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the islands as a basis for their claim. In terms of international law, land reclamation itself is not explicitly prohibited. There is no specific rule within international law that prohibits any country from engaging in land reclamation at sea. The legality of such activities primarily depends on their location in relation to adjacent land territories. Within the 12 nautical mile territorial sea, a country holds the right to reclaim land as it falls under its sovereign authority. However, beyond this 12 nautical mile limit, the country must consider whether its actions conform to the rights and jurisdictions recognised by UNCLOS. Reclamation activities conducted between 12 and 200 nautical miles are considered part of the process of establishing and utilising artificial islands, installations, and structures, governed by specific provisions within UNCLOS. It is worth mentioning that artificial islands may include stationary oil rigs. Coastal states are permitted to undertake reclamation within designated areas as long as they fulfil their obligation to inform other countries and respect their rights, as outlined by UNCLOS rules. However, any artificial islands created through this process are restricted to maintaining a 500-meter safety zone around them and must not obstruct international navigation.
1189:) to outline the geographical scope of its authority over the South China Sea. China began building islands in the 1980s, initially creating a series of minor military garrisons. However, the reason why China faces criticism is because some of the reclaimed islands fall within the EEZs of other countries, which raises concerns about China's compliance with UNCLOS. Vietnam has also made a historical claim, pointing to its rule over the islands in the 17th century. The Philippines argues for its rights based on geographical proximity. Meanwhile, Malaysia and Brunei claim parts of the sea using EEZ as the basis of their claims. UNCLOS Article 60 stipulates that naturally formed islands can generate EEZs, while artificial islands cannot. Therefore, China's construction of artificial islands raises questions about whether they can legitimately claim an EEZ around those islands. UNCLOS also enshrines the
1203:
distinction between land masses eligible for expansion into new island groups and those that do not qualify. According to this legal framework, low-tide elevations are considered part of the seabed and do not generate a territorial sea, EEZ, or continental shelf. However, they serve as a reference point for measuring the entitlements of nearby rocks or islands. Rocks, unlike islands, lack the capacity to sustain human habitation or support economic activity. While they generate a territorial sea, they do not establish an EEZ or continental shelf. UNCLOS stipulates that both rocks and islands must be naturally formed and remain above water at high tide.
1304:
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contradicts a definition of hybrid warfare that suggests it is targeted at populations. Additionally, China's objective is not to destabilise other states, but rather to enhance its national security by gaining control over regional waters. Furthermore, China is not aiming to seize control from another power, but rather seeks to establish a dominant security and political position in the region. It is worth noting that China employs unarmed or lightly armed vessels deliberately, as they are unlikely to resort to deadly force.
38:
757:. Named after the 'most perfect pearl' in the Persian Gulf, Durrat Al Bahrain is a US$ 6 billion joint development owned by the Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company and Kuwait Finance House Bahrain (KFH). The project is designed by the firm Atkins. It consists of a series of 15 large artificial islands covering an area of about 5 km2 (54,000,000 sq ft) and has six atolls, five fish-shaped islands, two crescent-shaped islands, and two more small islands related to the Marina area.
405:
368:
1157:, several countries have been reported to have built artificial islands for strategic and military purposes. For instance, the Philippines and China have been reported to have constructed artificial islands in the South China Sea, primarily to assert territorial claims over the disputed waters. Similarly, Russia has allegedly done so in the Arctic, both for strategic and military purposes. These reports are subject to ongoing political and diplomatic debates.
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approach utilising a combination of conventional and unconventional means, overt and covert activities, involving military, paramilitary, irregular, and civilian actors across different domains of power. The ultimate objective of hybrid warfare is to exploit vulnerabilities and weaknesses in order to achieve geopolitical and strategic goals.
82:, or amalgamating several islets together. Although constructing artificial islands is not a modern phenomenon, there is no definite legal definition of it. Artificial islands may vary in size from small islets reclaimed solely to support a single pillar of a building or structure to those that support entire communities and cities.
210:
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have been a subject of contention among multiple countries, including Taiwan, Vietnam, the
Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and China. China's claim to the islands, despite entering the dispute relatively late, has been supported by arguments asserting historical presence and construction activities on
244:
out to the reef which protects the lagoon and then dive for rocks, bring them to the surface and then return to the selected site and drop the rocks into the water. Living on the reef was also healthier as the mosquitoes, which infested the coastal swamps, were not found on the reef islands. The Lau
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is understood as a form of conflict that combines conventional and irregular tactics. Hybrid warfare may also be defined as a multifaceted strategy aimed at destabilising a functioning state and dividing its society. This comprehensive definition portrays hybrid strategy as a versatile and complex
1234:
However, others argue that China's greyzone tactics can be classified as hybrid warfare. Some viewpoints contend that China's establishment of military bases on artificial islands serves as a means to assert their territorial claims through the use of force. This approach is referred to as the
1165:
The island-building activities of China have been the subject of close examination by experts, who suggest that they are driven by strategic objectives. The issue at the heart of the matter revolves around China's claim that its historical entitlement justifies its actions in the area. This is
1202:
The legal implications surrounding China's island construction efforts present complex challenges. A key issue revolves around determining the classification of land masses as either rocks or seabed, which holds significant importance in these disputed cases. Maritime law establishes a clear
1193:
and overflight in the EEZ of coastal states, which implies that all countries have the right to sail, fly, and conduct military exercises in those waters. Nevertheless, China has repeatedly challenged this principle by constructing artificial islands, imposing restrictions on navigation, and
1230:
tactics mainly aim to improve its geopolitical position in a peaceful manner. In contrast to the greyzone tactics used by Russia in Crimea in 2014, China's approach differs significantly. One supporting argument is that the majority of the activities occur in uninhabited areas at sea, which
1170:(UNCLOS). It is noteworthy that UNCLOS serves as the primary legal framework that governs the use and control of maritime zones. This convention establishes regulations on how coastal states can exercise their sovereignty over territorial waters, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones (
137:, was formed by the flooding of two adjacent reservoirs. Technological advancements have made it feasible to build artificial islands in waters as deep as 75 meters. The size of the waves and the structural integrity of the island play a crucial role in determining the maximum depth.
882:. The New Doha International Airport is the second largest artificial island built in the world, with a size of 22km2. The Pearl-Qatar is the third largest artificial island in the world, with a size of 13.9km2. The island was built in 2006, by main contractor DEME Group.
73:
rather than formed through natural processes. Other definitions may suggest that artificial islands are lands with the characteristics of human intervention in their format process, while others argue that artificial islands are created by expanding existing
2130:
240:, and Adaege. The people of Lau Lagoon build islands on the reef as this provided protection against attack from the people who lived in the centre of Malaita. These islands were formed literally one rock at a time. A family would take their
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creates turbid conditions, blocking necessary UV rays from reaching coral reefs, creating coral turbidity (where more organic material is taken in by coral) and increasing bacterial activity (more harmful bacteria are introduced into coral).
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While there is no consensus on China's motives behind the creation of artificial islands, it is widely acknowledged that China aims to bolster its power and influence in the region. These actions contribute to the escalating tensions in the
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133:). There are several reasons for the construction of these islands, which include residential, industrial, commercial, structural (for bridge pylons) or strategic purposes. One of the world's largest artificial islands,
346:. When the bubble that the developers were riding burst, the bay was left scarred with the remnants of their failed project. A boom town development company was building a sea wall for an island that was to be called
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in the late 19th and early 20th century, preventing an escape to the city of those refused entry for disease or other perceived flaws, who might otherwise be tempted toward
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if within 200 nautical miles (370 km) (Article 56). Artificial islands are also not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or
2075:
Masucci, Giovanni Diego; Acierno, Alessandro; Reimer, James Davis (2020). "Eroding diversity away: Impacts of a tetrapod breakwater on a subtropical coral reef".
2665:
1969:
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2198:"Article 60. Artificial islands, installations and structures in the exclusive economic zone (PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA)"
777:. It has a total land surface of 970 km, which makes it by far the largest artificial island by land reclamation in the world. The island consists of two
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Cabbage strategy, wherein a contested area is encircled by multiple layers of security to deny access to rival nations, ultimately solidifying their claim.
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Despite a popular image of modernity, artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the reclaimed islands of
843:
island was reclaimed to establish a new land mass required to meet the existing and future housing, industrial and commercial development demands of the
358:, dooming the island-building project. The concrete pilings from the project still stand as another development boom roared around them, 80 years later.
404:
2029:
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1947:
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2538:"South China Sea Tension on Fire: China's Recent Moves on Building Artificial Islands in Troubled Waters and their Implications on Maritime Law"
1450:"South China Sea Tension on Fire: China's Recent Moves on Building Artificial Islands in Troubled Waters and their Implications on Maritime Law"
1090:
Artificial islands negatively impact the marine environment. The large quantities of sand required to build these islands are acquired through
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1520:
1185:, and there was no reaction from Vietnam or any other state against it. In 1947, China drafted the eleven-dash line (also referred to as the
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treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11) and are under the jurisdiction of the nearest
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China's claim to the South China Sea dates back to the 1940s. At that time, China recovered islands in the name of the
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2364:"Building empires litorally in the South China Sea: artificial islands and contesting definitions of imperialism"
1703:
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862:, home to a range of residential, commercial and tourism activities. Qanat Quartier is designed to be a 'Virtual
2680:
2480:
2448:
2176:
2022:"Sanya New Airport Reclamation Project Wins "Be Inspired" Special Recognition Award for 2017 - Tropical Hainan"
1896:
2492:
2481:"PART II - Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone (II)UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Commentary 1982 Online"
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is on its own artificial island. The
Universe, Palm Jebel Ali, Dubai Waterfront, and Palm Deira are on hold.
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The construction of artificial islands also decreases the subaqueous area in surrounding waters, leading to
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1996:
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This article is about artificial islands in general. For the place in New Jersey, United States, see
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has conducted a land reclamation project which had built at least seven artificial islands in the
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has been built as a conservation area for birds and other wildlife, the project started in 2016.
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several airports on artificial islands, they include runways of
Shanghai international Airport
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that was home to 500,000 people when the
Spaniards arrived, stood on a small natural island in
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2131:"Rapid Morphological Changes Caused by Intensive Coastal Development in Longkou Bay, China"
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beyond national jurisdiction, any "state" may construct artificial islands (Article 87).
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is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island in 1994, followed by
2088:
793:, the 12th province of the Netherlands that almost entirely consists of reclaimed land.
2449:"Article 305 - Signature (V)UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Commentary 1982 Online"
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is 970 km (375 sq mi) and is the largest island formed by reclaimed land in the world.
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1809:"oglobo.globo.com/rio/concurso-de-fotos-revela-as-belezas-da-ilha-do-fundao-10707822"
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2252:
Maritime gray zone operations: challenges and countermeasures in the Indo-Pacific
1970:"China proceeds with building artificial islands on reefs claimed by Philippines"
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817:
797:
770:
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583:
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1998 (Airport Phase 1), 2017 (Border
Control Point) & 2022 (Airport Phase 2)
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459:
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people were generally banned from
Nagasaki and Japanese from Dejima. Similarly,
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259:
otherwise unobtainable in a crowded metropolis. An example of the first case is
256:
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83:
46:
42:
2379:
1697:"Sea Tenure and Its Transformation in the Lau of North Malaita, Solomon Island"
1145:(often shorted to simply "Sealand") is entirely on a single artificial island.
2317:"The Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea: History, Status, and Implications"
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1871:"Marker Wadden, the manmade Dutch archipelago where wild birds reign supreme"
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1507:, Public Policy and Governance, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 1–21,
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to provide either a site deliberately isolated from the city or just spare
232:, Solomon Islands, built about 60 artificial islands on the reef including
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totaling 2000 acres in size by mid 2015. One artificial island built on
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2595:"Reclamation in the South China Sea: Legal Loopholes, Practical Impacts"
2420:
1837:
2223:"Gray Zones in a Blue Arctic: Grappling with China's Growing Influence"
1812:
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and disrupts marine life. The increased amount of sand, sediment, and
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Largest artificial islands according to their size (reclaimed lands)
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which is being built on a 28 square kilometer artificial islands.
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region. The official settlement was inaugurated on May 12, 2004.
1923:"Not the end of The World: the return of Dubai's ultimate folly"
859:
678:
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529:
249:
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79:
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The ecological aspect of Lau (Solomon
Islands) ethnoichthyology
1550:"René-Levasseur: The World's Second Largest Island in a Lake?"
786:
781:, Eastern Flevoland and Southern Flevoland. Together with the
2129:
Li, Dong; Tang, Cheng; Hou, Xiyong; Zhang, Hua (2019-01-03).
942:
off Dubai are created for leisure and tourism purposes. The
2177:"UNCLOS and Agreement on Part XI - Preamble and frame index"
1475:"Artificial islands older than Stonehenge stump scientists"
1702:. South Pacific Study Vol. 12, No. 1, 1991. Archived from
117:
In modern times, artificial islands are usually formed by
2493:
10.1163/9789004249639_rwunclos_laos_9780792324713_049_058
2461:
10.1163/9789004249639_rwunclos_laos_9789024737192_177_197
2051:"Dubai's artificial islands have high environmental cost"
831:
have been creating various artificial islands to promote
86:
argue that such islands were created as far back as the
2412:
The
Spratly Islands dispute : a political analysis
315:. One of the most well-known artificial islands is the
2077:
1774:
1772:
1067:
being built on a 21 square kilometer artificial island
1047:
opened in 1998, 75% of the property was created using
1505:
Government and Public Policy in the
Pacific Islands
998:, lookout tower and a runway long enough to handle
971:
and transformed into an artificial island, May 2015
1005:A largely touristic and commercial project is the
2415:(Thesis). The University of Hong Kong Libraries.
2513:"The Legal Challenge of China's Island Building"
2362:Alessio, Dominic; Renfro, Wesley (August 2022).
2245:
2243:
1422:
1420:
785:, which includes some small former islands like
2485:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2453:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2202:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1312:, an artificial island for oil drilling in the
1168:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1166:opposed by the legal argument supported by the
1120:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2433:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1897:"7+ Amazing Facts About Dubai's Palm Islands"
245:people continue to live on the reef islands.
8:
2315:Gao, Zhiguo; Jia, Bing Bing (January 2013).
890:The United Arab Emirates is home to several
200:that was surrounded by countless artificial
1215:Hybrid warfare and China's Greyzone tactics
1198:Legal status of artificial islands by China
248:Many artificial islands have been built in
125:of valleys resulting in the tops of former
2124:
2122:
1895:McFadden, Christopher (22 December 2019).
1672:. University of Queensland. Archived from
816:Artificial island construction process in
342:added valuable new real estate during the
299:, a former tiny islet greatly expanded by
1574:"ESA satellite images Manicouagan Crater"
745:has several artificial islands including
376:, not allowed direct contact with nearby
350:but could not stay in business after the
2666:Artificial Islands in The Law of the Sea
2542:Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal
1454:Maritime Safety and Security Law Journal
432:
1997:"Exclusive: China warns U.S. spy plane"
1921:Wainwright, Oliver (13 February 2018).
1427:Sreekumar, Kavya; Hassan, Gazi (2020).
1416:
1250:
1076:Sanya Hongtangwan International Airport
1065:Dalian Jinzhouwan International Airport
914:, Al Raha Creek, al Hudairiyat Island,
363:
2426:
1331:'s artificial island in the North Sea
858:is in the north of the Qatari capital
391:1927 sea wall pilings from the failed
2599:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
2517:Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
2321:American Journal of International Law
1072:Xiamen Xiang'an International Airport
7:
1649:
1647:
1595:
1593:
1022:Chūbu Centrair International Airport
725:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
613:Chūbu Centrair International Airport
90:. Early artificial islands included
1670:"Historical Photographs of Malaita"
600:1980 (Phase 1) & 2009 (Phase 2)
279:as a contained center for European
2292:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1658:. Moon South Pacific. p. 895.
25:
2619:Erickson, Andrew S (2022-08-30).
1736:Journal of the Polynesian Society
1602:"Can we make artificial islands?"
1436:Centre for Public Policy Research
1384:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1110:or degradation for many species.
129:getting isolated by water (e.g.,
1869:Boffey, Daniel (27 April 2019).
1513:10.1108/s2053-769720200000033001
1320:
1302:
1287:
1269:
1253:
1214:
403:
384:
366:
2333:10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0098
1429:"A Study of Artificial Islands"
1045:Hong Kong International Airport
492:Hong Kong International Airport
283:. During the isolationist era,
2254:. Taylor & Francis Group.
2147:10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00095.1
1948:"[Image] Burj Al Arab"
1852:"Top 10 Bahrain mega-projects"
1499:Hassall, Graham (2020-11-11),
1174:), and the continental shelf.
994:is now the site of a military
511:Airport, border control point
479:1955 (East) & 1968 (South)
344:Florida land boom of the 1920s
94:structures in still waters or
32:Artificial Island (New Jersey)
1:
2622:Maritime Gray Zone Operations
2409:Farley, James Thomas (1997).
1404:Very large floating structure
1051:upon the existing islands of
835:and to address the threat of
773:was finished, as part of the
147:Ancient Egyptian civilization
2028:. 2017-10-17. Archived from
1501:"Pacific Islands Lifeworlds"
1262:Kansai International Airport
1018:Kansai International Airport
552:Kansai International Airport
168:, the ceremonial centers of
27:Island constructed by people
2135:Journal of Coastal Research
2055:Mongabay Environmental News
1995:Jim Sciutto (20 May 2015).
1600:Nunez, Pearl (2024-05-27).
1149:Greyzone warfare strategies
894:projects. They include the
876:Hamad International Airport
78:, constructing on existing
2712:
2380:10.1057/s41311-021-00328-x
2250:Erickson, Andrews (2022).
1838:"Durrat Resort Management"
1629:The Story of Ancient Egypt
1625:Rawlinson, George (1889).
1369:List of artificial islands
1364:Land reclamation in Monaco
1009:project on Hainan island.
953:
29:
1952:forum.world-mysteries.com
1728:Akimichi, Tomoya (1992).
1695:Akimichi, Tomoya (2009).
1354:Discovery Bay, California
1226:Some argue, that China's
870:& large areas around
267:), created in the bay of
121:, but some are formed by
1856:Construction Week Online
1128:exclusive economic zones
395:construction project in
303:, served as an isolated
1901:Interesting Engineering
1654:Stanley, David (1999).
1394:Republic of Rose Island
1389:Principality of Sealand
1329:Principality of Sealand
1194:militarising the area.
1143:Principality of Sealand
2423:(inactive 2024-04-10).
2368:International Politics
1780:"神戸市：海空陸の総合ターミナル 港湾施設"
1656:South Pacific Handbook
1094:, which is harmful to
1026:New Kitakyushu Airport
1024:in 2005, and both the
972:
825:
217:
213:Reef Island off North
102:structures erected in
50:
2631:10.4324/9781003310723
2260:10.4324/9781003310723
1294:A closer view of the
1191:freedom of navigation
963:
866:in the Middle East'.
815:
796:An entire artificial
411:Our Lady of the Rocks
212:
176:and the still extant
135:René-Levasseur Island
131:Barro Colorado Island
40:
2691:Coastal construction
1958:on October 24, 2012.
1858:. September 9, 2009.
1183:Potsdam Proclamation
1086:Environmental impact
1034:Ordu Giresun Airport
886:United Arab Emirates
833:economic development
397:Miami Beach, Florida
352:1926 Miami Hurricane
336:Miami Beach, Florida
2563:"Reclamation marks"
2421:10.5353/th_b3195130
2089:2020ACMFE..30..290M
1784:www.city.kobe.lg.jp
1738:. pp. 301–326.
1479:National Geographic
1379:Ocean Flower Island
1108:habitat destruction
1038:Rize-Artvin Airport
1007:Ocean Flower Island
967:being built by the
898:, augmentations to
789:, the polders form
483:Towns, agriculture
313:illegal immigration
2686:Artificial islands
1790:on August 14, 2021
1374:Ocean colonization
973:
956:Great Wall of Sand
826:
293:Upper New York Bay
222:Langa Langa Lagoon
218:
114:discussed below).
51:
18:Artificial islands
2640:978-1-003-31072-3
2269:978-1-003-31072-3
1811:(in Portuguese).
1522:978-1-78973-616-8
1179:Cairo Declaration
1153:Over time, after
1137:The unrecognised
1061:China is building
982:off the coast of
892:artificial island
755:Durrat Al Bahrain
751:Diyar Al Muharraq
730:
729:
415:Gospa od Škrpjela
55:artificial island
16:(Redirected from
2703:
2696:Land reclamation
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2438:
2432:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:War on the Rocks
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2097:10.1002/aqc.3249
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1954:. Archived from
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1815:. Archived from
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1786:. Archived from
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1606:Geographic Pedia
1597:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1324:
1310:Northstar Island
1306:
1291:
1273:
1257:
1114:Political status
1049:land reclamation
1000:Chinese military
988:Fiery Cross Reef
920:Dubai Waterfront
856:The Pearl Island
837:rising sea level
824:in February 2019
520:The Pearl Island
433:
407:
393:Isola di Lolando
388:
370:
356:Great Depression
348:Isola di Lolando
332:Venetian Islands
301:land reclamation
178:floating islands
119:land reclamation
21:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2681:Islands by type
2671:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2641:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2425:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2296:treaties.un.org
2290:
2289:
2285:
2270:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2026:Tropical Hainan
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1676:on May 22, 2014
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1344:Artificial hill
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1241:South China Sea
1217:
1208:Spratly Islands
1200:
1163:
1151:
1116:
1088:
1080:Bentley Systems
1015:
992:Spratly Islands
980:South China Sea
958:
952:
900:Saadiyat Island
888:
853:
810:
783:Noordoostpolder
775:Zuiderzee Works
763:
740:
735:
733:Modern projects
721:
707:
689:
675:
657:
646:
630:
619:
601:
590:
572:
558:
540:
526:
508:
498:
480:
466:
431:
426:
425:
424:
421:
408:
399:
389:
380:
371:
307:center for the
192:predecessor of
156:of prehistoric
143:
59:man-made island
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2660:External links
2658:
2655:
2654:
2639:
2611:
2586:
2554:
2529:
2504:
2472:
2440:
2401:
2374:(4): 687–706.
2354:
2307:
2283:
2268:
2239:
2214:
2189:
2168:
2118:
2083:(2): 290–302.
2067:
2042:
2013:
1987:
1976:. 27 June 2015
1961:
1939:
1913:
1887:
1861:
1843:
1829:
1800:
1768:
1741:
1720:
1709:on 22 May 2014
1687:
1661:
1643:
1617:
1589:
1565:
1541:
1521:
1491:
1466:
1441:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
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1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1220:Hybrid warfare
1216:
1213:
1199:
1196:
1187:nine-dash line
1162:
1159:
1150:
1147:
1115:
1112:
1100:fine particles
1087:
1084:
1014:
1011:
954:Main article:
951:
948:
932:Palm Jebel Ali
912:Al Lulu Island
908:Al Reem Island
887:
884:
852:
849:
809:
806:
762:
759:
739:
736:
734:
731:
728:
727:
722:
719:
717:
711:Rio de Janeiro
708:
705:
703:
698:
694:
693:
690:
687:
685:
676:
673:
671:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
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631:
628:
626:
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597:
591:
588:
586:
581:
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556:
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549:
545:
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541:
538:
536:
527:
524:
522:
517:
513:
512:
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496:
494:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
476:
467:
464:
462:
457:
453:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
430:
427:
423:
422:
409:
402:
400:
390:
383:
381:
372:
365:
362:
361:
360:
317:Île Notre-Dame
220:The people of
184:. The city of
142:
139:
104:shallow waters
84:Archaeologists
65:that has been
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2708:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
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2664:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:The Economist
2564:
2558:
2555:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:(1): 98–123.
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2032:on 2018-04-21
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1819:on 2013-02-09
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:Palm Jumeirah
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1277:Palm Jumeirah
1272:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1141:known as the
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:coastal state
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:in 2016, and
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
966:
962:
957:
949:
947:
945:
941:
940:World Islands
937:
933:
929:
928:Palm Jumeirah
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
819:
814:
807:
805:
803:
802:Marker Wadden
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
765:In 1969, the
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:Northern City
744:
737:
732:
726:
723:
718:
716:
712:
709:
704:
702:
701:Fundão Island
699:
696:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
677:
672:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
654:
651:
648:
643:
640:
637:
636:
632:
627:
624:
621:
616:
614:
611:
608:
607:
603:
598:
595:
592:
587:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
560:
555:
553:
550:
547:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
518:
515:
514:
510:
505:
503:
500:
495:
493:
490:
487:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
468:
463:
461:
458:
455:
454:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
434:
428:
420:
416:
412:
406:
401:
398:
394:
387:
382:
379:
375:
369:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:United States
306:
302:
298:
297:New York City
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
216:
211:
207:
205:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:Lake Titicaca
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:Neolithic era
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2621:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2601:. 2015-02-18
2598:
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2566:
2557:
2546:. Retrieved
2544:(in Italian)
2541:
2532:
2521:. Retrieved
2519:. 2015-02-18
2516:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2464:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2411:
2404:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2251:
2231:. Retrieved
2229:. 2018-10-24
2226:
2217:
2205:. Retrieved
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2171:
2138:
2134:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2057:. 2005-08-23
2054:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2025:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:The Guardian
1973:
1964:
1956:the original
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1927:The Guardian
1926:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1875:The Guardian
1874:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1832:
1821:. Retrieved
1817:the original
1803:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:the original
1783:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1744:
1730:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1704:the original
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1664:
1655:
1634:. Retrieved
1628:
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1534:, retrieved
1504:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1481:. 2019-06-12
1478:
1469:
1458:. Retrieved
1456:(in Italian)
1453:
1444:
1435:
1359:Eko Atlantic
1314:Beaufort Sea
1237:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1176:
1164:
1155:World War II
1152:
1136:
1117:
1105:
1089:
1078:designed by
1068:
1059:. Currently
1053:Chek Lap Kok
1042:
1030:Kobe Airport
1016:
1004:
974:
944:Burj Al Arab
936:Deira Island
924:Palm Islands
916:The Universe
904:Khalifa Port
889:
854:
827:
795:
764:
741:
669:Rokko Island
451:Utilisation
414:
340:Biscayne Bay
329:
323:, built for
289:Ellis Island
264:
247:
219:
201:
198:Lake Texcoco
186:Tenochtitlan
144:
116:
58:
54:
52:
2429:cite thesis
1554:GeoCurrents
1399:Seasteading
1139:micronation
1096:coral reefs
818:Kaafu Atoll
798:archipelago
771:Netherlands
767:Flevopolder
761:Netherlands
584:Port Island
474:Netherlands
460:Flevopolder
305:immigration
257:real estate
194:Mexico City
67:constructed
47:Netherlands
43:Flevopolder
2675:Categories
2605:2023-05-20
2580:2023-05-20
2548:2023-05-20
2523:2023-05-20
2498:2023-05-20
2466:2023-05-20
2301:2023-05-18
2233:2023-05-28
2141:(3): 615.
2061:2020-05-05
2036:2017-12-13
1823:2016-01-25
1794:2021-08-14
1762:2017-11-07
1611:2024-05-27
1583:2018-08-29
1559:2018-08-29
1536:2023-05-18
1485:2023-05-18
1460:2023-05-18
1411:References
1264:from space
1260:A view of
1118:Under the
1002:aircraft.
938:) and the
896:Yas Island
880:Hamad Port
872:Ras Laffan
448:Year built
419:Montenegro
277:Edo period
226:Lau Lagoon
174:Micronesia
100:megalithic
2649:251966816
2575:0013-0613
2396:240567127
2388:1384-5748
2349:140885993
2341:0002-9300
2278:251966816
2163:134745381
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2113:212939487
2105:1052-7613
1750:"関西空港の概要"
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1531:228922810
1132:high seas
1032:in 2006,
990:near the
965:Subi Reef
841:Hulhumalé
791:Flevoland
502:Hong Kong
470:Flevoland
442:Size (km)
281:merchants
206:islands.
203:chinamitl
170:Nan Madol
112:Nan Madol
2207:17 March
2182:24 March
2006:24 March
1980:24 March
1636:24 March
1349:Chinampa
1337:See also
1228:greyzone
1181:and the
1092:dredging
1057:Lam Chau
1040:in 2022
1013:Airports
996:barracks
918:and the
829:Maldives
822:Maldives
808:Maldives
692:Housing
660:Factory
650:Yokohama
633:Airport
623:Tokoname
604:Housing
575:Airport
543:Housing
445:Location
378:Nagasaki
354:and the
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234:Funaafou
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108:crannógs
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2085:Bibcode
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1247:Gallery
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769:in the
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738:Bahrain
652:, Japan
641:Ogizima
625:, Japan
596:, Japan
325:Expo 67
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141:History
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864:Venice
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76:islets
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2645:S2CID
2392:S2CID
2345:S2CID
2274:S2CID
2159:S2CID
2109:S2CID
1757:国土交通省
1753:(PDF)
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1527:S2CID
1432:(PDF)
1281:Dubai
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1043:When
976:China
950:China
851:Qatar
683:Japan
566:Japan
562:Osaka
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497:20.64
417:) in
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250:urban
242:canoe
190:Aztec
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2264:ISBN
2209:2017
2184:2016
2151:ISSN
2101:ISSN
2008:2016
1982:2016
1934:2020
1908:2020
1882:2020
1715:2014
1682:2014
1638:2016
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1327:The
1206:The
1172:EEZs
1055:and
1028:and
860:Doha
845:Malé
720:1983
706:5.23
688:1992
679:Kobe
656:1975
645:6.71
629:2005
594:Kobe
589:8.33
571:1994
539:2006
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263:(or
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2417:doi
2376:doi
2329:doi
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2256:doi
2143:doi
2093:doi
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