2051:
270:
2747:
38:
303:
236:
2773:
1691:
2761:
532:
1680:
489:
109:
2379:
248:
484:
The
Standing Committee is the intersessional executive body which represents the COP between its triennial meetings, within the framework of the decisions made by the COP. The contracting parties that are members of the Standing Committee are elected by each meeting of the COP to serve for the three
470:
This is the convention's governing body consisting of all governments that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the convention, create expert advisory
360:
These organizations support the work of the convention by providing expert technical advice, helping implement field studies, and providing financial support. The IOPs also participate regularly as observers in all meetings of the conference of the parties and as full members of the
Scientific and
516:
The implementation of the Ramsar
Convention is a continuing partnership between the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Secretariat, with the advice of the subsidiary expert body, the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP), and the support of the international
545:
2 February is World
Wetlands Day, marking the convention's adoption on 2 February 1971. Established to raise awareness about the value of wetlands for humanity and the planet, WWD was celebrated for the first time in 1997, and has grown since then. In 2015 World Wetlands Day was celebrated in 59
594:
Despite its quasi-universal application, the domestic response to this treaty is often half-hearted and inadequate. By way of example, Germany joined the
Convention in 1976 and has, ", failed to give effect to the Ramsar Convention in the manner set out by the constitution of Germany."
284:
in May 2018 covering over 2.1 million square kilometres (810,000 sq mi). The countries with most sites are the United
Kingdom with 175 and Mexico with 142. The country with the largest surface area of listed wetland is Bolivia, with around 148,000 square kilometres
833:
231:
which adopts decisions (site designations, resolutions and recommendations) to administer the work of the convention and improve the way in which the parties are able to implement its objectives. In 2022, COP14 was co-held in Wuhan, China, and Geneva, Switzerland.
3797:
831:
Bury, Zur VerknĂĽpfung ĂĽberkommener
Vorstellungen völkerrechtlicher Normativität mit der unterlassenen Übernahme der Ramsar-Konvention von 1971 in den deutschen Rechtsraum (2022) 60(1) Archiv des Völkerrechts.
3722:
2210:
3552:
2702:
3807:
3727:
3707:
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The
Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP) provides scientific and technical guidance to the Conference of Contracting Parties, the Standing Committee, and the Ramsar Secretariat.
3152:
390:
3782:
3007:
2205:
3457:
3732:
3692:
1521:
264:
3492:
3792:
3747:
2992:
3737:
2050:
3752:
3717:
3262:
2235:
438:
3742:
3712:
3022:
1464:
620:
510:
331:
3632:
1549:
1474:
604:
415:
314:
As of 2016 there are 18 transboundary Ramsar sites, and 15 Ramsar regional initiatives covering regions of the
Mediterranean, Asia, Africa, and South America.
2817:
1727:
3057:
2942:
2075:
3502:
651:
3812:
3312:
678:
3777:
3602:
2862:
337:
297:
165:
3762:
3757:
3637:
3042:
2225:
17:
3767:
3642:
3112:
3077:
1569:
1501:
3802:
3702:
3472:
3437:
3772:
3452:
3377:
3282:
2240:
407:
403:
378:
59:
3697:
2812:
2338:
2200:
1564:
3787:
3267:
3142:
884:
374:
3667:
3617:
3527:
3512:
3417:
2962:
2230:
615:
81:
3572:
3537:
3532:
3482:
3402:
3382:
3192:
3072:
3017:
2892:
2827:
2822:
1865:
1720:
322:
The Ramsar
Convention works closely with six other organisations known as international organization partners (IOPs). These are:
3652:
3582:
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3317:
3287:
3277:
3232:
3212:
3107:
2987:
2902:
2887:
2802:
1060:
509:
The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day coordination of the convention's activities. It is based at the headquarters of the
419:
382:
269:
3657:
3547:
3387:
3322:
3272:
3167:
3132:
2877:
2867:
2692:
3687:
3592:
3587:
3562:
3557:
3522:
3517:
3462:
3442:
3422:
3342:
3297:
3222:
3147:
3052:
3012:
2977:
2972:
2947:
2907:
2837:
1574:
1289:
1013:
471:
bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.
434:
240:
3662:
3647:
3627:
3607:
3497:
3467:
3397:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3332:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3197:
3177:
3157:
3127:
3092:
3082:
3062:
3047:
3027:
2967:
2937:
2917:
2912:
2897:
2882:
2872:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2712:
2697:
1820:
1584:
571:
353:
3682:
3622:
3612:
3567:
3477:
3432:
3407:
3337:
3327:
3292:
3242:
3227:
3207:
3182:
3137:
3122:
3097:
3037:
2982:
2952:
2932:
2922:
2707:
1713:
1469:
739:
288:
The Ramsar Sites Information Service (RSIS) is a searchable database which provides information on each Ramsar site.
52:
46:
3677:
3672:
3577:
3542:
3487:
3427:
3392:
3372:
3307:
3217:
3202:
3187:
3162:
3117:
3102:
3067:
3002:
2927:
2797:
2015:
1554:
430:
348:
3597:
3447:
3412:
3302:
3237:
3172:
3087:
3032:
2997:
2323:
2217:
396:
Project funding bodies including global environmental funds, multilateral development banks and bilateral donors;
386:
63:
2807:
2776:
2569:
2564:
1860:
1533:
2477:
2288:
2182:
1910:
1900:
1244:
2303:
2293:
1995:
1980:
1579:
1456:
1350:
877:
682:
426:
343:
326:
302:
704:
2842:
2832:
2722:
2649:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2283:
2030:
1810:
1224:
726:
2457:
2419:
1750:
1484:
578:
in the late 1960s. The conference, which adopted the terms of the agreement, was held in the Iranian
228:
2679:
2333:
2142:
2100:
1870:
1830:
1664:
1315:
751:
625:
520:
251:
2599:
2594:
2462:
2404:
2298:
2147:
2065:
1950:
1930:
1840:
1783:
1528:
1446:
1355:
1229:
1214:
1194:
1095:
1090:
814:
583:
540:
213:
130:
235:
2609:
2584:
2487:
2434:
2353:
2020:
1925:
1885:
1855:
1825:
1736:
1694:
1604:
1320:
1262:
1125:
1100:
870:
806:
798:
567:
2717:
2409:
2313:
2265:
2177:
2070:
2010:
1768:
1325:
1279:
1239:
1120:
929:
790:
273:
2687:
2654:
2515:
2467:
2343:
2318:
2127:
2080:
2005:
1850:
1835:
1684:
1559:
1496:
1254:
1249:
1105:
996:
609:
555:
194:
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
102:
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
2551:
2505:
2500:
2472:
2439:
2308:
2167:
2095:
2085:
1935:
1880:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1634:
1441:
1115:
399:
2791:
2765:
2659:
2624:
2525:
2520:
2495:
2025:
1990:
1965:
1815:
1778:
1644:
1398:
969:
818:
778:
453:
652:"Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat"
2760:
2751:
2530:
2510:
2414:
2152:
2035:
1955:
1915:
1905:
1875:
1629:
1415:
1330:
1065:
1055:
1018:
949:
924:
559:
531:
18:
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat
27:
International treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands
2664:
2639:
2634:
2604:
2387:
2363:
2328:
2137:
2040:
1960:
1920:
1773:
1654:
1649:
1516:
1506:
1405:
1294:
1284:
1267:
1154:
1135:
964:
954:
944:
579:
488:
281:
201:
794:
186:
English (prevailing in case of divergence), French, German, Russian and Spanish
2644:
2579:
2368:
2348:
2132:
2105:
1890:
1803:
1614:
1310:
1274:
1140:
1130:
1033:
1008:
1001:
984:
979:
974:
575:
307:
802:
2669:
2574:
2358:
2122:
2115:
2090:
2000:
1436:
1410:
1145:
959:
934:
914:
444:
Since 1998 the convention has also benefited from a strong partnership with
2378:
810:
452:
brand, and since 2007 from the Biosphere Connections partnership with the
223:
Every three years, representatives of the contracting parties meet as the
2619:
2429:
1975:
1970:
1895:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1431:
1383:
1378:
1361:
1219:
1199:
1164:
1080:
1043:
1038:
563:
449:
108:
2629:
2589:
2559:
2537:
2157:
1945:
1845:
1659:
1639:
1204:
1169:
991:
893:
523:
is the seventh secretary general of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.
205:
310:
is a transboundary Ramsar site in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands
2614:
1940:
1705:
1393:
1184:
1174:
1070:
656:
445:
411:
197:
176:
247:
857:
1234:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1110:
1075:
1050:
1023:
919:
530:
487:
301:
268:
246:
234:
3798:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
2110:
1388:
1209:
1085:
280:
The list of wetlands of international importance included 2,331
217:
2263:
1747:
1709:
866:
2172:
2162:
1028:
939:
31:
752:"Sad news: death of Mr Eskandar Firouz – Call of the Curlew"
628:– international agreement on historic site recognition
862:
850:
224:
369:
The convention collaborates with a network of partners:
3723:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
391:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
586:
on 2 February 1971. The convention turned 50 in 2021.
492:
The Ramsar Secretariat offices in Gland, Switzerland
2678:
2550:
2486:
2448:
2386:
2276:
2193:
2058:
1761:
1597:
1542:
1483:
1455:
1424:
1371:
1343:
1303:
907:
900:
265:
List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance
182:
171:
161:
153:
145:
137:
126:
118:
101:
3808:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
3553:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
3728:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
3708:Treaties extended to British Antigua and Barbuda
535:A wetland clean-up in Oman on World Wetlands Day
439:International Association for Impact Assessment
373:Biodiversity-related conventions including the
1465:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
621:List of international environmental agreements
511:International Union for Conservation of Nature
332:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3783:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
2958:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria
2011:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1721:
1550:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
1475:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
878:
425:Non-governmental organizations including the
8:
777:Bridgewater, Peter; Kim, Rakhyun E. (2021).
740:"Using the Ramsar Sites Information Service"
646:
644:
642:
259:List of wetlands of international importance
200:for the conservation and sustainable use of
96:
3153:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
2076:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
705:"The Conference of the Contracting Parties"
418:, and specific programmes such as UNESCO's
220:, where the convention was signed in 1971.
3733:Treaties extended to Brunei (protectorate)
3693:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3008:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
2392:
2273:
2260:
1758:
1744:
1728:
1714:
1706:
1489:
904:
885:
871:
863:
612:– threat classification for wetlands
95:
3793:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
3748:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
779:"The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands at 50"
562:of Tour du Valat research station in the
497:The Scientific and Technical Review Panel
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
3458:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
2993:Treaties of the Central African Republic
338:International Water Management Institute
298:List of parties to the Ramsar Convention
45:This article includes a list of general
3738:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
679:"The Ramsar Convention and its Mission"
638:
558:(former environment minister of Iran),
3753:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
3718:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
3263:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1570:Meadowview Biological Research Station
1502:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
227:(COP), the policy-making organ of the
3743:Treaties extended to the Cook Islands
3713:Treaties extended to British Honduras
3023:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
466:Conference of the Contracting Parties
225:Conference of the Contracting Parties
7:
3633:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
461:Bodies established by the convention
379:Convention to Combat Desertification
2818:Treaties entered into force in 1975
2339:Oceanic physical-biological process
2201:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1565:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
318:International organization partners
3058:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
2943:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
375:Convention on Biological Diversity
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3503:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
3493:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
616:Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award
554:The convention was co-founded by
416:UN Economic Commission for Europe
254:in India, an example of wise use.
3813:Treaties extended to West Berlin
3313:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
2772:
2771:
2759:
2745:
2377:
2049:
1866:Colored dissolved organic matter
1690:
1689:
1678:
212:. It is named after the city of
107:
36:
3778:Treaties extended to Montserrat
3603:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
2863:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
2211:Latin America and the Caribbean
1061:Flooded grasslands and savannas
727:"Ramsar Sites Around the World"
420:Man and the Biosphere Programme
383:Convention on Migratory Species
3763:Treaties extended to Greenland
3758:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
3638:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3043:Treaties of the Czech Republic
2693:Ecological values of mangroves
2236:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
783:Nature Ecology & Evolution
517:organization partners (IOPs).
513:(IUCN) in Gland, Switzerland.
1:
3768:Treaties extended to Guernsey
3643:Treaties of the United States
3113:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3078:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
1585:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
1575:Society of Wetland Scientists
572:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
435:Society of Wetland Scientists
354:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
241:Upper Navua Conservation Area
3803:Treaties extended to Tokelau
3703:Treaties extended to Bermuda
3473:Treaties of the Soviet Union
3438:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
2713:Marine conservation activism
2698:Fisheries and climate change
1200:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
605:Ramsar classification system
276:Ramsar site in Guinea-Bissau
3773:Treaties extended to Jersey
3453:Treaties of the Philippines
3378:Treaties of the Netherlands
3283:Treaties of North Macedonia
2708:Human impact on marine life
2585:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
1821:Aquatic population dynamics
1470:National Wetlands Inventory
208:). It is also known as the
3829:
3698:Treaties extended to Aruba
2813:Treaties concluded in 1971
1555:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
834:DOI: 10.1628/avr-2022-0005
795:10.1038/s41559-021-01392-5
538:
431:Conservation International
295:
285:(57,000 sq mi).
262:
3788:Treaties extended to Niue
3268:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3143:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
2739:
2395:
2375:
2324:Marine primary production
2272:
2259:
2218:List of marine ecoregions
2047:
1757:
1743:
1673:
1492:
387:World Heritage Convention
292:International cooperation
106:
3668:Treaties of West Germany
3618:Treaties of Turkmenistan
3528:Treaties of South Africa
3513:Treaties of Sierra Leone
3418:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
2963:Treaties of Burkina Faso
2570:Coastal biogeomorphology
2565:Marine coastal ecosystem
1534:Wetland indicator status
361:Technical Review Panel.
149:Ratification by 7 states
3573:Treaties of Switzerland
3538:Treaties of South Sudan
3533:Treaties of South Korea
3483:Treaties of Saint Lucia
3403:Treaties of North Korea
3383:Treaties of New Zealand
3193:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3073:Treaties of El Salvador
3018:Treaties of the Comoros
2893:Treaties of the Bahamas
2828:1975 in the environment
2823:1971 in the environment
2478:Paradox of the plankton
2289:Diel vertical migration
2183:Freshwater swamp forest
1901:GIS and aquatic science
1749:General components and
1245:Freshwater swamp forest
274:Archipel Bolama-Bijagos
66:more precise citations.
3653:Treaties of Uzbekistan
3583:Treaties of Tajikistan
3508:Treaties of Seychelles
3358:Treaties of Mozambique
3348:Treaties of Montenegro
3318:Treaties of Mauritania
3288:Treaties of Madagascar
3278:Treaties of Luxembourg
3233:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3213:Treaties of Kazakhstan
3108:Treaties of the Gambia
2988:Treaties of Cape Verde
2903:Treaties of Bangladesh
2888:Treaties of Azerbaijan
2803:Environmental treaties
2304:Large marine ecosystem
1996:Shoaling and schooling
1580:Wetlands International
1351:List of wetland plants
536:
493:
475:The Standing COMMITTEE
344:Wetlands International
327:BirdLife International
311:
277:
255:
244:
210:Convention on Wetlands
3658:Treaties of Venezuela
3548:Treaties of Sri Lanka
3388:Treaties of Nicaragua
3323:Treaties of Mauritius
3273:Treaties of Lithuania
3168:Treaties of Indonesia
3133:Treaties of Guatemala
2878:Treaties of Australia
2868:Treaties of Argentina
2723:Marine protected area
2650:Salt pannes and pools
2425:Marine larval ecology
2400:Census of Marine Life
2284:Deep scattering layer
2241:San Francisco Estuary
2206:Africa and Madagascar
2031:Underwater camouflage
1811:Aquatic biomonitoring
1751:freshwater ecosystems
1225:Salt pannes and pools
534:
491:
305:
272:
250:
238:
3688:Treaties of Zimbabwe
3593:Treaties of Thailand
3588:Treaties of Tanzania
3563:Treaties of Eswatini
3558:Treaties of Suriname
3523:Treaties of Slovenia
3518:Treaties of Slovakia
3463:Treaties of Portugal
3443:Treaties of Paraguay
3423:Treaties of Pakistan
3343:Treaties of Mongolia
3298:Treaties of Malaysia
3223:Treaties of Kiribati
3148:Treaties of Honduras
3053:Treaties of Djibouti
3013:Treaties of Colombia
2978:Treaties of Cameroon
2973:Treaties of Cambodia
2948:Treaties of Botswana
2908:Treaties of Barbados
2838:Wetland conservation
2458:Marine bacteriophage
2420:Marine invertebrates
196:is an international
175:Director General of
3663:Treaties of Vietnam
3648:Treaties of Uruguay
3628:Treaties of Ukraine
3608:Treaties of Tunisia
3498:Treaties of Senegal
3468:Treaties of Romania
3398:Treaties of Nigeria
3368:Treaties of Namibia
3363:Treaties of Myanmar
3353:Treaties of Morocco
3333:Treaties of Moldova
3258:Treaties of Liberia
3253:Treaties of Lesotho
3248:Treaties of Lebanon
3198:Treaties of Jamaica
3178:Treaties of Ireland
3158:Treaties of Iceland
3128:Treaties of Grenada
3093:Treaties of Finland
3083:Treaties of Estonia
3063:Treaties of Ecuador
3048:Treaties of Denmark
3028:Treaties of Croatia
2968:Treaties of Burundi
2938:Treaties of Bolivia
2918:Treaties of Belgium
2913:Treaties of Belarus
2898:Treaties of Bahrain
2883:Treaties of Austria
2873:Treaties of Armenia
2858:Treaties of Andorra
2853:Treaties of Algeria
2848:Treaties of Albania
2334:Ocean fertilization
2143:Trophic state index
2101:Lake stratification
1831:Aquatic respiration
1685:Wetlands portal
1316:Constructed wetland
901:Types and landforms
626:World Heritage Site
252:Sustainable fishing
243:Ramsar site in Fiji
98:
3683:Treaties of Zambia
3623:Treaties of Uganda
3613:Treaties of Turkey
3568:Treaties of Sweden
3478:Treaties of Rwanda
3433:Treaties of Panama
3408:Treaties of Norway
3338:Treaties of Monaco
3328:Treaties of Mexico
3293:Treaties of Malawi
3243:Treaties of Latvia
3228:Treaties of Kuwait
3208:Treaties of Jordan
3183:Treaties of Israel
3138:Treaties of Guinea
3123:Treaties of Greece
3098:Treaties of France
3038:Treaties of Cyprus
2983:Treaties of Canada
2953:Treaties of Brazil
2933:Treaties of Bhutan
2923:Treaties of Belize
2600:Intertidal wetland
2595:Intertidal ecology
2463:Marine prokaryotes
2405:Deep-sea community
2299:Iron fertilization
2222:Specific examples
2148:Upland and lowland
2066:Freshwater biology
1931:Microbial food web
1841:Aquatic toxicology
1784:Aquatic adaptation
1737:Aquatic ecosystems
1529:Salt marsh die-off
1447:Salt marsh dieback
1356:List of fen plants
1195:Palustrine wetland
1096:Intertidal wetland
1091:Interdunal wetland
858:World Wetlands Day
541:World Wetlands Day
537:
527:World Wetlands Day
494:
480:YAWAR SHARIEF @299
441:, and many others;
427:Nature Conservancy
312:
278:
256:
245:
3678:Treaties of Zaire
3673:Treaties of Yemen
3578:Treaties of Syria
3543:Treaties of Spain
3488:Treaties of Samoa
3428:Treaties of Palau
3393:Treaties of Niger
3373:Treaties of Nepal
3308:Treaties of Malta
3218:Treaties of Kenya
3203:Treaties of Japan
3188:Treaties of Italy
3163:Treaties of India
3118:Treaties of Ghana
3103:Treaties of Gabon
3068:Treaties of Egypt
3003:Treaties of Chile
2928:Treaties of Benin
2798:Ramsar Convention
2785:
2784:
2766:Oceans portal
2735:
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2610:Hydrothermal vent
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2435:Seashore wildlife
2266:Marine ecosystems
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2021:Thermal pollution
1986:Ramsar Convention
1926:Microbial ecology
1886:Fisheries science
1826:Aquatic predation
1703:
1702:
1605:Aquatic ecosystem
1593:
1592:
1512:Ramsar Convention
1339:
1338:
1321:Converted wetland
1263:Peat swamp forest
1126:Inland salt marsh
568:Geoffrey Matthews
402:agencies such as
349:WWF International
190:
189:
97:Ramsar Convention
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
3820:
3598:Treaties of Togo
3448:Treaties of Peru
3413:Treaties of Oman
3303:Treaties of Mali
3238:Treaties of Laos
3173:Treaties of Iraq
3088:Treaties of Fiji
3033:Treaties of Cuba
2998:Treaties of Chad
2775:
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2754:
2752:Lakes portal
2750:
2749:
2748:
2718:Marine pollution
2410:Deep-water coral
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2314:Marine chemistry
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2178:Freshwater marsh
2071:Freshwater biome
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1769:Acoustic ecology
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1665:Will-o'-the-wisp
1598:Related articles
1490:
1290:Whitewater river
1240:Coniferous swamp
1121:Freshwater marsh
1014:Clearwater river
930:Blackwater river
905:
887:
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853:
851:Official website
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141:21 December 1975
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1836:Aquatic science
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758:. 11 March 2020
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2497:
2496:Marine mammal
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Trophic level
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Sediment trap
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Phytoplankton
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Aquatic plant
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Anoxic waters
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:Riparian zone
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:Organizations
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
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1488:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1399:Tropical peat
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Várzea forest
1278:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
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1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:Polygonal bog
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
859:
856:
852:
847:
846:
842:
835:
828:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
770:
757:
753:
747:
744:
741:
736:
733:
728:
722:
719:
706:
700:
697:
684:
680:
674:
671:
659:
658:
653:
647:
645:
643:
639:
632:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
547:
542:
533:
526:
524:
522:
521:Musonda Mumba
518:
514:
512:
504:
502:
496:
490:
486:
482:
481:
474:
472:
465:
460:
455:
454:Star Alliance
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
370:
364:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
317:
315:
309:
304:
299:
291:
289:
286:
283:
275:
271:
266:
258:
253:
249:
242:
237:
233:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
105:
100:
94:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2843:Wildlife law
2833:1971 in Iran
2680:Conservation
2531:Pelagic fish
2511:Coastal fish
2415:Marine fungi
2153:Water garden
2036:Water column
1985:
1981:Productivity
1956:Pelagic zone
1916:Macrobenthos
1906:Hydrobiology
1876:Ecohydrology
1630:List of bogs
1511:
1485:Conservation
1416:Ombrotrophic
1360:
1331:Water-meadow
1255:
1066:Grass valley
1056:Flood-meadow
1019:Cypress dome
950:Cataract bog
925:Beach meadow
827:
786:
782:
772:
760:. Retrieved
755:
746:
735:
721:
709:. Retrieved
699:
687:. Retrieved
683:the original
673:
661:. Retrieved
655:
593:
560:Luc Hoffmann
553:
544:
519:
515:
508:
500:
483:
479:
478:
469:
368:
359:
321:
313:
287:
282:Ramsar sites
279:
222:
209:
202:Ramsar sites
193:
191:
93:
78:
72:October 2017
69:
50:
29:
2665:Sponge reef
2640:Rocky shore
2635:Oyster reef
2605:Kelp forest
2488:Vertebrates
2388:Marine life
2364:Viral shunt
2329:Marine snow
2231:Maharashtra
2138:Stream pool
2041:Zooplankton
1961:Photic zone
1921:Meiobenthos
1774:Algal bloom
1655:Telmatology
1650:River delta
1517:Ramsar site
1507:Marsh organ
1406:Hydric soil
1285:Vernal pool
1268:Shrub swamp
1136:Tidal marsh
965:Plateau bog
955:Coastal bog
945:Blanket bog
580:Caspian Sea
546:countries.
385:(CMS), the
377:(CBD), the
154:Signatories
113:Ramsar logo
64:introducing
2792:Categories
2645:Salt marsh
2580:Coral reef
2369:Whale fall
2349:Photophore
2226:Everglades
2194:Ecoregions
2133:Stream bed
2106:Macrophyte
2059:Freshwater
1891:Food chain
1804:Water bird
1615:Bog butter
1311:Bog garden
1304:Artificial
1275:Wet meadow
1141:High marsh
1131:Salt marsh
1034:Fen-meadow
1002:Alder carr
985:Upland bog
980:String bog
975:Raised bog
689:11 October
633:References
582:resort of
576:Slimbridge
414:, and the
308:Wadden Sea
229:convention
172:Depositary
47:references
2670:Tide pool
2575:Cold seep
2359:Upwelling
2123:Rheotaxis
2116:Fish pond
2091:Limnology
2016:Substrate
2001:Siltation
1871:Dead zone
1437:Hydrosere
1425:Processes
1411:Marsh gas
1256:Myristica
1146:Low marsh
960:Kermi bog
935:Bofedales
915:Backswamp
819:231757105
803:2397-334X
381:(UNCCD),
183:Languages
146:Condition
138:Effective
2777:Category
2703:HERMIONE
2620:Mangrove
2430:Seagrass
1976:Pleuston
1971:Plankton
1951:Particle
1896:Food web
1695:Category
1625:Bog-wood
1620:Bog iron
1610:Bog body
1432:Halosere
1384:Histosol
1379:Acrotelm
1362:Sphagnum
1220:Reed bed
1165:Moorland
1044:Rich fen
1039:Poor fen
894:Wetlands
811:33526891
762:18 March
711:31 March
707:. Ramsar
663:7 August
599:See also
564:Camargue
393:(CITES);
206:wetlands
127:Location
2630:Mudflat
2590:Estuary
2560:Bay mud
2538:Seabird
2294:f-ratio
2277:General
2158:Wetland
1946:Neuston
1911:Hypoxia
1856:Biomass
1846:Benthos
1762:General
1660:Turbary
1640:Estuary
1215:Pothole
1205:Pocosin
1170:Mudflat
1009:Ciénega
992:Callows
908:Natural
570:of the
550:History
485:years.
162:Parties
60:improve
2615:Lagoon
1941:Nekton
1799:Mammal
1794:Insect
1230:Slough
1185:Pakihi
1175:Muskeg
1101:Kettle
1071:Guelta
817:
809:
801:
657:UNESCO
584:Ramsar
446:Danone
437:, the
433:, the
422:(MAB);
412:UNESCO
340:(IWMI)
334:(IUCN)
214:Ramsar
198:treaty
177:UNESCO
133:, Iran
131:Ramsar
119:Signed
49:, but
2006:Spawn
1326:Swale
1295:Yaéré
1258:swamp
1235:Swamp
1190:Palsa
1180:Oasis
1160:Misse
1111:Marsh
1081:IgapĂł
1076:Hamun
1051:Flark
1024:Dambo
920:Bayou
815:S2CID
450:Évian
356:(WWT)
2111:Pond
1522:List
1389:Peat
1344:Life
1210:Pond
1155:Mere
1106:Lagg
1086:Ings
997:Carr
807:PMID
799:ISSN
764:2020
713:2019
691:2016
665:2022
408:UNDP
404:UNEP
306:The
239:The
218:Iran
192:The
2173:Fen
2163:Bog
1029:Fen
940:Bog
791:doi
574:at
216:in
166:172
2794::
813:.
805:.
797:.
785:.
781:.
754:.
654:.
641:^
429:,
410:,
406:,
400:UN
157:23
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
886:e
879:t
872:v
821:.
793::
787:5
766:.
729:.
715:.
693:.
667:.
204:(
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
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