290:, a Catholic priest, passed anti-Jewish legislation on April 18, 1939, defining any converts baptized after October 30, 1918, as Jews. As in Romania, "of particular concern to the Vatican diplomat" were the provisions pertaining to Catholic schools. A lesser concern was any future matrimonial legislation. Chargé d'affaires Burzio attempted to find an organization, particularly in America, that could aid in the emigration of Jewish Catholics, lest they share in the fate of deportation. A letter from the Slovak bishops about the impending deportations "specifically limited their concern to Catholic Jews and asked that they not be deported". The letter assured the Slovak government these Jews had been sincere in their conversion and had made a "complete break with their Jewish background".
104:
deportations on May 20, 1942, and the
Vatican tried for the last time to appeal to the Brazilians in July 1942. Maglione wrote in December 1941 to the bishop whose request had initiated the project that: "as you have certainly been informed many emigrants have departed and—I regret to say—from what I have been told, a good many of them, both by their improper conduct and alleged demands, have not corresponded to the concern which the Holy See has shown in their behalf". The emphasis of Maglione's letter was not on the failure of a diplomatic effort, but chagrin at the alleged conduct and lack of gratitude of the recipients of the visas. According to the
266:
rights of converted Jews. According to Morley, although
Cassulo was "possibly the most active of the Vatican diplomats in matters concerning the Jews", his protests were limited to violations of the concordat, and thus to the rights of converted Jews. Morley judges him sincere in his belief that it was "God's plan" that the Holocaust increase the number of converts. Overall, Cassulo was "reluctant to intervene, except for the baptized Jews". Morley argues that "his Jewish contemporaries might have exaggerated, in those years of crisis, his influence and efforts on their behalf" based on the difference between Jewish sources and the
190:, telegraphed Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione to inform him of his actions to save Jews, particularly those who had converted to Catholicism. Nuncio Rotta handed out letters of protection to many Jews during the Holocaust, although the majority of them went to converts to Catholicism. The Hungarian Catholic Church throughout the 1930s and 1940s supported efforts to purge Jewish influence, "with the exception of some weak protests against the inclusion of Jewish converts in the increasingly severe anti-Jewish measures". According to Roth and Ritner, "apart from converts to Christianity, Cardinal and Primate of Hungary
250:
that the decree did not because it would only affect the "civil status" of baptized Jews. Bypassing the "blatant racism" of this reply, Maglione's "sole interest" was that the rights of the concordat be extended to baptized Jews. The
Vatican considered the matter settled after a July 21, 1941, note from the minister of foreign affairs granted the enumerated demands of Maglione: "free profession of the Catholic faith, admission to Catholic schools, religious instruction, and spiritual assistance in various areas of society".
235:'s "early efforts on behalf of Jews concerned almost exclusively those who had been baptized Catholic". He passed on to the Vatican in 1939, but did not pursue, a project to emigrate the 150,000 converted Jews of Romania to Spain. From 1940 to 1941, his primary diplomatic responsibility was to protest various pieces of legislation insofar as they infringed on the rights of baptized Jews, particularly with respect to intermarriage and attendance of baptized Jews to Catholic schools, which were protected by the Romanian
455:, who in Auschwitz did nobly volunteer to give his life to save another inmate (a non-Jew), but was not in the camp because of his Christianity and did not die for his faith, a condition of his canonization as a martyr, although others can certainly argue that out of his love for Christ he sacrificed his life for another inmate, and this action, inspired by his christianity, in essence is the same as dying because of his faith; and Kolbe was the author of an expressly antisemitic Catholic journal.
35:, who wrote about Vatican diplomacy during the Holocaust, "one of the principal concerns of the Vatican, especially in the early days of the war, was those Jews who had converted to Catholicism, the so-called Catholic or Christian non-Aryans". Morley further argues that Pius XII was "primarily, almost exclusively, concerned about baptized Jews". Moreover, Pius XII's purported fear of reprisals against "non-Aryan Catholics" is often cited as a motive for his not speaking out against the Holocaust.
1466:
401:
51:, "this is a key point because, in debates about Pius XII, his defenders regularly point to denunciations of racism and defense of Jewish converts as evidence of opposition to antisemitism of all sorts". The Holocaust is one of the most acute examples of the "recurrent and acutely painful issue in the Catholic-Jewish dialogue", namely "Christian efforts to convert Jews".
140:, the primate of Croatia, to save "as many Jews—mostly converts—as possible during an upcoming Nazi roundup". According to Morley, "there is an underriding current in all of Marcone's efforts that appears to limit his interests and activities to those Jews who had been baptized Catholic or were married to Catholics would not be harmed".
128:, "while the Church often came to the defense of persecuted converted Jews, or 'non-Aryan Catholics' as they were sometimes called, seeing state action against them as a violation of agreements that assigned to the Church the right to determine who was and who was not a Catholic, the Church was much less solicitous of Jews who remained Jewish".
116:
exemplifying the reliance on diplomacy, even as "an end in itself"; and third, in showing the reluctance of the pope to disturb the status quo, "even when a staunchly
Catholic country reneged on its promise to the Pope"; and finally, the use of prior failure as an "apologia" against later proposals to aid Jews.
297:
as in other countries, the original Slovak racial laws were protested by the
Vatican, not because of any deleterious effects upon the Jews, but because they infringed on the rights of the Church. Whenever racial regulations did not exempt baptized Jews from the liabilities imposed upon Jews, Maglione
257:
It became obvious to
Cassulo that the motivations of converts were not solely religious, and he wrote to Rome: "it is clear that human motives cannot be denied, but it is likewise true that Providence also uses human means to arrive at salvation". Nationwide statistics on Jewish baptisms are unclear,
253:
The
Romanian racial laws prompted an unprecedented interest in conversion to Catholicism by Romania's Jews, causing the Vatican to issue a directive to priests directing them to be "diligent in their judgement of prospective converts". Their profession was not to be automatically accepted, but rather
208:
The
Vatican's protest against the Italian racial legislation was that "there was no recognition of the rights of baptized Jews, whom the Vatican considered Catholics". The protests of the racial laws were the "primary focus" of the Vatican's activity related to Jews. According to Morley, "there is no
160:
Valeri had no particular competence to comment on the laws or treatment accorded to Jews, unless they were baptized
Catholics. Moreover, there was no concordat between France and the Vatican spelling out the duties and rights of each. Unlike Romania, for example, there were no large-scale conversions
111:
It is difficult to verify the exact number of visas issued. Only 1,000 visas were actually allocated to the
Brazilian embassy in the Vatican, and most—although not all—were probably used. The remaining 2,000 in control of the Brazilian officials in Germany were never used, not even in the
99:
of Vienna wrote to Pius XII on February 4, 1941, asking for his immediate aid in granting the visas, in light of the beginning of deportation of the 60,000 Jews of Vienna, at least 11,000 of whom had been baptized. A reply from Maglione outlined the various difficulties associated with such a step.
249:
However, "much more worrisome to the Vatican" was a March 18, 1941, decree forbidding the conversion of Jews to Christianity, with severe penalties for Jews attempting to convert and cooperating priests. Again, Cassulo protested that this violated the concordat, but the Romanian government replied
450:
In 1998 the Church canonized Edith Stein, a convert to Christianity. The Germans killed her not because she was a Catholic or a nun, which they deemed irrelevant, but because she had been born a Jew. So the Church has sent her on the path to sainthood on the false pretext that she was a Holocaust
302:
In particular, restrictions rights to attend Catholic schools and intermarry were viewed primarily as restrictions on the rights of the church. Maglione's letter of protest "did not deal with, nor did it intend to, the injustices committed against the Jews. Maglione made it very clear that he was
174:
of 1935 were limited to their effects on converts from Judaism, particularly with respect to their right to marry "Aryan" Catholics. According to Morley, "as would be expected and was paralleled elsewhere, Orsenigo's early communications with Maglione concerning Jews dealt with those who had been
419:
conversion to Catholicism. This concern of "appropriation" is not unique, with similar criticisms having been raised about Catholic narratives regarding other convert victims of the Holocaust—"making it seem that the Church, not the Jewish people, was the primary victim of Nazi genocide".
265:
In July 1942, the archdiocese of Bucharest refused to hand over the baptismal registers to the Ministry of Religion, although it did allow them to have a list of names of those baptized. By December 1943 the Vatican believed that it had resolved most issues with the Romanian government over the
418:
has been somewhat controversial due to the question of whether she was killed for her faith or ethnicity. Many Jews view the claim of conferring of martyrdom on Stein as an act of appropriation of the Holocaust, holding that Stein was targeted by the Nazis for her Jewish ethnicity, not for her
152:
against the Vichy racial legislation was that there was no provision for conversion to Christianity written into the law. Morley notes that the effect on converts was the sole basis for Vatican protests: "any governmental attitude that did not recognize the rights of the Church was a source of
87:
From the very beginning, the visas came with strict conditions, "some necessary, others obstructionist", which grew stricter over time. The visas were available to baptized Jews in Germany and other countries, but were required to submit a recommendation from the nunciature of their respective
115:
Morley views the importance of the Brazilian visa project as fourfold: first, in demonstrating the concern of Pius XII "primarily, almost exclusively" with baptized rather than unconverted Jews, and viewing their persecution primarily as an infringement on the rights of the church; second, in
103:
The visa program was suspended on September 3, 1940, and officially ended on November 20, 1941. The Spanish and Portuguese governments had already refused to issue travel visas for those using the immigration visas to Brazil. Innitzer updated the Vatican again on the increased pace of the
345:
published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio
175:
baptized Catholic". Orsenigo indicated interest in (unrealized) plans to send emigrate baptized Jews, particularly to a colony in Ethiopia. Other documents testify to Orsenigo's efforts to emigrate baptized Jews, but there is no evidence as to the outcome of these efforts.
254:
a "six-month period of their instruction and preparation, their conduct, interest, and desire to reform their lives according to Catholic principles were to be observed. If after all this, there were any doubts about their motivation, this baptism was to be postponed".
374:
was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives that were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organisations.
112:
early months of the project. Maglione was "remarkably acquiescent" to the cancellation of the program and his response to the Brazilian ambassador about the possibility of reinstating the program in the future was "agonizingly impersonal and diplomatic".
38:
In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries, racial legislation restricted, banned, or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity. Across Europe—in Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Slovakia—Pius XII's
262:, 20% of the Jewish population, 40,000 Jews, were baptized in the hope of escaping deportation. At the request of the Romanian minister, Daniel Papp, stricter instructions were sent to Cassulo, recommending further discretion in baptizing Jews.
2134:
267:
209:
evidence that the officials of the Secretariat of State were concerned about the restrictions placed upon the Jews. Their ongoing complaint was that the laws did not recognize the changed status of Jews who converted to Catholicism".
246:: on November 20, 1940, December 2, 1940, and February 14, 1941. Five days after the last protest, Antonescu informed the nuncio of his signing a decree allowing students of any ethnic origin to attend their own religious schools.
318:, the Chief Rabbi of Rome, converted to Catholicism after the war and took the baptismal name "Eugenio" in honor of Pius XII. However, Zolli remains a controversial figure in the Jewish community for his actions during the war.
440:: "the Church's attempt, at least in part, to Christianize the Holocaust, to incorporate the Holocaust into its own teaching, takes several forms: the invention of false Christian martyrs, false Christian heros [
223:, the chief rabbi in Rome at the time. In 1945, Zolli converted to Catholicism and chose to be christened "Eugenio Maria" in homage to Pope Pius XII, who was born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli.
1973:
65:
In March 1939, various members of the German Catholic hierarchy asked the newly elected Pius XII to petition the Brazilian government for 3,000 immigration visas for German Catholic Jews to settle in
88:
country. The emigrants were further required to prove that their baptism had occurred before 1933. Protestant Jews were denied visas. Later conditions included a substantial monetary transfer to the
370:
and baptismal records were opened. Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and Andrea Tornielli, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine but asserted that the reporting by the
1828:
366:(ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant
1431:
2217:
2147:
1791:
1893:
1803:
1905:
1989:
161:
of Jews. Thus, there was no potential source of conflict with the government over the rights of baptized Jews, or legal justification for such Vatican intervention.
1833:
336:
from the 1850s, the Vatican resisted attempts to return Jewish orphans to their relatives for over a decade after the war, especially if they had been baptized.
2167:
1963:
1848:
2212:
496:
as a "belated response to the Holocaust" and allege that "campaigns to convert Jews are no longer theologically acceptable in the Catholic Church".
426:
near Auschwitz I typifies these controversies, as Auschwitz is also the site of the martyrdom (according to the Catholic Church) of saints such as
1813:
1361:
378:
In 2020, after researchers were given access to the previously-sealed archives from the pontificate of Pius XII, the policies documented by the
1958:
1994:
1853:
1843:
1300:
1120:
1953:
1818:
1873:
1823:
1808:
213:
203:
1938:
1333:
1308:
1286:
1257:
1233:
1210:
386:, in which the Vatican secretly directed clerics in France to defy court orders to turn over the children to an aunt after the war.
191:
219:, often cited by defenders of Pius XII, most were non-Jews or converts. Among the non-Christian refugees saved by the Vatican was
1999:
1881:
283:
2060:
1968:
1863:
1786:
84:. The visas were formally conceded by Vargas, through Brazil's Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC), on June 20, 1939.
1100:
1056:
2050:
1529:
1456:
1426:
153:
complaint by the Vatican. There is no basis for suggesting that any of the other provisions gave occasion for complaint".
2160:
1858:
1778:
1592:
69:. This was followed by two years of diplomatic exchanges, starting with an instruction form Cardinal Secretary of State
1441:
1421:
1395:
1354:
355:
271:
187:
1746:
1943:
1838:
1536:
1451:
1278:
327:
1948:
1930:
1405:
492:
promulgated by Paul VI in 1965 was meant to usher in a new era of Catholic-Jewish relations. Some analysts view
446:], and false Christian victims, and the appropriation of Jewish suffering as its own". Goldhagen continues:
2127:
1920:
1915:
1760:
1634:
1550:
1508:
74:
43:
saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews. According to
2004:
1910:
1899:
1515:
367:
1020:
108:, by "improper conduct", Maglione could only have meant that the recipients continued to practice Judaism.
2153:
2073:
2045:
1585:
1446:
1347:
1325:
1317:
471:
363:
60:
1711:
1313:
799:
Zuccotti, Susan. 2004. "Pope Pius XII and the Rescue of Jews in Italy: Evidence of a Papal Directive?".
1676:
1669:
1753:
1648:
1522:
1436:
1292:
1202:
658:
Michael Marrus. "Pius XII and the Holocaust: Ten Essential Themes". In Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 45.
1194:
32:
2020:
1641:
1627:
341:
78:
1266:
48:
1487:
395:
2174:
1117:
2093:
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1683:
1655:
1329:
1304:
1282:
1253:
1229:
1206:
1064:
1028:
436:
137:
81:
414:'s (a German nun who converted from Judaism in 1922 and was killed in Auschwitz) status as a
2141:
2103:
2098:
2035:
1739:
1718:
1690:
1578:
1557:
1494:
452:
431:
427:
96:
2040:
1886:
1767:
1725:
1704:
1571:
1501:
1124:
1104:
483:
475:
423:
405:
347:
89:
2025:
1697:
1662:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1243:
1217:
232:
171:
149:
125:
70:
2206:
2088:
1370:
1222:
488:
465:
383:
243:
25:
21:
2068:
2030:
1564:
1270:
479:
333:
315:
220:
183:
44:
1247:
1057:"Unsealed Archives Give Fresh Clues to Pope Pius XII's Response to the Holocaust"
2078:
1732:
1543:
1322:
The Chief Rabbi, the Pope, and the Holocaust: An Era in Vatican-Jewish Relations
1097:
411:
2120:
1599:
1401:
1389:
400:
359:
351:
287:
259:
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but they certainly rose to the level that the government became concerned. In
1068:
1032:
2191:
1465:
236:
1379:
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
1098:
ADL to Vatican: Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold
819:
A "chief rabbi" of Rome becomes a Catholic: a study in fright and spite
415:
66:
40:
451:
martyr to her Christian faith. In 1982, the Church canonized Father
100:
Innitzer was not satisfied, and complained again later that month.
399:
1383:
1339:
1343:
1199:
Vatican diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1943
1142:
Never forget: Christian and Jewish perspectives on Edith Stein
442:
1464:
298:
and his representatives felt justified in issuing protests.
92:
and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin.
1252:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1228:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
647:
Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question
482:
there has been a marked change in the presentation of the
20:
is one of the most controversial aspects of the record of
1297:
Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy
77:, the nuncio in Rio de Janeiro to request the visas from
212:
Of the refugees housed in the Vatican itself during the
18:
conversion of Jews to Catholicism during the Holocaust
1021:"The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives"
486:'s doctrine with regards to Judaism. In particular,
2184:
2148:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
2112:
2059:
2013:
1982:
1929:
1872:
1777:
1475:
1415:
350:(who became Pope John XXIII, and was recognized by
303:
defending the rights of Catholics 'of Jewish origin
1221:
322:Return of orphans to their relatives after the war
1224:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
136:Similarly, in 1943 Cardinal Maglione instructed
1155:Edith Stein: St. Theresa Benedicta of the Cross
474:, convened and closed by Pius XII's successors
1355:
649:. University of California Press. p. 151–168.
8:
608:
606:
186:, Pius XII's nuncio to Hungary, regarded as
95:In the face of these many hurdles, Cardinal
2218:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
1362:
1348:
1340:
382:were confirmed for the famous case of the
194:had no interest in the fate of the Jews".
2168:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
1249:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War
332:Following the pattern established in the
821:. The Renaissance press. pp. 89–90.
1180:The papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust
1165:
1163:
714:
712:
504:
120:Action on behalf of converts by country
996:
994:
966:
964:
927:
925:
888:
886:
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872:
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858:
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854:
844:
842:
832:
830:
828:
684:
682:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
540:
538:
390:Alleged appropriation of the Holocaust
1050:
1048:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
528:
526:
524:
514:
512:
510:
508:
7:
1301:Catholic University of America Press
1087:Jerusalem Report, (7 February 2005).
1055:Povoledo, Elisabetta (2020-08-28).
148:One of the main protests of nuncio
204:Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia
55:Brazilian Visa Project (1939-1941)
14:
1990:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
124:According to Holocaust historian
170:The Vatican's objections to the
2213:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
1275:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
362:, the national director of the
242:Cassulo made three protests to
801:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
763:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 186.
754:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 185.
736:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 169.
571:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 236.
1:
1530:Communium interpretes dolorum
817:Newman, Louis Israel (1945).
562:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 44.
544:Roth and Ritner, 2002, p. 49.
106:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
1844:Pontifical Relief Commission
1593:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
1396:Cardinal Secretary of State
1140:Waltraud Herbstrith. 1998.
1019:Kertzer, Story by David I.
356:Righteous Among the Nations
272:Righteous among the Nations
188:Righteous among the Nations
2234:
1839:Jewish orphans controversy
1537:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
1462:
1279:Leicester University Press
790:Morley, 1980, pp. 190-191.
727:Morley, 1980, pp. 112-113.
463:
393:
358:) ignored this directive.
328:Jewish orphans controversy
325:
270:(Cassulo is recognized as
201:
58:
2161:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
1377:
2128:Three Popes and the Jews
1761:Ad Apostolorum principis
1747:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
1635:Sempiternus Rex Christus
1551:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
1509:Mystici Corporis Christi
1169:Goldhagen, 2002, p. 240.
1153:MarĂa Ruiz Scaperlanda.
1096:Anti-Defamation League.
958:Morley, 1980, pp. 74-75.
919:Morley, 1980, pp. 45-46.
910:Morley, 1980, pp. 43-44.
901:Morley, 1980, pp. 32-33.
580:Morley, 1980, pp. 18-19.
75:Benedetto Aloisi Masella
1854:Alleged kidnapping plot
1516:Divino afflante Spiritu
645:Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995.
368:Vatican Secret Archives
2154:Under His Very Windows
1849:1942 Christmas address
1586:In multiplicibus curis
1469:
1406:Saint Peter's Basilica
1326:Transaction Publishers
1178:Frank J. Coppa. 2006.
612:Gutman, 1990, p. 1136.
553:Sánchez, 2002, p. 177.
472:Second Vatican Council
457:
422:The conflict over the
408:
364:Anti-Defamation League
300:
163:
61:Brazilian Visa Project
1804:Persecution of Church
1712:Luctuosissimi eventus
1468:
1318:Sillanpoa, Wallace P.
781:Morley, 1980, p. 190.
772:Morley, 1980, p. 167.
745:Phayer, 2000, p. 108.
718:Morley, 1980, p. 108.
676:Morley, 1980, p. 164.
448:
403:
394:Further information:
295:
158:
156:According to Morley,
1649:Orientales Ecclesias
1523:Orientalis Ecclesiae
1157:. 2001. pp. 175-176.
1009:Morley, 1980, p. 99.
1000:Morley, 1980, p. 98.
988:Morley, 1980, p. 90.
979:Morley, 1980, p. 89.
970:Morley, 1980, p. 75.
949:Morley, 1980, p. 74.
940:Morely, 1980, p. 47.
931:Morley, 1980, p. 46.
892:Morley, 1980, p. 30.
876:Morley, 1980, p. 29.
864:Morley, 1980, p. 27.
848:Morley, 1980, p. 26.
836:Morley, 1980, p. 25.
706:Phayer, 2000, p. 14.
697:Morley, 1980, p. 70.
688:Morley, 1980, p. 68.
667:Phayer, 2000, p. 86.
636:Morley, 1980, p. 20.
600:Morley, 1980, p. 19.
532:Morley, 1980, p. 21.
518:Morley, 1980, p. 18.
231:Nuncio to Bucharest
1819:Catholic Resistance
1642:Ingruentium malorum
1628:Evangelii praecones
1314:Weisbord, Robert G.
1299:. Washington D.C.:
380:Corriere della Sera
372:Corriere della Sera
342:Corriere della Sera
2135:Actes et documents
2000:Apostolic writings
1974:Fátima and Balazar
1834:Ustaše involvement
1797:conversion of Jews
1488:Summi Pontificatus
1470:
1201:. New York :
1123:2008-05-27 at the
1107:. 13 January 2005.
1103:2009-01-04 at the
1061:The New York Times
409:
396:Holocaust theology
293:Morley notes that
2200:
2199:
2113:Works on Pius XII
1959:Eastern canon law
1894:Post–World War II
1874:Foreign relations
1829:Occupied dioceses
1809:German Resistance
1684:Ad Sinarum gentem
1656:Doctor Mellifluus
1447:Illness and death
1116:Dimitri Cavalli.
437:A Moral Reckoning
284:Slovak government
138:Aloysius Stepinac
2225:
1939:Social teachings
1740:Invicti athletae
1719:Laetamur admodum
1691:Ad Caeli Reginam
1677:Ecclesiae fastos
1670:Sacra virginitas
1579:Auspicia quaedam
1558:Fulgens radiatur
1495:Sertum laetitiae
1364:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1293:Sánchez, José M.
1263:
1239:
1227:
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911:
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893:
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874:
865:
862:
849:
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453:Maximilian Kolbe
432:Daniel Goldhagen
428:Maximilian Kolbe
311:Notable examples
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286:under President
192:Justinian Seredi
97:Theodor Innitzer
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2175:The Pope's Jews
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2009:
1978:
1925:
1887:Reichskonkordat
1868:
1864:Bombing of Rome
1814:Nazi euthanasia
1773:
1768:Meminisse iuvat
1754:Miranda prorsus
1726:Datis nuperrime
1705:Haurietis aquas
1572:Optatissima pax
1502:Saeculo exeunte
1479:
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1471:
1460:
1411:
1380:
1373:
1368:
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1244:Phayer, Michael
1242:
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1216:
1203:KTAV Pub. House
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1131:. 1 April 2006.
1125:Wayback Machine
1118:Pius's Children
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1105:Wayback Machine
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531:
522:
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506:
502:
484:Catholic Church
476:Pope John XXIII
468:
462:
430:. According to
424:Auschwitz cross
406:Auschwitz cross
398:
392:
348:Angelo Roncalli
330:
324:
313:
304:
280:
229:
206:
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90:Banco do Brasil
63:
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12:
11:
5:
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2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
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2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
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1969:Beatifications
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1698:Musicae sacrae
1694:
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1663:Fulgens corona
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1621:Mirabile illud
1617:
1614:Humani generis
1610:
1607:Summi maeroris
1603:
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1476:Encyclicals in
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1273:(eds.). 2002.
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464:Main article:
461:
458:
391:
388:
326:Main article:
323:
320:
312:
309:
279:
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233:Andrea Cassulo
228:
225:
202:Main article:
199:
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180:
177:
172:Nuremberg Laws
167:
164:
150:Valerio Valeri
145:
142:
133:
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126:Michael Marrus
121:
118:
82:GetĂşlio Vargas
71:Luigi Maglione
59:Main article:
56:
53:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2165:
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2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
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2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:Hitler's Pope
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
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2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
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2100:
2097:
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2074:Galeazzi-Lisi
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2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Canonizations
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
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1798:
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1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:The Holocaust
1785:
1784:
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1504:
1503:
1499:
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1482:
1478:chronological
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1372:
1371:Pope Pius XII
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1334:0-88738-416-1
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:0-8132-1081-X
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:0-7185-0275-2
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Roth, John K.
1268:
1267:Ritner, Carol
1265:
1261:
1259:9780253349309
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1235:9780253337252
1231:
1226:
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1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:0-87068-701-8
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861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
843:
839:
833:
831:
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825:
820:
813:
810:
807:(2): 255-273.
806:
802:
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760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
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724:
721:
715:
713:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
685:
683:
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
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633:
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541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
525:
521:
515:
513:
511:
509:
505:
499:
497:
495:
494:Nostra aetate
491:
490:
489:Nostra aetate
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
466:Nostra aetate
459:
456:
454:
447:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
417:
413:
407:
402:
397:
389:
387:
385:
384:Finaly Affair
381:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
343:
337:
335:
329:
321:
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294:
291:
289:
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277:
275:
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269:
263:
261:
255:
251:
247:
245:
244:Ion Antonescu
240:
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234:
226:
224:
222:
218:
217:
210:
205:
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195:
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185:
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143:
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127:
119:
117:
113:
109:
107:
101:
98:
93:
91:
85:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
62:
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
36:
34:
31:According to
29:
27:
26:The Holocaust
23:
22:Pope Pius XII
19:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2014:Appointments
1906:Persecutions
1885:
1882:Nazi Germany
1824:Roman razzia
1796:
1779:World War II
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1565:Mediator Dei
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1457:Canonization
1321:
1296:
1277:. New York:
1274:
1248:
1223:
1198:
1195:Morley, John
1179:
1174:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1129:The American
1128:
1112:
1092:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
1060:
1036:. Retrieved
1025:The Atlantic
1024:
1014:
1005:
984:
975:
954:
945:
936:
915:
906:
897:
818:
812:
804:
800:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
702:
693:
672:
663:
654:
646:
641:
576:
567:
558:
549:
493:
487:
480:Pope Paul VI
469:
449:
441:
435:
421:
410:
379:
377:
371:
340:
338:
334:Mortara case
331:
316:Israel Zolli
314:
301:
296:
292:
281:
264:
256:
252:
248:
241:
230:
221:Israel Zolli
215:
211:
207:
184:Angelo Rotta
182:
169:
159:
155:
147:
135:
123:
114:
110:
105:
102:
94:
86:
64:
37:
30:
17:
15:
2005:Magisterium
1995:Encyclicals
1733:Fidei donum
1544:Quemadmodum
1442:Later years
1408:(1930–1939)
1398:(1930–1939)
1392:(1935–1939)
1386:(1939–1958)
412:Edith Stein
278:In Slovakia
33:John Morley
2207:Categories
2121:The Deputy
1859:Yad Vashem
1792:statements
1600:Anni sacri
1427:Nunciature
1422:Early life
1402:Archpriest
1390:Camerlengo
1189:References
1074:2020-08-29
1038:2020-08-29
470:Since the
360:Abe Foxman
352:Yad Vashem
260:Bessarabia
227:In Romania
179:In Hungary
166:In Germany
132:In Croatia
2192:Pius Wars
2051:Cardinals
2021:Tisserant
1944:Mariology
1452:Testament
1416:Biography
1182:. p. 297.
1069:0362-4331
1033:1072-7825
339:In 2005,
237:concordat
144:In France
79:President
2099:Spellman
2061:Advisers
2041:Orsenigo
2026:Maglione
1983:Writings
1931:Theology
1900:Ratlines
1437:Election
1432:US visit
1246:(2008).
1220:(2000).
1197:. 1980.
1121:Archived
1101:Archived
282:The new
198:In Italy
2185:Related
2104:Spiazzi
2084:Lehnert
2036:Tardini
2031:Montini
1954:Liturgy
1949:Judaism
41:nuncios
24:during
2094:Nogara
2089:Leiber
2046:Muench
1921:Russia
1916:Poland
1332:
1320:1991.
1316:, and
1307:
1295:2002.
1285:
1256:
1232:
1209:
1067:
1031:
460:Legacy
416:martyr
216:razzia
214:Roman
67:Brazil
49:Ritner
1911:China
1480:order
500:Notes
2079:Kaas
1384:Pope
1330:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1269:and
1254:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1065:ISSN
1029:ISSN
478:and
404:The
288:Tiso
268:ADSS
47:and
45:Roth
16:The
2069:Bea
1404:of
443:sic
434:'s
354:as
307:".
274:).
73:to
2209::
1328:.
1324:.
1303:.
1281:.
1205:.
1162:^
1127:.
1063:.
1059:.
1047:^
1027:.
1023:.
993:^
963:^
924:^
881:^
869:^
853:^
841:^
827:^
805:18
803:.
711:^
681:^
617:^
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585:^
537:^
523:^
507:^
239:.
28:.
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1890:)
1884:(
1363:e
1356:t
1349:v
1336:.
1289:.
1262:.
1238:.
1213:.
1144:.
1077:.
1041:.
305:'
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