Government procurement in the United States

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to prepare cost or price estimates for vague work statements is severely limited; accordingly, the Government will negotiate a labor rate, number of people and individual qualifications for the requirement given that is the only feasible way to get an idea of cost. However, use of per person/per hour pricing for services is a poor contracting practice given the Government retains virtually all performance, cost and schedule risk given the contractor has fully performed under the CLIN statement when they provide the qualified body, rather than providing the needed service. One could argue that a CLIN statement which overbundles work in even a well written work statement and prices the work on a per person/per hour basis with limits on the numbers of person and types of qualifications the contractor can use is in contradiction to the work statement given the means the Government has asked the contractor to price the contract bears no relationship to the actual work itself and the Government is directing the contractor on how to execute the requirement – thus interfering with contractor performance and a sign of an employee-employer relationship rather than an independent contracting relationship. Also, the CLIN structure which prices on a per person basis or per hour basis generally pays for such persons on an annual basis rather than merely for the service on an a la carte or as-needed basis, therefore driving up costs in many cases. Pricing on a per person or per hour basis is a sign that a contract likely also qualifies as a personal services contract under FAR Part 37 – technically violating at least the spirit, if not the letter, of the Classification Act and FAR Part 37 except in specific circumstances and with specific determinations and findings.

2066:(CICA). Modifications outside the scope of the original competition must be competed or justified as sole-source actions. Scope analysis is not mechanical, but requires an integrated assessment of multiple factors, including contract type, specification or statement of work, cost and performance period. Whether the modification requires competition also depends upon whether the original solicitation adequately advised offerors of the potential for that type of change, and thus whether the modification would have changed the field of competition. In Biodefense, the Army issued a single award ten year indefinite quantity contract for development and certification of vaccines for biological defense. The challenged modification was exercise of an optional CLIN for development of a type of vaccine not expressly listed in the solicitation's option that extended the performance period for the option by 8 years at a significant increase in cost. The GAO determined that this modification was, nevertheless, within the overall scope of the original competition based on the broad developmental purpose of the contract and the solicitation's express notice to offerors that additional vaccine types could be added after award and that changes in regulation may affect performance period and costs. The discussion of actions taken by the Army in the original solicitation to put competitors on notice of the potential for post-award modifications provides good practice insight. See DOR Biodefense, Inc.; Emergent BioSolutions: 792:

genuine or bona fide need of the period of availability for which it was made. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 79 (1994). It applies to all Federal Government activities carried out with appropriated funds, including contract, grant, and cooperative agreement transactions. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 78-79 (1994). An agency's compliance with the bona fide need rule is measured at the time the agency incurs an obligation and depends on the purpose of the transaction and the nature of the obligation being entered into. 61 Comp. Gen. 184, 186 (1981) (bona fide need determination depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case). In the grant context, the obligation occurs at the time of the award. 31 Comp. Gen. 608 (1952). See also 31 U.S.C. Sec. 1501(a)(5)(B). Simply put, this rule states that the Executive Branch may only use current funds for current needs – they cannot buy items that benefit future year appropriation periods (i.e., 1 October through 30 September) without a specific exemption. The net result of this rule is funds expire after the end date for which Congress has specified their availability. For example, a single-year fund expires on 1 October of the year following their appropriation (i.e., FY07 appropriations. (for example, 1 October 2006 through 30 September 2007) expire on 1 October 2007).

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only be ordering one of the five polls in any real numbers and that particular poll is much more expensive in actual cost than the other four. If a weighting scheme is not applied to this bundled requirement, a vendor can make the four lightly ordered polls very cheap in their offer and the high volume poll very expensive, based on their knowledge of the ordering patterns of the Government in past acquisitions. Thus, on its face, the overall price of a bid when each poll is added together to arrive at a total price (used in source selection) would look attractive but in practice, the Government will burn through its budget very quickly given the vast majority of the actually ordered polls are extremely expensive (even though the actual cost of the most frequently ordered poll is far less than what was in the offer). To avoid the headache of a weighting scheme, all five polls should be broken apart and contracted for separately so they can be judged on their merits. This is an example of what is frequently done on major indefinite duration, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts and explains why some acquisitions are appallingly expensive and require additional funding to achieve the requiring activity's objectives.

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use, length of contract, number of options periods, simplification of source selection strategy and evaluation factors, inattention to fine acquisition details such as with regard to technical data rights, bundling of contract requirements into larger contract vehicles, and other decisions having a direct impact on acquisition outcomes including cost are frequently driven by workload of contracting and requiring activities. Bundling of requirements to reduce contracting actions in particular reduce contracting workload but necessarily create increased risks and other undesirable impacts to include reduction of potential vendors who directly accomplish the work in question (thereby increasing subcontracting and decreasing specific experience with particular categories of work by prime contractors). Overbundling also reduces competition by reducing the number of vendors willing to take responsibility as a prime integrator over areas that are not in their core business. At some point, bundling reduces vendor base to so called prime integrators who do little to none of the work in house.

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also a high-cost premium that is added to the cost of an acquisition when a buyer wants a supplier/vendor to rush to execute a contract or push their contract to the head of all other work the contractor/vendor is executing. As poor acquisition planning can lead to poor and unjustifiable acquisition outcomes, advance planning is recommended. Thus, it is critical to understand the time and resources required to properly plan and execute a federal acquisition: generally, the acquisition of moderate to complex requirements requires at least 120 days. Sole-source procurement is generally available where the CO considers that only one supplier is able to meet government needs. FAR 6.3 refers to procedures "Other than Full and Open Competition", and requires completion of a Justification and Approval (J&A) document, also called Justification and Authorization, before commencing sole-source negotiations.

1295:(GAO) has observed that "responsiveness is determined at the time of bid opening from the face of the bid documents", and that "unless something on the face of the bid, or specifically a part of it, limits, reduces or modifies the bidder's obligation to perform in accordance with the terms of the solicitation, the bid is responsive". Furthermore, "the required commitment to the terms of the invitation need not be made in the exact manner specified by the solicitation; all that is necessary is that the bidder, in some fashion, commit itself to the solicitation's material requirements". In general, failure of a bidder to include completed standard representations and certifications does not render the bid nonresponsive because it does not affect the bidder's material obligations. 2134:

contract. If there has been verbal changes by the Government without going through the contracting officer (which should never happen), is there something that indicates the contractor consented to those changes? In writing? For example, the DFARS 252.212-4 clause section that deals with modifications states that mutual consent is required for all modifications. In this review, use the language from the contract and then see if you have adequate evidence from the Government documenting the actual performance. Ask if the Government COR has signed any receiving reports e.g., DD Form 250s accepting performance (so they can get paid). Is there anything in the record that shows the Government placed the contractor on notice of their default or non conforming deliveries?

1169:(CO) has a specific warrant which states the conditions under which they are permitted to engage in Federal contracting as an agent of the Government. The authority of a Contracting Officer to contract on behalf of the Government is set forth in a public document (a certificate of appointment, formerly called a "warrant") which a person dealing with the Contracting Officer can review. The CO does not have authority to act outside this warrant or to deviate from the laws and regulations controlling Federal Government contracts. The private contracting party is held to know the limitations of the CO's authority, even if the CO does not. This makes contracting with the United States a more structured and restricted process than a commercial one. 1234:

and re-issue an amended one. In its review decision on an issue raised by Northrop Grumman Information Technology in 2011, the GAO notes that, allowing agencies "broad discretion", choices made by awarding agencies about the appropriate corrective action will generally be recognised, as long as they are appropriate to the concern being addressed. If there is found to be no impropriety in the agency's award decision or any impropriety is found not to have been prejudicial to the companies submitting bids, the GAO is more likely to question the corrective action. If the corrective action taken goes beyond the GAO's actual recommendations this will not in itself prevent the corrective action being accepted.

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ensuring that it submits a well-written proposal with sufficient information logically arranged to demonstrate compliance with stated agency requirements and allow meaningful agency review: the agency is not required to piece together information to find compliance if this has not been presented to the agency in a coherent way. Charts and other infographics can help a proposal: examples include a six-line chart of the most compelling credentials of contractor's key personnel, or including a picture of a uniformed security guard on the pages describing contractor's uniforms. Professional proposal writers often have graphic design experience.

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specified in FAR Part 13, including overseas contingency operations (for example, military operations) and during nuclear/biological/radiological disasters up to the limits described in FAR Part 2, Definitions. FAR Part 13 simplified acquisition procedures can be used up to $ 5,000,000 ($ 11M under specified exceptions) under a test program in which Congress continues to reauthorize for acquisition of commercial items under FAR Subpart 13.5, Test Program for Certain Commercial Items. Items must qualify as a commercial item under the definition of FAR Part 2 and be supported by market research as specified in FAR Part 10.

1320:(LPTA) proposal in view of the source selection factors and work statement requirements will be selected. FAR 15.101-2(a) identifies LPTA as "appropriate ... when the government 'expects' it can achieve the best value from selecting the proposal that is technically acceptable and offers the lowest evaluated price". Where the solicitation indicates that the requirement is a best value acquisition, then a contractor must draft their proposal to emphasize how their proposed technical solution will meet each and every requirement and source selection factor. 761:(ADA), which provides that no one can obligate the Government to make payments for which money has not already been appropriated. The ADA also prohibits the Government from receiving gratuitous services without explicit statutory authority. In particular, an ADA violation occurs when a Federal agency uses appropriated funds for a different purpose than is specified in the appropriations act which provided the funds to the agency. The ADA is directly connected to several other fiscal laws, namely the Purpose Act and the Bona Fide Needs Rule. 2048:(CICA) violation first. As a collateral issue, the question of whether or not the modification is a good deal must be evaluated because any modification is inherently a sole-source award to the incumbent contractor. Thus, there is no price competition for the modification. If the acquisition was undertaken under FAR Part 12, Commercial Items, the Government has no ability to demand cost and pricing information from the Contractor to evaluate whether or not the contractor is ripping off the Government with inflated or padded charges. 579:, recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract. It is an incident to the general right of sovereignty, and the United States may, within the sphere of the constitutional powers confided to it and through the instrumentality of the proper department to which those powers are confided, enter into contracts not prohibited by law and appropriate to the just exercise of those powers. Scores of statutes now also expressly authorize departments and agencies to enter into contracts. The 1349:

which no R&D would be needed and there are no high risk aspects) would be best acquired using a fixed-price contract, in which a price is fixed and includes the contractor's profit; all risk of cost overrun is transferred to the contractor. A higher risk, more unknown requirement is more suited for cost reimbursement type contracts, in which the contractor is reimbursed for all costs, and is paid a fee above that amount. In this arrangement, cost overrun risk is placed mainly upon the Government.

990: 651:(UCC) and the general law of contracts. The UCC applies to contracts for the purchase and sale of goods, and to contracts granting a security interest in property other than land. The UCC is a body of law passed by the U.S. state legislatures and is generally uniform among the states. The general law of contracts, which applies when the UCC does not, is mostly common law, and is also similar across the states, whose courts look to each other's decisions when there is no in-state precedent. 1789:

explain the decision and documents the reasoning used by the SSA to reach a decision. The document should be releasable to the General Accounting Office and others authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information. When releasing a copy to offerors or to anyone not authorized to receive proprietary and source selection information, redacted material should be limited to that which is proprietary and that which must continue to be protected as source selection information.

1813:(SSC) can be simple or complex depending on the subject of the acquisition. If FAR Part 15 is used, then a concept called best value can be used; best value simply is an idea that the lowest bidder is not necessarily the winner of a competition – rather, an evaluation of the overall offer based on specified SSCs is accomplished and a source selection decision is accomplished (see below) based on those specified SSCs using a fact-based business judgement of the acquiring activity. 1070: 776:). The annual DoD appropriations acts include approximately 100 different appropriations (known as "colors of money"), and by this rule operations and maintenance (O&M) funds may not be used to buy weapons. Even an expenditure within the apparent scope of one appropriation may not be permissible if there is a more specific appropriation or the agency has made a previous funds election contrary to the proposed use of funds. For example, O&M fund can be used for purchasing 820:", applies to persons who engage in federal source selections and includes prohibitions on gifts being given to source selection personnel, restrictions on the dissemination of procurement sensitive information and post Government employment restrictions. The Act applies to federal and contractor employees. Non-compliance may result in criminal or civil penalties, cancellation of the procurement, rescinding contracts, suspension or debarment. The Act is implemented at 293: 1372:, various vendors who hire blind and disabled persons, and Federal Supply Schedules. Certain items cannot be purchased by most agencies, such as passenger motor vehicles; all passenger motor vehicles must be purchased by GSA, unless a waiver is obtained. This is due in part to Congressional restrictions on the use of appropriated funds to purchase vehicles and the special authority that GSA has as the Federal Government's motor pool manager. 1230:

competition and understand the acquisition from the view point of the contractor; Government acquisition commands should ask what is to be achieved and whether or not the program is really in the best interest of the Government, specifying needs in a manner designed to achieve full and open competition and including restrictive requirements "only to the extent that they are necessary to satisfy the agency's legitimate needs".

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the Government's agent to enter into the contract, and that agent's bargaining authority is strictly controlled by statutes and regulations reflecting national policy choices and prudential limitations on the right of federal employees to obligate federal funds. By contrast, in commercial contracting, the law allows each side to rely on the other's authority to make a binding contract on mutually agreeable terms.

696: 1180:. Agency heads delegate their authority to Contracting Officers, who either hold their authority by virtue of their position or must be appointed in accordance with procedures set forth in the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Only Contracting Officers may sign Government contracts on behalf of the Government. A Contracting Officer has only the authority delegated pursuant to law and agency procedures. 780:, but if the parts are required to effect a major service life extension that is no longer repair but replacement – procurement funds must be used if the total cost is more than $ 250,000 (otherwise known as the Other Procurement threshold, for example, Other Procurement Army (OPA) threshold) or another procurement appropriation is available such as the armored vehicle or weapons appropriation. 754:

Therefore, fiscal law can constrain a federal agency from the quickest, easiest, or cheapest way to accomplish its mission. This constitutionally mandated oversight of the use of public funds is associated with the principle of checks and balances. A good working relationship and robust communication between the Executive and Legislative branches is the key to avoiding problems in this area.

76: 2142:

several chances to cure and nothing in the record that indicates the Government failed to do something that was condition precedent to performance or the Government interfered with contract performance or failed to provide required cooperation/support. (For example, failure to provide security escorts or access to a work site thus causing delays on the part of Contractor performance).

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research assists the Government in understanding industry terminology, and the basic concepts of the desired service or equipment item, identifying potential contractors who can provide the item. and determining the correct scope of the requirement to best fit the vendor base. Lack of adequate market research often results in contracts that fail to achieve the customer's expectations.

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simplified acquisition threshold (see FAR definition section, currently up to $ 150,000 within the U.S. with certain exceptions), or up to $ 6.5M for commercial items/services. Under FAR Part 13, contracting officers are not required to use FAR Part 15 processes or follow the publication requirements of FAR Part 5, however they MUST create their own processes to follow.

943:, the United States has undertaken to ensure procurements covered by the GPA are opened up to overseas suppliers "in a manner consistent with ... international obligations". Some agreements allow overseas suppliers to access government procurement markets and provide for reciprocal rights for US suppliers to access foreign government contracting opportunities. President 2054:"The impact of any modification is in our view to be determined by examining whether the alteration is within the scope of the competition which was initially conducted. Ordinarily, a modification falls within the scope of the procurement provided that it is of a nature which potential offerors would have reasonably anticipated under the changes clause. 2169:. Such procurements can be done in single annual lots ("single-year procurements" or SYPs), or, with Congressional approval, multi-year procurement (MYP) contracts. Multi-year contracts generally lower the risk for the contractor, and thus the unit price paid by the Government. One way to look at this situation is that a multi-year contract contains a 2116:

support a decision to cancel an RFQ; in this regard, so long as there is a reasonable basis for doing so, an agency may cancel an RFQ no matter when the information precipitating the cancellation first arises, even if it is not until quotations have been submitted and evaluated. Quality Tech., Inc., B-292883.2, Jan. 21, 2004, 2004 CPD para. 29 at 2–3;

1646: 237: 2177:). Real options analysis can give an estimate of the value to the contractor of transferring revenue risk to the Government as a function of the contract's size and the volatility of the contract's value, even though the option is not actively traded. The negotiated price is also influenced by the attitudes towards risk of the negotiating parties. 1603:

the overall Navy? Example is a prime integrator who gets a good deal on a specific radar system that is not used in any other ship system – makes this specific buy cheaper but overall this costs the Navy a great deal of money given a lack of interoperability that drives a need to stand up training schools, supply system, work force increase, etc.

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for the overall work statement / deliverables be accomplished. This analysis will frequently require splitting up a requirement into different components. The bundling of a requirement also has a detrimental effect on the SSCs and CLIN structure, making it difficult to use in source selection, price evaluation and contract administration. Northern

636:. This 53-part regulation defines the procurement process, including special preference programs, and includes the specific language of many clauses mandated for inclusion within Government contracts. Most agencies also have supplemental regulatory coverage contained in what are known as FAR Supplements. These supplements appear within the 2058:

the requirement was appropriate initially for an advertised or negotiated procurement; whether a standard off the shelf or similar item is sought; or whether, for example, the contract is one for research and development, suggesting that broad changes might be expected because the Government's requirement are at best only indefinite."

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1986, 86-1 CPD para. 290 at 3. Procurement authorities are presumed to act in good faith and in order for GAO to conclude otherwise, the record must show that procuring officials intended to injure the protester. Cycad Corp., B‑255870, April 12, 1994, 94-1 CPD para. 253 at 5. A protester's mere inference of bad faith is insufficient.

1632:(SOW) is a formal document submitted along with the request for proposal (RFP) to a vendor that defines the work to be performed, the location of the work, the deliverable schedule, applicable performance standards, any special requirements (e.g., security clearances, travel, and special knowledge), and the period of performance. 1727:

at 15.503(a) and debriefing procedures at FAR 15.305(c)(4) to FAR 15.306(c) must be followed in respect of offers excluded from the competitive range. If a competitive range is used, COs must send pre-award notifications to offerors thus excluded. An agency entering into discussions must provide "meaningful discussions".

1222:, quality was key. The United States may not have had as many pieces of equipment as their opposition, but that equipment could be more effective, efficient, or lethal, and offset the opposition's numerical advantage. Today, the military needs equipment that works where it is needed, is dependable, has a high degree of 951:(18 April 2017) provided for a review of such agreements so as to identify whether any could be considered to undermine US interests. In regard to states' procurement, an example of support for overseas suppliers' market access was a roundtable on government procurement and commercial opportunities held in 2012:"A constructive change generally arises where the Government, without more, expressly or impliedly orders the contractor to perform work that is not specified in the contract documents." Lathan, 20 Cl.Ct. at 128 (citing Chris Berg, Inc. v. United States, 197 Ct.Cl. 503, 525, 455 F.2d 1037, 1050 (1972)). 2129:

The Government may terminate a contract for cause (commercial items), for default (T4D) or for convenience (T4C). Terminations for commercial items (FAR Part 12) contracts are governed by FAR 52.212-4(l) and (m), not the T4C or T4D clauses of FAR 52.249-x. FAR Part 49 prescribes T4D and T4C clauses

2103:

The Government seeks to avoid treating requests for additional money or changes to the contract as a claim, for several reasons. For starters, the Government has to pay interest from the date of receipt to the date of payment. Second, if the amount is over a specified amount, then the claim must be

2015:

Contractors may recover excess costs through an equitable adjustment, however, it "bears the burden of proving liability, causation, and resultant injury." Ralph L. Jones, 33 Fed.Cl. at 331 (citing Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States, 173 Ct.Cl. 180, 199, 351 F.2d 956 (1965); Electronic &

1985:

The burden of showing evidence of increased costs lies with the contractor. Special rules exist for entitlement to whether or not contractor is entitled to profit in addition to the actual costs they incurred, especially in the cases of leased equipment that was held over due to delays on the part of

1726:

FAR 15.209 states that if the Government intends to make award after exchanges with offerers after receipt of proposals, due notice of the intention to "conduct discussions with offerors whose proposals have been determined to be within the competitive range" must be provided. Notification procedures

1687:

After the requiring activity has written their SOW/PWS, figured out source selection approach, then selected factors and subfactors, then figured out weighting of non cost/price factors, then understood consequences of the above, they write a source selection plan (SSP). A SSP gives instructions to a

1613:

Example of how over-bundling causes big problems (permutations and evaluation of total price in source selection): Lets say a requiring activity wants to get polling services. Acquisition planning reveals there are five polls in ten different regions. However, it turns out that the Government will

1586:

Cost, schedule and performance risk can be increased by over-bundling of a requirement into a single acquisition exercise. Over-bundling dries up the possible vendor base that might otherwise compete for a requirement. Thus, it is critical that an evaluation of the potential vendors who might compete

1564:

Requiring activities and frequently contracting officers want to get an acquisition on contract as quickly as possible; sometimes too quickly. Thus, contracting officers and acquisition attorneys will frequently have to carefully review the overall acquisition to identify risks to cost, schedule and

1348:

Type of acquisition (FAR Part 16, Types of Contracts): There are two main types of contracts – fixed price and cost reimbursement. In deciding which type to use, a Contracting Officer's identification of risk is key. A very well known requirement, such as for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) items (in

1308:

A proposal can be too long, causing the Government's source selection authority to skim over it. The Government source selection team may not wish to spend much time on the acquisition source selection. Also, it is possible for vendors to put too much information into proposals which do not go to the

1187:

applicable to the Government. Any action taken by a Contracting Officer which exceeds their actual delegated authority is not binding on the Government, even if both the Contracting Officer and the contractor desire the action and the action benefits the Government. The contractor is presumed to know

980:

Generally, federal acquisitions begin with identification of a requirement by a specific Federal activity. A basic idea of what is needed and the problem statement are prepared and the requiring activity meets with an acquisition command having a Contracting Officer with an appropriate warrant issued

971:

The Miscellaneous Receipts Act mandates that funds received by the US Government must be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts account at the US Treasury unless a specific exemption was authorized by Congress. The Miscellaneous Receipts Act prevents the Executive Branch from financing itself except

845:

Kennedy's order reflected concern that "the prevalence of identical bidding harmful to the effective functioning of a system of competitive bids" and that "identical bidding constitute evidence of the existence of conspiracies to monopolize or restrain trade or commerce". Reagan's order argued that

795:

For example, operations and maintenance funds generally cannot be used to purchase supplies after 30 September of the year they are appropriated within with several exceptions – 1) the severable services exemption under 10 USC 2410 and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-34, Instructions

654:

Contracts directly between the Government and its contractors ("prime contracts") are governed by federal common law. Contracts between the prime contractor and its subcontractors are governed by the contract law of the respective states. Differences between those legal frameworks can put pressure on

595:

by mutual consent compared to a private party entering into a contract with the Federal Government. Each private party represents its own interests and can obligate itself in any lawful manner. Federal Government contracts allow for the creation of contract terms by mutual consent of the parties, but

2145:

The key point for T4Ds is that it is the only way that a Government agency can use prior year single year appropriated funds, such as O&M or many types of procurement funds, for reprocurement of the item in question. Accordingly, it is very important the Agency get the acquisition right up front

2120:

Consulting, Inc., B-292502 et al., September 26, 2003, 2003 CPD para. 169 at 5. It is well established that an agency's lack of funding for a procurement provides a reasonable basis for cancellation, as agencies cannot award contracts which exceed available funds. First Enter., B-221502.3, Mar. 24,

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A notice of intent must be issued in accordance with FAR 5.201. Other suppliers wishing to challenge the proposed sole-source must submit a timely statement of capability, in order to establish that the government should compete the opportunity. Failure to do so will prevent the prospective supplier

1759:

Don't use ratings with contradicting supporting language, such as a "not detailed" rated "excellent." Examine ratings closely as they relate to your technical discussions. Ensure they are consistent (i.e., avoid having a weakness discussed in one proposal evaluation and not another proposal having

1755:

Don't focus the discussion on only one offeror. The Source Selection Decision Document (SSDD) compares assessments of the successful offeror against the others. If there are a large number of offerors, the detailed discussion may be limited to the most highly rated offerors. Some light discussion of

1738:

Discuss those discriminators that make one offeror better than another based on the selection criteria. Be as detailed and focused upon discriminators as the source selection results allow. If something was not a discriminator then say so and also state why it was not. If the strength had no bearing

1702:

Contractors competing for a Government requirement have an opportunity to request clarification or amendment of a work statement or solicitation. The request for clarification must be done relatively early in the acquisition process, preferably as close to the publication of a solicitation, RFQ, RFP

1573:

What is my expected payoff? The larger the expected payoff, the larger the associated risk, and vice versa. An investor who is a shareholder in a contracting company will seek to carefully balance the expected payoff with the associated risk, and he is incentivized to seek a large payoff, as long as

600:

whose authority is controlled by the law of agency, the agent is usually allowed to form a contract only with reference to accepted notions of commercial reasonableness and perhaps a few unique statutes which apply. In federal government contracting, the specific regulatory authority is required for

2141:

The various courts that review T4Ds have a high standard of review for T4Ds, so the Government should consider making sure the T4D is well supported and the Government has had little or no role in the contractors non-conforming performance as well as ensuring there is a clearly defined deliverable,

2023:

A contractor must distinguish for the court those delays for which the Government is responsible as opposed to its own; the contractor's standard for proving damages does not require "absolute exactness or mathematical precision." Ralph L. Jones, 33 Fed.Cl. at 336 (quoting Electronic & Missile,

1860:

A sole-source procurement activity is where a contract is offered to known vendor(s) instead of conducting open competition, and the resulting contract is known as a sole-source contract. FAR Part 6 specifically forbids sole-source contracting when it is due to a lack of advanced planning. There is

1845:

If FAR Part 13, simplified acquisition is used, then a contracting officer can select from a range of processes including Government Purchase Card (GPC) for purchases under the micro-purchase threshold (see definition section of FAR for current value (for example, in U.S., it is currently $ 2,500),

1598:

Overbundled requirements frequently suffer from very vague requirements and work statements, particularly in service contracts. In service contracts, the CLIN structure is priced on a per person per hour basis rather than on the service work deliverables themselves. Government or contractor ability

1552:

Risk. A measure of the inability to achieve program objectives within defined cost and schedule constraints. Risk is associated with all aspects of the program, for example, threat, technology, design processes, Work breakdown structure (WBS) elements, etc. It has two components, the probability of

1493:

is a critical part of knowledge-based acquisitions. Information-driven and informed decision-making requires complete information to execute successful acquisitions. FAR Part 10, Market Research, gives guidance on the process of market research and its role in Federal acquisitions. Effective market

1478:

Contract line item number (CLIN) structure: this is generally in Section B of an issued contract that is constructed in the Uniform Contract Format. The CLIN Schedule is what the offeror prices in their offer/proposal. It is often advantageous to construct a CLIN Schedule that matches an outline of

1383:

Workload of the Government contracting office and requiring activity. Contract vehicle selection (primarily indefinite duration, indefinite quantity (IDIQ) versus stand alone "C" contracts), market research, competition, use of performance incentives (or not), earned valued management system (EVMS)

1312:

For simple acquisitions, Government source selection authorities have responded favorably to proposals which emphasize experience with the specific requirement that the Government is seeking to source and information on how a product or service will meet the needs of the Government as stated in the

1258:

Potential vendors responding to RFPs may be characterised as "responsible" and/or "responsive". A "responsible bidder" is one who is qualified or capable of meeting the requirements set out by the government in its bid solicitation or RFP. Kate Manuel notes that the concept of responsibility on the

1233:

Where contracting officers recognise that acquisition documents have not been well formulated or are not suitable for ensuring fair and impartial competition, they have "broad discretion" to take appropriate corrective action. In some cases, the appropriate action will be to withdraw a solicitation

963:

40 USC 181(c) provides that "In acquiring personal property, any executive agency, under regulations to be prescribed by the Administrator, subject to regulations prescribed by the Administrator for Federal Procurement Policy pursuant to the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act, may exchange or

922:

and receipt of comments from the public before issuing the regulation. Courts treat the FAR as having the "force and effect of law", and Contracting Officers do not have the authority to deviate from it. Supplements to the FAR have been issued following the same process, and have the same force and

881:

in Federal procurement) form the basis for the regulations to implement this provision of FASA. See 62 Fed. Reg. 25,648 (May 9, 1997) for Government response to comments on the proposal, and 62 Fed. Reg. 25,786 (May 9, 1997) (proposed rules), 63 Fed. Reg. 35,719 (June 30, 1998) (interim rules), and

2115:

Contractors are understandably quite upset when an awarded contract is cancelled before contract performance can begin. There is some authority for a contractor to recover bid preparation costs in very limited circumstances. Even so, a contracting agency need only establish a reasonable basis to

2057:

To determine what potential offerors would have reasonably expected, consideration should be given to the procurement format used, the history of the present and related past procurements, and the nature of the supplies or services sought. A variety of factors may be pertinent, including: whether

2036:

Two types of scope determinations in contracts. One is scope of the original contract – meaning, do we have to pay anything for this modification? The second one is whether or not the modification or change is within the scope of the original competition. The first issue comes up when a contractor

2005:

that every contract with the Government contains an implied obligation that neither party will do anything to prevent, hinder, or delay performance." Sterling Millwrights, Inc. v. United States, 26 Cl.Ct. 49, 67 (1992) (citing Lewis-Nicholson, Inc. v. United States, 213 Ct.Cl. 192, 550 F.2d 26, 32

1788:

A source selection decision document must be prepared for all source selections and reflect the SSA's integrated assessment and decision. The document must be the single summary document supporting selection of the best value proposal consistent with the stated evaluation criteria. It must clearly

1683:

Source selection refers to the process for evaluating contractor proposals or quotes submitted in response to a request for proposals (RFP) or request for quotes (RFQ) based on the contract solicitation. Source selection is driven by what instructions to offerors clause is included in the contract

1602:

Use of prime integrators in overbundled contracts sometimes has led to poor results in a number of major systems acquisitions. For example, what would happen if say the US Navy went too far in allowing contractors to make choices that make economic sense in the specific acquisition but add cost to

1344:

under FAR Part 13. Blanket purchase agreements, basic ordering agreements, or other contracts may be awarded under simplified procedures, which allow supplies or services to be ordered at a predetermined fair and reasonable price. The simplified acquisition threshold can be increased in situations

1229:

As part of the acquisition planning process, the Government must address its buying power leverage. Many Government acquisition commands write acquisitions solely based on haphazard acquisition strategies which are primarily directed toward avoiding bid protests. Thus, it is necessary to emphasize

787:

violation can also occur when a contract uses funds in a period that falls outside of the time period the funds are authorized for use under what is known as the Bona Fide Needs rule (31 USC 1502), which provides: "The balance of a fixed-term appropriation is available only for payment of expenses

1793:

Consistency: what is bad for one proposal is bad for all; find an adverse comment, then look at of the proposals of the other bidders and see if the same problem exists in there and was not written up in the evaluation for those proposals. What is good for one proposal is good for all proposals

1745:

A drafter of the source selection decision document must show the source selection authority's thought process and reasons behind the comparative analysis. Use a declaration of thinking/intent on the part of the source selection authority (SSA). For example: I selected; I thought; I determined; I

1501:

Government provided equipment, resources, support or information: Often, the Government must provide for equipment, logistics support, information, and many other items vital to performance of a contract. If there is proprietary information in the potential Government furnished information (GFI),

1482:

Source selection criteria (SSC): Source selection criteria "1) Represent the key areas of importance and emphasis to be considered in the source selection decision; and (2) Support meaningful comparison and discrimination between and among competing proposals." (FAR 15.304, Evaluation factors and

791:

The Bona Fide Need Rule is a fundamental principle of appropriations law addressing the availability as to the time of an agency's appropriation. 73 Comp. Gen. 77, 79 (1994); 64 Comp. Gen. 410, 414-15 (1985). The rule establishes that an appropriation is available for obligation only to fulfill a

2019:

The standard of meeting this burden is high. Before an equitable adjustment will be granted, contractors must demonstrate: (1) increased costs arose from conditions materially different from what the contract documents indicated and that such conditions were reasonably unforeseeable based on all

1323:

For more complex acquisitions, source selection authorities will be interested in how the contractor will produce service or non-service deliverables. Thus, staffing plans, methodology to produce, past experience, ISO certifications, and other information which shows that risks to the Government

926:

The FAR and its supplements permit a substantial variation from the purchases of paperclips to battleships. The Contracting Officer and the contractor must seek to achieve their sometimes conflicting goals while following the requirements of the regulations. As with any complex document (in book

1352:

Buying patterns: If an agency has a continuing need for a requirement over a period of time, a vehicle that permits multiple orders may be advantageous. For example, a blanket purchasing agreement (BPA) or a basic ordering agreement (BOA) as described in FAR Part 13 may be used, which allow for

1339:

Cost: A number of cost thresholds exist which trigger increasing degrees of complexity in the acquisition process. These thresholds include the micro-purchase threshold, the simplified acquisition threshold, and the commercial items threshold. The micro-purchase threshold, as of August 2007, is

1058:

bid to secure contracts to fulfill these Programs of Record. The term "Program of Record" originates from these programs being recorded in the budget as "line item record", hence the name. However, not all procurement programs are programs of record. For example, acquisition programs made on an

1801:

Compare SOW and delivery schedules on solicitation (for example, RFP/RFQ) to what is in proposals word for word to see if everything was addressed. State if something is missing to justify lower ratings; talk about everything that applies for each award criteria to "pile on" good comments for

1797:

Take a hard look at definitions in instructions given to source selection committee – look at the words in them; start with the worst definition, i.e., unacceptable, look at the words in it, then see if those words show up in evaluations that are rated higher than that definition in the rating

1304:

Evaluator scoring penalizes proposals that contain "fluff" or generic information that does not directly pertain to the specifics of the solicitation, i.e. the Government's need, source selection factors and work statement or performance specification. The proposing business is responsible for

2133:

Termination for default reviews can be done a variety of ways, however, one method is to start with what is the ACTUAL deliverable on the contract, not the one that the customer thought they had. Carefully track what the contractor's actual performance is against the specific language in the

753:

U.S. Federal fiscal law is about Congressional oversight of the Executive Branch, not principally toward getting the mission accomplished nor getting a good deal for the Government. Fiscal law frequently prevents government agencies from signing agreements that commercial entities would sign.

455:

measured spend at over $ 500bn in 2008, double the spend level of 2001. Other estimates suggest spend was $ 442bn in fiscal year 2015 and $ 461bn in 2016. Federal Procurement Reports provide contract data which may be used for geographical, market, and socio-economic analysis, as well as for

1691:

Ultimately, risk evaluation is where a source selection team wants to be. That is what is used to determine weakness, significant weakness and deficiencies, which are briefed to unsuccessful offerors. Making the connection between risk evaluation/source selection criteria/factors and offeror

1379:

Other requirements often apply to acquisitions depending upon the circumstances. These can include those listed in FAR Part 36, Construction and Architect-Engineer Contracts; FAR Part 41, Acquisition of Utility Services; and FAR Part 37, Service Contracting. Outside of a specified exception,

1606:

Over-bundling makes it easy for contracting, but many times, especially for complex acquisitions, does not deliver the results expected by the customer or war fighter for complex acquisitions, especially acquisitions that the acquisition command in question has little experience with or has

1031:, some tasks in government contracts were given directly to a workers, because the tasks involved military secrets and supervisors were not permitted to know the secrets. If a supervisor asked the worker what he or she were doing, they would reply "it's government work", or it's a "G-job". 1324:

acquisition have been identified and mitigated should be rated higher than other proposals which do not show such information. However, it is important that the proposal first and foremost address the solicitation's work statement or technical specifications and source selection factors.

1497:

Acquisition Risks: Risk in contracting falls into three categories – schedule risk, performance risk and cost risk. Risks to the acquisition, including negative past experiences, must be identified and mitigation measures and risk allocation between the Government and a potential vendor

972:

as specifically authorized by Congress. 40 USC 181(c) thus is necessary to ensure a command that essentially trades or sells items, frequently information technology (IT) equipment, can retain the receipts from the trade-in or sale and apply them to the acquisition of replacement items.

1577:

In other words, there is a misalignment in the perception of risk between the Program Manager, the Lawyer, and the Investor. It is ultimately the Investor who owns the contracting company, and this misalignment will have an effect on the Investor's behavior and the stock's performance.

1688:

source selection committee on how to evaluate each proposal. Courts will defer to the source selection committee's business judgment, so facts must be included to base a decision on; the source selection committee must not be arbitrary or lack facts in the record for their findings.

1978:. They typically occur when new work is added or a change in current work is ordered, perhaps by the contracting officer, without the required documentation. Changed circumstances and equity are possible justifications for a contractor to ask for a REA. Contractors can ask for 1734:

For each factor rating, identify each offeror's key strengths, uncertainties and deficiencies of the proposal and then explain how the strengths, uncertainties and deficiencies resulted in that rating. Focus specifically on the factors and subfactors specifically stated in the

1340:

generally $ 3,000, with some exception. No competition or publication requirements are mandated for micro-purchases; generally, the Government Commercial Purchase Card (GCPC) can be used for these purchases under FAR Part 13. From $ 3,000 to $ 100,000, agencies may make use of

1001:

which can be used for acquiring products, services, and software on anything from an "Urgent Needs" basis to a Middle Tier of Acquisition to a Major Capability Acquisition. These procurement needs may are filled by acquisition programs, one of which is a Program of Record.

1360:

Availability of existing contract vehicles: Agencies may use existing BPAs or BOAs, provided that the use is within the general scope of the contract. For example, an agency can make use of Federal Supply Schedules as described in FAR Subpart 8.4. Schedules offered by the

2137:

FAR Part 49 should be read that to get information on terminations including notice to cure and show cause notices. The more the Government tries to give the contractor chances to remedy their default, the more the Government bolsters its case that T4D is appropriate.

1136:

Materiel Development Decision (MDD): the "entry point" in the major capability acquisition process; requires an Initial Capabilities Document (ICD) or equivalent, as well as a having developed the study guidance and study plan for an Analysis of Alternatives (AOA)

1730:

If FAR Part 15 is used, there must be a proposal evaluation under FAR 15.305 to include a "fair and reasonable" price determination under FAR 15.305(a)(1), a past performance evaluation under FAR 15.305(a)(2) and a technical evaluation under FAR 15.305(a)(3).

1049:

is a procurement program which is "a directed, funded effort that provides a new, improved, or continuing materiel, weapon, or information system or service capability in response to an approved need". A Program of Record requires certain documentation (eg.

1471:

Preparation of the SOW/PWS – a document that specifies the "who, what, when, where, how" of the contract; it must be specific enough for the contractor to adequately price the requirement and to be enforceable in court. Measurable outcomes must be stated

1121:

study, justified the affordability and feasibility of the program, identified the necessary technologies, established the scope of the program, estimated program cost, proposed an acquisition strategy, developed a test strategy for assessing the acquired

873:. In this legislation, Congress extended the affirmative action authority granted DoD by 10 U.S.C. § 2323 to all agencies of the Federal Government. See 15 U.S.C. § 644 note. Regulations to implement that authority were delayed because of the decision in 1993:

The Government should make sure there is a release of claims (ROC) clause in the REA's contract modification – FAR / DFARS do not have a sample ROC clause. In the context of FAR Part 12 commercial items, the changes clause requires bilateral agreement.

1886:

Focus on where things go bad – not resource effective to measure everything. Instead, select the critical few metrics for mission essential processes, process that have historically experienced chronic problems or process choke points and monitor them.

1018:, the Office of the Secretary of Defense, each of the military services, and the combatant commands to rapidly develop, equip, and field solutions and critical capabilities to the warfighter. GAO identified at least 31 entities that manage urgent needs. 2037:

demands more money (i.e., demand for more money in a CDA claim or REA); the second issue comes up when the Government wishes to modify the contract and the contractor agrees, but another contractor objects to the failure to recompete the contract.

596:

many areas addressed by mutual consent in commercial contracts are controlled by law in federal contracting and legally require use of prescribed provisions and clauses. In commercial contracting, where one or both parties may be represented by

1380:

acquisitions having a cost above the simplified acquisition threshold or the special authority under FAR Subpart 13.5 must be performed using the process specified under FAR Part 14, Sealed Bidding, or FAR Part 15, Contracting by Negotiation.

1327:

Contractors must also be aware of the contract clauses in the contract to include requirements for specific standards which do not directly relate to the deliverables in question to include small business or minority set-aside requirements,

1989:

Can use the settlement procedures in FAR Part 49, per FAR 49.002(c) but be advised that this section is really written for terminations – you have to adapt the settlement procedures, probably for terminations for convenience, to the REA.

1059:"Urgent Needs" basis are not considered Programs of Record as they lack some of the required documentation. Such programs can be converted into programs of record later on if that documentation is completed and the program adheres to the 2810: 2095:

Contract claims are handled under the disputes clause in commercial items contracts or another clause in different types of contracts. The clause simply refers to another clause, the contract dispute clause. That clause invokes the

1250:. An offeror's response usually indicates their approach to performing the statement of work, their approach to managing the program or project, and examples of past performance on projects similar in size, scope, and complexity. 1282:

A "responsive bidder" is one who submits a "responsive bid", one which, if accepted by the government as submitted, will obligate the contractor to perform the exact thing being called for in the solicitation. FAR 14.301 states:

1986:

the Government or the Government's failure to properly integrate other contractors who then interfered with our contractor's work. Cases out there that say the Government can reduce profit if risk was reduced due to the change.

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Don't treat a neutral performance confidence assessment favorably or unfavorably. (Don't disqualify an offeror for having a neutral rating.) No past performance must be rated as neutral under FAR Part 13 and FAR Subpart 15.3.

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Small Businesses and Socioeconomic Issues: contracting with small businesses and firms affected by certain socioeconomic factors require a highly complex subset of Government regulation which is described by FAR Parts 19 and

608:

enter into the contracts and expend the funds to achieve their Congressionally defined missions. When disputes arise, administrative processes within the agencies may resolve them, or the contractor can appeal to the courts.

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the work statement. Failure to properly structure the CLIN structure to the contents of a work statement can lead to an inability to determine how much a contractor should be paid or penalized if performance issues arise.

1460:

The degree of competition required under FAR Part 6, Competition Requirements (i.e., full and open competition, full and open competition after exclusion of sources, or "other than full and open competition", also called

400:

has the same legal elements as contracting between private parties: a lawful purpose, competent contracting parties, an offer, an acceptance that complies with the terms of the offer, mutuality of obligation, and

1722:

Formulation of a Competitive Range, defined at FAR 15.306(c)(1) as comprising "all of the most highly rated proposals", a tool which may enable uncompetitive proposals to be eliminated from further consideration.

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Ensure that, when documenting an award decision in the SSDD, SSA's are focusing on the underlying advantages and disadvantages of the proposals rather than merely the ratings themselves. HoveCo, B-298697:

882:

63 Fed. Reg. 36,120 (July 1, 1998) (interim rules), Federal Acquisition Regulation, Reform of Affirmative Action in Federal Procurement addressing the General Services Administration (GSA), NASA, and DoD.

2130:

in FAR Part 52 for non-commercial items (FAR Part 12) related contracts. In particular, T4D is covered by FAR Subpart 49.4, Terminations for Default. T4C is covered by several sections of FAR Part 49.

2061:

GAO issued a decision on 31 Jan 06 in DOR Biodefense Inc. and Emergent BioSolutions, B-296358.3 and B-296358.4 regarding whether a modification is within the scope of the original competition under the

1218:, the U.S. achieved victory due in large part to the industrial base in the northern states. A war of attrition requires massive quantities of material, but not necessarily of great quality. During the 1574:

the risk is acceptable. This perspective is unique in the sense that risk represents both opportunity and danger to the investor, while it only represents danger to the Program Manager and the Lawyer.

1287:

To be considered for award, a bid must comply in all material respects with the invitation for bids. Such compliance enables bidders to stand on an equal footing and maintain the integrity of the

838:'s Executive Order 10936 of 24 April 1961 required federal agencies to investigate and report on identical bids received in connection with the procurement of goods or services. It was revoked by 3606: 93: 48: 2821: 1752:

Spend some time on the summary to make it correct as it is very important. It is meant to very quickly put in words the best of the key discriminators used by the SSA to reach their decision.

1544:

Contracting is all about risk allocation and minimizing risk to include cost, schedule and performance. The more vague the contract work statement, the more risk that the Government assumes.

2185:

Allegations of waste and corruption in government procurement during wartime have led to special oversight measures being put in place. During World War II this function was provided by the

1207:, and in agency supplements to the FAR, for example, Defense FAR Supplement (DFARS) 207, Acquisition Planning and the US Army's supplementary regulation, AFARS Part 7, Acquisition Planning. 613: 2201: 1054:(APB), acquisition strategies, Selected Acquisition Reports (SAR), etc.) and is recorded in the Future Year's Defense Program (FYDP) or can be updated from the previous year's FYDP. Prime 968:

gives agencies general authority to sell federal personal property and use the proceeds to replace similar property during the same fiscal year or the next one, like a used car trade-in.

2867: 965: 724: 625: 1203:

The Contracting Officer and internal departments/end users ideally undertake a planning exercise in advance of procurement commencing. Acquisition planning is described in FAR Part 7,

2020:

information available to the contractor; and (2) the changes in the requirements caused the increased costs in question. Johns-Manville Corp. v. United States, 12 Cl.Ct. 1, 33 (1987).

715:

legislation. Generally, this legislation does not affect the acquisition process itself, although the appropriation process has been used to amend procurement laws, notably with the

3288: 2302: 2658: 2249: 1060: 997:

Procurements by military agencies have several unique aspects to their acquisition process compared to procurement by non-military agencies. The overall process is guided by the

3598:

provides information that explains how to become a federal contractor, how to find business opportunities, and the rules and regulations that federal contractors need to follow.

3647: 2107:

Instead of dealing with it as a claim, the Government should deal with it as a REA; the contractor will have to decide what is more advantageous to it – a REA or CDA claim.

1869:

to challenge the contract award. A brief time period for reception of statements of capability such as 5 or 6 days may be reasonable where items are commercially available.

2027:

The court "needs only enough evidence to make a fair and reasonable estimate." Id. (citing Miller Elevator, 30 Fed.Cl. at 702; Electronic & Missile, 189 Ct.Cl. at 257).

438: 3350: 3130: 2104:

certified (see the FAR and CDA). Certification is essentially a company swearing under pain of 18 USC false claims act penalties that they are not falsifying the claim.

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because bad work statements and poor contract administration destroy the Government's ability to T4D, thus keep their prior year funds to get a replacement contractor.

1365:(GSA) provide a number of pre-competed contract vehicles that give an immediate ability to obtain goods or services without going through the full contracting process. 267: 54: 3328:

Arnold, Scot, and Marius Vassiliou (2010). A Real Options Approach to valuing the Risk Transfer in a Multi-Year Procurement Contract. Ch. 25 in Thawar T. Arif (ed),

2457: 1883:

A metric is a meaningful measurement taken over a period of time that communicates vital information about a process or activity, leading to fact-based decisions.

1849:

Vendor past performance is generally included as a source selection criteria. It is important to include a requirement for "recent and relevant" past performance.

3234: 897:

The procurement process is subject to legislation and regulation separate from the authorization and appropriation process. These regulations are included in the

3582: 1316:

Contractors must also be aware of whether or not price is more important than non-price factors. Where price is more important than non-price factors, then the

1177: 668: 605: 562: 561:, and the exercise of those authorities. The Federal Government's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution, but 2519: 910: 569:. Moreover, the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government's execution of its other powers. An early 1948:, which can be processed under FAR 49.002(c)) (these are essentially modifications under the applicable contract changes clause e.g., FAR 52.212-4 clause) 1368:

Mandatory Sources: FAR Part 8 discusses the mandatory use of certain sources for acquiring some types of supplies and services. These sources include the

797: 140: 2784: 1353:

repeated purchases at predetermined fair and reasonable prices. Above the simplified acquisition threshold, an indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (

1125:

Milestone B: allows a program to enter the Engineering & Manufacturing Development phase. Includes approval of the Acquisition Program Baseline (APB)

2719: 732: 112: 3214: 1610:

Small business acquisitions have mandatory restrictions on over-bundling. However, non-small business acquisitions are not subject to the same rules.

1226:, has long-term reliability, is agile and versatile, and aims to avoid equipment choices which might result in political debate and partisan politics. 396:, whether the supplies, services, or interests are already in existence or must be created, developed, demonstrated, and evaluated. Federal Government 3652: 1974:

Requests for Equitable Adjustments (REAs) are modifications of the contract that were not done formally or properly. REAs are frequently based on the

964:

sell similar items and may apply the exchange allowance or proceeds of sale in such cases in whole or in part payment for the property acquired". The

3632: 2479: 2009:

When Government actions delay contractor performance and increase costs, "the contractor has a claim for damages". (Lewis-Nicholson, 550 F.2d at 26).

1561:

Does this contract adequately describe all essential work / expectations, is there a schedule and is it enforceable? What are our remedies, if any?

1388:

An acquisition plan may have numerous elements as listed in FAR 7.105; depending upon the estimated cost of the acquisition, these elements include:

1150:

Full Rate Production/Full Deployment Decision: allows a program to begin full rate production of a product or full deployment of the product to units

2964: 1824:

Lowest Price (LP) that is Technically Acceptable (TA) based on statement of work (SOW) (LPTA) (use this for VERY SIMPLE BUYS – for example, pencils)

955:

in November 2023, where North Carolina officials shared insights into how British companies could engage in North Carolina's procurement processes.

804:) has a detailed discussion of these fiscal law rules which directly impact on the ability of a Federal agency to contract with the private sector. 119: 2051:

With regard to competitive scope determinations, the GAO in American Air Filter Co., 57 Comp. Gen 567 (B-188408), 78–1, para 443, at 573, stated:

377: 350: 2838: 981:

by a specific acquisition activity. A contracting agency has the discretion to determine its own needs and the best method to accommodate them.

384:(SLED) contracts is thought to be worth $ 1.5 trillion. Supplies are purchased from both domestic and overseas suppliers. Contracts for federal 354: 2880: 3388: 3363: 3337: 1172:

Unless specifically prohibited by another provision of law, an agency's authority to contract is vested in the agency head, for example, the

720: 126: 1147:) Release Decision Point: ensures that the acquisition program planned is affordable and achievable before releasing the RFP to the industry 902: 3016: 2254: 1656: 859: 617: 442: 188: 1830:

Full Tradeoff based on LP, TA, past performance and stated criteria including SOW (VERY COMPLICATED BUYS) (sometimes known as best value)

916:

The process for promulgating regulations including the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) includes publication of proposed rules in the

1716:

Document what you did. (Tell them that you did what you said you would do in the first place) More is better as long as it makes sense.

1188:

the scope of the Contracting Officer's authority and cannot rely on any action of Contracting Officers when it exceeds their authority.

936: 467: 108: 2596: 591:

Private parties entering into a contract with one another (i.e., commercial contracts) have more freedom to establish a broad range of

2534:

says "Appropriations shall be applied only to the objects for which the appropriations were made except as otherwise provided by law."

2275: 1034:

Some workers took advantage of military secrecy by doing personal work while on the job and falsely claiming they were doing a G-job.

769: 575: 570: 473: 422: 418: 414: 410: 2671: 1703:

or other publication. Frequently, contracting officers will agree to such clarifications if a contractor's request is well reasoned.

927:

form, Title 48 of the CFR requires several shelves), the FAR and its supplements can be interpreted differently by different people.

3591: 3562: 3545: 3535: 3512: 3493: 3474: 3455: 3436: 3417: 2909: 1817: 1696: 1341: 1335:

A variety of factors can affect the contracting process and the contract clauses that are used in a Federal acquisition, including:

1276: 328: 159: 62: 2150: 1684:

solicitation (e.g., FAR 52.212-2 with the tailored language spelling out what the source selection criteria are, weighting, etc.).

392:

funds spent on supplies, services, and interests in real property by and for the use of the Federal Government through purchase or

1422:

Competition plan – whether full and open competition used, and if not, justification and authorization for a sole source procedure

1128:

Milestone C: allows a program to award contracts, begin Production and Deployment phase, and enter Low-Rate Initial Product (LRIP)

2875: 2727: 1820:, or FAR Part 15, Negotiated Procurement. For example, under FAR Part 15, there is a range of source selection models including: 1802:

proposals you like; then show that more good was said about the ones you liked, and less good was said about the ones you don't.

1292: 1037:

After the war, "G-job" became slang for doing personal work while on the job and using their employer's equipment and materials.

877:, 515 U.S. 200 (1995). See 60 Fed. Reg. 48,258 (September 18, 1995). See 61 Fed. Reg. 26,042 (May 23, 1996) (proposed reforms to 3134: 2642: 2221: 1784:

Agency regulations frequently provide guidance on source selection: see for example, AFARS 5115.308 Source selection decision:

1362: 1309:

heart of the acquisition, particularly information not related to the source selection criteria as well as the work statement.

874: 485: 2750:

Warfighter Support: DOD's Urgent Needs Processes Need a More Comprehensive Approach and Evaluation for Potential Consolidation

640:(CFR) volumes of the respective agencies. For example, the Department of Defense (DOD) FAR Supplement can be found at 10 CFR. 2843: 2297: 2264: 2173:

for the contractor to escape the uncertainty associated with a sequence of single-year contract negotiations (analogous to a

2070: 2045: 1092: 906: 892: 846:

the requirement had "proved ineffective" and "consume resources that could be employed in a more effective manner to prevent

728: 716: 633: 621: 381: 97: 3074: 1775: 502:

published by the General Services Administration lists contracts with a combined total of $ 398.8 billion. The top five are

3392: 2080: 1091:(LRIP), Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), transition to Full Rate Production/Full Deployment, and achievement of 2269: 800:) The Government Accounting Office (GAO) Principles of Federal Appropriations Law (otherwise known as the GAO Redbook at 827:

The GAO confirmed in 2014 that its jurisdiction includes investigation of protests raising allegations of PIA violation.

133: 1051: 3231: 798:

https://web.archive.org/web/20041027004108/https://www.safaq.hq.af.mil/contracting/affars/fiscal-law/bona-fide-need.doc

3581:- official US Federal Government website of the Integrated Acquisition Environment, functioning under the auspices of 2292: 2192:

established in 1941. After allegations of contract fraud and waste were made regarding expenditure during the wars in

1952: 1099: 1088: 898: 672: 637: 3117: 2044:

in the contract. However, the question of competitive scope must be determined first to determine if there will be a

1010:

The GAO raised concerns in 2011 regarding urgent needs' complex and uncoordinated acquisition processes, noting that

3618:

PTACs provide local assistance for firms marketing products and services to the Federal, state and local governments

2063: 1742:

Adequately address the impact of past performance on the decision; remember, no past performance is rated NEUTRAL!!

1595:

introduced draft legislation in 2014 intended to address some of the shortcomings of excessively bundled contracts.

2284:, an example of an acquisition contract that expanded from its original narrow focus to serve the entire Government 1173: 452: 2547: 1735:

solicitation/instructions to offerors. Do not use unstated source selection criteria to select the winning offer.

259: 86: 3045: 2997: 2392: 2259: 1810: 1332:(essentially local union labor rates must be used), specific accounting standards, specific certifications, etc. 1268: 870: 566: 479: 3615: 1511:

1. Work statement: Deliverable list with performance and objective specifications if not a service contract (no

1014:

Over the past two decades, the fulfillment of urgent needs has evolved as a set of complex processes within the

788:

properly incurred during the period of availability or to complete contracts properly made within that period."

247: 1118: 2560: 2212:

One organization which provides a contractor perspective is the Coalition for Government Procurement (CGP), a

1117:

Milestone A: typical requirements include having a draft Capability Development Document (CDD), completed the

2732: 1719:

If discussions are held, read the bid protests on discussions first to make sure you understand how to do it.

17: 3212: 648: 3607:

Former U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manager Sentenced to Six Years in Prison in Bribery and Kickback Scheme

3467:

Guide to Contract Pricing: Cost and Price Analysis for Contractors, Subcontractors, and Government Agencies

3273: 3199: 2684: 2213: 385: 369:

or with state and local public bodies enables interested businesses to become suppliers in these markets.

346: 1140:

CDD Validation: affirms the capability requirements being sought in the product or service being acquired

255: 2166: 2097: 1963: 1816:

SSCs can vary widely in complexity depending on the acquisition process used, for example, FAR Part 13,

1055: 948: 684: 3349:

Arnold, Scot, and Marius Vassiliou (2007). Real Options Analysis of Multiyear Procurements, Proc. 2007

1763:

Don't identify or list weaknesses without discussing them and their importance to the thought process.

989: 3032:

GAO, Decision: Matter of Veterans Construction of South Carolina LLC, file B-401723.3, 21 January 2010

2982:

Responsibility Determinations Under the Federal Acquisition Regulation: Legal Standards and Procedures

2848: 2321: 647:, a body of law which is separate and distinct from the bodies of law applying to most businesses—the 2654: 2350: 1945: 1243: 1144: 940: 3621: 3293:

Digitalis Education Solutions and United States v Morris & Lee (Doing Business as Science First)

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Contracting Officers are assisted in their duties by Contracting Officer Representatives (CORs) and

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on Budget Execution, 2) Authorized stockage level exceptions and 3) long lead time exception. (see

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failing to achieve a particular outcome, and the consequences of failing to achieve that outcome.

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Source selections cannot compare the offers against each other, only against the award criteria.

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During the planning of an acquisition, several key aspects of the effort are decided, including:

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passes legislation that defines the process and additional legislation that provides the funds.

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Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies. Subject: Government Contracting

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made contract awards to the lowest-priced qualified responsible bidder in contracting for the

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Key points along the roadmap include three major Milestones and four major Decision Points.

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Money appropriated for one purpose cannot be used for a different purpose, according to the

602: 522: 2236:– useful in determining essential elements of an acquisition from a customer's perspective. 1713:

Award it based on what you said you would award it based on (do what you said you would do)

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that permits it and provided money for it. These are normally covered in authorization and

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appears to assume the continued vitality of "Engagements" entered into under the preceding

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U.S. Army Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School's Contract Attorneys Deskbook

3292: 2629: 2612: 2561:"41 U.S. Code Chapter 21 - RESTRICTIONS ON OBTAINING AND DISCLOSING CERTAIN INFORMATION" 2081:

https://web.archive.org/web/20070807083159/http://guidebook.dcma.mil/15/instructions.htm

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Shows how organizational goals and objectives are being met through tasks and processes

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Publication requirements for the acquisition (FAR Part 5, Publicizing Contract Actions)

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Acquisition planning is frequently dependent on the circumstances. For example, during

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Missile Facilities, Inc. v. United States, 189 Ct.Cl. 237, 253, 416 F.2d 1345 (1969)).

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measuring and assessing the impact of acquisition policy and management improvements.

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Ordering procedures for services requiring a statement of work. accessed July 8, 2011

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part of a bidder "has been the federal government’s policy since its earliest days".

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dealing with federal contracts and the federal contracting process, mostly in Titles

405:. However, federal procurement is much more heavily regulated, subject to volumes of 342: 2413: 3316: 3252:- competitive-acquisition 52.215-1 Instructions to Offerors-Competitive Acquisition 3155: 3061:

GAO, Challenger Piping, Inc., 65 Comp.Gen. 505, 507 (1986), 86-1 CPD Para. 385 at 4

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payments (prompt payment essential) – frequently Wide Area Workflow (WAWF) is used.

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Participants in acquisition plan preparation (including source selection committee)

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10 U.S.C. § 2323 has language similar to FASA for the Department of Defense (DoD),

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Army Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement: Subpart 5107.1 - Acquisition Plans

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Tradeoffs – expected consequences of tradeoffs among cost, capability and schedule

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The roadmap for the fulfilment of a Program of Record is split into five periods:

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The official magazine of the National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP)

2984:, Congressional Research Service, published 4 January 2013, accessed 24 June 2020 1955:; for commercial items, there are terminations clause in the FAR 52.212-4 clause. 1772: 357:

and local government bodies in the country to acquire goods, services (including

2278:, responsible for contract administration of US Department of Defense contracts. 2193: 2170: 1329: 1015: 708: 704: 597: 554: 448: 373: 362: 75: 675:

for executing its specifically granted powers, such as the powers to establish

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Tell them what basis you are going to award it on (award criteria) (tell them)

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Can select higher priced proposal that provides better solution to objectives

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The procurement process for executive branch agencies (as distinguished from

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lower rated offerors is needed when a competitive range is not established.

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performance and recommend mitigation measures to decrease these risk areas.

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The Federal Government's authority to enter into contracts derives from the

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Drives appropriate action (this is most important feature of a good metric)

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One approach to analysing government procurement of large systems such as

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which is very useful in dealing with terminations for convenience issues.

628:. To address the many rules imposed by Congress and the courts, a body of 2953:

Matter of: Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Inc., file B-404263.6

2720:"DOD INSTRUCTION 5000.02 OPERATION OF THE ADAPTIVE ACQUISITION FRAMEWORK" 2117: 1695:

The process used for source selection can be selected from FAR Parts 13,

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then measures must be taken to avoid violation of applicable regulations.

1219: 1195:(COTRs), who usually do not have the authority of a Contracting Officer. 516: 406: 2811:"Finding the Right Transition Path Common Pitfalls in Commercialization" 2369:

48 C.F.R. § 2.101 - "Acquisition" defined, as to goods and services only

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substantial turn over of personnel during the life of the acquisition.

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In the same period, small business contracts totalled $ 153.9 billion.

300:

Parts of this article (those related to procurement values) need to be

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Construction or architecture & engineering (A&E) (FAR Part 36)

2752:, Report GAO-11-273, published 1 March 2011, accessed 26 January 2023 2659:

The "Buy American, Hire American" executive order, the GPA and the EU

2587:, file B-410448, published 24 December 2014, accessed 8 November 2023 1369: 534: 528: 3601: 3200:

H.R.4094 - Contracting Data and Bundling Accountability Act of 2014

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See DCMA's Contract Administration Handbook for more information:

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Inadequate SSCs render the best work statement and CLIN worthless.

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Operations and Sustainment (O&S): this includes achievement of

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The Procurement Integrity Act (PIA), introduced after a three-year

3486:

Pricing and Cost Accounting: A Handbook for Government Contractors

2942:, B-403556.2, published 7 December 2010, accessed 7 September 2023 2354: 1548:

Risk from Program Manager, Contracting and Investor's Perspective:

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Bednar, Richard J.; Braude, Herman M.; Cibinic, John Jr. (1991).

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Potential Government furnished information, equipment or services

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Executive Services Directorate, Washington Headquarters Services

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LPTA with Past Performance (partial tradeoff) (more complicated)

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Required amount and type of funding for the proposed acquisition

1354: 866: 553:, which defines its powers. The Federal Government acts through 491: 451:

2019, the US Federal Government spent $ 597bn on contracts. The

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UK and State of North Carolina hold Third Working Group Meeting

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2. CLINS matched tightly with work statement structure/outline

801: 3610: 3376: 1639: 813: 286: 230: 171: 69: 28: 2929:, B-407254, published 20 November 2012, accessed 22 July 2020 380:

spent $ 597bn on contracts. The market for state, local, and

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Executive Services Division, Washington Headquarters Service

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Production and Deployment (P&D): this includes start of

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Lobbying Registration: Coalition for Government Procurement

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association of commercial contractors. The CGP is based in

901:("CFR"), the omnibus listing of Government regulations, as 211: 3232:

15.306 Exchanges with offerors after receipt of proposals.

1357:) contract may be executed, as described in FAR Part 16.5. 1183:

Unlike in commercial contracting, there is no doctrine of

203: 2202:

Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan

1958:

handling bid protests, ratifications and contract claims.

459:

In fiscal year 2010, the top five departments by dollars

3052:, B-277705, 24 September 1997, 97-2 CPD, section 87 at 3 2995:

Decision B-233321, B-233321.2, Jan 23, 1989, 89-1 CPD 58

1997:

A substantial number of federal cases deal with REAs:

1699:, 14, Sealed Bidding or 15, Contracting by Negotiation. 966:

Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

725:

Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949

207: 3317:

FAR Subpart 5.2 - Synopses of Proposed Contract Actions

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Understanding the Basics: The Procurement Integrity Act

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The authority to purchase is not one of the explicitly

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FAR Subpart 6.3 - Other than Full and Open Competition

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United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

3107:, published 7 November 2012, accessed 24 February 2023 2868:"DOD INSTRUCTION 5000.85 MAJOR CAPABILITY ACQUISITION" 2550:, Schoonover & Moriarty LLC, accessed 24 June 2022 2303:

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

1938:

modifications and adjustments, typically done using a

1839:

A Business Judgment-based decision with rational basis

3626: 2674:, published 31 January 2024, accessed 1 February 2024 2322:"Records of the Federal Supply Service [FSS]" 2250:

Federal Information Technology Acquisition Reform Act

2100:(CDA) and specific procedures that must be followed. 1521:

Measurable outcome deliverables in a service contract

1061:

Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System

3276:, updated 13 October 2023, accessed 20 December 2023 3202:, introduced 26 February 2014, accessed 11 July 2020 2272:, responsible for audits of many defense contractors 993:

Overview of the Adaptive Acquisition Framework (AAF)

3295:, decided 4 January 2012, accessed 19 December 2023 3254:, Alternate 1 (October 1997), accessed 28 July 2020 2661:, published 20 April 2017, accessed 26 January 2023 2204:was established, modelled on the Truman Committee. 100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2480:"Small Business Goaling Report – Fiscal Year 2022" 1527:Schedule / milestones (included in work statement) 1242:Frequently, contractor proposals in response to a 913:are supplements to the FAR for specific agencies. 862:of 1994 (FASA) Pub. L. No. 103-355, 108 Stat. 3243 439:Top 100 Contractors of the U.S. federal government 2940:Matter of: Greentree Transportation Company, Inc. 2709:, published 6 November 2003, accessed 8 July 2020 2630:Executive Order 12430 — Reports of Identical Bids 2613:Executive Order 10936 — Reports of Identical Bids 1966:for more information on contract administration. 1313:source selection factors and the work statement. 2971:, published 4 August 1978, accessed 24 June 2020 2615:, published April 24, 1961, accessed 24 May 2018 2149:Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA) has a 1692:proposals is what source selection is all about 1413:Milestone chart depicting acquisition objectives 667:given to the Federal Government by Section 8 of 626:Federal Property and Administrative Services Act 3072:Matter of Charter Environmental, Inc., B-297219 2862: 2860: 2858: 2458:"Top 100 Contractors Report – Fiscal Year 2022" 2382:, published 4 March 2009, accessed 27 June 2023 2068:http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/2963583.pdf 1786: 1434:Security and/or force protection considerations 1084:Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) 1081:Technology Maturation and Risk Reduction (TMRR) 1012: 905:. Chapter 1 of Title 48 is commonly called the 500:Top 100 Contractors Report for Fiscal Year 2022 3431:(3rd ed.). Commerce Clearing House, Inc. 3412:(2nd ed.). George Washington University. 2585:Matter of: Engineering Support Personnel, Inc. 1897:Simple, understandable, logical and repeatable 1773:http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/298697.pdf 2632:, published 6 July 1983, accessed 24 May 2018 2393:"How To Start a Federal Contracting Business" 1193:Contracting Officer Technical Representatives 1178:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 669:Article One of the United States Constitution 266:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 109:"Government procurement in the United States" 18:Contracting with the United States government 8: 1462: 3648:Government procurement in the United States 3446:Tiefer, Charles; Shook, William A. (2003). 3427:Nash, Ralph Jr.; Cibinic, John Jr. (1995). 3408:Nash, Ralph Jr.; Cibinic, John Jr. (1993). 3156:"48 CFR 14.201-1 - Uniform contract format" 2520:Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations 1931:Contract administration tasks can include: 757:The power within fiscal law comes from the 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3118:Lowest Price Technically Acceptable (LPTA) 2643:Additional Information on U.S. Procurement 3450:(2nd ed.). Carolina Academic Press. 2346: 2344: 2342: 1246:(RFP) include an exact copy of the RFP's 1102:(FOC) and continues out to the product's 1073:Roadmap for Major Capability Acquisitions 816:investigation launched in 1986 known as " 329:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 3616:Procurement Technical Assistance Centers 3332:. Zagreb, Croatia: INTECH, pp. 475-492. 3274:Sole Source – Justification and Approval 3081:, 5 December 2005, accessed 30 June 2020 2965:Comptroller General of the United States 2925:Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2707:Matter of: Ocean Services LLC B-292511.2 2705:Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2542: 2540: 723:(FASA). Other relevant laws include the 3524:Government Contract Costs & Pricing 3094:, 9 October 1991, accessed 30 June 2020 3092:B-244993.2, B-245521.2, October 9, 1991 2641:Office of the US Trade Representative, 2313: 1982:arising from contract changes in REAs. 1254:Responsible bidders and responsive bids 937:WTO Agreement on Government Procurement 367:Contracting with the federal government 189:instructions, advice, or how-to content 3429:Administration of Government Contracts 3375:Coalition for Government Procurement, 3284: 3282: 2993:U S Government Accountability Office, 2818:Office of Small Business Programs, DoD 2355:BGOV200: Federal Industry Leaders 2019 3488:(2nd ed.). Management Concepts. 3105:Matter of: Alares, LLC, file B-407124 1706:Key principles for source selection: 721:Federal Acquisitions Streamlining Act 643:Government contracts are governed by 620:bodies) is governed primarily by the 421:(Protection of the Environment), and 7: 2927:Matter of: Maritime Industries, Inc. 2624:Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, 2607:Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, 2482:. US General Services Administration 2460:. US General Services Administration 2438:. US General Services Administration 2416:. US General Services Administration 2255:Governmentwide acquisition contracts 1569:Risk from an investor's perspective: 1486:Independent Government cost estimate 1407:Delivery or performance requirements 1318:lowest-priced technically acceptable 860:Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act 443:Office of Federal Procurement Policy 98:adding citations to reliable sources 3362:Commission on Wartime Contracting, 3330:Aerospace Technologies Advancements 2670:Department for Business and Trade, 1739:on the offeror's rating, state so. 909:("FAR"). The remaining chapters of 506:, defense and medical contractors: 198:so that it is more encyclopedic or 2655:Eversheds Sutherland International 2276:Defense Contract Management Agency 2040:Modifications are governed by the 1970:Requests for Equitable Adjustments 1891:Characteristics of a good metric: 1833:Do not have to select lowest price 1214:, quantity was the key. As in the 842:in 1983 by Executive Order 12430. 576:the United States v. Thomas Tingey 25: 3410:Formation of Government Contracts 2879:. 4 November 2021. Archived from 2565:LII / Legal Information Institute 1906:Data that's economical to collect 1666:and remove advice or instruction. 1342:Simplified Acquisition Procedures 1265:History of Government Contracting 1078:Materiel Solutions Analysis (MSA) 44:This article has multiple issues. 3653:United States administrative law 3507:. George Washington University. 3180:. Defense Acquisition University 2809:Yarmie, A. J. (15 August 2017). 2685:Disposition of personal property 1644: 1557:Risk from a lawyer's standpoint: 1392:Statement of need and background 1293:Government Accountability Office 699:Model of the Acquisition Process 687:, an army, a navy, or militias. 291: 250:to read and navigate comfortably 235: 176: 74: 33: 3602:Federal Procurement Data System 3263:See GAO decisions on this issue 3158:. Cornell University Law School 2785:"Discussion Forum→Topics→G Job" 2626:The American Presidency Project 2609:The American Presidency Project 2378:Office of the Press Secretary, 2222:Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 1363:General Services Administration 632:has been developed through the 486:General Services Administration 433:Value of government procurement 85:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 2844:Defense Acquisition University 2597:US Code, Title 41, section 252 2298:Top 100 US Federal Contractors 2265:Defense Acquisition University 2064:Competition In Contracting Act 2046:Competition in Contracting Act 1449:Contract administration issues 1440:Product or service description 1401:Life cycle costs if applicable 1093:Initial Operational Capability 999:Adaptive Acquisition Framework 907:Federal Acquisition Regulation 893:Federal Acquisition Regulation 887:Federal Acquisition Regulation 729:Armed Services Procurement Act 717:Federal Acquisition Reform Act 703:Behind any federal government 634:Federal Acquisition Regulation 622:Armed Services Procurement Act 425:(Public Contracts) within the 1: 2731:. 8 June 2022. Archived from 2414:"Federal Procurement Reports" 2270:Defense Contract Audit Agency 1536:3. Source selection criteria 1063:, among other requirements. 3557:. Management Concepts, Inc. 3555:Source Selection Answer Book 2220:and is registered under the 1873:Metrics/performance measures 1446:Environmental considerations 1052:Acquisition Program Baseline 875:Adarand Constructors v. Peña 802:http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm 3622:Public Contract Law Journal 3553:Edwards, Vernon J. (2006). 3366:, accessed 30 November 2022 3319:, accessed 31 December 2023 3307:, accessed 20 December 2023 3120:, accessed 23 February 2023 2293:Small and medium enterprise 1425:Source selection procedures 1100:Full Operational Capability 1089:Low Rate Initial Production 959:Trade-in or sales authority 899:Code of Federal Regulations 638:Code of Federal Regulations 258:content into sub-articles, 3669: 2969:Matter of Airtronics, Inc. 2645:, accessed 26 January 2023 1951:terminations for cause or 1894:Meaningful to the customer 1876: 1621: 1428:Acquisition considerations 1174:Secretary of the Air Force 1158: 890: 746: 659:United States Constitution 436: 3484:Oyer, Darrell J. (2005). 3465:J. Edward Murphy (2005). 3178:"Uniform Contract Format" 2839:"Program of Record (POR)" 2683:US Dept of the Treasury, 2509:30 U.S. 5 Pet. 115 (1831) 2260:Contract adjustment board 1811:Source selection criteria 1806:Source selection criteria 1404:Capability or performance 1370:Federal Prison Industries 808:Procurement Integrity Act 567:Articles of Confederation 557:, treaties, implementing 480:Health and Human Services 3522:Manos, Karen L. (2004). 3505:Construction Contracting 2518:The FAR can be found at 2111:Cancellation of contract 1582:Requirement overbundling 1507:Stripped Down Components 1483:significant subfactors). 1443:Logistics considerations 1119:Analysis of Alternatives 3469:. Management Concepts. 3448:Government Contract Law 3389:Secretary of the Senate 3241:, accessed 28 July 2020 3023:, accessed 23 June 2020 3004:, accessed 24 June 2020 2916:, accessed 22 July 2020 2687:, accessed 11 July 2020 2436:"FY 2010 – Departments" 1927:Contract administration 1856:Sole-source procurement 1463:sole-source procurement 649:Uniform Commercial Code 3627:Government Procurement 3395:, accessed 19 May 2022 3379:, accessed 19 May 2022 3000:June 26, 2020, at the 2357:, accessed 9 July 2020 1818:Simplified Acquisition 1791: 1697:Simplified Acquisition 1515:except as an example) 1176:or the Administrator, 1074: 1056:government contractors 1020: 994: 700: 386:government procurement 347:government procurement 3131:"GSA - GSA Schedules" 3043:Cal-Tex Lumber Co Inc 2167:real options analysis 2157:Real options analysis 2151:Terminations Handbook 2098:Contract Disputes Act 2091:Contract Disputes Act 1946:equitable adjustments 1437:Budgeting and funding 1395:Applicable conditions 1289:sealed bidding system 1244:Request for Proposals 1072: 992: 985:Military acquisitions 949:Executive Order 13788 941:free trade agreements 698: 468:Department of Defense 417:(Money and Finance), 378:US Federal Government 3353:Aerospace Conference 2500:U.S. Const., Art. VI 2351:Bloomberg Government 1760:the same weakness). 1664:rewrite this section 1238:Preparing a proposal 1205:Acquisition Planning 1155:Contracting Officers 1145:Request for Proposal 939:(GPA) and also some 673:necessary and proper 655:a prime contractor. 474:Department of Energy 453:Obama administration 361:), and interests in 94:improve this article 2886:on 28 January 2022. 2245:Economic conversion 2181:Wartime contracting 2024:189 Ct.Cl. at 257). 1922:Contract management 1167:Contracting Officer 1161:Contracting Officer 976:Acquisition process 345:, the processes of 196:rewrite the content 3594:2008-06-26 at the 3237:2020-07-28 at the 3217:2011-09-28 at the 3077:2017-02-11 at the 3048:2020-07-09 at the 3019:2020-06-24 at the 2912:2020-07-22 at the 2851:on 21 August 2022. 2827:on 21 August 2022. 2240:Cost-plus contract 2073:2007-07-27 at the 1879:Performance metric 1778:2007-07-27 at the 1185:apparent authority 1075: 1041:Programs of Record 995: 931:Overseas suppliers 879:affirmative action 818:Operation Ill Wind 785:Antideficiency Act 759:Antideficiency Act 749:Antideficiency Act 743:Antideficiency Act 737:Antideficiency Act 701: 645:federal common law 630:administrative law 427:United States Code 3338:978-953-7619-96-1 2905:Acquisition.gov, 2326:National Archives 2234:Conjoint analysis 1681: 1680: 1657:a manual or guide 1630:statement of work 1624:Statement of work 1618:Statement of work 1489:Market research: 1419:Potential sources 1277:Revolutionary War 1248:statement of work 1143:Development RFP ( 1132:Decision Points: 1047:Program of Record 836:President Kennedy 665:enumerated powers 551:U.S. Constitution 339: 338: 331: 321: 320: 285: 284: 229: 228: 170: 169: 162: 144: 67: 16:(Redirected from 3660: 3568: 3527: 3518: 3499: 3480: 3461: 3442: 3423: 3396: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3133:. Archived from 3127: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 2991: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2872: 2864: 2853: 2852: 2847:. Archived from 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2820:. Archived from 2815: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2789:A Way with Words 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2738:on 23 June 2022. 2737: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2675: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2535: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2348: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2318: 2218:Washington, D.C. 2208:Contractor voice 2190:Truman Committee 2003:black letter law 1676: 1673: 1667: 1655:is written like 1648: 1647: 1640: 1636:Source selection 1267:, describes how 919:Federal Register 840:President Reagan 603:Executive branch 523:General Dynamics 413:(Armed Forces), 388:usually involve 334: 327: 316: 313: 307: 295: 294: 287: 280: 277: 271: 239: 238: 231: 224: 221: 215: 180: 179: 172: 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 143: 102: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3638: 3637: 3596:Wayback Machine 3579:Acquisition.gov 3575: 3565: 3552: 3526:. Thomson-West. 3521: 3515: 3502: 3496: 3483: 3477: 3464: 3458: 3445: 3439: 3426: 3420: 3407: 3404: 3402:Further reading 3399: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3344: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3239:Wayback Machine 3229: 3225: 3219:Wayback Machine 3210: 3206: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3079:Wayback Machine 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3050:Wayback Machine 3040: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3021:Wayback Machine 3012: 3008: 3002:Wayback Machine 2992: 2988: 2980:Manuel, K. 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Definithing 2764: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2398:September 30, 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2032:Modifications 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1980:delay damages 1977: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1964:DCMA Handbook 1957: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944:requests for 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900:Shows a trend 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1672:February 2020 1665: 1660: 1658: 1653:This section 1651: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1625: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:Robert Morris 1266: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1011: 1005: 1003: 1000: 991: 984: 982: 975: 973: 969: 967: 958: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 930: 928: 924: 921: 920: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 894: 886: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 858: 857: 853: 851: 850:violations". 849: 843: 841: 837: 830: 828: 825: 823: 819: 815: 807: 805: 803: 799: 793: 789: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 755: 750: 742: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:appropriation 710: 706: 697: 690: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 656: 652: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 607: 604: 599: 594: 586: 584: 582: 581:U.S. Congress 578: 577: 572: 571:Supreme Court 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 544: 542: 536: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 508: 507: 505: 501: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 465: 464: 462: 457: 454: 450: 444: 440: 432: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 403:consideration 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 363:real property 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:United States 333: 330: 315: 312:December 2018 303: 298: 289: 288: 279: 269: 265: 261: 257: 251: 249: 244:This article 242: 233: 232: 223: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 191: 190: 185:This article 183: 174: 173: 164: 161: 153: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: – 110: 106: 105:Find sources: 99: 95: 89: 88: 83:This article 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 3589:Business.gov 3554: 3523: 3504: 3485: 3466: 3447: 3428: 3409: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3329: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3268: 3259: 3246: 3226: 3211:FAR 8.405-2 3207: 3194: 3182:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Government procurement in the United States

Index