Convoy PQ 8 - Knowledge (XXG)

949: 970:, began on 22 June 1941, the UK and USSR signed an agreement in July that they would "render each other assistance and support of all kinds in the present war against Hitlerite Germany". Before September 1941 the British had dispatched 450 aircraft, 22,000 long tons (22,000 t) of rubber, 3,000,000 pairs of boots and stocks of tin, aluminium, jute, lead and wool. In September British and US representatives travelled to Moscow to study Soviet requirements and their ability to meet them. The representatives of the three countries drew up a protocol in October 1941 to last until June 1942 and to agree new protocols to operate from 1 July to 30 June of each following year until the end of Lend-Lease. The protocol listed supplies, monthly rates of delivery and totals for the period. 2053: 1296: 127: 2684: 117: 1514: 3032: 3003: 2974: 2945: 2877: 2848: 2817: 2722: 2650: 2582: 2548: 2514: 106: 97: 8276: 974:

need in 1941 was military equipment to replace losses because, at the time of the negotiations, two large aircraft factories were being moved east from Leningrad and two more from Ukraine. It would take at least eight months to resume production, until when, aircraft output would fall from 80 to 30 aircraft per day. Britain and the US undertook to send 400 aircraft a month, at a ratio of three bombers to one fighter (later reversed), 500 tanks a month and 300

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the ship was ordered to quay 6, to await dry-docking. The ship had a severe list to starboard but there was little steam to get the ice and snow off the deck, because only sufficient steam pipes to unload had been cleared. To make matters worse, a fire began in the stokehold ashes, which heated the bulkhead of the cadets' room to red hot and caused their wardrobe to burn along with the cadets' clothes, two hours' work being needed to put out the fire.

2758: 987: 2616: 1952: 45: 2037:, which exploded in No. 1 hold on the starboard side. Brundle was off the bridge and the First Mate, George Masterman, promptly ordered the ship stopped, to prevent its forward motion from driving the ship under water. The crew was ordered to boat stations; luckily the torpedo warheads in No. 1 hold had fallen through the hole in the hull without detonating. From 2120: 1606:

cycle. The round trip to Murmansk for warships was three weeks and each convoy needed a cruiser and two destroyers, which severely depleted the Home Fleet. Convoys left port and rendezvoused with the escorts at sea. A cruiser provided distant cover from a position to the west of Bear Island. Air support was limited to

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which would add to the ship's list; Brundle spent much time telephoning British and Russian agencies to find an electric pump and had to be talked out of writing to Stalin in despair. The ship owners in Britain were informed, who promised help and some Russian labour was provided in the form of 16–18-year old girls.

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superstructure were severely damaged. The engine room needed repairs but it was exceedingly difficult to find spare parts or obtain labour because of the shortage. The Captain sent groups of crewmembers to cadge spares from other ships but the shortages and the intense cold stopped work, then Brundle was told that

948: 2416:, whose bases were five minutes' flying time away. A ship was sunk on the night of 3/4 April and one nearby was bombed and set on fire, its cargo being unloaded between air raids and between fire-fighting, then the ship was sunk on 16 June. On 14 April another ship was sunk. Many of the sinkings were from 3096:

but they were iced solid and he was told to go forward and close more hatches but the magazine exploded and broke the ship in two. Higgins had to jump into the water amidst many other crewmen, trying to swim away from the wreck before it sank. Some men called for help and others succumbed to the cold

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and telescopes to pass signals in code. The codebooks were carried in a weighted bag which was to be dumped overboard to prevent capture. In large convoys, the commodore was assisted by vice- and rear-commodores with whom he directed the speed, course and zig-zagging of the merchant ships and liaised

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had reached Murmansk but the crew found that it was ill-equipped to handle the number of ships or the quantity of cargo to be unloaded. The two tankers passed highly volatile aviation spirit straight into railway tankers on the jetty, risky in itself and worse during the frequent Luftwaffe air raids

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rockets but they had frozen. A Junkers Ju 88 attacked about an hour later, straddled the ship with bombs, which caused no damage and turned away, also trailing smoke, leaving bullet holes in the superstructure. (At Murmansk, Youngs said that the Heinkel had crashed and that the Russians had credited

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was moved to a coal dock near Vaenga, about 4 mi (6.4 km) from Murmansk. No help was forthcoming from the Russian authorities and the engineers in the crew offered to continue the repair work provided the employer paid overtime. Since the U-boat attack, No. 2 hold had been taking on water

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which exploded. Only two men, Ordinary Seamen William Burras and Ernest Higgins survived, the crew being killed in the torpedo explosion, the detonation of its depth charges or of hypothermia in the water. The convoy scattered, the escorts roving around them until the seven undamaged ships returned

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ensured that the ships' masters and signals officers attended a briefing to make arrangements for the management of the convoy, which sailed in a formation of long rows of short columns. The commodore was usually a retired naval officer or from the Royal Naval Reserve and would be aboard one of the

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berthed to get the ice out of the steam pipes, which took three days. With steam up, the cargo could be unloaded, which took until 4 February, most of the cargo being undamaged. Two of the fifteen lorries in No. 1 hold were write-offs and 750 long tons (760 t) of sugar was lost. On 5 February

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A convoy was defined as at least one merchant ship sailing under the protection of at least one warship. At first the British had intended to run convoys to Russia on a forty-day cycle (the number of days between convoy departures) during the winter of 1941–1942 but this was shortened to a ten-day

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and a man in the water will die unless rescued immediately. The cold water and air makes spray freeze on the superstructure of ships, which has to be removed quickly to avoid the ship becoming top-heavy. Conditions in U-boats were, if anything, worse the boats having to submerge in warmer water to

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The first protocol specified the supplies to be sent but not the ships to move them. The USSR turned out to lack the ships and escorts and the British and Americans, who had made a commitment to "help with the delivery", undertook to deliver the supplies for want of an alternative. The main Soviet

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The next convoy, the combined PQ 9 and PQ 10 (ten ships) and PQ 11 (13 ships) slipped past the German defences unscathed but the increasing hours of daylight made further convoys more vulnerable, when it would be another eight to twelve weeks before the pack ice receded. Tovey thought that it was

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on 20 January. The crew surveyed the ship and found that iron locking bars had been scattered about the deck and wooden hatched and tarpaulins were trapped in the rigging. Much of the interior was waterlogged, number 1 hold being almost full of water and the forward bulkhead had been broken along

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had been cancelled, due to its destroyer escorts being diverted south for the Channel Dash. The regular sailings to Murmansk and the failure of the German Army to capture the port six months after the start of Operation Barbarossa, made the establishment of a U-boat force in Norway permanent and

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sailed for Archangelsk on 21 July, a 400 nmi (740 km; 460 mi) journey completed on 24 July. On 26 July the ship moved to Ekonomiya to discharge ballast and took on 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) of steel pipe at Myrmaxa. There was a food shortage at Archangelsk and the merchant

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in excess of those already promised. The first convoy was due at Murmansk around 12 October and the next convoy was to depart Iceland on 22 October. A motley of British, Allied and neutral shipping, loaded with military stores and raw materials for the Soviet war effort would be assembled at

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There was a hole about 60 by 30 ft (18.3 by 9.1 m) on the starboard side, the No. 1 ballast tank had been destroyed and the bulkheads were damaged. On the port side there was a big bulge about 14 ft (4.3 m) wide, rivets had popped and the decks and other parts of the

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Ships in column sailed at intervals of 400 yd (370 m) until 1943 when the interval was increased to 600 yd (550 m) then 800 yd (730 m) to cater for inexperienced captains reluctant to keep so close. PQ 8 had a close escort of two minesweepers,

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In winter, polar ice can form as far south as 50 mi (80 km) off the North Cape and in summer it can recede to Svalbard. The area is in perpetual darkness in winter and permanent daylight in the summer and can make air reconnaissance almost impossible. Around the

3888:. Germany in the Second World War. Vol. VI. Translated by Osers, E.; Brownjohn, J.; Crampton, P.; Willmot, L. (Eng trans. Oxford University Press, London ed.). Potsdam: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Research Institute for Military History). 1586:

aircraft in Norway, due to a general shortage of aircraft and crews, despite Stumpff pointing out that coming down in such cold waters required extremely swift recovery and that his crews "must be given a chance of rescue" or morale could not be maintained.

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wrong for U-boats to be able to lie in wait off the Kola Inlet. In Tovey's view the Russians should be able to make these waters too dangerous for U-boats and provide fighter cover to convoys as they approached their destination. In February, Rear-Admiral

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Sixty aircraft were far from adequate in such a climate and terrain where "there is no favourable season for operations". The emphasis of air operations changed from army support to anti-shipping operations as Allied Arctic convoys became more frequent.

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arrived at Trondheim on 16 January, the first ship of a general move of surface ships to Norway. British convoys to Russia had received little attention since they averaged only eight ships each and the long Arctic winter nights negated even the limited

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and a southern stream follows the coast of Murmansk into the Barents Sea. The mingling of cold Arctic water and warmer water of higher salinity generates thick banks of fog for convoys to hide in but the waters drastically reduced the effectiveness of

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Convoys had a standard formation of short columns, number 1 to port in the direction of travel. Each position in the column was numbered; 11 was the first ship in column 1 and 12 was the second ship in the column; 21 was the first ship in column

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at Kirkenes for Tromsø, Billefjord and Kirkenes. Co-operation was as important in rescues as it was in anti-shipping operations if people were to be saved before they succumbed to the climate and severe weather. The sea rescue aircraft comprised

1058:) settings used by surface ships and U-boats could quickly be read. On 1 February 1942, the Enigma machines used in U-boats in the Atlantic and Mediterranean were changed but German ships and the U-boats in Arctic waters continued with the older 1813:, Scotland, an anchorage large enough to accommodate forty ships. The convoy sailed for Hvalfjörður (Hvalfiord) in Iceland on 28 December 1941. Convoys had a standard formation of short columns, number 1 to the left in the direction of travel. 1630:

escorted the convoys on the first part of the outbound journey. Built for Arctic conditions, the trawlers were coal-burning ships with sufficient endurance. The trawlers were commanded by their peacetime crews and captains with the rank of

1714:, VVS). The British supplied radar apparatuses, machine tools, ASDIC and other commodities. During the summer months, convoys went as far north as 75 N latitude then south into the Barents Sea and to the ports of Murmansk in the 3903:

Rahn, W. "Part III The War at Sea in the Atlantic and in the Arctic Ocean. III. The Conduct of the War in the Atlantic and the Coastal Area (b) The Third Phase, April–December 1941: The Extension of the Areas of Operations". In

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had been delivered, comprising 25 per cent of the medium-heavy tanks in the Red Army and 30 to 40 per cent of the medium-heavy tanks defending Moscow. In December 1941, 16 per cent of the fighters defending Moscow were

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ships elude British forces and provide opportunities for surprise attacks. From June to August 1940, six British submarines were sunk in the Skaggerak using information gleaned from British wireless signals. In 1941,

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expanding southwards, the convoy route ran closer to Norway. The voyage was between 1,400 and 2,000 nmi (2,600 and 3,700 km; 1,600 and 2,300 mi) each way, taking at least three weeks for a round trip.

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rid the superstructure of ice. Crewmen on watch were exposed to the elements, oil lost its viscosity, nuts froze and sheared off. Heaters in the hull wee too demanding of current and could not be run continuously.

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The crew found that the steam pipes had frozen; the steam had been left on, emptying the boilers and work on splitting the anchor cable had to resume by hand. Eventually the cable parted and cables were passed to

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noted gloomily on 22 December 1941 that the number long-range reconnaissance aircraft was exiguous and from 1 to 15 December only two Ju 88 sorties had been possible. After the Lofoten Raids, Schmundt wanted

1253:. Two U-boats were based in Norway in July 1941, four in September, five in December and four in January 1942. By mid-February twenty U-boats were anticipated in the region, with six based in Norway, two in 8327: 2449:

captains kept in touch to make sure that the crews got their share when food appeared. The port was less frequently bombed than Murmansk and was a gathering point for about survivors, including 141 from

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Between Greenland and Norway are some of the most stormy waters of the world's oceans, 890 mi (1,440 km) of water under gales full of snow, sleet and hail. The cold Arctic water was met by the

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of the Eastern Local Escort had joined the two ships and around noon, about 8 nmi (15 km; 9.2 mi) from Cape Teriberski, as the sky lightened, a He 111 bomber attacked the ships. The

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had broken Naval Cypher No 3 in February 1942 and by March was reading up to 80 per cent of the traffic, which continued until 15 December 1943. By coincidence, the British lost access to the

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but the towing sweeps soon snapped. The starboard anchor was found to have been dislodged by the torpedo and was dragging along the seabed 90 fathoms (540 ft; 160 m) below. At

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on 8 January 1942. On 12 January the convoy had to turn south to avoid ice; the weather was calm, visibility was exceptional, with a short period of twilight around noon. and arrived in

6139: 6111: 5255: 3121:; Burras and Higgins were pulled from the sea covered in fuel oil, which probably insulated them from the cold. One of the survivors thought that 50 to 60 men had gone into the water. 6543: 8177: 6856: 5677: 1867:

PQ 8 sailed from Hvalfjörður on 8 January 1942 and was joined on the night of 10/11 January in fine weather by the ocean escort, which had sailed from Scapa flow and re-fuelled at

7159: 6522: 5831: 5456: 978:. The Anglo-Americans also undertook to send 42,000 long tons (43,000 t) of aluminium and 3, 862 machine tools, along with sundry raw materials, food and medical supplies. 6172: 6118: 5304: 178: 6629: 6125: 5741: 2440:

being rained with bomb splinters and shuddering from nearby bomb explosions. There was an acute food shortage, adults being rationed to 11 oz (300 g) and crew from

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on the port. (After Stalingrad Murmansk was the most bombed city of the Soviet Union). Discharge facilities were lacking, despite the development of the port since the

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read signals from the Commander in Chief Western Approaches informing convoys of areas patrolled by U-boats, enabling the submarines to move into "safe" zones.

6956: 6016: 1295: 6812: 6796: 6768: 6536: 5223: 1965:, German reconnaissance aircraft and U-boats failed to find PQ 8. On 17 January, the convoy was heading south at 8 kn (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) with 1834:

Brundle being re-appointed convoy commodore for the voyage to Russia. On 11 January, the convoy rendezvoused with the ocean escort comprising the destroyers

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Each position in the column was numbered; 11 was the first ship in column 1 and 12 was the second ship in the column; 21 was the first ship in column 2.

6732: 2090:, to attempt a tow, asked for volunteers; all of the crew offered to re-board the ship and were promptly transferred. Eventually a cable was passed to 8191: 6819: 5209: 5167: 8040: 5859: 5633: 5396: 5262: 5073: 1651:

merchant ships (identified by a white pendant with a blue cross). The commodore was assisted by a Naval signals party of four men, who used lamps,

8317: 6935: 5769: 5269: 5181: 5117: 1190:. Arriving at the south-west of England the drift moves between Scotland and Iceland; north of Norway the drift splits. One stream bears north of 202: 7138: 6650: 5500: 5038: 1039: 2457:

had taken on twenty survivors and 200 long tons (200 t) of dubious quality coal, ready to sail for Britain, departing on 13 September in

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made a wide circuit 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) around the starboard side of the convoy and depth-charged several Asdic contacts.

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and had to turn south to avoid ice; the weather remained calm and visibility was exceptional, with a short period of twilight around noon.

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with the loss of all but two of its crew, when the convoy had almost reached Murmansk. The rest of the convoy reached Murmansk that day;

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took over the convoy. An hour later the ship shook and Brundle thought it was a mine explosion but U-454 had manoeuvred round and hit

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was stranded in Russia by the winter weather, a lack of labour to repair the torpedo damage, frequent air attacks on Murmansk by the

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to represent Tovey's views that the Russians should make more effort to defend convoys between Bear Island and the Kola Inlet.

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illuminated by the lighthouse at Cape Teriberskiy and fired a salvo of torpedoes. The torpedoes missed the tanker but one hit

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at the head of the third column (position 31) and the destroyers 1 nmi (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) distant on each flank,

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but Higgins saw a coiled boarding net; with Burras, Higgins swam for it but the cold made them slip into semi-consciousness.

1596: 396: 109: 8098: 8029: 7854: 7068: 8214: 8147: 7360: 7311: 7075: 6671: 6432: 6223: 5276: 2887: 1926: 1640: 1440:, was reluctant to deplete the defences of western Norway. Despite this some air units were transferred, a catapult ship ( 335: 2392:

went into dry-dock on 10 February, down 21 ft (6.4 m) at the head and up 11 ft (3.4 m) at the stern.

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Having ignored earlier convoys, the Germans had begun to reinforce their forces in Norway and assembled the first U-boat

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at low altitude but was hit and driven off, trailing smoke, by the anti-aircraft fire of the minesweepers and the eight

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deciphered a Soviet Air Force transmission which divulged the convoy itinerary, which was forwarded it to the Germans.

8251: 7575: 7527: 7145: 7117: 6970: 6585: 6564: 6085: 5748: 5144: 4197: 2745: 1643:(RNVR). British minesweepers based at Archangelsk met the convoys to join the escort for the remainder of the voyage. 1248: 8049: 7253: 5654: 2240:

burst, severely injuring three men and Youngs called for a Soviet tug, which arrived quickly, taking over the tow as

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a third torpedo sank the boat; two men were killed and 34 survived, their lifeboat reaching the shore. At 7:45 p.m.,

4264:. History of the Second World War. Vol. III (facs. repr. Naval and Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: 1265:

and two at Bergen. Hitler contemplated establishing a unified command but decided against it. The German battleship

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rowed out to ships sunk in shallow water to recover tinned food; a ship from the parent company brought more food.

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was being evicted from the dry dock to make room for a destroyer. The Senior British Naval Officer, Rear-Admiral

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5 had been reinforced and now had 230 aircraft, based at airfields in northern Norway and at Petsamo in Finland.

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The growing German air strength in Norway and increasing losses to convoys and their escorts, led Rear-Admiral

407: 370: 351: 2901: 1874: 1132:, Naval Intelligence Service) had broken several Admiralty codes and cyphers by 1939, which were used to help 313: 325: 8112: 8056: 7926: 7786: 7471: 7124: 7020: 6926: 6494: 6362: 6332: 6296: 6281: 6153: 6045: 6023: 5969: 5955: 5937: 5601: 5382: 5110: 5059: 2173:

had been damaged in the explosion and was jammed, the anchor cable would have to be cut by hand. Youngs, on

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In October 1941, the unloading capacity of Archangel was 300,000 long tons (300,000 t), Vladivostok (

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dropped back to stand near the ship. As the rest of the convoy sailed past in line, the vice-commodore on

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decided to work at night and sleep by day onshore. While at Murmansk the dock was attacked thirty times,

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cypher and had no information to send in Cypher No 3 which might compromise Ultra. In early September,

105: 96: 2837: 1421: 8119: 7974: 7625: 7582: 7552: 7478: 7288: 7267: 6193: 5348: 1701: 1611: 1405: 1397: 1191: 1187: 1033: 997: 963: 356: 306: 1467:. By the end of 1941, III Gruppe, KG 30 had been transferred to Norway and in the new year, another 8237: 8011: 7889: 7845: 7367: 6501: 6267: 5794: 5624: 5608: 5557: 4903: 4785: 4780: 3886:

The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World War and the Shift of the Initiative 1941–1943

2489: 2314: 2228: 1982: 1663:, made a commitment to send a convoy to the Arctic ports of the USSR every ten days and to deliver 1636: 1615: 1208: 1076: 767: 752: 712: 655: 650: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4775: 4770: 4734: 4729: 4702: 4682: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 777: 772: 762: 757: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 707: 702: 697: 645: 640: 615: 610: 598: 593: 8230: 8063: 7988: 7942: 7912: 7820: 7660: 7325: 7209: 7103: 7054: 6992: 6748: 6699: 6508: 6411: 6132: 5787: 5718: 5585: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4519: 3042: 2866: 2294: 1835: 1480: 1384: 887: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 464: 454: 363: 257: 231: 8275: 3945:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. London: HMSO. 2021: 1981:

following on behind. A junction with the Murmansk-based minesweepers was made difficult by fog;

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By late 1941, the convoy system used in the Atlantic had been established on the Arctic run; a

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Pohjois–Kymenlaakson Asehistoriallinen Yhdistys Ry (North-Karelia Historical Association Ry)

4227: 3071: 2963: 2359: 2327: 2321: 1842: 1697: 1647: 1549:(RS) and ships on passage, recovered aircrew and shipwrecked sailors. The service comprised 1047: 854: 382: 318: 36: 4201: 8163: 7875: 7790: 7748: 7646: 7589: 7457: 7239: 7230: 6759: 6341: 6317: 5913: 5571: 4223: 4193: 4133: 4041: 3938: 2380: 2351: 1723: 1417: 299: 170: 4285:

Convoys to Russia: Allied Convoys and Naval Surface Operations in Arctic Waters 1941–1945

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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations

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Russian map showing Arctic convoy routes from Britain and Iceland, past Norway to the

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Higgins had been ordered to close the magazine hatches and then tried to release the

3067: 2689: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1388: 1380: 1361:. The Air Fleet had 180 aircraft, sixty of which were reserved for operations on the 1358: 1024:, unanimously to advocate the suspension of Arctic convoys during the summer months. 842: 682: 677: 665: 660: 635: 630: 625: 620: 558: 8280: 8084: 6384: 6289: 5920: 5283: 5047: 4837: 4832: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4084: 3093: 2763: 2458: 2450: 2421: 2417: 2268: 1607: 1534: 1464: 1290: 1236: 1162: 1119: 1013: 918: 910: 850: 692: 687: 551: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 496: 491: 486: 130: 116: 70: 4413:

The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships

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to the rescue. Many bodies of the crew were taken out of the water by the crew of

1830:(Lieutenant-Commander J. J. Youngs) and arrived at Hvalfiord on 1 January 1942 at 4441: 2271:, forced a cancellation of the attack. Another two tugs arrived and helped guide 7919: 7905: 7567: 6243: 6064: 6049: 5403: 4556: 4551: 4524: 4514: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4262:

The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Offensive Part II 1st June 1944 – 14th August 1945

2086:

could be towed and having persuaded Lieutenant-Commander Youngs, the captain of

1962: 1810: 1582:(OKL, the high command of the Luftwaffe) was not able to increase the number of 1370: 1212: 1179: 1167: 954: 459: 449: 444: 3497: 3495: 2082:

settled at the bow and its propeller rose out of the sea, Brundle thought that

7274: 7027: 7006: 5899: 5232: 5160: 4048:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Civil Series. London: HMSO. 3037: 3008: 2979: 2950: 2882: 2853: 2822: 2257: 1715: 1688: 1600: 1067: 1021: 1009: 1005: 943: 100: 44: 4245: 4211: 4053: 3982:

Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War

3950: 2916: 2903: 1889: 1876: 7537: 6942: 6739: 6550: 6348: 6303: 5320: 4125: 4020:

The Allied Convoy System, 1939–1945: Its Organization, Defence and Operation

2264: 1951: 1719: 1332: 1262: 1072: 905: 121: 5824: 4176:

Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

1258: 4403: 2244:

raced for port to get the injured into hospital. Two more tugs arrived at

2119: 1704:

from Britain; by 1 January 1942, 96 Hurricane fighters were flying in the

5808: 5536: 4348:"Birth of Radio Intelligence in Finland and its Developer Reino Hallamaa" 4304:

Arctic Convoy PQ 8: The Story of Capt Robert Brundle and the SS Harmatris

2170: 1806: 1623: 1366: 1354: 1195: 1108: 1102: 862: 2475:

Merchantmen (Data taken from Ruegg and Hague (1993) unless indicated.)

2275:

into Murmansk, down at the bow with its propeller out of the water, at

2217: 1619: 1216: 858: 4347: 6418: 2621: 1923: 1802: 1783: 1254: 563: 4157:

Steel and Ice: The U-Boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941–45

3960:

Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945

3109:

exploded. Captain Bain, the Senior Escort Commander, realised that

6606: 3919:

Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II

3173: 3171: 2118: 2051: 1950: 1734: 1512: 1315:(Air Fleet 5) had been re-organised for Operation Barbarossa with 1294: 1203:

as U-boats moved in waters of differing temperatures and density.

1200: 1166: 985: 947: 546: 541: 536: 506: 501: 1622:, with some help from anti-submarine patrols from Sullom Voe, in 4265: 4237: 4117: 4090: 2313:

had departed for Iceland on 13 January, escorted by the cruiser

1322: 967: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 5020: 5016: 4445: 2667:

Convoy Commodore; torpedoed, towed to port, arrived 20 January

174: 2062:

The destroyers conducted an abortive anti-submarine sweep and

1943:(Joachim Deecke), based at Kirkenes, searched for the convoy. 1412:, ten reconnaissance aircraft and an anti-aircraft battalion. 49:

The Norwegian and the Barents seas, site of the Arctic convoys

16:

Arctic convoy sent to aid the Soviet Union during World War II

3634: 3632: 3630: 3334: 3332: 3307: 3305: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2025:

Burkhard Hackländer) with two torpedoes which missed but at

4112:(10th abr. Signet, Chicago ed.). New York: Macmillan. 3797: 3795: 2153:

had descended almost to the sea bed and depth charges from

2078:

came alongside and took off the crew. During the night, as

1794: 1431:

to transfer aircraft to northern Norway but its commander,

8323:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

2256:

The German navy had planned to attack the convoy with the

1906:

made several departures from the convoy for training. The

4140:(Cassell Military Paperbacks ed.). London: Cassell. 4001:

Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II

1066:

from 1942, Dolphin to the British). By mid-1941, British

8328:

Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union

3605: 3603: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3140:

Data taken from Ruegg and Hague (1993) unless indicated.

2074:

on the port side with a torpedo that failed to explode.

2009:(557 GRT), sailing independently, was attacked at about 1684:, convenient for ships from both sides of the Atlantic. 1341:(Fighter Leader Norway) commanded the fighter force and 3158: 3156: 2341:

become a significant part of the anti-shipping effort.

5678:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4287:(2nd rev. enl. ed.). Kendal: World Ship Society. 2280:

with the forepeak tank and the fore and aft bulkhead.

2267:

escorts, due to them being diverted in support of the

3905: 3869:(2nd rev. ed.). London: Arms and Armour Press. 2033:

found PQ 8 and fired a torpedo at the merchant ship

1782:(ship of the convoy commodore, R. W. Brundle), the 1667:

a month from July 1942 to January 1943, followed by

8039: 7767: 7608: 7433: 7192: 7044: 6982: 6886: 6877: 6758: 6484: 6394: 6242: 5945: 5936: 5694: 5519: 5372: 5134: 5127: 4979: 4948: 4941: 4876: 4815: 4808: 4763: 4722: 4715: 4635: 4544: 4537: 4507: 4461: 4454: 3923:. New York: The Free Press (Simon & Schuster). 3884:Boog, H.; Rahn, W.; Stumpf, R.; Wegner, B. (2001). 2412:Murmansk received about three raids a day from the 2332:arriving safely on 24 January. Despite the loss of 2227:(DEMS) gunners on board. Brundle tried to fire his 1353:Andreas Nielsen) in the far north had airfields at 909:and the cessation of convoys after the disaster of 4415:(2nd ed.). London: Chatham/Lionel Leventhal. 3916: 1091:wireless transmissions were embarked on warships. 3943:Grand Strategy: June 1941 – August 1942 (Part II) 2404:, overruled Brundle's objections and on 14 March 2136:had sailed ahead of the ships and saw the tanker 1555:at Stavanger, covering Bergen and Trondheim with 4138:The Searchers: Radio Intercept in two World Wars 3825: 3813: 3590: 3574: 1241:German naval forces in Norway were commanded by 4229:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Period of Balance 2049:reported hearing a torpedo on its hydrophones. 1871:on 9 January. On 12 January the convoy reached 25: 4003:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2181:should return and the crew spent the night on 5032: 4236:. Vol. II (3rd impr. ed.). London: 4174:Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) . 4110:The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing 3999:Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O. (1985). 3177: 1709: 1046:housed a small industry of code-breakers and 186: 8: 4086:Grand Strategy: August 1942 – September 1943 3962:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1913: 1907: 1758:PQ 8 consisted of eight merchant ships; the 1575: 1556: 1550: 1540: 1532: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1468: 1458: 1441: 1432: 1426: 1391: 1374: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1326: 1316: 1310: 1280: 1271: 1246: 917:sailed for Archangelsk on 21 July Not until 3674: 2336:, PQ 8 had been fortunate that a sortie by 872:in the Arctic against PQ 8. On 17 January, 6883: 5942: 5131: 5039: 5025: 5017: 4945: 4812: 4719: 4541: 4458: 4442: 3801: 3554: 3501: 3486: 2785: 2473: 1215:the sea temperature rarely rises about 4° 1079:transmissions and give advance warning of 193: 179: 171: 22: 3786: 3762: 3750: 3702: 3662: 3650: 3638: 3621: 3542: 3458: 3229: 1321:(Air Region Norway) was headquartered in 1087:personnel with receivers to eavesdrop on 4022:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3726: 3678: 3594: 3422: 3272: 1824:(Lieutenant-Commander E. P. Hinton) and 4203:The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive 3850:. Vol. I. New York: Random House. 3774: 3738: 3714: 3690: 3609: 3570: 3558: 3530: 3482: 3470: 3434: 3410: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3323: 3311: 3296: 3260: 3205: 3201: 3189: 3162: 3152: 3059: 2794: 2791: 2485: 204:Arctic naval operations of World War II 6864:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 4306:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. 4218:from the original on 27 February 2022. 4178:(3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. 3446: 3398: 2797: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2479: 897:was towed into harbour on 20 January. 7735:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 7167:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 6813:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6769:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5874:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3829: 3578: 3513: 2701:Vice-Convoy Commodore took over from 1659:In October 1941, the Prime Minister, 7: 6857:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 5889:Rape during the liberation of France 3284: 3217: 2432:was blown up on a mine. The crew of 2232:the two ships with the victory.) At 3241: 2428:was sunk by an internal explosion; 2293:While PQ 8 had sailed to Murmansk, 7083:German invasion of the Netherlands 5363:Weather events during World War II 2263:but lack of fuel and insufficient 2225:Defensively equipped merchant ship 2157:exploded above it without effect. 2145:to line ahead and resumed course. 1998:sailed, followed a while later by 1961:In the continuous darkness of the 1922:, a patrol line consisting of the 1453:, was sent to northern Norway and 1373:was 560 mi (900 km) and 1335:) the centre and north of Norway, 14: 7714:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3504:, p. 31, inside front cover. 3489:, p. 31, inside front cover. 1994:were stuck in the Kola Inlet but 1805:registry. The convoy sailed from 1040:Government Code and Cypher School 925:able to make the return journey. 8274: 3789:, pp. 98–101, 116–118, 121. 3030: 3001: 2972: 2943: 2875: 2846: 2815: 2756: 2720: 2682: 2648: 2614: 2580: 2546: 2512: 2358:, was despatched to Murmansk in 1547:Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue 1249:Kommandierender Admiral Norwegen 125: 115: 104: 95: 43: 4234:History of the Second World War 4103:– via Archive Foundation. 3933:– via Archive Foundation. 3867:Warship Losses of World War Two 1770:and the British merchant ships 1489:was also expected to receive a 1457:floatplane torpedo-bombers, of 1020:, the professional head of the 8318:Arctic convoys of World War II 7961:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 5671:Territorial changes of Germany 5579:Indonesian National Revolution 4448:Arctic convoys of World War II 4377:Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters 4283:Ruegg, R.; Hague, A. (1993) . 4044:(1949). Hancock, W. K. (ed.). 2892:Escort 11–17 January, sunk by 2565:Tanker, arrived on 17 January 2531:Tanker, arrived on 17 January 2057:Photograph of a Heinkel He 111 1597:Arctic convoys of World War II 1117:, Observation Service) of the 1070:were able to receive and read 1: 7361:Japanese invasion of Thailand 7312:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 7076:German invasion of Luxembourg 5457:Mediterranean and Middle East 4159:. Stroud: The History Press. 2177:, suggested that the crew of 1641:Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 1626:, along the coast of Norway. 1369:. The distance from Banak to 966:, the German invasion of the 882:damaged the merchant ship SS 7268:Invasion of the Soviet Union 6957:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 6275:Independent State of Croatia 3826:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 3814:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 3665:, pp. 80–83, 58–59, 85. 3591:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 3575:Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005 3113:was beyond help and ordered 3041: 3012: 2983: 2954: 2886: 2857: 2826: 2771: 2768: 2750: 2735: 2732: 2714: 2697: 2694: 2676: 2663: 2660: 2642: 2629: 2626: 2608: 2595: 2592: 2574: 2561: 2558: 2540: 2527: 2524: 2506: 1529:Luftwaffe Sea Rescue Service 8252:End of World War II in Asia 8092:Western invasion of Germany 7599:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 7576:Second Battle of El Alamein 7146:Hundred Regiments Offensive 7118:Battle of the Mediterranean 6971:Italian invasion of Albania 5145:Air warfare of World War II 4394:Schofield, Bernard (1964). 4155:Paterson, Lawrence (2016). 1937:(Burckhard Hacklander) and 1797:ship on the Arctic run and 1656:with the escort commander. 1518:Example of a Heinkel He 59 1276:effort that was available. 1172:Diagram of the Arctic Ocean 1083:operations. In 1941, naval 1050:. By June 1941, the German 921:(13–26 September 1942) was 841:(8–17 January 1942) was an 8344: 8178:Naval bombardment of Japan 7546:First Battle of El Alamein 7465:Battle of Christmas Island 7410:Japanese invasion of Burma 7174:Italian invasion of Greece 7090:German invasion of Belgium 7062:German invasion of Denmark 7035:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 6904:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 5168:Comparative military ranks 4411:Jordan, Roger W. (2006) . 4321:Woodman, Richard (2004) . 3958:Claasen, A. R. A. (2001). 3046: 3028: 3020: 3015: 2999: 2991: 2986: 2970: 2962: 2957: 2941: 2933: 2891: 2873: 2865: 2860: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2813: 2805: 2774: 2753: 2743: 2738: 2717: 2709: 2700: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2577: 2569: 2564: 2543: 2535: 2530: 2509: 2501: 2420:, two were from were from 2005:The Russian trawler RT-68 1854:(Captain L. S. Saunders). 1594: 1578:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1463:1./406 was transferred to 1338:Jagdfliegerführer Norwegen 1288: 1234: 1160: 1151:Finnish Radio Intelligence 1100: 1031: 957:and northern Russian ports 937: 8267: 8099:Bratislava–Brno offensive 8030:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 7654:Allied invasion of Sicily 7514:Aleutian Islands campaign 7486:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 7424:Greek famine of 1941–1944 7319:Second Battle of Changsha 7224:German invasion of Greece 7069:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5411:North and Central Pacific 5054: 3178:Hancock & Gowing 1949 2128:, sunk on 17 January 1941 2113:had arrived from Kola at 1973:off the starboard bow of 212: 162: 157: 136: 89: 53: 42: 30: 7691:Allied invasion of Italy 7668:Solomon Islands campaign 7417:Third Battle of Changsha 7014:First Battle of Changsha 6920:Second Sino-Japanese War 5860:German military brothels 5726:United States war crimes 4323:Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 4260:Roskill, S. W. (2004) . 4061:Hinsley, F. H. (1994) . 3753:, pp. 85–87, 95–96. 3299:, pp. 190–192, 194. 3208:, pp. 141, 145–146. 2383:. Work began as soon as 1722:. In winter, due to the 1687:By the end of 1941, 187 991:An Enigma coding machine 8113:Second Guangxi campaign 7968:Philippines (1944–1945) 7472:Battle of the Coral Sea 7375:Fall of the Philippines 7021:Battle of South Guangxi 6927:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 6333:Italian Social Republic 4398:. London: BT Batsford. 4325:. London: John Murray. 3675:Garzke & Dulin 1985 1711:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily 1628:Anti-submarine trawlers 1328:Fliegerführer Stavanger 1125:Marinenachrichtendienst 886:and sank the destroyer 142:Escorts: L. S. Saunders 7698:Armistice of Cassibile 7500:Battle of Dutch Harbor 7451:Battle of the Java Sea 7354:Attack on Pearl Harbor 7254:Syria–Lebanon campaign 7247:Battle of South Shanxi 7217:Invasion of Yugoslavia 7000:Battle of the Atlantic 6614:Korean Liberation Army 6327:(until September 1943) 6284:(until September 1944) 6262:(until September 1944) 4302:Wadsworth, M. (2009). 4018:Hague, Arnold (2000). 3984:. London: Allen Lane. 3915:Budiansky, S. (2000). 3865:Brown, David (1995) . 3802:Ruegg & Hague 1993 3555:Ruegg & Hague 1993 3502:Ruegg & Hague 1993 3487:Ruegg & Hague 1993 2775:Arrived on 17 January 2739:Arrived on 17 January 2633:Arrived on 17 January 2599:Arrived on 17 January 2130: 2059: 1958: 1914: 1908: 1755: 1753:, photographed in 1942 1710: 1576: 1557: 1551: 1541: 1533: 1524: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1469: 1459: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1410:Zerstörergeschwader 76 1392: 1376:Fliegerführer Kerkenes 1375: 1349: 1344:Fliegerführer Kerkenes 1343: 1337: 1327: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1281: 1272: 1247: 1182:, warm water from the 1174: 993: 982:British grand strategy 959: 940:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 137:Commanders and leaders 7862:Second Battle of Guam 7758:Bengal famine of 1943 7728:Second Battle of Kiev 7684:Battle of the Dnieper 7389:Battle of Wake Island 7261:East African campaign 7203:Battle of South Henan 6848:atrocities by Germans 6621:Korean Volunteer Army 5602:Occupation of Germany 5356:Music in World War II 4255:– via Hyperwar. 3047:Escort 11–17 January 2987:Escort 11–17 January 2958:Escort 16–17 January 2861:Escort 16–17 January 2705:, arrived 17 January 2356:10th Cruiser Squadron 2345:Subsequent operations 2122: 2055: 1954: 1738: 1718:and Archangel in the 1516: 1483:(KG 40) had arrived. 1475:of Focke-Wulf Fw 200 1298: 1170: 1054:machine Home Waters ( 1042:(GC&CS) based at 1008:, Commander in Chief 1002:18th Cruiser Squadron 989: 951: 165:1 merchantman damaged 158:Casualties and losses 144:Convoy: R. W. Brundle 8148:Surrender of Germany 7626:Battle of West Hubei 7583:Guadalcanal campaign 7553:Battle of Stalingrad 7479:Battle of Madagascar 6253:Albania protectorate 6040:(formerly Swaziland) 5749:Wehrmacht war crimes 5565:Expulsion of Germans 5349:Art and World War II 5247:British contribution 5196:Governments in exile 3846:Blair, Clay (1996). 3232:, pp. 250, 289. 3204:, pp. 141–142; 3016:Escort 8–17 January 2832:Escort 8–17 January 1406:Messerschmitt Bf 110 1398:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1300:A Focke-Wulf Fw 200 1188:North Atlantic Drift 1034:Ultra (cryptography) 998:Stuart Bonham Carter 964:Operation Barbarossa 8238:Potsdam Declaration 8127:Italy (Spring 1945) 7890:Liberation of Paris 7347:Siege of Sevastopol 6365:(until August 1944) 6268:Wang Jingwei regime 6090:from September 1943 6050:from September 1944 5988:from September 1944 5848:Romanian war crimes 5839:Persecution of Jews 5825:Croatian war crimes 5795:Japanese war crimes 5609:Occupation of Japan 5558:First Indochina War 5270:Military production 5182:Declarations of war 4396:The Russian Convoys 4379:. London: Cassell. 4375:Kemp, Paul (2000). 4046:British War Economy 3848:Hitler's U-Boat War 3741:, pp. 119–120. 3377:, pp. 92, 492. 3341:, pp. 203–205. 3326:, pp. 189–194. 3314:, pp. 188–189. 3275:, pp. 100–101. 3263:, pp. 195–197. 3220:, pp. 238–241. 3192:, pp. 144–145. 3180:, pp. 359–362. 3105:at the moment that 2913: / 2788: 2476: 2354:, commander of the 2320:and the destroyers 2229:Parachute and Cable 2045:had hit a mine but 1931:(Rudolf Schendel), 1886: / 1637:Royal Naval Reserve 1616:RAF Coastal Command 1460:Küstenfliegergruppe 1438:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 1186:, which became the 1000:, commander of the 148:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 8231:Surrender of Japan 8064:Battle of Iwo Jima 7913:Belgrade offensive 7326:Siege of Leningrad 7210:Battle of Shanggao 7139:British Somaliland 7104:Dunkirk evacuation 7055:Norwegian campaign 6993:Invasion of Poland 6820:Japanese prisoners 5788:Italian war crimes 5719:British war crimes 5634:Soviet occupations 5418:South-West Pacific 5305:Allied cooperation 5263:Military equipment 4354:(in Finnish). 1996 4108:Kahn, D. (1973) . 3906:Boog et al. (2001) 3461:, pp. 56, 61. 2786: 2474: 2131: 2060: 1959: 1756: 1745:-class minesweeper 1552:Seenotbereich VIII 1525: 1481:Kampfgeschwader 40 1408:heavy fighters of 1385:Kampfgeschwader 30 1307: 1175: 1110:Beobachtungsdienst 994: 960: 857:. The convoy left 8305: 8304: 8263: 8262: 8106:Battle of Okinawa 8005:Burma (1944–1945) 7839:Mariana and Palau 7619:Tunisian campaign 7444:Fall of Singapore 7368:Fall of Hong Kong 7111:Battle of Britain 6964:Operation Himmler 6873: 6872: 6537:Dutch East Indies 6180:Southern Rhodesia 5932: 5931: 5832:Genocide of Serbs 5735:German war crimes 5712:Soviet war crimes 5705:Allied war crimes 5551:Division of Korea 5530:Chinese Civil War 5328:Strategic bombing 5240:Manhattan Project 5014: 5013: 5010: 5009: 4937: 4936: 4804: 4803: 4711: 4710: 4533: 4532: 4437:PQ 8 at Convoyweb 4422:978-1-86176-293-1 4386:978-0-30435-451-1 4332:978-0-7195-5752-1 4313:978-1-84884-051-5 4275:978-1-84342-806-0 4185:978-1-86176-257-3 4166:978-1-59114-258-4 4147:978-0-304-36651-4 4100:978-0-11-630075-1 4072:978-0-11-630961-7 4029:978-1-55750-019-9 4010:978-0-87021-101-0 3991:978-0-7139-9918-1 3876:978-1-85409-278-6 3765:, pp. 96–97. 3729:, pp. 62–63. 3693:, pp. 58–59. 3653:, pp. 80–81. 3641:, pp. 77–78. 3624:, pp. 74–75. 3389:, pp. 22–23. 3051: 3050: 2917:69.350°N 35.567°E 2779: 2778: 1918:its first Arctic 1706:Soviet Air Forces 1702:Curtiss Tomahawks 1698:Hawker Hurricanes 1661:Winston Churchill 1584:search and rescue 1539:) along with the 1520:search and rescue 1505:torpedo-bombers. 1495:comprising three 1402:Jagdgeschwader 77 1396:dive-bombers ten 1107:The rival German 1012:and Admiral Sir 976:Bren gun carriers 865:nine days later. 833: 832: 169: 168: 85: 84: 61:8–17 January 1942 8335: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8281:World portal 8279: 8278: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8141:Prague offensive 8136: 8134:Battle of Berlin 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8078:Vienna offensive 8073: 8066: 8059: 8057:Battle of Manila 8052: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8007: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7931: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7850: 7841: 7834: 7825: 7816: 7807: 7800: 7798:Korsun–Cherkassy 7793: 7782: 7760: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7640:Bombing of Gorky 7635: 7628: 7621: 7601: 7594: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7507:Battle of Midway 7502: 7495: 7493:Battle of Gazala 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7403:Battle of Borneo 7398: 7396:Malayan campaign 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7340:Bombing of Gorky 7335: 7333:Battle of Moscow 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7097:Battle of France 7092: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6973: 6966: 6959: 6952: 6950:Munich Agreement 6945: 6938: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6906: 6899: 6884: 6866: 6859: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6835:Soviet prisoners 6829: 6822: 6815: 6806: 6799: 6790: 6783: 6776: 6775:German prisoners 6771: 6751: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6335: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6311:French Indochina 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6235: 6226: 6219: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6158:from August 1944 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6041: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5943: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5884: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5802:Nanjing Massacre 5797: 5790: 5781: 5779:Nuremberg trials 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5383:Asia and Pacific 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5314: 5312:Mulberry harbour 5307: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5154: 5147: 5132: 5120: 5113: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5018: 4946: 4813: 4720: 4542: 4459: 4443: 4426: 4407: 4390: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4336: 4317: 4298: 4279: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4219: 4198:Butler, J. R. M. 4189: 4170: 4151: 4129: 4104: 4076: 4057: 4033: 4014: 3995: 3973: 3954: 3939:Butler, J. R. M. 3934: 3922: 3909: 3899: 3880: 3861: 3833: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3588: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072:Persian Corridor 3064: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2929:, two survivors 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2881: 2879: 2878: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2789: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2746:Starii Bolshevik 2730: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2617: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2477: 2278: 2247: 2236:a steam pipe on 2235: 2197: 2188: 2116: 2097: 2041:it looked as if 2028: 2012: 1917: 1912:had established 1911: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890:73.750°N 0.000°E 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1847:and the cruiser 1833: 1787:Starii Bolshevik 1713: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1648:convoy commodore 1581: 1560: 1558:Seenotbereich IX 1554: 1544: 1538: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1474: 1462: 1445: 1436: 1430: 1422:Admrial Nordmeer 1395: 1378: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1330: 1320: 1318:Luftgau Norwegen 1314: 1284: 1275: 1252: 1048:traffic analysts 855:Second World War 390:Petsamo–Kirkenes 207: 205: 195: 188: 181: 172: 163:1 destroyer sunk 129: 120: 119: 108: 99: 55: 54: 47: 37:Second World War 23: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8273: 8271: 8259: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8197: 8192:Atomic bombings 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8035: 8028: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7950: 7941: 7934: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7895: 7888: 7883:Eastern Romania 7881: 7876:Warsaw Uprising 7874: 7869:Tannenberg Line 7867: 7860: 7855:Western Ukraine 7853: 7844: 7837: 7828: 7819: 7810: 7803: 7796: 7785: 7776: 7763: 7756: 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7647:Battle of Kursk 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7604: 7597: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7458:St Nazaire Raid 7456: 7449: 7442: 7429: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7282: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7240:Anglo-Iraqi War 7238: 7231:Battle of Crete 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7160:Eastern Romania 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6978: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6902: 6895: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6802: 6795: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6767: 6754: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6721:Western Ukraine 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6665:Northeast China 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6371:Slovak Republic 6369: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6342:Empire of Japan 6340: 6331: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6238: 6231: 6222: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6152: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5928: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5887: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5854:Sexual violence 5853: 5846: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5584: 5577: 5572:Greek Civil War 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5515: 5508: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5397:South-East Asia 5395: 5388: 5381: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5256:Military awards 5254: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5215: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5143: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5015: 5006: 4975: 4933: 4872: 4800: 4759: 4707: 4631: 4529: 4503: 4450: 4433: 4423: 4410: 4393: 4387: 4374: 4371: 4369:Further reading 4366: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4301: 4295: 4282: 4276: 4259: 4250: 4248: 4222: 4192: 4186: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4132: 4107: 4101: 4079: 4073: 4060: 4036: 4030: 4017: 4011: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3970: 3957: 3937: 3931: 3914: 3902: 3896: 3883: 3877: 3864: 3858: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3828:, p. 134; 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3677:, p. 250; 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3601: 3593:, p. 134; 3589: 3585: 3577:, p. 134; 3569: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485:, p. 104; 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3125: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3031: 3029: 3002: 3000: 2973: 2971: 2944: 2942: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2876: 2874: 2847: 2845: 2816: 2814: 2787:Convoy escorts 2784: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2537:British Workman 2513: 2511: 2510: 2472: 2467: 2453:. By September 2381:First World War 2373: 2352:Harold Burrough 2347: 2291: 2286: 2276: 2254: 2248:on 19 January. 2245: 2233: 2201:began the tow. 2195: 2186: 2185:, returning at 2163: 2129: 2114: 2095: 2058: 2026: 2022:Kapitänleutnant 2010: 1957: 1949: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1831: 1768:British Workman 1754: 1733: 1693:Valentine tanks 1680:(Hvalfiord) in 1672: 1668: 1664: 1653:semaphore flags 1603: 1595:Main articles: 1593: 1523: 1522:aircraft (1940) 1511: 1418:Hubert Schmundt 1331:(Air Commander 1305: 1293: 1287: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1173: 1165: 1159: 1105: 1099: 1036: 1030: 992: 984: 958: 946: 938:Main articles: 936: 931: 836: 835: 834: 829: 399: 208: 203: 201: 199: 164: 150: 143: 124: 114: 103: 81:British victory 73: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8341: 8339: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8211: 8208:South Sakhalin 8204: 8203: 8202: 8188: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8008: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7948: 7939: 7932: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7893: 7886: 7879: 7872: 7865: 7858: 7851: 7842: 7835: 7826: 7817: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7745: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7633:Battle of Attu 7629: 7622: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7524: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7382:Battle of Guam 7378: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7305:Battle of Kiev 7301: 7294: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7220: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7058: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7031: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6844: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6816: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804:United Kingdom 6800: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6772: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6724: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6617: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6208:British Empire 6201:United Kingdom 6197: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6115: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6042: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6017:Czechoslovakia 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5914:Rape of Manila 5910: 5903: 5896: 5885: 5870: 5863: 5851: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5791: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5752: 5745: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5700: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5685:United Nations 5681: 5674: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5630: 5621: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5544:Decolonization 5540: 5533: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5444: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5378: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5220: 5217:United Kingdom 5213: 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5140: 5138: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5063: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4432: 4431:External links 4429: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4408: 4391: 4385: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4312: 4299: 4293: 4280: 4274: 4257: 4224:Roskill, S. W. 4220: 4194:Roskill, S. W. 4190: 4184: 4171: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4130: 4105: 4099: 4077: 4071: 4058: 4038:Hancock, W. K. 4034: 4028: 4015: 4009: 3996: 3990: 3974: 3968: 3955: 3935: 3929: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3862: 3856: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3818: 3816:, p. 134. 3806: 3791: 3787:Wadsworth 2009 3779: 3777:, p. 284. 3767: 3763:Wadsworth 2009 3755: 3751:Wadsworth 2009 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3703:Wadsworth 2009 3695: 3683: 3667: 3663:Wadsworth 2009 3655: 3651:Wadsworth 2009 3643: 3639:Wadsworth 2009 3626: 3622:Wadsworth 2009 3614: 3599: 3583: 3573:, p. 56; 3563: 3557:, p. 25; 3547: 3543:Wadsworth 2009 3535: 3518: 3506: 3491: 3475: 3473:, p. 432. 3463: 3459:Wadsworth 2009 3451: 3449:, p. 507. 3439: 3437:, p. 119. 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3328: 3316: 3301: 3289: 3287:, p. 348. 3277: 3265: 3246: 3234: 3230:Budiansky 2000 3222: 3210: 3194: 3182: 3167: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3123: 3085: 3076: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3011: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2922:69.350; 35.567 2890: 2885: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2812: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2752: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728:United Kingdom 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656:United Kingdom 2644: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588:United Kingdom 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554:United Kingdom 2542: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520:United Kingdom 2508: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2471: 2470:Merchant ships 2468: 2466: 2465:Ships involved 2463: 2372: 2367: 2346: 2343: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2253: 2250: 2162: 2159: 2123: 2056: 1956:Map of Iceland 1955: 1948: 1945: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1673:3,600 aircraft 1592: 1591:Arctic convoys 1589: 1517: 1510: 1509:Air-sea rescue 1507: 1503:Heinkel He 111 1455:Heinkel He 115 1443:Katapultschiff 1363:Karelian Front 1299: 1289:Main article: 1286: 1278: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1184:Gulf of Mexico 1171: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1101:Main article: 1098: 1093: 1044:Bletchley Park 1032:Main article: 1029: 1028:Bletchley Park 1026: 1018:First Sea Lord 1004:, Admiral sir 990: 983: 980: 952: 935: 932: 930: 927: 847:Western Allies 831: 830: 828: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 669: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 404: 403: 393: 392: 387: 374: 373: 368: 361: 354: 343: 342: 341: 340: 328: 323: 316: 311: 304: 297: 290: 283: 270: 269: 262: 249: 248: 241: 236: 229: 224: 213: 210: 209: 200: 198: 197: 190: 183: 175: 167: 166: 160: 159: 155: 154: 145: 139: 138: 134: 133: 112: 92: 91: 87: 86: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 40: 39: 33:Arctic Convoys 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8340: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8270: 8269: 8266: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8215:Kuril Islands 8212: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982:Syrmian Front 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928:Market Garden 7924: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7787:Monte Cassino 7784: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7153:Baltic states 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797:United States 6794: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733:Quốc dân Đảng 6730: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6433:Liechtenstein 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217:United States 6214: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5922: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907:Comfort women 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5891: / 5890: 5886: 5883: 5880: / 5879: 5876: / 5875: 5871: 5868: 5867:Camp brothels 5864: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756:The Holocaust 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742:forced labour 5739: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5595:Marshall Plan 5592: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5448:Eastern Front 5445: 5442: 5441:Western Front 5438: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5335:Puppet states 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277:Naval history 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5224:United States 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4294:0-905617-66-5 4290: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:Gowing, M. M. 4039: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3969:0-7006-1050-2 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3930:0-684-85932-7 3926: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3895:0-19-822888-0 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3857:0-304-35260-8 3853: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832:, p. 56. 3831: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3807: 3804:, p. 25. 3803: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3727:Paterson 2016 3723: 3720: 3717:, p. 58. 3716: 3711: 3708: 3705:, p. 85. 3704: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3681:, p. 61. 3680: 3679:Paterson 2016 3676: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3615: 3612:, p. 57. 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3597:, p. 62. 3596: 3595:Paterson 2016 3592: 3587: 3584: 3581:, Appendix 5. 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561:, p. 58. 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3545:, p. 66. 3544: 3539: 3536: 3533:, p. 56. 3532: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3516:, p. 27. 3515: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3425:, p. 75. 3424: 3423:Edgerton 2011 3419: 3416: 3413:, p. 14. 3412: 3407: 3404: 3401:, p. 44. 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3365:, p. 44. 3364: 3359: 3356: 3353:, p. 92. 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273:Paterson 2016 3269: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3165:, p. 22. 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3137: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3103:British Pride 3100: 3095: 3094:Carley floats 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3074:route) ports. 3073: 3069: 3068:Pacific Route 3063: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3010: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2811: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2781: 2765: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2729: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2691: 2690:United States 2674: 2670: 2657: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2572: 2568: 2555: 2538: 2534: 2521: 2504: 2503:British Pride 2500: 2496: 2491: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402:Richard Bevan 2399: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161:18–19 January 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2138:British Pride 2135: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1895:73.750; 0.000 1870: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801:a US ship of 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:British Pride 1761: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1572:Dornier Do 24 1569: 1568:Dornier Do 18 1566:floatplanes, 1565: 1564:Heinkel He 59 1559: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1434:Generaloberst 1429: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389:Junkers Ju 87 1386: 1382: 1381:Junkers Ju 88 1379:had only ten 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1313: 1309:In mid-1941, 1303: 1297: 1292: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1169: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 988: 981: 979: 977: 971: 969: 965: 956: 950: 945: 941: 933: 928: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 896: 892: 891: 885: 881: 877: 876: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843:Arctic convoy 840: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 787: 786: 785: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 554: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 472: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410: 406: 405: 402: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 386: 385: 381: 380: 379: 378: 372: 369: 367: 366: 362: 360: 359: 355: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 339: 338: 334: 333: 332: 329: 327: 326:Motovsky Gulf 324: 322: 321: 317: 315: 314:Cape Pikshuev 312: 310: 309: 305: 303: 302: 298: 296: 295: 291: 289: 288: 284: 282: 281: 277: 276: 275: 274: 268: 267: 263: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 247: 246: 242: 240: 237: 235: 234: 230: 228: 225: 223: 222: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 196: 191: 189: 184: 182: 177: 176: 173: 161: 156: 153: 149: 146: 141: 140: 135: 132: 128: 123: 118: 113: 111: 110:Merchant Navy 107: 102: 98: 94: 93: 88: 80: 77: 76: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 29: 24: 19: 8289:Bibliography 8272: 8085:Project Hula 8050:Vistula–Oder 8019: 7952: 7943: 7927: 7897: 7846: 7830: 7821: 7812: 7778: 7675: 7590: 7566: 7536: 7287: 7180: 7125:North Africa 6827:Soviet Union 6781:Soviet Union 6707:Soviet Union 6475:Vatican City 6385:Vichy France 6290:German Reich 6187:Soviet Union 6173:South Africa 6166:Sierra Leone 6119:Newfoundland 5938:Participants 5921:Marocchinate 5625: 5616: 5586: 5464:North Africa 5425:Indian Ocean 5284:Nazi plunder 5175:Cryptography 5048:World War II 4617:Operation FB 4561: 4412: 4395: 4376: 4356:. Retrieved 4351: 4340: 4339: 4322: 4303: 4284: 4261: 4249:. Retrieved 4228: 4202: 4175: 4156: 4137: 4109: 4085: 4062: 4045: 4019: 4000: 3981: 3978:Edgerton, D. 3959: 3942: 3918: 3885: 3866: 3847: 3821: 3809: 3782: 3775:Woodman 2004 3770: 3758: 3746: 3739:Roskill 1962 3734: 3722: 3715:Woodman 2004 3710: 3698: 3691:Woodman 2004 3686: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3617: 3610:Woodman 2004 3586: 3571:Woodman 2004 3566: 3559:Woodman 2004 3550: 3538: 3531:Woodman 2004 3509: 3483:Woodman 2004 3478: 3471:Roskill 2004 3466: 3454: 3442: 3435:Roskill 1962 3430: 3418: 3411:Woodman 2004 3406: 3394: 3387:Woodman 2004 3382: 3375:Roskill 1957 3370: 3363:Woodman 2004 3358: 3351:Roskill 1957 3346: 3339:Claasen 2001 3324:Claasen 2001 3319: 3312:Claasen 2001 3297:Claasen 2001 3292: 3280: 3268: 3261:Claasen 2001 3237: 3225: 3213: 3206:Hinsley 1994 3202:Macksey 2004 3197: 3190:Woodman 2004 3185: 3163:Woodman 2004 3136: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3088: 3079: 3062: 3023: 3013:Minesweeper 2994: 2965: 2955:Minesweeper 2937:Sharpshooter 2936: 2894: 2868: 2858:Minesweeper 2839: 2808: 2764:Soviet Union 2744: 2710: 2702: 2672: 2638: 2605:El Almirante 2604: 2570: 2536: 2502: 2459:Convoy QP 14 2454: 2451:Convoy PQ 17 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430:Steel Worker 2429: 2425: 2422:Convoy PQ 15 2418:Convoy PQ 13 2413: 2411: 2405: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2361: 2348: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2311:San Ambrosio 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2272: 2269:Channel Dash 2260: 2255: 2241: 2237: 2220: 2216:The Heinkel 2215: 2210: 2206: 2203:Sharpshooter 2202: 2198: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2164: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2111:Sharpshooter 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2015: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1996:Sharpshooter 1995: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1909:Kriegsmarine 1903: 1866: 1863:8–16 January 1850: 1843: 1837: 1826: 1820: 1815: 1799:El Almirante 1798: 1793:, the first 1790: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1686: 1671:and another 1658: 1645: 1612:269 Squadron 1608:330 Squadron 1604: 1542:Kriegsmarine 1535:Seenotdienst 1528: 1526: 1486:Luftflotte 5 1476: 1450:Schwabenland 1449: 1428:Luftflotte 5 1414: 1400:fighters of 1365:against the 1312:Luftflotte 5 1308: 1301: 1291:Luftflotte 5 1266: 1243:Hermann Böhm 1240: 1237:Kriegsmarine 1230:Kriegsmarine 1229: 1205: 1176: 1163:Arctic Ocean 1157:Arctic Ocean 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134:Kriegsmarine 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120:Kriegsmarine 1118: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1095: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1038:The British 1037: 1014:Dudley Pound 995: 972: 961: 922: 919:Convoy QP 14 914: 911:Convoy PQ 17 904: 900: 899: 894: 889: 883: 879: 878:of wolfpack 874: 867: 851:Soviet Union 838: 837: 783: 782: 671: 670: 604: 603: 552: 476: 470: 469: 408: 400: 383: 376: 375: 364: 357: 345: 344: 336: 319: 307: 300: 294:Doppelschlag 293: 287:Rösselsprung 286: 279: 272: 271: 265: 258: 251: 250: 244: 232: 220: 214: 152:Hermann Böhm 131:Kriegsmarine 90:Belligerents 71:Arctic Ocean 18: 8020:Bodenplatte 7906:Gothic Line 7132:West Africa 6679:Philippines 6658:Netherlands 6523:Czech lands 6461:Switzerland 6405:Afghanistan 6356:Philippines 6224:Puerto Rico 6140:Philippines 6126:New Zealand 6112:Netherlands 6065:Free France 5816:Prosecution 5617:Osoaviakhim 5487:West Africa 5471:East Africa 5118:Conferences 4134:Macksey, K. 3447:Butler 1964 3399:Howard 1972 2920: / 2828:Minesweeper 2426:Alcoa Cadet 2297:comprising 2295:Convoy QP 5 1963:polar night 1893: / 1869:Seidisfiord 1811:Wester Ross 1731:Convoy PQ 8 1678:Hvalfjörður 1669:2,000 tanks 1665:1,200 tanks 1574:seaplanes. 1383:bombers of 1371:Archangelsk 1213:Barents Sea 1211:and in the 1192:Bear Island 1180:Gulf Stream 955:Barents Sea 853:during the 849:to aid the 839:Convoy PQ 8 331:Barents Sea 280:Sportpalast 26:Convoy PQ 8 8312:Categories 8120:West Hunan 7953:Pointblank 7289:Silver Fox 7275:Summer War 7028:Winter War 7007:Phoney War 6788:Azerbaijan 6749:Yugoslavia 6644:Luxembourg 6486:Resistance 6233:Yugoslavia 6098:Luxembourg 5900:Sook Ching 5696:War crimes 5298:Technology 5291:Opposition 5233:Lend-Lease 5210:Australian 5203:Home front 5161:Blitzkrieg 5111:Casualties 5102:Commanders 5074:Operations 4081:Howard, M. 3839:References 3830:Brown 1995 3579:Blair 1996 3514:Hague 2000 3038:Royal Navy 3009:Royal Navy 2984:Destroyer 2980:Royal Navy 2951:Royal Navy 2883:Royal Navy 2854:Royal Navy 2823:Royal Navy 2317:Cumberland 2258:battleship 2252:20 January 2211:Luftflotte 2196:8:00 a.m., 2096:10:00 p.m. 1991:Salamander 1947:17 January 1832:8:20 p.m., 1803:Panamanian 1716:Kola Inlet 1689:Matilda II 1601:Home Fleet 1282:Luftflotte 1209:North Cape 1068:Y-stations 1022:Royal Navy 1010:Home Fleet 1006:John Tovey 944:Lend-Lease 934:Lend-lease 929:Background 371:North Cape 358:Zitronella 337:Regenbogen 308:Wunderland 221:Weserübung 101:Royal Navy 8185:Manchuria 8071:Indochina 7847:Bagration 7298:Lithuania 6943:Anschluss 6740:Viet Minh 6637:Lithuania 6579:Hong Kong 6349:Manchukuo 6304:Azad Hind 5963:Australia 5763:Aftermath 5626:Paperclip 5521:Aftermath 5321:Total war 5189:Diplomacy 5152:In Europe 4980:Homebound 4877:Homebound 4764:Homebound 4636:Homebound 4508:Homebound 4246:174453986 4226:(1962) . 4212:881709135 4196:(1957) . 4136:(2004) . 4054:630191560 3951:504770038 3285:Rahn 2001 3218:Kahn 1973 3148:Footnotes 3022:HMS 2995:Speedwell 2993:HMS 2964:HMS 2935:HMS 2888:Destroyer 2867:HMS 2838:HMS 2807:HMS 2711:Southgate 2703:Harmatris 2639:Harmatris 2455:Harmatris 2446:Harmatris 2442:Harmatris 2438:Harmatris 2434:Harmatris 2414:Luftwaffe 2406:Harmatris 2398:Harmatris 2390:Harmatris 2385:Harmatris 2376:Harmatris 2370:Harmatris 2360:HMS 2315:HMS 2303:Dekabrist 2284:Aftermath 2277:2:00 p.m. 2273:Harmatris 2265:destroyer 2246:5:00 p.m. 2242:Speedwell 2238:Speedwell 2234:2:30 p.m. 2221:Harmatris 2199:Speedwell 2192:Harmatris 2187:6:00 a.m. 2183:Speedwell 2179:Harmatris 2175:Speedwell 2167:Harmatris 2115:9:45 p.m. 2107:Harmatris 2092:Harmatris 2088:Speedwell 2084:Harmatris 2080:Harmatris 2076:Speedwell 2072:Harmatris 2064:Speedwell 2043:Harmatris 2035:Harmatris 2027:6:32 a.m. 2011:6:00 a.m. 1985:Britomart 1983:HMS 1979:Speedwell 1975:Harmatris 1971:Triinidad 1849:HMS 1836:HMS 1827:Speedwell 1819:HMS 1780:Harmatris 1776:Southgate 1748:HMS 1724:polar ice 1720:White Sea 1387:, thirty 1333:Stavanger 1273:Luftwaffe 1263:Trondheim 1261:, two at 1089:Luftwaffe 1081:Luftwaffe 1073:Luftwaffe 923:Harmatris 915:Harmatris 906:Luftwaffe 901:Harmatris 895:Harmatris 888:HMS 884:Harmatris 122:Luftwaffe 8296:Category 8245:document 8155:document 8012:Ardennes 7996:Budapest 7944:Crossbow 7822:Overlord 7661:Smolensk 6879:Timeline 6714:Slovakia 6700:Thailand 6551:Ethiopia 6516:Bulgaria 6440:Portugal 6378:Thailand 6260:Bulgaria 6038:Eswatini 6031:Ethiopia 5984:Bulgaria 5809:Unit 731 5770:Response 5587:Keelhaul 5537:Cold War 5510:Americas 5501:timeline 5494:Atlantic 5374:Theaters 4949:Outbound 4816:Outbound 4723:Outbound 4545:Outbound 4462:Outbound 4341:Websites 4216:Archived 4126:78083316 4118:63-16109 4083:(1972). 3980:(2011). 3941:(1964). 3242:FIB 1996 3111:Matabele 3107:Matabele 3024:Trinidad 2869:Matabele 2673:Larranga 2571:Dartford 2334:Matabele 2289:Analysis 2171:windlass 2142:Matabele 2126:Matabele 2105:back to 2103:Matabele 2099:Trinidad 2068:Larranga 2047:Matabele 2039:Trinidad 1920:wolfpack 1904:Trinidad 1851:Trinidad 1838:Matabele 1807:Loch Ewe 1791:Larranga 1772:Dartford 1762:tankers 1691:and 249 1624:Shetland 1498:Staffeln 1448:MS 1367:Red Army 1355:Kirkenes 1304:of KG 40 1196:Svalbard 1143:B-Dienst 1139:B-Dienst 1115:B-Dienst 1103:B-Dienst 1096:B-Dienst 1085:Headache 890:Matabele 870:wolfpack 863:Murmansk 365:Ostfront 352:Kara Sea 266:Polyarny 259:Claymore 233:Alphabet 66:Location 31:Part of 8222:Shumshu 7989:Hungary 7936:Estonia 7920:Lapland 7898:Dragoon 7831:Neptune 7813:Ichi-Go 7779:Tempest 7721:Changde 7676:Cottage 7568:Jubilee 7284:Finland 7182:Compass 6888:Prelude 6841:Finland 6727:Vietnam 6693:Romania 6565:Germany 6544:Estonia 6530:Denmark 6509:Belgium 6502:Austria 6495:Albania 6426:Ireland 6412:Andorra 6396:Neutral 6363:Romania 6297:Hungary 6282:Finland 6154:Romania 6046:Finland 6024:Denmark 5970:Belgium 5956:Algeria 5662:Romania 5648:Hungary 5404:Pacific 5128:General 5082:Leaders 5067:Battles 5060:Outline 4469:Dervish 4358:26 July 4200:(ed.). 3119:Harrier 3115:Harrier 3043:Cruiser 2908:35°34′E 2905:69°21′N 2809:Harrier 2782:Escorts 2362:Nigeria 2338:Tirpitz 2261:Tirpitz 2218:strafed 1969:ahead, 1967:Harrier 1924:U-boats 1881:00°00′E 1878:73°45′N 1821:Harrier 1760:British 1750:Harrier 1743:Halcyon 1682:Iceland 1633:Skipper 1620:Iceland 1477:Kondors 1471:Staffel 1404:, five 1267:Tirpitz 1224:Prelude 1217:Celsius 1060:Heimish 1056:Heimish 859:Iceland 845:of the 482:PQ 9/10 409:Dervish 397:Convoys 239:Wilfred 35:of the 8199:Debate 8171:Taipei 8164:Borneo 7742:Tarawa 6936:Europe 6897:Africa 6686:Poland 6672:Norway 6651:Malaya 6630:Latvia 6572:Greece 6558:France 6454:Sweden 6419:Bhutan 6147:Poland 6133:Norway 6105:Mexico 6072:Greece 6058:France 5996:Canada 5977:Brazil 5947:Allies 5893:Serbia 5882:Poland 5655:Poland 5641:Baltic 5434:Europe 5136:Topics 5088:Allied 4919:RA 61A 4904:RA 59A 4858:JW 61A 4828:JW 56B 4823:JW 56A 4796:RA 55B 4791:RA 55A 4786:RA 54B 4781:RA 54A 4755:JW 55B 4750:JW 55A 4745:JW 54B 4740:JW 54A 4627:JW 51B 4622:JW 51A 4419: 4404:862623 4402: 4383: 4329: 4310: 4291: 4272: 4251:4 June 4244: 4210: 4182: 4163: 4144: 4124: 4116: 4097: 4069: 4052: 4026: 4007: 3988: 3966: 3949: 3927: 3892: 3873: 3854: 3099:Somali 3035: 3006: 2977: 2966:Somali 2948: 2880: 2851: 2840:Hazard 2820: 2801:Notes 2769:3,974 2761: 2733:4,862 2725: 2695:3,804 2687: 2661:5,395 2653: 2627:5,248 2622:Panama 2619: 2593:4,093 2585: 2559:6,994 2551: 2525:7,106 2517: 2497:Notes 2329:Tartar 2323:Icarus 2307:Eulima 2207:Hazard 2155:Somali 2147:Somali 2007:Enisej 2000:Hazard 1858:Voyage 1844:Somali 1784:Soviet 1545:, the 1492:Gruppe 1420:, the 1350:Oberst 1302:Kondor 1259:Tromsø 1255:Narvik 1245:, the 1052:Enigma 962:After 768:RA 61A 753:RA 59A 713:JW 61A 683:JW 56B 678:JW 56A 666:RA 55B 661:RA 55A 656:RA 54B 651:RA 54A 636:JW 55B 631:JW 55A 626:JW 54B 621:JW 54A 564:JW 51B 559:JW 51A 384:Mascot 320:Orator 227:Narvik 78:Result 7975:Leyte 7805:Narva 7791:Anzio 7749:Makin 7707:Burma 7591:Torch 7560:Rzhev 7521:Kiska 6607:Korea 6593:Japan 6586:Italy 6468:Tibet 6447:Spain 6325:Italy 6086:Italy 6079:India 6003:China 5878:Japan 5478:Italy 5390:China 5342:Women 5002:RA 67 4997:RA 66 4992:RA 65 4987:RA 64 4971:JW 67 4966:JW 66 4961:JW 65 4956:JW 64 4929:RA 63 4924:RA 62 4914:RA 61 4909:RA 60 4899:RA 59 4894:RA 58 4889:RA 57 4884:RA 56 4868:JW 63 4863:JW 62 4853:JW 61 4848:JW 60 4843:JW 59 4838:JW 58 4833:JW 57 4776:RA 53 4771:RA 52 4735:JW 53 4730:JW 52 4703:RA 51 4698:QP 15 4693:QP 14 4688:QP 13 4683:QP 12 4678:QP 11 4673:QP 10 4612:PQ 18 4607:PQ 17 4602:PQ 16 4597:PQ 15 4592:PQ 14 4587:PQ 13 4582:PQ 12 4577:PQ 11 4572:PQ 10 4557:PQ 7b 4552:PQ 7a 3054:Notes 2895:U-454 2798:Type 2795:Flag 2792:Name 2751:1933 2715:1926 2677:1917 2643:1932 2609:1917 2575:1930 2541:1922 2507:1931 2486:Flag 2483:Year 2480:Ship 2299:Arcos 2194:. At 2151:U-454 2134:U-454 2101:sent 2031:U-454 2016:U-454 1940:U-584 1934:U-454 1928:U-134 1618:from 1479:from 1393:Stuka 1359:Banak 1201:ASDIC 1147:Shark 1064:Hydra 875:U-454 825:RA 67 820:RA 66 815:RA 65 810:RA 64 805:JW 67 800:JW 66 795:JW 65 790:JW 64 778:RA 63 773:RA 62 763:RA 61 758:RA 60 748:RA 59 743:RA 58 738:RA 57 733:RA 56 728:JW 64 723:JW 63 718:JW 62 708:JW 61 703:JW 60 698:JW 59 693:JW 58 688:JW 57 646:RA 53 641:RA 52 616:JW 53 611:JW 52 599:RA 51 594:QP 12 547:PQ 18 542:PQ 17 537:PQ 16 532:QP 11 527:QP 15 522:PQ 15 517:QP 14 512:PQ 14 507:QP 13 502:PQ 13 497:PQ 12 492:PQ 11 487:QP 10 301:Zarin 8041:1945 7769:1944 7610:1943 7538:Blue 7528:Attu 7435:1942 7194:1941 7046:1940 6984:1939 6913:Asia 6760:POWs 6600:Jews 6318:Iraq 6244:Axis 6194:Tuva 6010:Cuba 5095:Axis 4942:1945 4809:1944 4716:1943 4668:QP 9 4663:QP 8 4658:QP 7 4653:QP 6 4648:QP 5 4643:QP 4 4567:PQ 9 4562:PQ 8 4538:1942 4525:QP 3 4520:QP 2 4515:QP 1 4499:PQ 6 4494:PQ 5 4489:PQ 4 4484:PQ 3 4479:PQ 2 4474:PQ 1 4455:1941 4417:ISBN 4400:OCLC 4381:ISBN 4360:2018 4327:ISBN 4308:ISBN 4289:ISBN 4270:ISBN 4266:HMSO 4253:2018 4242:OCLC 4238:HMSO 4208:OCLC 4180:ISBN 4161:ISBN 4142:ISBN 4122:OCLC 4114:LCCN 4095:ISBN 4091:HMSO 4067:ISBN 4050:OCLC 4024:ISBN 4005:ISBN 3986:ISBN 3964:ISBN 3947:OCLC 3925:ISBN 3890:ISBN 3871:ISBN 3852:ISBN 2494:No. 2424:and 2326:and 2309:and 2205:and 2169:the 2124:HMS 1988:and 1915:Ulan 1841:and 1778:and 1766:and 1740:The 1700:and 1610:and 1599:and 1570:and 1527:The 1465:Sola 1357:and 1323:Oslo 1016:the 968:USSR 942:and 880:Ulan 784:1945 672:1944 605:1943 589:QP 9 584:QP 8 579:QP 7 574:QP 6 569:QP 5 477:PQ 8 471:1942 465:QP 4 460:QP 3 455:QP 2 450:QP 1 445:PQ 7 440:PQ 6 435:PQ 5 430:PQ 4 425:PQ 3 420:PQ 2 415:PQ 1 401:1941 377:1944 346:1943 273:1942 252:1941 245:Juno 215:1940 58:Date 2898:at 2772:42 2736:41 2698:21 2664:31 2630:11 2596:12 2562:32 2528:22 2490:GRT 2165:On 2109:as 2013:by 1809:in 1501:of 1446:), 1257:or 1194:to 1130:MND 1077:W/T 8314:: 7789:/ 4350:. 4268:. 4240:. 4232:. 4214:. 4120:. 4093:. 4040:; 3794:^ 3629:^ 3602:^ 3521:^ 3494:^ 3331:^ 3304:^ 3249:^ 3170:^ 3155:^ 3131:2. 2461:. 2305:, 2301:, 2002:. 1795:US 1789:, 1774:, 1635:, 1614:, 1325:. 913:. 553:FB 7292:) 7286:( 6160:) 6156:( 6092:) 6088:( 6052:) 6048:( 5990:) 5986:( 5040:e 5033:t 5026:v 4425:. 4406:. 4389:. 4362:. 4335:. 4316:. 4297:. 4278:. 4188:. 4169:. 4150:. 4128:. 4075:. 4056:. 4032:. 4013:. 3994:. 3972:. 3953:. 3908:. 3898:. 3879:. 3860:. 3244:. 2019:( 1708:( 1531:( 1347:( 1285:5 1128:( 1113:( 1062:( 194:e 187:t 180:v

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