273:
126:
249:
261:
391:
31:
77:. The CRS includes a High-Energy Telescope System (HETS), Low-Energy Telescope System (LETS), and The Electron Telescope (TET). It is designed to detect energetic particles and some of the requirements were for the instrument to be reliable and to have enough charge resolution. It can also detect the energetic particles like protons from the
116:
was turned off to save power, however, although it cooled off it was still returning data at a new lower temperature outside its original operating range. The amount of power on the
Voyager spacecraft has been slowly decreasing, so various items of equipment are turned off to save power.
240:. The heater for the CRS was turned off at this time, which caused a lowering of the CRS temperature to below its lowest rated operating temperature. The device cooled down to minus 74 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 59 degrees Celsius) but it still continued to operate at this temperature.
209:
between each detector. The detectors and tungsten layers are stacked one on top of each other. The tungsten layers range from 0.56 mm to 2.34 mm thick and function as absorbers. Each TET solid state detector has an area of 4.5 cm and is 3 mm thick.
356:
First I don't think any of us on the CRS team will ever forget watching on the computer monitors, even on an hourly basis, in one case, as some particle intensities dropped precipitously, and others increased simultaneously on several occasions in July and August,
329:
discovered an area where the solar wind was not going in either direction. The area was identified as a sort of charged particle doldrums, where the particles from the Solar System are pushed back by cosmic forces. At a distance of 17 light-hours
366:
Other scientists proposed that this indicated a departure from the Solar System in the sense that it had left the Sun's heliosphere. The issue was the interpretation of the drop in cosmic rays, which happened at 123 AU from the Sun for
88:
As of 2019, CRS is one of the active remaining instruments on both
Voyager spacecraft, and it is described by as being able to detect electrons from 3–110 MeV and cosmic ray nuclei 1–500 MeV/n. All three systems used
287:
was measured using the CRS instrument on the
Voyagers that year. The solar minimum of 1977 occurred towards the end of year, and it was possible to observe both interplanetary, galactic, and anomalous energy spectra.
299:. In the 1980s the CRS data from both Voyagers was used to determine the abundances of energetic particles from the Sun and additional information. Another area studied in the 1980s using CRS data was variation in
341:
entered interstellar space, that is it entered the interstellar medium between the stars. One of the reasons this was recognized was a significant increase in galactic cosmic rays.
1399:
371:
that year. The many revelations and restructured understandings as the
Voyagers head out, as influenced by data from the CRS and other active instruments, was called by
352:. There was some changes in the amounts and type of detections that triggered deeper analysis. The results from the magnetometer muddied the waters of interpretation.
228:
During its development the CRS was rated to operate down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 45 degrees C). Up until 2019 the instrument was operated on both
920:
394:
Labeled diagram, with CRS on the boom on the right, but to the left of the cameras. This does not show the magnetometer boom or the plasma experiment antennas.
1026:
1308:
785:
1340:
1255:
1230:
544:
Stone, E. C.; Vogt, R. E.; McDonald, F. B.; Teegarden, B. J.; Trainor, J. H.; Jokipii, J. R.; Webber, W. R. (1977). "1977SSRv...21..355S Page 355".
93:
detectors. CRS is one of the five fields and particle experiments on each spacecraft, and one of the goals is to gain a deeper understanding of the
1508:
1415:
975:
948:
675:
648:
220:
The CRS was tested to operate down to a temperature of minus 49 degrees F (minus 59 degrees C) during its development in the 1970s.
39:
137:, which can show the tracks certain particles make as they travel because they trigger little bubbles despite being of atomic size.
1273:
Cosmic ray investigation for the
Voyager missions: Energetic particle studies in the outer heliosphere – and beyond, Stone, et al
1303:
1195:
1155:
1716:
1333:
964:
Böhme, S.; Esser, U.; Fricke, W.; Hefele, H.; Heinrich, I.; Hofmann, W.; Krahn, D.; Matas, V. R.; Schmadel, L. D. (2013).
937:
Böhme, S.; Fricke, W.; Hefele, H.; Heinrich, I.; Hofmann, W.; Krahn, D.; Matas, V. R.; Schmadel, L. D.; Zech, G. (2013).
334:
was commanded to rotate several times (in the other direction then its spinning), to make detection in other directions.
870:
272:
839:
1277:
991:
McDonald, F. B.; Lal, N. (1987). "Variations of
Galactic Cosmic Rays with Heliolatitude in the Outer Heliosphere".
1439:
1711:
1326:
417:
1018:
1536:
1513:
814:
793:
732:
520:
489:
465:
90:
1658:
1565:
404:
1639:
1607:
1411:
1405:
914:
314:
would cross the Solar System's termination shock in 2003. This helped support the later conclusion that
155:
1590:
1058:
1000:
882:
553:
300:
145:
origin and acceleration process, life history, and dynamic contribution of interstellar cosmic rays,
1627:
1526:
1457:
1211:
1171:
1098:
569:
265:
1622:
1574:
1298:
1076:
971:
965:
944:
938:
671:
665:
644:
638:
1580:
1531:
1288:
1203:
1163:
1066:
890:
561:
1648:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1349:
248:
214:
148:
70:
1130:
1112:
1062:
1004:
886:
557:
125:
1595:
1585:
1503:
1487:
130:
102:
1313:
708:
1705:
1667:
1462:
1433:
1272:
1215:
1175:
573:
296:
284:
169:
134:
106:
757:
613:
588:
260:
1688:
410:
326:
190:
382:, helped identify that spacecraft's departure from the Sun's heliosphere in 2018.
295:. It detected a 0.43 million volt flux of protons as it traveled through Saturn's
17:
1541:
349:
256:
from 2011–2012, a time when it is thought to have finally exited the
Heliosphere
74:
1283:
441:
1546:
1521:
1207:
1167:
390:
205:
The TET consists of eight solid state detectors with different thicknesses of
94:
30:
838:
Brown, Dwayne; Fox, Karen; Cofield, Calia; Potter, Sean (December 10, 2018).
283:
In 1977 the spectra of helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and neon during the
1616:
1472:
1371:
1364:
898:
175:
65:
59:
1080:
206:
129:
The CRS is detecting extremely small particles as might be detected in a
98:
38:
1388:
565:
292:
236:, however in the summer of 2019 there was need to save some power on
78:
1256:"Voyager is in a new region of space, and now that place has a name"
1231:"Voyager is in a new region of space, and now that place has a name"
1071:
1046:
871:"Evidence that the anomalous cosmic-ray component is singly ionized"
869:
C., Cummings, A.; C., Stone, E.; R., Webber, W. (15 December 1984).
640:
NASA's
Voyager Missions: Exploring the Outer Solar System and Beyond
201:
The TET measures the energy spectrum of electrons from 3 to 110 MeV.
894:
840:"Release 18-115 - NASA's Voyager 2 Probe Enters Interstellar Space"
1318:
389:
271:
259:
247:
124:
37:
1314:
A New Plan for
Keeping NASA's Oldest Explorers Going (July 2019)
1293:
844:
1322:
1196:"So, has Voyager 1 left the Solar System? Scientists face off"
1156:"So, has Voyager 1 left the Solar System? Scientists face off"
291:
In the early 1980s, the CRS detected charged particles around
82:
279:
is reported as leaving the heliosphere on
November 5, 2018.
1131:"How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?"
1113:"How Do We Know When Voyager Reaches Interstellar Space?"
414:(see plasma and high-energy particle spectrometer suite)
318:
crossed the termination shock in December 2004 and that
186:
0.15 and 30 MeV/nucleon for atomic numbers from 1 to 30.
27:
Instrument aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft
970:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 380.
943:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 343.
709:"A New Plan for Keeping NASA's Oldest Explorers Going"
670:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 218.
667:
Deep Space Craft: An Overview of Interplanetary Flight
940:
Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts: Literature 1982
643:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 67.
490:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details for Voyager 1"
466:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details for Voyager 2"
1680:
1657:
1638:
1606:
1564:
1555:
1496:
1450:
1425:
1400:
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
1381:
1356:
348:had entered a "transition zone" as it leaves the
160:trapped planetary energetic particle environment.
112:In the summer of 2019, the heater for the CRS on
141:Areas of original study for this investigation:
354:
1092:
1090:
1334:
1040:
1038:
1036:
779:
777:
8:
919:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
515:
513:
511:
509:
344:In 2013 CRS data lead some to propose that
1561:
1341:
1327:
1319:
1299:Voyager Instruments – Cosmic Ray Subsystem
252:This shows cosmic ray hits as recorded by
1070:
325:In 2011, CRS data along with the Voyager
1189:
1187:
1185:
932:
930:
268:as discovered by Voyager as of June 2013
29:
864:
862:
429:
912:
815:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details"
733:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details"
637:Evans, Ben; Harland, David M. (2008).
521:"NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details"
435:
433:
1509:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
7:
1099:"Voyager Discovers Cosmic Purgatory"
784:Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem.
756:Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem.
612:Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem.
589:"Voyager - The Interstellar Mission"
440:Team, Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem.
213:The principal investigator is Prof.
73:, and it is an experiment to detect
1029:from the original on 19 April 2022.
993:International Cosmic Ray Conference
375:publication as the "long goodbye".
109:and from outside the solar system.
97:. Other objects of study including
25:
151:of elements in cosmic-ray sources
1235:Scientific American Blog Network
1097:Diaz, Jesus (5 December 2011).
1045:Cowen, Ron (5 September 2012).
337:It was determined that in 2012
154:behavior of cosmic rays in the
57:) is an instrument aboard the
786:"Voyager Cosmic Ray Subsystem"
164:High-Energy Telescope System:
1:
875:Astrophysical Journal Letters
182:Low-Energy Telescope System:
1514:Specific orbital energy of
1025:. Oxford University Press.
322:crossed it in August 2007.
1733:
197:Electron Telescope (TET):
168:6 and 500 MeV/nucleon for
1289:Papers by decade from CRS
1208:10.1038/nature.2013.12662
1168:10.1038/nature.2013.12662
303:in the outer Heliosphere
1280:(general overview of CR)
1047:"Voyager's long goodbye"
418:Local Interstellar Cloud
306:CRS helped predict that
193:of electrons and nuclei.
1692:(2017 documentary film)
1537:NASA Deep Space Network
69:spacecraft of the NASA
1717:Spacecraft instruments
1659:Exploration of Neptune
1566:Exploration of Jupiter
1019:"cosmic-ray subsystem"
405:Cosmic-ray observatory
395:
364:
280:
269:
257:
138:
43:
35:
34:CRS highlighted in red
1640:Exploration of Uranus
1608:Exploration of Saturn
1412:Voyager Golden Record
1406:Plasma Wave Subsystem
790:voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov
762:voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov
618:voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov
546:Space Science Reviews
446:voyager.gsfc.nasa.gov
393:
275:
263:
251:
224:Operating Temperature
156:interplanetary medium
128:
41:
33:
1394:Cosmic Ray Subsystem
664:Doody, Dave (2010).
593:voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
301:galactic cosmic rays
47:Cosmic Ray Subsystem
1194:Cowen, Ron (2013).
1154:Cowen, Ron (2013).
1063:2012Natur.489...20C
1005:1987ICRC....3..393M
901:on 11 February 2017
887:1984ApJ...287L..99C
819:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
737:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
558:1977SSRv...21..355S
525:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
494:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
470:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1527:Grand Tour program
1458:Stamatios Krimigis
1278:NASA – Cosmic Rays
566:10.1007/BF00211546
396:
281:
270:
266:outer Solar System
258:
178:from 3 and 100 MeV
139:
44:
36:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1675:
977:978-3-662-11178-9
950:978-3-662-12334-8
677:978-3-540-89510-7
650:978-1-85233-745-2
172:from 1 through 30
55:Cosmic Ray System
18:Cosmic Ray System
16:(Redirected from
1724:
1562:
1532:Rings of Jupiter
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1284:Objective of CRS
1260:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1191:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1023:Oxford Reference
1015:
1009:
1008:
988:
982:
981:
961:
955:
954:
934:
925:
924:
918:
910:
908:
906:
897:. Archived from
866:
857:
856:
854:
852:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
792:. Archived from
781:
772:
771:
769:
768:
753:
747:
746:
744:
743:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
705:
682:
681:
661:
655:
654:
634:
628:
627:
625:
624:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
584:
578:
577:
541:
535:
534:
532:
531:
517:
504:
503:
501:
500:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
437:
362:
21:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1712:Voyager program
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1681:Popular culture
1672:
1653:
1634:
1602:
1557:
1551:
1492:
1483:Edward C. Stone
1478:Larry Soderblom
1468:Raymond Heacock
1446:
1441:Family Portrait
1421:
1377:
1352:
1350:Voyager program
1347:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1072:10.1038/489020a
1057:(7414): 20–21.
1044:
1043:
1034:
1017:
1016:
1012:
990:
989:
985:
978:
967:Literature 1985
963:
962:
958:
951:
936:
935:
928:
911:
904:
902:
868:
867:
860:
850:
848:
837:
836:
832:
823:
821:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
783:
782:
775:
766:
764:
755:
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750:
741:
739:
731:
730:
726:
717:
715:
707:
706:
685:
678:
663:
662:
658:
651:
636:
635:
631:
622:
620:
611:
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597:
595:
586:
585:
581:
543:
542:
538:
529:
527:
519:
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488:
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463:
459:
450:
448:
439:
438:
431:
426:
401:
388:
363:
361:
246:
226:
215:Edward C. Stone
149:nucleosynthesis
123:
105:from planetary
71:Voyager program
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:with volcanos
1570:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1504:Gravity assist
1500:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1488:Timothy Ferris
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
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1409:
1403:
1397:
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1385:
1383:
1379:
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1368:
1360:
1358:
1354:
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1348:
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1345:
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1331:
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1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1267:External links
1265:
1262:
1261:
1254:Oakes, Kelly.
1246:
1229:Oakes, Kelly.
1221:
1181:
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1122:
1104:
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587:JPL.NASA.GOV.
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264:A view of the
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170:atomic numbers
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131:bubble chamber
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119:
107:magnetospheres
42:Diagram of CRS
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1713:
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1691:
1690:
1686:
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1683:
1679:
1669:
1666:and its moon
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1662:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
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1643:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1626:
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1621:with craters
1620:
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1618:
1615:and its moon
1614:
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1609:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1592:
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1584:
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1578:
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1573:and its moon
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1463:Carolyn Porco
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1434:Pale Blue Dot
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987:
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865:
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859:
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841:
834:
831:
820:
816:
810:
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796:on 2017-02-12
795:
791:
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774:
763:
759:
758:"INSTRUMENTS"
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350:heliosphere
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81:or Earth's
75:cosmic rays
1706:Categories
1591:Prometheus
1547:Carl Sagan
1522:Titan IIIE
1382:Components
1357:Spacecraft
1240:2017-02-11
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824:2017-02-02
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1617:Enceladus
1516:Voyager 1
1473:Jim Blinn
1372:Voyager 2
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189:Measures
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1647:and its
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399:See also
360:—
207:tungsten
121:Overview
1558:targets
1497:Related
1389:MHW-RTG
1059:Bibcode
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999:: 393.
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244:Results
1668:Triton
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