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142:). Management is based on the selection and promotion of individual trees, of all sizes, rather than the creation of areas with trees of uniform size. Any monitoring of the development of irregular stand structures will be achieved through periodic re-measurement of stem diameters in sample plots or across whole stands. Repeated interventions, typically at intervals of between 3 and 7 years, focus on the removal of trees which are interfering with the growth of trees with greater potential, the harvesting of crop trees at their optimum size, and the promotion of regeneration and small trees, such that an irregular stand structure is maintained in perpetuity.
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practice following the creation of the
Continuous Cover Forestry Group in 1991. It is also a widely used term in Ireland where continuous cover forestry is actively supported by a dedicated woodland improvement programme administered by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM).
218:- Stand improvement is concentrated upon the development of preferred individual trees rather than the creation of a uniform block of stems. A characteristic of permanently irregular stands is that yield control is based upon measurement of stem diameter and increment rather than age and area.
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Currently the UK Forestry
Standard and the guidelines of the silvicultural-systems UK Woodland Assurance Standard call for wider use and application of CCF in British forestry, as there is evidence that continuously productive irregular structured
102:, and forest health threats in addition to a wide range of other social and environmental benefits. However, there remains some lack of understanding of the definition and practice of CCF among forestry professionals in Britain, and Ireland.
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Puettmann, Klaus J.; Wilson, Scott McG; Baker, Susan C.; Donoso, Pablo J.; Drössler, Lars; Amente, Girma; Harvey, Brian D.; Knoke, Thomas; Lu, Yuanchang; Nocentini, Susanna; Putz, Francis E.; Yoshida, Toshiya; Bauhus, Jürgen (2015).
376:
CCFG (2014) Continuous Cover
Forestry: Delivering sustainable and resilient woodlands in Britain. Conference Report. Continuous Cover Forestry Group, National Conference, Braithwaite Institute, Cumbria. 3–4 June 2014. 21 pp.
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Wilson, S. McG. (2013). Progress of adoption of alternative silvicultural systems in
Britain: an independent review. Technical Report. Supported by the Forestry Commission and Scottish Forestry Trust. 49 p.
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Poore, A. (2007). CCF at
Stourhead - Final Report. Continuous Cover Silviculture & Mensuration in Mixed Conifers at the Stourhead (Western) Estate, Wiltshire, UK. Technical Report. SelectFor. 39 p.
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Pommerening, A., and S.T. Murphy. (2004). A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking.Forestry 77(1): 37-44
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Vítková, L., Á. Ní Dhubháin and V. Upton. (2014). Forestry professionals’ attitudes and beliefs in relation to, and understanding of continuous cover forestry. Scottish
Forestry 68(3): 17-25.
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are also continuous cover forestry. Different existing forest stands may require different silvicultural interventions to achieve a continuously productive irregular structure. Crucially,
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These principles link to a rapidly developing evidence-base, from the UK, Ireland, continental Europe and elsewhere, in relation to managing irregularly structured woodlands and forests.
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which respects the characteristics and processes inherent to the site, and will normally involve a mixture of tree species and ages. In French, it is referred to as
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The general approach to CCF can be outlined in terms of the following underlying principles, as defined by the
Continuous Cover Forestry Group (CCFG):
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Ní Dhubháin, Á. 2010. An evaluation of continuous cover forestry in
Ireland. COFORD, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Dublin.36 p.
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whereby forest stands are maintained in a permanently irregular structure, which is created and sustained through the selection and
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Deffee, R. (2014). Continual
Inventory for Irregular Forest Stands. , Cranborne Woodlands. Technical Report. SelectFor. 46 p.
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176:- The forest manager works with the site and respects inherent variation, rather than imposing artificial uniformity.
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507:"Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption? - Springer"
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La futaie irrégulière: Théorie et pratique de la sylviculture irrégulière, continue et proche de la nature.
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Regeneration will normally be by the growth of naturally-regenerated seedlings rather than by planting.
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of individual trees. The term "continuous cover forestry" does not equate exactly to any one particular
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281:"Woodland Improvement Scheme including Continuous Forestry Cover, DAFM"
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259:"Continuous cover forestry in Britain: challenges and opportunities"
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329:"Silvicultural systems | Woodland design | The Standard | UKWAS"
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The term continuous cover forestry has been widely adopted in
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in the process of transformation to a continuous cover forest
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and other rotational forest management systems are avoided.
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sylviculture irrégulière, continue et proche de la nature
45:(commonly referred to as "CCF") is an approach to the
307:. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission. 2011. p. 105.
458:"Continuous Cover Forestry Group - CCFG Principles"
161:to threats from climate change, pests, or disease.
402:Turckheim, Brice de, M. Bruchiamacchie. (2005)
261:. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 106(3): 214-224
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574:Forestry in the United Kingdom
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216:Develop the forest structure
174:Adapt the forest to the site
134:naturgemässe Waldwirtschaft
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527:10.1186/s40663-015-0031-x
352:GB, Forestry Commission.
180:Adopt a holistic approach
43:Continuous cover forestry
18:Continuous Cover Forestry
305:The UK Forestry Standard
232:Close to nature forestry
202:Maintain forest habitats
140:close to nature forestry
406:Avignon: Edisud. 282 p.
147:Artificial regeneration
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204:- Maintenance of the
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94:are more robust and
59:silvicultural system
358:www.forestry.gov.uk
155:species composition
151:enrichment planting
157:, and to increase
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569:Forest management
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514:Forest Ecosystems
314:978-0-85538-830-0
112:forest management
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563:Categories
467:2015-10-25
363:2015-10-24
338:2015-10-24
290:2023-07-21
265:24 October
238:References
165:Principles
106:Background
55:harvesting
554:Pro Silva
184:ecosystem
127:Dauerwald
96:resilient
92:woodlands
226:See also
81:Overview
51:forests
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510:(PDF)
196:fauna
192:flora
188:fungi
130:, or
309:ISBN
267:2015
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