insular dwarfism
815:island gigantism
755:Darwin's finches
740:Darwin's finches
633:species richness
398:Hawaiian Islands
351:rises into the
210:of a particular
184:Marshall Islands
168:island countries
160:invasive species
102:land reclamation
84:, and form from
47:Hawaiian Islands
21:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4760:
4736:Intertidal zone
4662:
4629:
4518:Longshore drift
4463:Coastal erosion
4434:
4394:
4330:Beach evolution
4311:
4305:
4304:
4295:
3982:Anchialine pool
3968:
3963:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3703:"Small Islands"
3700:
3699:
3688:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3547:Economic Botany
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3276:
3275:
3262:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3028:
3021:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2955:
2954:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2763:All About Birds
2756:
2755:
2746:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2349:
2348:
2333:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1882:10.1139/p63-094
1855:
1854:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1594:
1573:
1500:
1484:South China Sea
1449:Solomon Islands
1426:
1420:
1367:Hurricane Maria
1359:coral bleaching
1344:
1330:
1297:
1257:self-governance
1202:
1190:weapons testing
1158:
1152:
1076:Rapa Nui people
1072:
1032:
962:Solomon Islands
900:
894:
889:
851:
791:
789:The island rule
719:
702:freshwater fish
657:
643:also have more
608:
602:
558:
556:Life on islands
515:
499:Barrier islands
372:, areas of the
362:
334:
310:false etymology
240:
200:
90:barrier islands
70:plate tectonics
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4828:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Brackish marsh
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Barrier island
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3902:
3901:External links
3899:
3896:
3895:
3866:
3859:
3836:
3801:
3772:
3736:
3723:
3686:
3644:
3614:
3588:
3553:(2): 290–324.
3533:
3508:
3479:
3472:
3454:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3373:
3344:
3310:
3260:
3195:
3130:
3104:
3097:
3077:
3057:
3026:
3020:978-0470016176
3019:
2991:
2978:
2931:
2905:
2876:
2850:
2821:
2795:(3): 299–311.
2775:
2744:
2697:
2686:. May 18, 2021
2671:
2639:
2604:
2578:
2511:
2474:(2): 207–214.
2454:
2389:
2362:(4): 323–335.
2331:
2284:
2273:. May 18, 2021
2258:
2233:
2208:
2163:
2137:
2111:
2059:
2001:
1982:(9): 811–823.
1959:
1895:
1868:(6): 863–870.
1845:
1811:
1804:
1786:
1773:(2): 259–276.
1753:
1738:
1718:
1690:
1660:
1642:Dictionary.com
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1585:Private island
1582:
1579:Phantom island
1576:
1570:Island hopping
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1422:Main article:
1419:
1416:
1378:dependent on.
1351:sea level rise
1347:Climate change
1329:
1326:
1296:
1293:
1253:decolonization
1201:
1198:
1156:Island country
1151:
1148:
1071:
1068:
1036:island studies
1031:
1028:
1020:Atlantic Ocean
1004:Spanish Empire
996:Canary Islands
893:
890:
888:
885:
854:Charles Darwin
850:
847:
819:giant tortoise
790:
787:
718:
715:
707:southern beech
656:
653:
604:Main article:
601:
598:
594:Charles Darwin
586:Island ecology
557:
554:
532:Bananal Island
519:fluvial island
514:
511:
507:severe weather
421:Charles Darwin
406:active volcano
361:
358:
333:
330:
281:is actually a
248:Middle English
239:
236:
212:tectonic plate
199:
196:
176:Sea level rise
172:climate change
166:. Islands and
148:self-governing
144:Decolonization
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4827:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4775:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Littoral zone
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Bulkhead line
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4615:Wave shoaling
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Surge channel
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Cliffed coast
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Shingle beach
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:Coastal plain
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3473:0-86638-140-6
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3362:. May 8, 2024
3361:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:The Raft Book
3064:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:10.1038/26886
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:(6702): 556.
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Geomorphology
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1838:September 22,
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1805:0-19-928413-X
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1591:Desert island
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
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555:
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527:sedimentation
524:
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471:
470:coral islands
467:
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447:oceanic crust
444:
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4605:Volcanic arc
4493:Feeder bluff
4400:River mouths
4365:Raised beach
4360:Pocket beach
4288:
4259:Tidal island
4249:Strand plain
4194:Natural arch
4163:
3931:at Wikiquote
3886:. Retrieved
3882:
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1677:the original
1672:
1663:
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1640:
1600:Tidal island
1472:Palm Islands
1468:Pearl Island
1465:
1442:
1392:
1380:
1345:
1308:economy and
1298:
1250:
1248:of the U.S.
1215:
1210:Bikini Atoll
1200:Colonization
1178:oil deposits
1159:
1073:
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877:theories in
852:
843:malnutrition
827:hippopotamus
804:
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752:
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728:of finch A (
698:
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629:conservation
625:biodiversity
621:
559:
550:Lake islands
540:
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432:
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410:Line Islands
366:archipelagos
363:
325:
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241:
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140:colonization
137:
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4756:River plume
4570:Steep coast
4543:Rocky shore
4538:Rip current
4418:River delta
4390:Wash margin
4385:Storm beach
4375:Shell beach
4340:Beach wrack
4335:Beach ridge
4325:Beach cusps
4274:Tied island
4264:Tidal marsh
3987:Archipelago
3824:www.bbc.com
3442:www.bbc.com
3215:(1): 8220.
3044:www.pbs.org
2838:www.pbs.org
2684:www.bbc.com
1669:"Continent"
1404:apple snail
1396:Agriculture
1314:foreign aid
1288:Philippines
1218:Micronesian
1186:naval bases
1094:as well as
1063:staple food
1024:East Indies
978:New Zealand
946:Polynesians
924:land bridge
904:Paleolithic
489:Outer Banks
466:coral reefs
455:New Zealand
374:lithosphere
353:lithosphere
276:Old English
257:Old English
129:land bridge
82:coral reefs
4789:Categories
4684:Grain size
4658:Submersion
4635:Management
4620:Wind fetch
4580:Surf break
4498:Flat coast
4428:regressive
4214:Salt marsh
4072:Coral reef
3495:Geriatrics
2271:WorldAtlas
1620:References
1606:Rock fever
1453:Lau Lagoon
1412:Gulf Coast
1375:extinction
1284:Malapascua
1273:capitalist
1112:breadfruit
958:New Guinea
896:See also:
870:HMS Beagle
866:naturalist
823:Seychelles
649:speciation
570:extinction
376:where the
314:Old French
204:continents
198:Definition
192:extinction
4643:Accretion
4625:Wind wave
4585:Surf zone
4440:Processes
4413:Mouth bar
4370:Recession
4350:Beachrock
4269:Tide pool
4199:Peninsula
4087:cliff-top
3974:Landforms
3789:Earth.Org
3681:1750-6182
3575:0013-0001
3305:2366-1003
3289:(1): 12.
3237:2045-2322
2739:1476-4687
2555:0027-8424
2488:0305-7364
2431:2045-2322
2384:0376-8929
2318:0036-8075
2106:2196-4092
2046:0962-1083
1936:0962-8436
1890:0008-4204
1830:(6): 66.
1457:revetment
1305:airplanes
1269:radiation
1228:in under
1162:fisheries
1128:fermented
1124:irrigated
1100:stingrays
1030:Lifestyle
839:predators
694:Caribbean
655:Dispersal
566:evolution
536:Tocantins
459:Zealandia
419:Map from
382:volcanoes
347:from the
316:loanword
305:(water).
242:The word
238:Etymology
232:high tide
66:continent
4774:Category
4600:Undertow
4553:Sea foam
4548:Sea cave
4448:Blowhole
4290:Windwatt
4149:Headland
3997:Avulsion
3917:category
3888:July 11,
3829:July 11,
3607:July 13,
3526:July 13,
3447:July 13,
3395:July 13,
3339:18364332
3255:31209234
3188:June 29,
3183:38330134
3123:June 26,
3050:June 28,
2924:July 14,
2898:July 14,
2869:July 11,
2843:July 13,
2814:July 13,
2809:11230531
2768:July 13,
2690:July 13,
2664:July 11,
2629:Elsevier
2595:Phelsuma
2573:19470638
2506:28064195
2449:31406123
2326:28860356
2304:(6354).
2277:June 28,
2251:June 28,
2226:June 27,
2156:June 28,
2130:July 13,
2082:(1): 7.
2054:19674312
1954:18768382
1832:Archived
1822:(1855).
1748:70884504
1711:July 13,
1702:"Island"
1683:June 26,
1653:March 5,
1647:Archived
1637:"Island"
1498:See also
1488:low tide
1408:aquarium
1371:droughts
1051:Malaysia
989:seabirds
960:and the
942:colonize
773:prefers
711:Gondwana
690:Anguilla
606:Endemism
600:Endemism
574:richness
546:glaciers
491:off the
423:'s 1842
208:landmass
182:and the
86:sediment
74:volcanic
4795:Islands
4724:shingle
4704:granule
4689:boulder
4667:Related
4563:peresyp
4473:Current
4408:Debouch
4317:Beaches
4284:Waituna
4279:Tombolo
4189:Mudflat
4184:Machair
4174:Isthmus
4094:Estuary
4037:Channel
3929:Islands
3794:July 9,
3767:5656423
3730:July 9,
3637:July 8,
3583:4256429
3555:Bibcode
3501:July 8,
3366:July 5,
3246:6579762
3217:Bibcode
3163:Bibcode
3155:Science
2985:July 3,
2719:Bibcode
2658:Animals
2564:2685248
2533:Bibcode
2497:5321063
2440:6690940
2411:Bibcode
2364:Bibcode
2298:Science
2191:Bibcode
2084:Bibcode
2026:Bibcode
1984:Bibcode
1945:2607379
1870:Bibcode
1461:caisson
1301:tourism
1295:Tourism
1234:Pohnpei
1226:Oceania
1182:tourism
1120:coconut
1040:fishing
868:on the
821:of the
811:rodents
783:warbler
759:tanager
692:in the
686:iguanas
590:ecology
534:in the
523:erosion
441:due to
439:Eurasia
332:Geology
287:Swedish
283:cognate
255:, from
164:tourism
133:tourism
4714:pebble
4709:gravel
4699:cobble
4244:Strait
4224:Skerry
4179:Lagoon
4164:Island
4119:Fundus
4022:Bodden
3913:Island
3857:
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2382:
2324:
2316:
2242:"Lake"
2104:
2052:
2044:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1888:
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1746:
1736:
1490:. The
1383:Tuvalu
1286:, the
1174:nickel
1172:, and
1166:copper
1140:barley
1136:molars
1116:banana
1096:sharks
1086:, and
950:Tahiti
920:Honshu
912:Flores
572:, and
474:lagoon
402:Hawaii
394:eroded
384:whose
378:mantle
349:mantle
326:insula
294:German
262:(from
260:igland
244:island
222:, and
216:rivers
180:Tuvalu
162:, and
113:animal
78:atolls
58:island
4595:Swash
4558:Shoal
4239:Stack
4229:Sound
4219:Shoal
4169:Islet
4154:Inlet
4144:Hapua
4109:Fjord
4104:Fjard
4099:Firth
4047:Coast
4042:Cliff
4017:Bight
3992:Atoll
3752:(3),
3579:JSTOR
3323:(PDF)
2624:(PDF)
2591:(PDF)
2179:(PDF)
1437:Osaka
1144:goats
1132:ferns
1080:Spear
1008:trade
970:Samoa
916:Timor
775:cacti
763:beaks
674:birds
578:model
542:Lakes
503:waves
478:atoll
345:Magma
324:word
322:Latin
272:-land
252:iland
224:lakes
109:plant
80:from
4729:silt
4719:sand
4694:clay
4423:mega
4234:Spit
4204:Reef
4134:Gulf
4082:Dune
4077:Cove
4032:Cape
4002:Ayre
3890:2024
3855:ISBN
3831:2024
3796:2024
3732:2024
3719:ISBN
3677:ISSN
3639:2024
3609:2024
3571:ISSN
3528:2024
3503:2024
3468:ISBN
3449:2024
3418:ISBN
3397:2024
3368:2024
3335:PMID
3301:ISSN
3251:PMID
3233:ISSN
3190:2024
3179:PMID
3125:2024
3093:ISBN
3052:2024
3015:ISBN
2987:2024
2974:ISBN
2926:2024
2900:2024
2871:2024
2845:2024
2816:2024
2805:PMID
2770:2024
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2692:2024
2666:2024
2569:PMID
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2502:PMID
2484:ISSN
2445:PMID
2427:ISSN
2380:ISSN
2322:PMID
2314:ISSN
2279:2024
2253:2024
2228:2024
2158:2024
2132:2024
2102:ISSN
2050:PMID
2042:ISSN
1950:PMID
1932:ISSN
1886:ISSN
1840:2018
1800:ISBN
1744:OCLC
1734:ISBN
1713:2024
1685:2024
1655:2007
1320:and
1251:The
1242:Guam
1170:gold
1108:taro
1098:and
1092:tuna
1084:line
1070:Diet
968:and
966:Fiji
914:and
799:Dodo
678:bats
663:The
614:The
525:and
386:lava
318:isle
302:aqua
292:and
220:seas
111:and
62:isle
45:The
4209:Ria
4139:Gut
4129:Geo
4124:Gat
4012:Bay
3762:PMC
3754:doi
3711:doi
3669:doi
3563:doi
3291:doi
3241:PMC
3225:doi
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3159:383
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2727:doi
2715:395
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1920:363
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
