330:
296:. The vapor then condenses into tiny water droplets which freeze if the temperature is low enough. These millions of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals form the contrails. The time taken for the vapor to cool enough to condense accounts for the contrail forming some distance behind the aircraft. At high altitudes, supercooled water vapor requires a trigger to encourage deposition or condensation. The exhaust particles in the aircraft's exhaust act as this trigger, causing the trapped vapor to condense rapidly. Exhaust contrails usually form at high altitudes; usually above 8,000 m (26,000 ft), where the air temperature is below −36.5
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2.8 °C (5 °F) in the US midwest. However, follow-up studies found that a natural change in cloud cover can more than explain these findings. The authors of a 2008 study wrote, "The variations in high cloud cover, including contrails and contrail-induced cirrus clouds, contribute weakly to the changes in the diurnal temperature range, which is governed primarily by lower altitude clouds, winds, and humidity."
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accumulated from aviation, and could triple from a 2006 baseline to 160–180 mW/m by 2050 without intervention. For comparison, the total radiative forcing from human activities amounted to 2.72 W/m (with a range between 1.96 and 3.48W/m) in 2019, and the increase from 2011 to 2019 alone amounted
371:
The visible cores of wingtip vortices contrast with the other major type of contrails which are caused by the combustion of fuel. Contrails produced from jet engine exhaust are seen at high altitude, directly behind each engine. By contrast, the visible cores of wingtip vortices are usually seen only
196:
engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruising altitudes several kilometres/miles above the Earth's surface. They are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals. The combination of water vapor in aircraft engine exhaust and the low ambient temperatures at high
287:
and particles of soot have been observed at lower concentrations. The exact quality is a function of engine type and basic combustion engine function, with up to 30% of aircraft exhaust being unburned fuel. (Micron-sized metallic particles resulting from engine wear have also been detected.) At high
528:
led to a reduction in global air traffic of nearly 70% relative to 2019. Thus, it provided an extended opportunity to study the impact of contrails on regional and global temperature. Multiple studies found "no significant response of diurnal surface air temperature range" as the result of contrail
363:
persist in the atmosphere long after the aircraft has passed. The reduction in pressure and temperature across each vortex can cause water to condense and make the cores of the wingtip vortices visible; this effect is more common on humid days. Wingtip vortices can sometimes be seen behind the wing
604:
in solid phase). This may happen when air with a high proportion of gaseous water cools. A distrail forms when the heat of engine exhaust evaporates the liquid water droplets in a cloud, turning them back into invisible, gaseous water vapor. Distrails also may arise as a result of enhanced mixing
489:
in the continental United States, this increase was the largest recorded in 30 years. Without contrails, the local diurnal temperature range was 1 °C (1.8 °F) higher than immediately before. In the southern US, the difference was diminished by about 3.3 °C (6 °F), and by
570:
Where an aircraft passes through a cloud, it can disperse the cloud in its path. This is known as a distrail (short for "dissipation trail"). The plane's warm engine exhaust and enhanced vertical mixing in the aircraft's wake can cause existing cloud droplets to evaporate. If the cloud is
536:
An EU project launched in 2020 aims to assess the feasibility of minimising contrail effects by the operational choices in making flight plans. Other similar projects include
ContrailNet from Eurocontrol, Reviate, and the Ciconia project, as well as Google's 'project contrail'.
316:
at cruising altitude with a sample-gathering aircraft flying in trail. In these samples, the contrail-producing soot particle count was reduced by 50 to 70 percent, using a 50% blend of conventional Jet A1 fuel and HEFA (hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids) biofuel produced from
397:
In firearms, a vapor trail is sometimes observed when firing under rare conditions, due to condensation induced by changes in air pressure around the bullet. A vapor trail from a bullet is observable from any direction. Vapor trail should not be confused with
63:
553:
gained media attention as a "mystery missile" that could not be explained by U.S. military and aviation authorities, and its explanation as a contrail took more than 24 hours to become accepted by U.S. media and military institutions.
66:
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65:
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contribute 60 to 80% of contrail radiative forcing while accounting for 25% of daily air traffic, and winter flights contribute half of the annual mean radiative forcing while accounting for 22% of annual air traffic.
311:
could reduce contrail generation. This reduction was explained by demonstrating that biofuels produce fewer soot particles, which are the nuclei around which the ice crystals form. The tests were performed by flying a
461:
to 0.34W/m. Contrail effects differ a lot depending on when they are formed, as they decrease the daytime temperature and increase the nighttime temperature, reducing their difference. In 2006, it was estimated that
222:
Depending on the temperature and humidity at the altitude where the contrails form, they may be visible for only a few seconds or minutes, or persist long enough to form near continuous layers of cirrus cloud.
372:
at low altitude where the aircraft is travelling slowly after takeoff or before landing, and where the ambient humidity is higher; they trail behind the wingtips and wing flaps rather than behind the engines.
502:
830:
Ritchie, Glenn; Still, Kenneth; Rossi Iii, John; Bekkedal, Marni; Bobb, Andrew; Arfsten, Darryl (2003). "Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives".
68:
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Engine exhaust is predominantly made up of water and carbon dioxide, the combustion products of hydrocarbon fuels. Many other chemical byproducts of incomplete hydrocarbon fuel combustion, including
474:
209:
for water droplet growth in the exhaust. If water droplets form, they can freeze to form ice particles that compose a contrail. Their formation can also be triggered by changes in air pressure in
571:
sufficiently thin, such processes can yield a cloud-free corridor in an otherwise solid cloud layer. An early satellite observation of distrails that most likely were elongated, aircraft-induced
469:
Starting from the 1990s, it was suggested that contrails during daytime have a strong cooling effect, and when combined with the warming from night-time flights, this would lead to a substantial
749:
2559:
402:, a refractive effect due to changes in air pressure as the bullet travels, which is a much more common phenomenon (and is usually only observable directly from behind the shooter).
524:
after they flew in a formation. However, its authors cautioned that this was a single event, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions from it. Then, the global response to the
2150:
694:
2180:
1130:
605:(entrainment) of drier air immediately above or below a thin cloud layer following passage of an aircraft through the cloud, as shown in the second image below:
1338:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2362:
921:
2034:
383:
speeds, causing a sudden drop in air pressure. This creates the condensation fog (inside the intake) which is often observed by air travelers during takeoff.
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329:
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A contrail from an airplane flying towards the observer can appear to be generated by an object moving vertically. On 8 November 2010 in the US state of
433:. In 1992, this warming effect was estimated between 3.5 mW/m and 17 mW/m. In 2009, its 2005 value was estimated at 12 mW/m, based on the
1131:"Aviation's dirty secret: Airplane contrails are a surprisingly potent cause of global warming Warming effect of thin, white clouds will triple by 2050"
67:
1549:"Regional Variations in U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range for the 11–14 September 2001 Aircraft Groundings: Evidence of Jet Contrail Influence on Climate"
3182:
757:
1965:
Zhu, Jialei; Penner, Joyce E.; Garnier, Anne; Boucher, Olivier; Gao, Meng; Song, Lei; Deng, Junjun; Liu, Cong-qiang; Fu, Pingqing (18 March 2022).
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1614:
1722:
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A 2013–2014 study jointly supported by NASA, the German aerospace center DLR, and Canada's
National Research Council NRC, determined that
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It is considered that the largest contribution of aviation to climate change comes from contrails. In general, aircraft contrails trap
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1000:
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2035:"EUROCONTROL launches ContrailNet - the new network to create a common repository of contrail observation data | EUROCONTROL"
805:
3542:
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482:
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213:, or in the air over the entire wing surface. Contrails, and other clouds caused directly by human activity, are called
31:
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615:
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38:
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2347:
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altitudes as this water vapor emerges into a cold environment, the localized increase in water vapor can raise the
264:
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45:
2008:
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identified one event where the temperature was 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) higher than the day's average near
387:
1967:"Decreased Aviation Leads to Increased Ice Crystal Number and a Positive Radiative Effect in Cirrus Clouds"
1333:
3424:
3419:
2885:
2777:
2496:
2425:
2416:
434:
3318:
3163:
2880:
2798:
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897:
3547:
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1631:
1560:
1503:
1419:
1371:
1305:
1215:
1170:
958:
478:
445:; with an uncertainty range of 5 to 26 mW/m, and with a low level of scientific understanding.
1883:"An Observational Constraint on Aviation-Induced Cirrus From the COVID-19-Induced Flight Disruption"
1755:
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2970:
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altitudes causes the trails' formation. Impurities in the engine exhaust from the fuel, including
3373:
3092:
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3019:
3002:
2863:
2817:
2803:
2532:
1863:
1655:
1586:
1529:
1443:
1387:
1360:"The impacts of long-lived jet contrail 'outbreaks' on surface station diurnal temperature range"
992:
856:
719:
268:
2256:
1881:
Digby, Ruth A. R.; Gillett, Nathan P.; Monahan, Adam H.; Cole, Jason N. S. (29 September 2021).
1682:"Impact of unusually clear weather on United States daily temperature range following 9/11/2001"
3460:
3414:
3240:
2984:
2928:
2628:
2517:
1914:
1647:
1521:
1435:
1406:"The importance of the diurnal and annual cycle of air traffic for contrail radiative forcing"
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984:
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530:
430:
289:
227:
are of particular interest to scientists. The resulting cloud forms are formally described as
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Contrail cirrus may be air traffic's largest radiative forcing component, larger than all CO
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1340:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32,
359:
when deployed (wingtips and flap boundaries represent discontinuities in airflow). These
1849:
1741:
1697:
1635:
1564:
1507:
1423:
1375:
1309:
1219:
1174:
962:
944:"Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions"
882:
779:
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2772:
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1909:
1882:
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979:
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252:
236:
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compounds (0.05% by weight in jet fuel) provide some of the particles that serve as
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2286:
1681:
1659:
1533:
1447:
1227:
996:
620:
510:
348:
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231:, and may resemble cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus, and are sometimes called
3340:
2610:
646:
498:
124:
3097:
3086:
2294:
1405:
1345:
1078:
1052:
651:
546:
376:
301:
1950:
1318:
3125:
1721:
Hong, Gang; Yang, Ping; Minnis, Patrick; Hu, Yong X.; North, Gerald (2008).
380:
293:
2111:
1918:
1651:
1525:
1439:
1245:
988:
852:
844:
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304:). They can also form closer to the ground when the air is cold and moist.
2433:
1993:
1932:
Gettelman, Andrew; Chen, Chieh-Chieh; Bardeen, Charles G. (18 June 2021).
1983:
1966:
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1183:
1156:
318:
280:
193:
17:
1431:
970:
514:
308:
297:
1337:
473:(the difference in the day's highs and lows at a fixed station). When
2420:
1858:
1834:"World War II contrails: A case study of aviation-induced cloudiness"
1833:
1706:
1383:
1199:
352:
256:
202:
189:
2396:
1643:
1516:
1491:
1268:"It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought"
505:(left) and with regular air traffic and the right conditions (right)
493:
425:
emitted by the Earth and atmosphere more than they reflect incoming
2112:"Project Contrails: Preventing Contrails with AI - Google Research"
3485:
2590:
1613:
Travis, David J.; Carleton, Andrew M.; Lauritsen, Ryan G. (2002).
1463:"September's Science: Shutdown of airlines aided contrail studies"
580:
561:
518:
492:
447:
409:
328:
284:
276:
246:
106:
82:
2596:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
2116:
Project
Contrails: Preventing Contrails with AI - Google Research
1782:"World War II Bomber Contrails Show How Aviation Affects Climate"
509:
In 2011, a study of
British meteorological records taken during
485:
was widened by 1.1 °C (2.0 °F). Measured across 4,000
414:
198:
27:
Long, thin artificial clouds that sometimes form behind aircraft
2563:
2437:
529:
changes, and either "no net significant global ERF" (effective
3261:
2409:
2206:
2009:"A unique opportunity to accelerate development | EUROCONTROL"
3179:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
1547:
Travis, D. J.; A. M. Carleton; R. G. Lauritsen (March 2004).
750:"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types"
2412:| Reference site for debunking weird stories about contrails
1723:"Do contrails significantly reduce daily temperature range?"
2711:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
1573:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1123:RVIUDT>2.0.CO;2
1490:
Travis, D. J.; A. Carleton; R. G. Lauritsen (August 2002).
162:
1294:"Contrail cirrus radiative forcing for future air traffic"
922:"Biofuels Could Reduce Contrail Formation, Research Finds"
375:
At high-thrust settings the fan blades at the intake of a
364:
flaps of airliners during takeoff and landing, and during
150:
2060:
1934:"The climate impact of COVID-19-induced contrail changes"
588:
in gas phase) condenses into microscopic water droplets (
1200:"Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century"
417:
photograph showing aircraft contrails and natural clouds
2141:"Mystery 'missile' likely a jet contrail, says expert"
833:
Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B
168:
153:
147:
3185:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
2177:"A Problem of Perspective – New Year's Eve Contrail"
235:. Some persistent spreading contrails contribute to
165:
159:
156:
3494:
3453:
3407:
3398:
3356:
3331:
3284:
3275:
3249:
3226:
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3149:
3138:
3107:
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3001:
2983:
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2927:
2918:
2898:
2871:
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2825:
2816:
2791:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2700:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2541:
2510:
2474:
2283:"Pentagon: 'Mystery missile' was probably airplane"
628:– particle detector that works on similar principle
596:
in liquid phase) or into microscopic ice crystals (
144:
123:
115:
105:
95:
81:
55:
3506:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
3503:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
896:
30:"Vapor trail" redirects here. For other uses, see
2203:"Pentagon Can't Explain "Missile" off California"
243:Condensation trails as a result of engine exhaust
1485:
1483:
1358:Bernhardt, J.; Carleton, A. M. (14 March 2015),
1047:
1045:
1043:
942:Richard H. Moore; et al. (15 March 2017).
806:"The fastest ways aviation could cut emissions"
2317:"Distrail on Earth Science Picture of the Day"
2061:"Reviate - Contrail avoidance for the climate"
355:to form at the wingtip, and at the tip of the
2575:
2449:
780:"Cirrus Aviaticus – Cirrus – Names of Clouds"
452:USAAF 8th Air Force B-17s and their contrails
8:
2346:Corfidi, Stephen; Brandli, Hank (May 1986).
1808:"WWII Bombing Raids Altered English Weather"
1404:Stuber, Nicola; et al. (15 June 2006).
1024:. April–May 2014. p. 39. Archived from
1587:"Jet contrails affect surface temperatures"
3404:
3281:
3223:
3146:
3053:
3042:
3009:
2933:
2924:
2868:
2822:
2750:
2741:
2732:
2678:
2669:
2624:
2615:
2582:
2568:
2560:
2456:
2442:
2434:
1615:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range"
1492:"Contrails reduce daily temperature range"
909:, Rich Moore & Hans Schlager, authors.
61:
2683:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1992:
1982:
1949:
1908:
1898:
1857:
1749:
1705:
1515:
1317:
1235:
1182:
978:
743:
741:
682:
680:
678:
2604:Latin terminology except where indicated
2421:"Skeptoid #27: Chemtrails: Real or Not?"
2406:| Galleys of contrails and aviation smog
2397:Contrails.nl: Contrails and AviationSmog
599:
591:
582:
578:Clouds form when invisible water vapor (
575:appeared in Corfidi and Brandli (1986).
566:A distrail is the opposite of a contrail
2907:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
2170:
2168:
2087:"Leading the Way in Contrail Avoidance"
905:. 20–24 March 2017. Paper published in
674:
394:) sometimes produce visible contrails.
386:The tips of rotating surfaces (such as
325:Condensation from decreases in pressure
1292:Bock, Lisa; Burkhardt, Ulrike (2019).
700:from the original on 28 September 2006
337:with propeller tip vortex condensation
52:
2263:from the original on 13 November 2010
2213:from the original on 10 November 2010
2183:from the original on 12 November 2010
2153:from the original on 10 November 2010
2134:
2132:
76:A jet forming contrails in a blue sky
7:
1838:International Journal of Climatology
1786:scientificamerican.com (ClimateWire)
1364:Journal of International Climatology
903:Aviation Week & Space Technology
3309:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
3304:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
1103:Norseman, Dave the (15 June 2017).
1006:from the original on 27 April 2019.
920:Sean Broderick (24 December 2017).
748:Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017).
533:) or a very small warming effect.
3294:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
2850:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
2845:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
2368:from the original on 21 April 2017
2293:. 10 November 2010. Archived from
2255:Bahneman, Liem (9 November 2010).
2085:Andrews, Siân (13 December 2023).
1255:from the original on 16 July 2016.
25:
2966:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
2961:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
2835:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
2139:McKee, Maggie (9 November 2010).
1938:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1832:Ryan, A. C.; et al. (2012).
1298:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1157:"On contrail climate sensitivity"
1155:Ponater, M.; et al. (2005).
429:, resulting in a net increase in
259:at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
3071:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
2946:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
2704:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
1266:Michael Le Page (27 June 2019).
1198:Lee, D. S.; et al. (2009).
756:. Pelmorex Media. Archived from
632:Environmental impact of aviation
273:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
140:
91:), cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus
3250:St-only genitus cloud and other
2886:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
2348:"GOES views aircraft distrails"
2232:Pike, John E. (November 2010).
2175:West, Mick (10 November 2010).
1680:Kalkstein; Balling Jr. (2004).
3319:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
3299:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
3080:Cb-only supplementary features
2881:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
2257:"It was US Airways flight 808"
1228:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024
1053:"Vapor trail and Bullet trace"
688:"Aircraft Contrails Factsheet"
1:
3257:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
3115:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
3108:Cb-only accessories and other
2956:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
2840:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
1461:Perkins, Sid. (11 May 2002),
1129:KATIE CAMERO (28 June 2019).
1079:"Vapor Trail vs Bullet Trace"
726:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
503:air travel disruption in 2010
483:diurnal temperature variation
477:across the USA following the
471:diurnal temperature variation
3066:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
2971:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
2951:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
2645:Noctilucent type III billows
1887:Geophysical Research Letters
1806:Parry, Wynne (7 July 2011).
1780:Irfan, Umair (7 July 2011).
1730:Geophysical Research Letters
1162:Geophysical Research Letters
32:Vapor Trail (disambiguation)
3020:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
2763:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
2482:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
616:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
475:no commercial aircraft flew
423:outgoing longwave radiation
39:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
3579:
3241:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
3175:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
3169:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
2804:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
2648:Noctilucent type IV whirls
2533:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
875:"Contrail Education – FAQ"
340:
265:volatile organic compounds
43:
36:
29:
3098:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
3087:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
2778:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
2642:Noctilucent type II bands
2518:Cirrus duplicatus (Ci du)
2497:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
2234:"Mystery Missile Madness"
1346:10.1017/9781009157896.001
1105:"Language Lessons: TRACE"
526:2020 coronavirus pandemic
207:cloud condensation nuclei
60:
46:Contrail (disambiguation)
3236:Stratus fractus (St fra)
3164:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
3143:Variable vertical extent
3093:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
2768:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2639:Noctilucent type I veils
2633:Polar mesospheric clouds
2487:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2402:20 February 2011 at the
1951:10.5194/acp-21-9405-2021
1334:Summary for Policymakers
1319:10.5194/acp-19-8163-2019
898:"The Week in Technology"
501:without contrails after
443:radiative transfer codes
37:Not to be confused with
3314:Stratocumulus Undulatus
2799:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
2783:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
2773:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
2528:Cirrus radiatus (Ci ra)
2523:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
2502:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
2492:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
2355:National Weather Digest
1018:"Photos from the field"
724:Encyclopædia Britannica
3454:Supplementary features
3334:supplementary features
845:10.1080/10937400306473
567:
506:
453:
418:
338:
260:
3558:Cloud and fog physics
3497:and human-made clouds
2993:Altostratus undulatus
2702:Nitric acid and water
1977:(2): ee2020GL089788.
1893:(20): e2021GL095882.
1469:, Science News Online
565:
551:contrail of this type
496:
451:
413:
332:
250:
111:Family A (High-level)
101:(25,000 to 40,000 ft)
3543:Aviation meteorology
2419:(15 February 2007).
2236:. GlobalSecurity.org
1984:10.1029/2021AV000546
1900:10.1029/2021GL095882
1751:10.1029/2008GL036108
1184:10.1029/2005GL022580
804:Timperley, Jocelyn.
479:September 11 attacks
347:As a wing generates
225:Persistent contrails
44:For other uses, see
3515:Homomutatus (homut)
3511:Homogenitus (hogen)
3481:Praecipitatio (pra)
2693:Lenticular nacreous
2209:. 9 November 2010.
2039:www.eurocontrol.int
2013:www.eurocontrol.int
1850:2012IJCli..32.1745R
1742:2008GeoRL..3523815H
1698:2004ClRes..26....1K
1636:2002Natur.418..601T
1565:2004JCli...17.1123T
1508:2002Natur.418..601T
1432:10.1038/nature04877
1424:2006Natur.441..864S
1376:2015IJCli..35.4529B
1310:2019ACP....19.8163B
1220:2009AtmEn..43.3520L
1175:2005GeoRL..3210706P
971:10.1038/nature21420
963:2017Natur.543..411M
754:The Weather Network
3277:Stratocumulus (Sc)
3264:(Fg) Surface level
3205:Trade wind cumulus
2690:Cirriform nacreous
2391:Contrail Education
2327:on 16 October 2002
2297:on 12 January 2012
2015:. 16 November 2020
568:
507:
454:
419:
406:Impacts on climate
339:
261:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3440:Translucidus (tr)
3394:
3393:
3327:
3326:
3271:
3270:
3213:
3212:
3134:
3133:
3050:Towering vertical
3047:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3003:Nimbostratus (Ns)
2979:
2978:
2914:
2913:
2894:
2893:
2864:Cirrostratus (Cs)
2858:
2857:
2818:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
2812:
2811:
2792:Ci-only varieties
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2557:
2556:
2465:Cirrus cloud (Ci)
2393:(archived) | NASA
2041:. 7 November 2023
1944:(12): 9405–9416.
1844:(11): 1745–1753.
1370:(15): 4529–4538,
1214:(22): 3520–3537.
1109:Breach Bang Clear
1022:Vertical Magazine
957:(7645): 411–415.
784:namesofclouds.com
541:Head-on contrails
531:radiative forcing
522:strategic bombers
431:radiative forcing
290:relative humidity
133:
132:
99:7,500 to 12,000 m
72:
16:(Redirected from
3570:
3405:
3385:Actinoform cloud
3282:
3224:
3147:
3121:Overshooting top
3054:
3043:
3010:
2985:Altostratus (As)
2934:
2929:Altocumulus (Ac)
2925:
2869:
2823:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2679:
2670:
2625:
2616:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2549:Cirrus aviaticus
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2430:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:. Archived from
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1859:10.1002/joc.2392
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1754:. Archived from
1753:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:10.3354/cr026001
1686:Climate Research
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1662:. Archived from
1619:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:10.1002/joc.4303
1355:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1239:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
982:
948:
939:
933:
932:
930:
928:
917:
911:
910:
900:
893:
887:
886:
885:on 8 April 2016.
881:. Archived from
871:
865:
864:
827:
821:
820:
818:
816:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
745:
736:
735:
733:
731:
716:
710:
709:
707:
705:
699:
692:
684:
603:
595:
587:
573:fallstreak holes
487:weather stations
361:wingtip vortices
343:Wingtip vortices
294:saturation point
292:of the air past
233:cirrus aviaticus
211:wingtip vortices
188:are line-shaped
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
74:
73:
53:
21:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3563:Climate forcing
3533:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3507:
3496:
3490:
3461:Asperitas (asp)
3449:
3430:Perlucidus (pe)
3415:Duplicatus (du)
3400:
3390:
3387:(Stratocumulus)
3360:accessory cloud
3358:
3352:
3333:
3323:
3267:
3245:
3209:
3188:
3142:
3130:
3103:
3075:
3049:
3038:
3024:
3005:
2997:
2975:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2899:High-level-only
2890:
2854:
2808:
2787:
2737:
2714:
2703:
2696:
2674:
2673:Very high-level
2651:
2632:
2620:
2605:
2588:
2558:
2553:
2537:
2506:
2470:
2462:
2415:
2410:Contral Science
2404:Wayback Machine
2387:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1812:livescience.com
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1644:10.1038/418601a
1617:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1517:10.1038/418601a
1489:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1418:(7095): 864–7.
1403:
1402:
1398:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1331:
1327:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1208:Atmos. Environ.
1202:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1135:www.science.org
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1059:. 9 August 2018
1051:
1050:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:on 16 July 2014
1016:
1015:
1011:
1003:
946:
941:
940:
936:
926:
924:
919:
918:
914:
895:
894:
890:
873:
872:
868:
829:
828:
824:
814:
812:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
778:
777:
773:
763:
761:
747:
746:
739:
729:
727:
718:
717:
713:
703:
701:
697:
690:
686:
685:
676:
671:
666:
657:Space jellyfish
637:Fallstreak hole
611:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
579:
560:
543:
459:
427:solar radiation
408:
377:turbofan engine
345:
327:
251:Contrails of a
245:
143:
139:
100:
77:
62:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3495:Mother clouds
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3445:Undulatus (un)
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Lacunosus (la)
3417:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3357:Low-level-only
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3332:Low-level-only
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2417:Dunning, Brian
2413:
2407:
2394:
2386:
2385:External links
2383:
2380:
2379:
2338:
2308:
2274:
2247:
2224:
2194:
2164:
2128:
2103:
2077:
2052:
2026:
2000:
1994:2027.42/172020
1957:
1924:
1873:
1824:
1798:
1772:
1761:on 22 May 2023
1736:(23): L23815.
1713:
1672:
1669:on 3 May 2006.
1605:
1595:, 18 June 2015
1578:
1539:
1479:
1453:
1396:
1350:
1325:
1284:
1258:
1190:
1169:(10): L10706.
1147:
1121:
1095:
1070:
1057:Sniper Country
1039:
1009:
934:
912:
888:
866:
839:(4): 357–451.
822:
796:
771:
760:on 31 May 2022
737:
720:"vapour trail"
711:
673:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
642:Global dimming
639:
634:
629:
623:
618:
612:
610:
607:
559:
556:
542:
539:
497:The sky above
457:
439:climate models
407:
404:
351:, it causes a
341:Main article:
326:
323:
253:Boeing 747-438
244:
241:
237:climate change
131:
130:
127:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
107:Classification
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
85:
79:
78:
75:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3575:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Fluctus (flu)
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Radiatus (ra)
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3349:Funnel cloud)
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:mutatus cloud
2897:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Stratospheric
2662:
2647:
2644:
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3006:Multi-level
2746:Cirrus (Ci)
2629:Noctilucent
2611:Mesospheric
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2267:10 November
2240:11 November
2217:10 November
2187:10 November
2157:10 November
1559:(5): 1123.
810:www.bbc.com
693:. FAA.Gov.
647:Ship tracks
229:homomutatus
216:homogenitus
3537:Categories
3399:Non-height
2736:High-level
2372:13 October
2331:11 January
1817:13 October
1791:13 October
1599:13 October
1473:13 October
1277:13 October
1114:13 October
1088:13 October
1063:13 October
927:13 October
789:13 October
669:References
652:Skywriting
547:California
435:reanalysis
388:propellers
368:landings.
333:A vintage
300:(−34
279:organics,
277:oxygenated
180:densation
119:Long bands
116:Appearance
3408:Varieties
3362:and other
3200:Horseshoe
3126:Hot tower
3037:Low-level
3013:Varieties
2511:Varieties
2361:: 37–39.
2091:NATS Blog
1868:129296874
1765:6 January
1392:128789946
558:Distrails
381:transonic
269:inorganic
136:Contrails
56:Contrails
18:Contrails
3401:specific
2675:15–30 km
2621:80–85 km
2542:Variants
2426:Skeptoid
2400:Archived
2363:Archived
2261:Archived
2211:Archived
2181:Archived
2151:Archived
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1526:12167846
1440:16778887
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1001:Archived
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764:24 March
730:17 April
695:Archived
609:See also
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319:camelina
309:biofuels
281:alcohols
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2873:Species
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2755:Species
2738:3–18 km
2475:Species
1910:8667656
1846:Bibcode
1738:Bibcode
1694:Bibcode
1660:4425866
1632:Bibcode
1561:Bibcode
1553:J. Clim
1534:4425866
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1171:Bibcode
1083:YouTube
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980:8025803
959:Bibcode
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203:sulfur
190:clouds
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