Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova

520: 141:.) On the question whether ethnic Moldovans differ from ethnic Romanians, 26% of the self-proclaimed Moldovans said "very different", 55% "somewhat different", and only 5% saw no difference. In contrast, on the question about the difference between the Moldovan and Romanian language, 53.5% saw no difference, 33.3% considered them "somewhat different", and 11% did not know. Kolstø et al. concluded that "Whatever the Romanian-speaking population of Moldavia used to regard themselves in the interwar period, the vast majority of them have now internalized a Moldovan ethnic identity." They noted however that this identity is only "weakly related" to language. 1053:

educated under Russian rule spoke predominantly Russian, and despised Romania as "uncivilized" and the culture of its elite, of which it knew very little. The campaign to promote Romanian identity in Moldova was unsuccessful, and led to tensions amongst the Slavic and Gaugauz minorities in Moldova. The resistance from the Moldovan population was so large that Romanian authorities instated a "state of siege" in Moldova between 1918 and 1928, restricting civil rights, giving law enforcements additional power and maintaining military presence in the region. Three major uprisings against Romanian rule took place in that period - first one near

145:

same) to 5 (completely different). The poll shows that 26% of the entire sample, which includes all ethnic groups, claim the two identities are the same or very similar, whereas 47% claim they are different or entirely different. The results vary significantly among different categories of subjects. For instance, 33% of the young respondents (ages 18–29) chose the same or very similar, and 44% different or very different. Among the senior respondents (aged over 60), the corresponding figures were 18.5% and 53%. One of the largest deviation from the country average was among the residents of capital

1072:, as well as to the low competence and corruption of some of the new Romanian administration in this province, the process of "turning Bessarabian peasants into Romanians" was less successful than in other regions and was soon to be disrupted by the Soviet occupation. Cristina Petrescu thinks that the transition between the Tsarist-type of local administration to the centralized Romanian administration alienated many Moldovans, and many of them felt they were rather occupied than united with "their alleged brothers". Based on the stories told by a group of Bessarabians from the villages of the 3048:, p.123 "rusa era considerată adevarata limbă publică a elitei urbane și a birocrației. Moldovenii ce deveniseră parte a acestei elite sub cârmuirea rusească, deși nu-și uitaseră neapărat limba maternă, n-o mai foloseau în afara relațiilor de familie. Faptul că moldovenii aveau un precar al identității culturale românești se reflecta in disprețul lor față de România, țara pe care mulți dintre ei o priveau ca <necivilizată>. De asemenea disprețuiau cultura elitelor din România, deși o cunoșteau foarte puțin, sau poate tocmai de aceea" 505: 2380:"...pe lângă aceasta se mai cheamă și Valahia, de la Flacci o gintă romană, căci romanii după ce au înfrânt și nimicit pe geți, au adus aci coloniști sub conducerea unui oarecare Flaccus, de unde s-a numit mai întâi Flaccia, apoi, prin stricarea cuvântului, Valahia. Această părere este întărită de faptul că vorbirea romană mai dăinuiește încă la acest neam, dar atât de alterată întru toate, încât abia ar mai putea fi înțeleasă de un roman. Așadar, românii sunt o seminție italică ce se trage, după cum zic ei, din vechii romani..." 3908: 30: 1208: 3461: 1076:, who, notably, chose to move to Romania rather than live under the Soviet regime, Cristina Petrescu suggests that Bessarabia seems to be the only region of Greater Romania where the central authorities did not succeed "in integrating their own coethnics", most of whom "did not even begin to consider themselves part of the Romanian nation, going beyond their allegiance to regional and local ties". 1222: 1194: 1180: 710:). The book, also known as "Cazania of Varlaam" (Varlaam's Homiliary), was the very first printed in Moldavia and large numbers of copies spread in the neighboring provinces inhabited by Romanian speakers. Furthermore, as a reaction to the translation in Transylvania of the Calvinist catechism into Romanian, Metropolitan Varlaam wrote in 1645 a "Response to the Calvinist Catechism" ( 2349:: "Tout ce pays: la Wallachie, la Moldavie et la plus part de la Transylvanie, a esté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Trajan l'empereur... Ceux du pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ... " in Voyage fait par moy, Pierre Lescalopier l'an 1574 de Venise a Constantinople, in: Paul Cernovodeanu, 149:, for whom the figures were 42% and 44%. The poll also shows that, compared to the national average (25%), people are more likely to perceive the two identities as the same or very similar if they are young (33%), are native speakers of Romanian (30%), have higher education (36%) or reside in urban areas (30%), especially in the capital city (42%). 573:(1655–1716) explains that by Romanians he means Romanians from Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia, as they all speak essentially the same language and have a common origin. Nevertheless he also states that, unlike the Wallachians and Transylvanians, which identify as "Romanians", the population of Moldavia identifies as "Moldavian". 626:(1550). Describing the geography of Moldavia he finds that "besides this name it is also called Wallachia" and then speaking about the Moldavian people he says that "the Roman language still endures in this nation...so the Wallachians are an Italian nation, as they claim, from the old Romans". A chronicler and mercenary from Verona, 2095:

Fără a pune accente pe momente sensibile, care ar putea duce la o scindare în societate.", a zis liderul Partidului Democrat, Marian Lupu/"In our opinion, the best option would be the history of our state – the history of the Republic of Moldova. Without focusing on the sensitive moments, which could bring division in our society"

3203:"Moldavian SSR supports the desire of the Moldovans that live across the borders of the Republic, and considering the existing linguistic Moldo-Romanian identity — of the Romanians that live on the territory of the USSR, of doing their studies and satisfying their cultural needs in their native language." 2094:

Vlad Filat, president of PLDM: "Vom învăța istoria noastră – cea a românilor, așa cum este și firesc"/"We will teach our history – that of Romanians, as it is natural" Marian Lupu, president PD: "După părerea noastră, cea mai bună variantă ar fi istoria statului nostru – istoria Republicii Moldova.

1121:

There were several requests to switch back to the Latin alphabet, which was seen as "more suitable for the Romance core of the language," in the Moldovan SSR. In 1965, the demands of the 3rd Congress of Writers of Soviet Moldavia were rejected by the leadership of the Communist Party, the replacement

1052:

After the unification, a few French and Romanian military reports from the period mentioned the reticence or hostility of the Bessarabian ethnic minorities, at times together with Moldovans, towards the new Romanian administration. Livezeanu also notes that, at the beginning, the Moldovan urban elite

978:

notes that several Bessarabian ministers, Codreanu, Pelivan and Secara, and the Russian commander-in-chief Shcherbachev had asked for its intervention to maintain order. He also mentions that after the arrival of Romanian army "all classes in Bessarabia, except the Russian revolutionaries, breathed a

885:

noted at the time, "the Romanian landlords were Russified through a policy of cooptation, the government allowing them to maintain leading positions in the administration of the province, whereas the peasantry was indifferent to the national problem: there were no schools for de-nationalization, and,

876:

were also important elements of the national project. Although still under foreign rule, the masses of Romanians in the multiethnic Transylvania developed a Romanian national consciousness, owing to their interaction with the ethnic groups, and as a reaction to the status of political inferiority and

638:

and say that they originate from exiled Romans of Italy. Their language is a mixture of Latin and Italian languages, so that an Italian can easily understand a Wallachian". After a visit to Moldavia an anonymous traveler, probably an Italian Jesuit, wrote in 1587 a description of the people and found

353:

wrote "Many Moldovans regard the Romanian passport as the key to the EU", according to Marian Gherman, a Bucharest prosecutor whose office has investigated a network of touts and bureaucrats who were expediting citizenship applications for money. "Everybody knows it", he said. "They ask for Romanian

890:

lecturer Cristina Petrescu noted, Bessarabia missed "the reforms aimed at transforming the two united principalities into a modern state" Irina Livezeanu claims that, moreover, at the beginning of the 20th century, peasants in all regions of the former principality of Moldavia were more likely to

296:

for all Moldovan travellers. Immediately thereafter, a substantial number of Moldovans began to apply for Romanian citizenship. Unofficial data from 2001 suggested that about 200,000 Moldovans also held a Romanian citizenship, despite the fact that dual citizenship was officially illegal in Moldova

871:

as a common ruler of the autonomous principalities of Wallachia and (western) Moldavia. The newly formed Romanian state set among its primary tasks to inculcate the sentiment of belonging to a common Romanian nation to the illiterate rural majority through state-funded universal elementary school.

144:

A poll conducted in Moldova by IMAS-Inc Chișinău in October 2009 presented a somewhat detailed picture of the perception of identity inside the country. The participants were asked to rate the relationship between the identity of Moldovans and that of Romanians on a scale between 1 (entirely the

378:

The major Moldovan political forces have diverging opinions regarding the identity of Moldovans. This contradiction is reflected in their stance toward the national history that should be taught in schools. Forces such as the Liberal Party (PL), Liberal Democratic Party (PLDM) and Our Moldova

127:

has been criticized by some members of the scientific community within Moldova, and it has raised protests from certain segments of the population, especially intellectuals and students, at their turn inspired by several political forces. Furthermore, the problem strained Moldova's diplomatic

2491:

CARTE ROMÂNEASCĂ // DE ÎNVĂȚĂTURĂ // DUMENECELE // preste an și la praznice împărăte- // ști și la sfinți Mari. // Cu zisa și cu toată cheltuiala // LUI VASILIE VOIVODUL // și domnul țării Moldovei din multe // scripturi tălmăcită. din limba // slovenească pre limba Romeniască. // DE VARLAAM

854:

The idea of a unified state including all Romanian speakers from Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia did not emerge before the 18th century, as it was "foreign to the spirit of the age" Starting with the 18th century, a pan-Romanian national idea appeared, inspired by the German and French

667:

that the Moldavians have the same language, rituals and religion as the Wallachians and that the only way to distinguish them is by their clothes. He also mentions that the language of Moldavians and other Vlach peoples was once Roman (Latin), as they all were colonies of the Roman Empire.

354:

citizenship only because it gives them the freedom to travel and work within the EU". An official from the National Citizenship Authority, NCA, in Bucharest, speaking on condition of anonymity, confirmed that Moldovans had shown little interest in acquiring Romanian nationality until 2007.

1018:, claimed there is little doubt that the vote represented the prevailing wish in Bessarabia and that the events leading to the unification indicate there was no question of a "seizure", but a voluntary act on the part of its people. However, the prime minister of Romania at the time, 609:

Several foreign travelers through Moldavia since the 16th century noted that locals called themselves "Romanians" and their language "Romanian". They also mention the awareness of a common Roman origin among the inhabitants of Moldavia and neighbouring Wallachia and Transylvania .

1940: 136:

A survey published in 2002 by a Norwegian academic group led by Pål Kolstø found that ethnic self-identification as exclusively Romanian was very low in Moldova; only 12 of 762 people identified as exclusively Romanian. (The group did not interview any inhabitants of

880:

Such developments were not reflected in the Russian-controlled Bessarabia. The Russification policy of the regime, more successful among the higher strata of the society, did not have an important effect on the majority of rural Moldavians. As Romanian politician

246:

is identical to standard Romanian; the spoken language of Moldova, in spite of small regional differences, is completely understandable to speakers from Romania and vice versa. The slight differences are in pronunciation and the choice of vocabulary. For example,

219:). Romanian language was the name of the subject taught in schools since Moldova declared independence. As of 2013, the government of Moldova lists "Romanian" as one of the language options to view their website. Also, in December 2013, a decision of the 1096:

following an ultimatum sent to the Romanian government. The Soviet authorities took several steps to emphasize the distinction between the Moldovans and the Romanians, at times using the physical elimination of pan-Romanian supporters, deemed as

480:"What have we gained having as leaders people who knew that the language is Romanian and that we are Romanians, but acknowledged this truth only after they left office? I have not come to manipulate the citizens, but to tell them the truth." 639:

that "these people belong to the Greek faith, they take kindly to everything that is Roman, maybe because of their corrupted language from Latin, or for the belief they have about their descent from the Romans, as they call themselves

475:"Dar ce am câștigat având la conducere oameni care știau că limba e română și că noi suntem români, dar au recunoscut acest adevăr doar după ce au plecat de la guvernare? Eu nu am venit să manipulez cetățenii, ci să le spun adevărul." 565:'s colonizations till to that day, albeit more commonly among the Wallachians and Transylvanians. He also mentioned that, while the people of Moldavia identify as "Moldavian", they call their language "Romanian". His son, chronicler 1117:

derived from the Russian alphabet, and promoted the exclusive use of the name "Moldovan language", forbidding the use of the name "Romanian language". The harsh anti-Romanian Soviet policy left a trace on the identity of Moldovans.

791:, Empress of Russia between 1762–1796, were willing to unite Moldavia and Wallachia, then under Ottoman sovereignty, in order to create an independent buffer state between Russia and Austria. The proposed independent state, named 3136:

Bugai, Nikolai F.: Deportatsiya narodov iz Ukainyi, Belorussii i Moldavii – Deportation of the peoples from Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. Druzhba Narodov, Moscow 1998, Dittmar Dahlmann & Gerhard Hirschfeld. – Essen 1999, pp.

1944: 308:

as it says) Romanian citizenship to Moldovans who requested it. In response, the Communist-led Moldovan parliament passed a law (in October 2007) prohibiting anyone holding dual citizenship or residing abroad from holding

2513: 413:

Since "Moldovan" is widely considered merely a political term used to designate the Romanian language, the supporters of a distinct language are often regarded as anti-scientific or political. A typical example is the

872:

The Romantic historical discourse reinterpreted history as a march towards the unified state. The creation of a standardized Romanian language and orthography, the adoption of the Roman alphabet to replace the older

1049:, where peasants had called themselves Moldovans but "under the influence of the literary language, the term 'Moldovan' was then replaced by 'Romanian'", while "in Bessarabia this influence has not penetrated yet" 979:

sigh of relief". However, he adds that, at the beginning, the intervention had "roused great resentment among those who still clung to the hope of a Bessarabian state within the Russian Federated Republic" such as

393:

The Soviet attempts, which started after 1924 and were fully implemented after 1940, to strongly emphasize the local Moldovan identity and transform it into a separate ethnicity, as well as its reiteration in the

3932: 536:

attested the names used by the inhabitants of Moldavia to refer to themselves as well as the common language and origin of Moldavians, Wallachians and Transylvanians. The first important chronicler of Moldavia,

365:

until the end of 2012, the number of successful applications from Moldova was 323,049. The actual number of persons granted citizenship in these applications remains unclear because each application may include

2368:"...Valacchi, qui se Romanos nominant..." "Gens quae ear terras (Transsylvaniam, Moldaviam et Transalpinam) nostra aetate incolit, Valacchi sunt, eaque a Romania ducit originem, tametsi nomine longe alieno..." 1833: 795:, would have contained Moldavia, Bessarabia and Wallachia, but Catherine wished it under Russian influence as it was presented in the so-called "Greek Project". During the British Parliament debates of 1793, 3571: 634:(Ioan Iacob Heraclid) gain the throne in 1563. In his biography of the prince, "Vita despothi Principis Moldaviae", he described to the people of Moldavia:"This nation of Wallachians refer to themselves as 313:. By 2007, some 120,000 Moldovan citizens had received Romanian citizenship. In 2009, Romania granted 36,000 more citizenships and expects to increase the number up to 10,000 per month. Romanian president 674:(1762–1814) wrote a book in 1807 about his numerous travels inside the Ottoman Empire and says that the Wallachian and Moldavian peasants call themselves "Rumun, or Roman", to distinguish themselves from 2108: 2345:

Frenchman Pierre Lescalopier writes in 1574 that those who live in Moldavia, Wallachia and most of Transylvania, "think they are true heirs of the Romans and call their language "românește", that is

402:(2001–2009), is often referred to as Moldovanism. The Moldovanist position refutes the purported Romanian-Moldovan ethnic identity, and also at times the existence of a common language. US historian 1507: 1277: 1030:

feared a possible revolution that an overt annexation could cause, given widespread distrust of Romanian rule and opposition to annexation by reformist Moldavians, minorities and local peasants.

863:

from Moldavia and Wallachia educated in western universities returned home with ambitious political goals to modernize their countries, and sought to accomplish the ideal of a unified Romanian

3957: 597:). While attesting that the people of Moldavia call themselves "Moldavians", he also states that "Romanian" is to be used when referring commonly to Transylvanians, Moldavians and Wallachians( 3249:

Bugai, Nikolai F.: Deportatsiya narodov iz Ukainyi, Belorussii i Moldavii – Deportation of the peoples from Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. Druzhba Narodov, Moscow 1998, Dittmar Dahlmann &

338:. On April 27, 2010, the Grand Chamber of the EHCR decided the ban was "disproportionate with the government’s purpose of ensuring loyalty" of its public servants and members of parliament. 3215: 1879: 1854: 104:, without any explicit reference to its name). Moreover, in 2003, a non-judicial political document called "The Concept of National Policy of the Republic of Moldova", adopted by the then 3310: 1416:

Conf. Univ. Dr. Gheorghe Paladi, președintele Asociației Istoricilor din R. Moldova: «Noi întotdeauna am susținut comunitatea de neam și ne-am considerat români ca origine, etnie, limbă.»

379:

Alliance (AMN) support the teaching of the history of Romanians. Others, such as the Democratic Party (PD) and the Party of Communists (PCRM) support the history of Republic of Moldova.

2967:

Sorin Alexandrescu, Paradoxul roman, page 48. "Prezența militară românească în Basarabia nu a cauzat deci unirea – voința politică pentru aceasta exista oricum – ci doar a consolidat-o

618:, was the emissary of Ferdinand I of Habsburg in Wallachia and Moldavia. Reicherstorffer had traveled in 1527 and 1535 in the Principality of Moldavia and wrote his travel memoirs – 410:– considers that Moldovans and Romanians are so closely related to the Romanian language, ethnicity and historical development that they can be considered one and the same people. 2083: 2241: 2143: 1089: 361:, between 1991 and 15 August 2011 exactly 226,507 Moldovan residents have obtained Romanian citizenship. An updated study from the same source found that from the passing of the 301:. In November that year, the Moldovan parliament passed a law which allowed dual citizenship; this applied to other countries besides Romania, particularly Russia and Ukraine. 2511: 1314: 1003: 2032: 2529:

iubiților creștini și cu noi de un neam români, pretutindeni tuturor ce se află în părțile Ardealului și în alte părți pretutindeni ce sunteți cu noi într-o credință

297:

at the time. Due to the overwhelming number of applications, the Romanian embassy imposed a moratorium in 2002. Dual citizenship became an election issue during the

545:

and Moldavians have the same origin, since both "come from Rome". The same author refers to the language of his work as "our Moldavian language". Later, chronicler

1965: 1774:

Roper, S. D. (2005). The politicization of education: Identity formation in Moldova and Transnistria. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 38(4), 501–514 (507).

399: 318: 105: 2288: 1236: 803:

initiative to form an independent state from the Ottoman Empire, named Circle of the Danube comprising Wallachia, Moldavia and Bessarabia. Also, the memoirs of

2112: 445:, President of Moldova (2001–2009), an adversary of the common Romanian-Moldovan ethnic identity, acknowledged at times the existence of a common language: 1539: 1428: 3121:

Contrasting/Conflicting Identities: Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans in Nation-Building and Contested identities: Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies

3104:

Contrasting/Conflicting Identities: Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans in Nation-Building and Contested identities: Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies

1517: 223:

ruled that the Declaration of Independence takes precedence over the Constitution and the state language should be called "Romanian". In March 2023, the

1834:"Băsescu vrea să adopte, lunar, 10.000 de basarabeni. Gândul a fost azi la botezul a 300 dintre ei: de ce rămân studenții moldoveni în România – Gandul" 1710: 768:

printed in Chișinău in 1819 states it was translated from Slavonic into Moldavian (тълмъчиндуль де пре лимба Словенѣскъ пре чѣ Молдовенѣскъ), as does a

764:

Later, after the annexation of Bessarabia by the Russian empire, religious books written in the region commonly called the language "Moldavian". Thus a

69:

or a separate ethnic group. While there is wide agreement about the existence of a common language, the controversy persists about the use of the term "

1593:

About the controversy over Moldovan identity and language, in French : N. Trifon, "Guerre et paix des langues sur fond de malaise identitaire" in

1988: 1913: 1565: 3342: 1790:

DUAL CITIZENSHIP RESTRICTIONS: CONCERN WITH PUBLIC INTERESTS OR FEAR OVER OWN CITIZENS pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00003691/01/Legal_Commentaries_2007-03.pdf

1381: 585:(Chronicle of the Ancientness of the Romanian-Moldavian-Vlachs). In the introductory part, he calls it "a chronicle of the entire Romanian land" ( 519: 1891: 1858: 902:

are separated only by a political boundary and that their history is closely connected. About the latter he says that it is inhabited mainly by

454:"Moldovan is in fact the mother of the Romanian language. To call it Romanian is to betray history and to commit injustice to your own mother." 317:

claimed that over 1 million more have made requests for it, and this high number is seen by some as a result of this identity controversy. The

1800:

Constantin Iordachi (2009). "Politics of Citizenship in Postcommunist Romania". In Rainer Bauböck; Bernhard Perchinig; Wiebke Sievers (eds.).

3649: 2306:

Rumânii, câți să află lăcuitori la Țara Ungurească și la Ardeal și la Maramoroșu, de la un loc suntu cu moldovénii și toți de la Râm să trag.

1817: 1759: 1616: 471:, speaker of the Moldovan Parliament and interim president (2009–2010), a staunch supporter of the common Romanian-Moldovan ethnic identity: 2204: 3654: 3440: 2496: 2147: 991:

who initially demanded the prompt withdrawal of the Romanian troops to avoid a civil war. However, Inculeț later welcomed Romanian general

429:, the first Moldovan President (1992–1996), a somewhat versatile supporter of the common Romanian-Moldovan ethnic and linguistic identity: 204: 77: 722:). The book was inspired by Byzantine tradition and in 1652 a virtually identical code of laws appeared in Wallachia, sponsored by Prince 449:«Limba moldovenească este de fapt mama limbii române. S-o numești română înseamnă să înșeli istoria și să-ți nedreptățești propria mamă.» 1649: 3548: 3540: 3406: 1138: 1126: 395: 2245: 2109:"Petru Bogatu – "Republica Moldova nu mai poate fi orientata spre Moscova" – Spectator – Numarul 902 – Anul 2010 – Arhiva – Formula AS" 2057: 3669: 1723: 1450: 1252: 3450: 2415: 1113:

also sought to secure a separate status for the varieties of the Romanian language spoken in the USSR. Thus, it imposed the use of a

3267: 3244: 3151: 3072: 1262: 796: 1318: 3396: 967: 3262:

Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 2000.

3275:

A. Pop, The Soviet-Romanian controversy & Moldova's independence policy, Romanian review of international studies, 26, 1992

3272:

S. Orifici, The Republic of Moldova in the 1990s : from the declaration of independence to a democratic state, Geneve 1994

3192:

Legea cu privire la functionarea limbilor vorbite pe teritoriul RSS Moldovenesti Nr.3465-XI din 01.09.89 Vestile nr.9/217, 1989

804: 220: 3090:

Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 2000

2531: 2267: 3486: 3445: 3305: 2995: 2775: 2721: 2695: 1482: 1384:[Law on the Concept of National Policy of the Republic of Moldova]. Departamentul Relatii Interetnice. Archived from 329: 93: 3216:"Depunere de flori, program pentru copii și spectacol muzical: Agenda completă a evenimentelor dedicate Zilei Limbii Române" 2615: 1666: 1267: 85: 570: 3713: 3558: 3391: 3315: 3300: 780: 174: 17: 2370:

De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transaplinae, in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Scriptores; II, Pesta, 1857, p. 120.

930:. Similarly, in 1845, German brothers Arthur Schott and Albert Schott (historian) write in the beginning of their book – 3937: 3911: 3619: 3335: 415: 298: 3194: 1073: 1010:

thinks that the presence of the Romanian army "did not cause the unification, but only consolidated it". . Similarly,

3856: 3812: 3747: 2492:

MITROPOLITUL // De Țara Moldovei. // În Tipariul Domnesc. În Mănăstirea // a trei S(feti)teli în Iași de la Hs. 1643,

499: 2441: 2292: 1366: 3952: 3947: 3829: 3639: 3503: 3491: 3295: 3284:

G. Simon, Nationalism & Policy toward nationalities in the Soviet Union, Boulder, S.F., Ca, & Oxford, 1991

2814: 2330:"Anzi essi si chiamano romanesci, e vogliono molti che erano mandati quì quei che erano dannati a cavar metalli..." 2191: 1161: 1114: 873: 671: 3664: 3508: 3371: 3220: 1400: 1041:

mentions that, around the time of the union, Bessarabian peasants "still called themselves Moldovans". She adds

504: 3700: 3496: 3381: 3028: 2792: 2758: 1966:

Romanian Passports For Moldovans: Entering the EU Through the Back Door By Benjamin Bidder in Chisinau, Moldova

1130: 1122:

being deemed "contrary to the interests of the Moldavian people and not reflecting its aspirations and hopes".

899: 651:" or "Volokhs", a term equally used to refer to all the Romance speakers from Wallachia, Transylvania, and the 523:

Carte Românească de Învățătură (Romanian Book of Learning). Written by Metropolitan of Moldavia, Varlaam Moțoc.

362: 1006:

considered controversial the Bessarabian vote in favor of the union with Romania. On the contrary, historian

3764: 3629: 3604: 3328: 2126: 1011: 887: 886:

although the church service was held in Russian, this was actually of little significance" Furthermore, as

578: 259:

are respectively "curechi", "sfredel" and "harbuz" in both the Republic of Moldova and the Romanian part of

553:

that the "oldest and more righteous" name of the people inhabiting Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania is

3695: 3634: 3059: 2895: 2130: 1573: 1129:, things began to change in 1988 and 1989 when the Soviet Union began to unravel. On August 27, 1989, the 495: 293: 283: 1385: 3834: 3774: 3624: 3609: 3423: 2804: 1609:

The National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies: The Cases of Estonia and Moldova

1340: 1154: 1098: 1019: 918:, writes in 1854, that the name by which a Wallachian, Moldavian or a Bessarabian designates himself is 895: 224: 718:

sponsored the printing in 1646 of the first code of laws in Moldavia titled Romanian Book of Learning (

2324:

Ferrante Capecci reports in 1575 that the inhabitants of these provinces call themselves "românești" (

867:. One important step was achieved in 1859, in a favorable international context, with the election of 3942: 3784: 3769: 3733: 3659: 3614: 3481: 3469: 2826: 2167: 1272: 1034: 915: 856: 322: 190: 3045: 2919: 2871: 3789: 3644: 3587: 3553: 3530: 2915: 2033:"Aproape un sfert de milion de persoane din R.Moldova au redobândit cetăţenia română, în 20 de ani" 992: 975: 868: 788: 627: 615: 611: 3025:

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930

2789:

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930

2755:

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930

2471: 3887: 3880: 3799: 3728: 3723: 3683: 3599: 3363: 3355: 3250: 2658: 2366: » from Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia say that they are « romani »" : 2208: 2183: 1544: 1007: 971: 939: 927: 799:, speaking about the initiative of France to erect an independent Belgium from Austria, mentions 403: 328:

The Moldovan law limiting the political rights of dual-citizenship holders was challenged to the

2493: 996: 984: 963: 1809: 3849: 3807: 3718: 3411: 3263: 3240: 3147: 3068: 2991: 2809: 1813: 1755: 1646: 1612: 1150: 1142: 1110: 1023: 911: 574: 542: 512: 334: 314: 232: 228: 198: 194: 81: 70: 50: 1749: 3896: 3861: 3839: 3817: 3759: 3433: 3182:

Horia C. Matei, "State lumii. Enciclopedie de istorie." Meronia, București, 2006, p. 292-294

2937:

in Nation-Building and Contested identities: Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies. Editura

2740:

in Nation-Building and Contested identities: Romanian & Hungarian Case Studies. Editura

1918: 1801: 1775: 1062: 988: 691: 652: 442: 358: 170: 97: 3201:(Law regarding the usage of languages spoken on the territory of the Republic of Moldova): 1460: 1137:, that became known as the Great National Assembly, which pressured the authorities of the 593:) and mentions that the book was first written in Latin and then translated into Romanian ( 173:

who also generally refer to themselves (or are referred to by the inhabitants of the other

3416: 3401: 3198: 2563: 2517: 2500: 2419: 2408: 1711:

Moldovan court rules official language is 'Romanian,' replacing Soviet-flavored 'Moldovan'

1653: 1566:"A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR" 1508:"Rezoluție a lingviștilor privind folosirea inadecvată a sintagmei: "limba moldovenească"" 1353: 1247: 1242: 1213: 1069: 1038: 1015: 1002:

Given the complex circumstances, some scholars such as Cristina Petrescu and US historian

784: 714:) addressed to "the beloved Christians and with us one Romanian nation" from Transylvania 656: 54: 1667:"Planul-Cadru: pentru învățămîntul primar, gimnazial și liceal: anul de studii 2012–2013" 207:

refers to it as Romanian." The national school curriculum for 2012–13 lists the subjects

3311:

The Problem of National Identity in the Republic of Moldova: Moldovanism and Romanianism

2652: 2465: 2430:

Roger-William Seton Watson, A history of the Romanians, Cambridge University Press, 1934

1164:

is still the official and the only accepted alphabet in the breakaway Russian-supported

370:

dependent on the adult filing. The number of persons is estimated to be around 400,000.

242:

There is essentially no disagreement that the standard form of the official language in

29: 3901: 2607: 2346: 1382:"L E G E privind aprobarea Conceptiei politicii nationale de stat a Republicii Moldova" 1227: 1199: 1185: 1134: 1027: 980: 816: 631: 566: 538: 511:(Chronicle of the durability of Romano-Moldo-Wallachians). Written by Moldavian Prince 289: 146: 1779: 1334:

The official language of the Republic of Moldova is Moldovan, written in Latin script.

347:

said: "I want to go further West with this passport. I don't care about Romania." The

3926: 3822: 2924:

in Bessarabia: Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea. Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1927

1887: 1802: 808: 723: 426: 310: 2220:

It is widely accepted among linguists that Moldovan is the same language as Romanian

3705: 3428: 3259:

Frederick Kellogg, A history of Romanian historical writing, Bakersfield, Ca., 1990

2955: 2321: 1165: 1146: 882: 864: 848: 800: 558: 546: 468: 236: 138: 3281:

Roger-William Seton-Watson, A history of the Romanians, Cambridge Univ. Press 1934

2847: 1486: 2628: 2010: 1673: 1302: 974:. At the time, the Romanian army was already present in Bessarabia. US historian 690:

sponsored a book of homilies translated by Metropolitan Varlaam of Moldavia from

235:

obsolete. This name is only continued to be used in the unrecognized republic of

2231:

Mircea Snegur – Labirintul destinului. Memorii, Volumul 1–2, Chișinău, 2007–2008

2088: 1611:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34 (see p. 32 for note about Transnistria). 1257: 720:

Carte românească de învățătură de la pravilele împărătești și de la alte giudețe

715: 703: 687: 388: 367: 349: 343: 305: 3296:

The Construction, Deconstruction and Conflict of National Identities in Moldova

3164:

The Language Policy of the CPSU and the Linguistic Situation in Soviet Moldavia

2467:

The Present State of Turkey; Or, A Description of the Political, Civil, and ...

1207: 1045:'s explanation from 1915 of a similar earlier phenomenon in the Austrian-ruled 3386: 3306:

Strengthening Social Cohesion and a Common Identity in the Republic of Moldova

2772:

How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation

2718:

How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation

2692:

How the State Shaped the Nation: an Essay on the Making of the Romanian Nation

1332:"Constitution of the Republic of Moldova. Article 13, Chapter 1". 1994-06-29. 1221: 1175: 1042: 844: 765: 256: 166: 2630:

The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of ...

2443:

Hungaria et Atila sive de originibus gentis, regni Hungariae situ, habitu ...

877:

the aggressive nationalist politicies of the later Hungarian national state.

3779: 3191: 2317: 1883: 951: 270:

Those who want to avoid the linguistic controversy sometimes use the clause

264: 124: 120: 109: 66: 62: 1512: 1068:

Owing partly to its relative underdevelopment compared to other regions of

203:

The 1994 Constitution calls the official language Moldovan, while the 1991

169:

region), in order to be distinguished from the inhabitants of the Romanian

1880:"Voronin acuză România că pune în pericol statalitatea Republicii Moldova" 847:, which includes the current territory of Republic of Moldova (except for 321:(2001–2009), a vocal advocate of a distinct Moldovan ethnic group, deemed 3566: 3518: 2084:"Istoria românilor în școlile moldovene: Vlad Filat vrea, Marian Lupu nu" 1429:"Primul manifest științific împotriva conceptului de limbă moldovenească" 1085: 1046: 943: 840: 812: 730: 660: 533: 260: 2058:"Peste 400 000 de moldoveni au primit cetățenia română – Fundaţia Soros" 3460: 3351: 3124: 3107: 2938: 2741: 1976: 1633: 1058: 769: 248: 243: 158: 113: 89: 58: 42: 38: 2935:

Contrasting/Conflicting Identities: Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans

2738:

Contrasting/Conflicting Identities: Bessarabians, Romanians, Moldovans

1632:

Institutul de Marketing și Sondaje: IMAS-INC Chișinău (October 2009).

926:(Romanian), a name the author also applies to the Romance speakers of 589:) that "later was divided into Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania" ( 263:, but their synonyms "varză", "burghiu" and "pepene" are preferred in 3513: 2494:

The Book description on Biblioteca Județeană „Petre Dulfu”, Baia Mare

2411:

The Tsangos of Romania: The Hungarian minorities in Romanian Moldavia

2384:

Culegere de documente privind istoria Romanilor din secolele IV – XVI

2363: 1404: 1054: 935: 827:, to whom the Moldavians and Wallachians belong, who call themselves 675: 648: 562: 433:"În suflet eram (și sunt) mai român decât mulți dintre învinuitori." 34: 995:, who was in charge with the intervention, to a formal reception at 706:

says that it is addressed to the entire Romanian nation everywhere (

438:"In my soul I was (and am) more Romanian than most of my accusers." 3320: 2542: 1855:"Cetățenia română pentru basarabeni: Redobândire sau recunoaștere?" 1022:, was to admit that the unification was decided in Romania, as the 464:"We speak the same language , even though we call it differently." 96:

calls the official language "Moldovan", and establishes as anthem "

3376: 2681:

Lucian Boia, History and Myth in the Romanian consciousness, p 129

860: 792: 644: 569:(1660–1712), expressed similar opinions.The Wallachian chronicler 518: 503: 252: 28: 3256:

Charles Upson-Clark, Bessarabia, Dodd, Mead & Co., N.Y., 1927

2598:. Chișinău, Duhovniceasca Tipografie a Bessarabiei. 1821. preface 1914:"Chișinăul spune că Bucureștiul subminează statalitatea Moldovei" 3523: 2586:. Chișinău, Exarhiceasca Tipografie a Bassarabiei. 1819. preface 1455: 1102: 1093: 84:", and the first anthem adopted by the independent Moldova was " 3324: 2399:, Editia a II-a, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 1993, pg. 47 2188:

An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires

2011:"Over 220,000 Moldovans Granted Romanian Passports in 20 Years" 1141:

to adopt a language law on August 31, 1989 that proclaimed the

408:

An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires

231:

in all legislative texts and the constitution, making the name

209:"Limba și literatura română" (Romanian language and literature) 1106: 772:

from 1821 (Сау тълмъчить Молдовенеще де пре чель Словенескь).

304:

In September 2007, Romania resumed its policy of granting (or

1278:

Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Montenegro

422:

Moldovan presidents on the language and identity of Moldovans

1149:

to be the state language of the MSSR. Its identity with the

749:), Dosoftei calls the book a gift to the Romanian language ( 678:(local nobles), and that their language is a corrupt Latin. 2952:

The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture

2336:, Bucharest, Editura Stiințifică, 1970, vol. II, p.158–161. 2062:

RFI România : Actualitate, informații, știri în direct

1647:

Article 13, line 1 – of Constitution of Republic of Moldova

891:

identify as Moldavians than the inhabitants of the cities.

591:

care apoi s-au împărțit în Moldova, Muntenească și Ardealul

3933:

Controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova

2707:

Sorin Mitu, National identity of Romanians in Transylvania

18:

Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova

1540:"History Course Ignites a Volatile Tug of War in Moldova" 1080:

Bessarabia within the Soviet Union (1940–1941; 1944–1991)

3278:

Hugh Seton-Watson, New nations & states, London 1997

1989:"Romania Not Handing Out Passports to Moldovans, Report" 1595:

République de Moldavie : un État en quête de nation

1315:"Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova" 2990:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 68–69. 2890: 2888: 2841: 2839: 1724:"Moldovan parliament approves law on Romanian language" 3067:. Warsaw: OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. p. 11. 2242:"Voronin: Limba moldoveneasca este mama limbii romane" 1303:

Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova

78:

Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova

3098: 3096: 3061:

In the Shadow of History: Romanian-Moldovan Relations

1690: 1125:

Although established as the official alphabet of the

946:. The authors also mentions that Wallachians respond 227:

approved a law referring to the national language as

92:. Mirroring political evolutions in the country, the 2988:

The Bessarabian Question in Communist Historiography

2362:

The Croat Ante Verančić states in 1570 that "«

938:

live in Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylvania, Hungary,

459:"Vorbim aceeași limbă, chiar dacă o numim diferit." 3798: 3746: 3682: 3586: 3539: 3468: 3362: 2732: 2730: 1665:Ministerul Educațiel al Republicii Moldova (2012). 1485:(in Romanian). Chișinău: Contrafort. Archived from 851:) was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian empire. 630:(1538–1614), traveled twice in Moldavia and helped 599:

carii cu toții cu un nume de obște români să chiamă

88:" ("Awaken, Romanian!"), the same as the anthem of 3958:Geographical distribution of the Romanian language 3239:John Barron, The KGB, Reader's Digest inc., 1974, 3146:John Barron, The KGB, Reader's Digest inc., 1974, 2386:, Partea I, Editura Universitatii, București, 2006 577:(1673–1723), Prince of Moldavia and member of the 1748:Adam Ledgeway; Martin Maiden (5 September 2016). 1403:(in Romanian). Jurnal de Chișinău. Archived from 839:In 1812, the eastern part of the Principality of 807:(1720–1786), British diplomat, ambassador to the 157:In Romania, the inhabitants from the Republic of 108:-dominated Parliament, explicitly designates the 3316:Moldova: Nested Cases of Belated Nation-building 3012:Cultura si Nationalism in Romania Mare 1918–1930 61:. The issue more frequently disputed is whether 1483:"Limbă "moldovenească" și integrare europeană?" 1451:"Academia Română combate "limba moldovenească"" 1367:Decizia Curtii Constitutionale nr.10/25.07.2013 3086: 3084: 2268:"Voronin atacă România din toate părțile >" 1431:(in Romanian). Observator de Bacău. 2008-03-05 702:(Romanian Book of Learning) . The foreword by 541:(1590–1647), states that the Romanians of the 119:The officially sanctioned distinction between 3336: 2677: 2675: 1237:A language is a dialect with an army and navy 1153:was also established. 31 August has been the 958:Bessarabia within Greater Romania (1918–1940) 815:from 1747 to 1762, mentions that, inside the 745:). In his "Foreword to the Romanian nation" ( 682:Early works in the local language of Moldavia 620:Moldaviae quae olim Daciae pars, Chorographia 8: 3170:, Vol. 36, No. 1. (Jan., 1984), pp. 118–119. 2172:The Comintern and the Origins of Moldovanism 835:Bessarabia in the Russian Empire (1812–1918) 708:la toată semenția românească de pretutindeni 561:", and that this name was kept from Emperor 217:History of Romanians and universal (history) 2144:"Scandalul manualelor de istorie integrată" 819:, next in number to the Slavonians are the 605:Selected foreign travelers about Moldavians 132:Self-identification and popular perceptions 3752: 3688: 3592: 3474: 3343: 3329: 3321: 2774:in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society. 2720:in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society. 2694:in Regio – Minorities, Politics, Society. 2382:Adina Berciu-Drăghicescu, Liliana Trofin. 2291:(in Romanian). 2009-09-21. Archived from 2207:. Communicaid. 2013-08-18. Archived from 2146:. Jurnalul.ro. 2007-08-13. Archived from 2131:"Partidul Liberal // Declarații politice" 1857:. Interlic.md. 2009-08-27. Archived from 1751:The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages 1516:(in Romanian). 2007-11-01. Archived from 1084:In 1940, Bessarabia, along with northern 747:Cuvânt depreuna catra semintia rumaneasca 686:Similarly, in 1643, The Moldavian Prince 643:". Also, according to these sources, the 583:Hronicul vechimei a Romano-Moldo-Vlahilor 528:Moldavian identity in medieval chronicles 509:Hronicul vechimei a Romano-Moldo-Vlahilor 2976:Bernard Newman, "The new Europe", p. 245 2813:, volume XV, London, 1849, published by 2397:Romanitatea românilor: istoria unei idei 2351:Studii și materiale de istorie medievală 1295: 1293: 1133:(FPM) organized a mass demonstration in 2846:Schott, Arthur; Schott, Albert (1845). 2244:. Politicom.moldova.org. Archived from 1289: 1109:for their "bourgeois nationalism". The 1014:, who traveled by bike in the whole of 161:are colloquially called "Bessarabians" 80:from 1991 calls the official language " 3042:Cultura si Nationalism in Romania Mare 2831:The native races of the Russian Empire 2413:, Matthias Corvinus Publishing, pg. 45 1808:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 1804:Citizenship Policies in the New Europe 1349: 1338: 2334:Călători străini despre Țările Române 7: 3301:Divided National Identity in Moldova 2289:"Interviul 'Timpul' cu Mihai Ghimpu" 1597:, Paris, Non Lieu, 2010, P. 169-258. 1317:. Moldova Foundation. Archived from 490:Principality of Moldavia (1359–1812) 205:Moldovan Declaration of Independence 128:relations with neighboring Romania. 1570:East European Constitutional review 1139:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1127:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 396:post-independence Moldovan politics 2627:Parliament, Great Britain (1793). 1912:Constantin Codreanu (2007-03-08). 1253:Unification of Moldova and Romania 181:, but declare Romanian ethnicity. 25: 3214:Josan, Andreea (31 August 2023). 2698:. No 1/2005. pp. 158–160, 161–163 2107:Ion Longin Popescu (2013-02-17). 1780:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.09.003 1061:in 1919, and a third uprising in 357:According to a 2012 study by the 213:"Istoria românilor și universală" 73:" in certain political contexts. 3907: 3906: 3459: 3253:. – Essen 1999, pp. 567–581 2657:. Hurst & Blackett. p. 2614:, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1996, 2596:Tipic biserices, adunat în scurt 1220: 1206: 1192: 1178: 934:(Wallachian Fairy Tales) – that 587:Hronicon a toată Țara Românească 325:a threat to Moldovan statehood. 292:pressured Romania to require an 272:"limba de stat" (state language) 3058:Całus, Kamil (September 2015). 2111:. Formula-as.ro. Archived from 1572:. NYU Law. 2002. Archived from 712:Răspuns la Catehismul calvinesc 299:2003 local elections in Moldova 221:Constitutional Court of Moldova 2986:van Meurs, Wim (15 May 1994). 1101:". They were repressed by the 700:Carte Românească de Învățătură 581:, wrote a history book called 330:European Court of Human Rights 94:Constitution of Moldova (1994) 49:A controversy exists over the 1: 3392:Moldavian Democratic Republic 1691:"Guvernul Republicii Moldova" 1672:(in Romanian). Archived from 1459:(in Romanian). Archived from 647:neighbours called Moldovans " 341:One applicant interviewed by 2266:Alina Vătăman (2009-04-16). 1890:. 2007-11-06. Archived from 1754:. OUP Oxford. pp. 91–. 1538:Michael Wines (2002-02-25). 1449:Alina Olteanu (2007-11-22). 1263:Moldovan–Romanian dictionary 954:) when asked what they are. 416:Moldovan-Romanian dictionary 57:of the main ethnic group in 3441:Declaration of independence 2499:September 10, 2011, at the 2205:"Moldovan Language Courses" 532:The chronicles of medieval 500:Moldavia in the Middle Ages 3974: 2651:Porter, Sir James (1854). 2516:September 5, 2010, at the 2192:Greenwood Publishing Group 1634:"Barometrul Socio-Politic" 1162:Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet 898:writes that Wallachia and 751:acest dar limbii rumânesti 624:Chorographia Transylvaniae 493: 386: 281: 188: 3874: 3845:Controversy over identity 3755: 3691: 3595: 3572:Left Bank of the Dniester 3477: 3457: 2896:"Electronic Text Archive" 2872:"Electronic Text Archive" 2464:Thornton, Thomas (1807). 2418:October 30, 2010, at the 2174:(Chișinău: Civitas, 2009) 1977:How to buy EU citizenship 1836:. Gandul.info. 2010-04-29 1268:Moldova–Romania relations 753:) translated from Greek ( 549:(1633–1691) wrote in his 112:as an ethnic minority in 65:constitute a subgroup of 3670:Unification with Romania 3382:Principality of Moldavia 3029:Cornell University Press 2793:Cornell University Press 2759:Cornell University Press 2724:. No 1/2005. pp. 165–167 2612:The Romanians: 1774–1866 2316:After a journey through 1922:(in Romanian). Bucharest 1131:Popular Front of Moldova 398:, especially during the 3563:Autonomous territories 2470:Joseph Mawman. p. 2127:Liberal Party (Moldova) 1481:Eugenia Bojoga (2006). 970:of Bessarabia with the 888:University of Bucharest 729:Moldavian Metropolitan 659:(1493–1568), prominent 579:Royal Academy of Berlin 551:On the Moldavian nation 363:citizenship law in 1991 2898:. Depts.washington.edu 2874:. Depts.washington.edu 2833:, London, 1854, pg.268 1348:Cite journal requires 775: 735:Dumnezaiasca Liturghie 571:Constantin Cantacuzino 524: 516: 496:Foundation of Moldavia 482: 477: 466: 461: 456: 451: 440: 435: 294:international passport 284:Citizenship in Romania 46: 3424:Transnistria conflict 2921:Anarchy in Bessarabia 2440:Oláh, Miklós (1763). 1155:Romanian Language Day 1099:enemies of the people 1020:Alexandru Marghiloman 612:Georg Reicherstorffer 557:(Romanian), "that is 522: 507: 478: 473: 462: 457: 452: 447: 436: 431: 225:Parliament of Moldova 86:Deșteaptă-te, române! 32: 3785:Languages of Moldova 3119:Petrescu, Cristina. 3102:Petrescu, Cristina. 2933:Petrescu, Cristina. 2849:Walachische Mährchen 2827:Robert Gordon Latham 2736:Petrescu, Cristina. 2168:Gheorghe E. Cojocaru 1273:Bessarabian question 1035:Emmanuel de Martonne 932:Walachische Mährchen 916:Robert Gordon Latham 906:who call themselves 857:romantic nationalism 759:pre limba rumâneasca 696:pre limba Romeniască 595:pre limba românească 400:Communist government 323:multiple citizenship 319:Communist government 191:Languages of Moldova 3938:Politics of Moldova 3912:Transnistria topics 3531:Rudi Geodetic Point 3372:Prehistoric Balkans 2916:Charles Upson Clark 2778:. No 1/2005. p. 165 2744:. 2001. pp. 154–155 2545:. Moldova650.asm.md 2543:"Moldova – 650 ani" 2353:, IV, 1960, p. 444. 1607:Pål Kolstø (2002). 1168:for this language. 1057:and another one in 987:and prime-minister 976:Charles Upson Clark 869:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 628:Alessandro Guagnini 616:Transylvanian Saxon 374:Political positions 3451:2015–2016 protests 3397:Union with Romania 3251:Gerhard Hirschfeld 3197:2006-02-19 at the 3040:Livezeanu, Irina. 3023:Livezeanu, Irina. 3010:Livezeanu, Irina. 2787:Livezeanu, Irina. 2753:Livezeanu, Irina. 2395:Adolf Armbruster, 2332:in: Maria Holban, 2184:James Stuart Olson 1941:"EUDO CITIZENSHIP" 1652:2008-05-01 at the 1545:The New York Times 1401:"SRL "Moldovanul"" 1008:Sorin Alexandrescu 972:Kingdom of Romania 776:Diplomats' opinion 743:tiparita româneste 665:Hungaria et Attila 525: 517: 404:James Stuart Olson 185:Linguistic dispute 177:) as "Moldavians" 47: 3953:Romanian language 3948:Moldovan language 3920: 3919: 3870: 3869: 3850:Moldovan language 3742: 3741: 3678: 3677: 3655:Political parties 3620:Foreign relations 3582: 3581: 3446:Post-independence 3412:Gagauzia conflict 3162:Michael Bruchis. 3031:, 2000. pp. 98–99 2810:Penny Cyclopaedia 1819:978-90-8964-108-3 1761:978-0-19-106325-1 1618:978-0-7425-1888-9 1399:Raisa Lozinschi. 1151:Romanian language 1143:Moldovan language 1111:Soviet propaganda 1024:Daniel Ciugureanu 757:) into Romanian ( 575:Dimitrie Cantemir 543:Hungarian Kingdom 513:Dimitrie Cantemir 335:Tanase v. Moldova 199:Romanian language 195:Moldovan language 71:Moldovan language 51:national identity 16:(Redirected from 3965: 3910: 3909: 3890: 3883: 3753: 3709: 3689: 3593: 3549:Cities and towns 3475: 3463: 3434:Transnistria War 3345: 3338: 3331: 3322: 3226: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3189: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3091: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3038: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2892: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2843: 2834: 2824: 2818: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2768: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2734: 2725: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2624: 2618: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2509: 2503: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2409:S.J. Magyarody, 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2343: 2337: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1943:. Archived from 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1919:Ziarul Financiar 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1671: 1662: 1656: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1581: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1336: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 993:Ernest Broșteanu 989:Pantelimon Erhan 805:Sir James Porter 797:Samuel Whitbread 755:de pre elineasca 653:Balkan peninsula 622:(1541) and also 443:Vladimir Voronin 406:, in his book – 359:Soros Foundation 278:Dual citizenship 175:Romanian regions 53:and name of the 21: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3866: 3794: 3738: 3707: 3674: 3640:Law enforcement 3578: 3535: 3504:Protected areas 3464: 3455: 3417:Gagauz Republic 3402:Greater Romania 3358: 3349: 3292: 3290:Further reading 3287: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3199:Wayback Machine 3190: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3039: 3035: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2950:King, Charles. 2949: 2945: 2932: 2928: 2914: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2886: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2844: 2837: 2825: 2821: 2803: 2799: 2786: 2782: 2776:Néprajzi Múzeum 2769: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2735: 2728: 2722:Néprajzi Múzeum 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2696:Néprajzi Múzeum 2689: 2685: 2680: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2584:Mineiu de obște 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2518:Wayback Machine 2510: 2506: 2501:Wayback Machine 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420:Wayback Machine 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2344: 2340: 2320:, Moldavia and 2315: 2311: 2304: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2194:, 1994, pg. 477 2182: 2178: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2013:. 24 April 2012 2009: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1948: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1925: 1923: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1882:(in Romanian). 1878: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1747: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1654:Wayback Machine 1645: 1641: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1480: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1410: 1408: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1347: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1286: 1248:Homo Sovieticus 1243:Greater Moldova 1226: 1219: 1214:Language portal 1212: 1205: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1145:written in the 1115:Cyrillic script 1082: 1070:Greater Romania 1039:Irina Livezeanu 1016:Greater Romania 983:, president of 960: 914:). Ethnologist 837: 785:Austrian Empire 783:, Ruler of the 778: 741:) in Romanian ( 694:into Romanian ( 684: 672:Thomas Thornton 657:Nicolaus Olahus 614:(1495–1554), a 607: 530: 502: 494:Main articles: 492: 487: 424: 391: 385: 376: 332:in the case of 286: 280: 201: 189:Main articles: 187: 171:Moldavia region 155: 134: 55:native language 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3971: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3714:Communications 3711: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3665:Prime Minister 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3569: 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