363:" when Congress sought to end its relationship with indigenous tribes by terminating their governments and trust protected tribal lands. During this period, National Park Service officials began efforts to evict the Shoshones from Indian Village. The service had previously forbidden Shoshones from continuing their traditional subsistence practices, including gathering firewood, plants, and hunting within Monument boundaries. It prohibited them from using sacred places in the park to conduct traditional sacred ceremonies as well. While the adobe houses at Indian Village were adequate when built by the CCC in the 1930s, by mid-century they were in dilapidated condition. An electric line ran a mere 300 feet from the village, but the Park Service did not fund an extension of the line to indigenous homes. The houses lacked electricity, air conditioning, indoor plumbing and running water. Using these conditions as a rationale, in 1957 the Park Service began a de facto removal policy for the Timbisha Shoshones still living in Indian Village. It began collecting rents, and evicting people when they failed to pay. It also limited occupancy to current residents and their relatives. Through these policies park officials hoped that the village would eventually die out. Many Shoshone men already had to move away for jobs in nearby Beatty, Nevada, or to cities in California. Existing correspondence reveals that white officials could not comprehend why Shoshones would choose to remain in such conditions. They did not understand their deep spiritual and ancestral attachment to the land. In 1958, Congress terminated "Indian Ranch", the enclave established for Panamint Bill earlier in the century and a place where some Timbisha Shoshone continued to reside.
367:
about twenty to twenty-five individuals resided there full time. Some worked for the Park
Service or at area hotels, but most were unemployed. By the late 1960s the Park Service began destroying Indian Village houses once residents had failed to pay rents or had stayed away for long periods; it did so by using high powered hoses to wash down the adobe casitas. Seeing this, Esteves began organizing her people to fight the Monument's actions. She contacted California Indian Legal Services, one of the indigenous rights organizations emerging during the decade. In 1975 the Native American Rights Fund (NARF) took the Timbisha Shoshone legal case. NARF attorneys were able to organize Esteves' people as a group of Indians with at least one-half degree Indian blood under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Presented by tribal member Alice Eben in 1977, the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the petition. The formal recognition gave the band certain rights and powers in fighting against Park Service eviction. The next year, Pauline Esteves entered into an agreement with the Indian Health Service and the National Park Service for a domestic water supply for the village. The band was able to secure a Bureau of Indian Affairs loan for several trailers to replace the decaying casitas at the village. During this time, the Park Service resisted efforts by tribal members to build permanent houses at the site. The band still did not own the land they lived on, and Park Service leaders feared creating a precedent if they surrendered any land to indigenous claimants. In 1979, with help from NARF, the Timbisha Shoshone band wrote and presented a petition for full federal tribal acknowledgment to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
289:
homesteaders migrated to Death Valley, patenting the few springs and fertile plots of land in Death Valley. White settlers, using their knowledge of law, gained title to the Valley's scarce water and other resources, pushing the native
Shoshones to inferior lands. Shoshones were prohibited from using springs, while the settler's livestock destroyed plants necessary for tribal subsistence. Aboriginal lands taken from the band now include the Furnace Creek Inn and surrounding golf course. The federal government failed to recognize the Timbisha Shoshone as a tribe, and like many small rancheria bands in California, it also failed to protect the Shoshone's rights as indigenous peoples. Belatedly, the Bureau of Indian Affairs did help Hungry Bill patent 160 acres of land in a canyon bordering Death Valley in 1908. The agency later secured an allotment of land for Robert Thompson at Warm Springs in Death Valley. In 1928, federal Indian agents also created a small rancheria, "Indian Ranch" to the east of Death Valley for Timbisha Shoshone Panamint Bill and his extended family. Though band members lacked federal acknowledgment of their tribal or indigenous status, several Timbisha Shoshone attended the federal Sherman and Carson Indian Boarding Schools during the early twentieth century.
1033:
1463:
376:
183:
352:
2987:
57:
2569:
1985:
69:
1032:
366:
At the time, Pauline
Esteves, a tribal member, began fighting the National Park Service's eviction plan at Indian Village in Death Valley National Monument. Residents of the village consisted primary of elderly Shoshone women of the Boland, Kennedy, Watterson, Shoshone, and Esteves families. Only
288:
Euro-Americans first made contact with the
Timbisha Shoshone during the California Gold Rush of 1849, but whites quickly moved on to the gold fields, renaming the Shoshone homeland Death Valley. Sustained contact occurred during the 1860s through the 1880s, when a stream of ranchers, miners, and
418:
in regaining more of their ancestral lands within the Park. After much tribal effort, federal politics, and mutual compromise, the
Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act of 2000 finally returned 7,500 acres (30 km) of ancestral homelands to the Timbisha Shoshone tribe.
305:, an action that subsumed the tribe's homeland within park boundaries. Despite their long-time presence in the region, the proclamation failed to provide a homeland for the Timbisha people. After unsuccessful efforts to remove the band to nearby reservations,
596:, their name is presented as "Timbi-Sha", but this is a typographical error and ungrammatical in Timbisha. The tribe never hyphenates its name. Both the California Desert Protection Act and the Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act spell their name correctly.
202:. The band traditionally was very small in size, and linguists estimate that fewer than 200 individuals ever spoke Panamint Shoshone. Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially.
1084:
takes place in
Ridgecrest, California, and was named one of the "10 Most Unique Autumn Festivals in the Country" by Groupon. The festival includes an intertribal powwow, street fair, and tours to the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons.
2086:
317:
for tribal members near park headquarters at
Furnace Creek in 1938. Thereafter tribal members survived within monument boundaries, although their status was repeatedly challenged by monument officials. They also lived in the
652:) each, were traditionally linked by economic and kinship relationship (the highest population of the Timbisha was in the Little Lake Band area). The "districts" were commonly named after the most important village (
2021:
2499:
1973:
2557:
2509:
2186:
3528:
375:
2324:
1420:
383:
With the help of the
California Indian Legal Services, Timbisha Shoshone members led by Pauline Esteves and Barbara Durham began agitating for a formal reservation in the 1960s. The
2241:
2016:
1727:
2374:
2314:
2236:
2051:
3281:
2339:
2091:
1856:
Alan P.Garfinkel, Geron Marcom, and Robert A. Schiffman. 2006. "Culture Crisis and Rock Art
Intensification: Numic Ghost Dance Paintings and Coso Representational Petroglyphs"
2344:
1951:
2414:
1946:
2925:
2429:
2464:
2136:
1966:
2550:
1831:
The
Bradshaw Foundation, American Rock Art Archive, Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California",
414:
Despite their federal tribal recognition and diminutive 1982 reservation, the Timbisha still faced difficulty and conflict with the Death Valley National Park's
3518:
2036:
1274:
Mark Edwin Miller, "Sometimes Salvation: The Death Valley Timbisha Shoshones of California and the BIA's Federal Acknowledgment Process," in Mark Edwin Miller,
1855:
463:
area″ are names of one local group of the Little Lake Band), once commonly used, was dropped in favor of Timbisha; the Coso People were considered part of the
1584:
Ashley K. Parker & Brian F. Codding: Evaluating the Extent of the Traditional Timbisha Shoshone Homeland (Report Prepared for the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe)
2535:
2469:
2196:
2151:
348:, 1938). Significantly, when borderlands were occupied, it was in fact common that settlements would include people speaking related but different languages.
217:
at 1,500. He estimated the population of the Timbisha and Chemehuevi in 1910 as 500. Julian Steward's figures for Eastern California are about 65 persons in
1081:
2206:
2141:
1959:
276:, which has been chemically fingerprinted as belonging to the Coso culture and territory, but was discovered in coastal California prehistoric sites in
1644:
3533:
3271:
2543:
2126:
2026:
2439:
2171:
1604:
1211:
918:
451:
The Timbisha Shoshone (Tümpisa Shoshoni) have been known as the California Shoshoni, Death Valley Shoshone, Panamint Shoshone or simply Panamint.
175:
599:
The tribe has a website with photographs, history and historical documents, starting with its 1863 treaty. The tribal government has offices in
2968:
2111:
2011:
395:, was established at this time. At first, the reservation consisted of the original 40 acre tract set aside for Indian Village. Located within
629:(in southern Death Valley), both are Numic-speaking peoples but of different branches (Western: Timbisha; Southern: Kawaiisu) which inhibited
3221:
2918:
2489:
2369:
2246:
2166:
1823:
1805:
1786:
1343:
249:
139:
3339:
2424:
2081:
1707:
720:
680:
222:
3424:
3186:
3026:
2201:
1485:
1093:
1070:
182:
3359:
2226:
2191:
1813:
1772:
840:
427:
Currently the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe consists of around 300 members, usually 50 of whom live at the Death Valley Indian Community at
277:
265:
3151:
2056:
1757:
1055:
2181:
1947:"Tribe Can Again Call Death Valley Home", "William Booth", "Washington Post", 1/1/2001 - Article shown in PBS "Life Blooms" program
1845:
1041:
387:
was recognized by the US government in 1982. In this effort, they were one of the first tribes to secure tribal status through the
1678:
3523:
3439:
2911:
2573:
2434:
2121:
1862:
Volume 33, Don Christensen and Peggy Whitehead, editors, p. 83-103. American Rock Art Research Association, Tucson, Arizona.
1811:
Thomas, David Hurst, Lorann S. A. Pendleton, and Stephen C. Cappannari. "Western Shoshone." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor.
344:", the adjoining areas to the north were composed of almost equal numbers of Timbisha (Panamint) Shoshone and "Desert Kawaiisu" (
261:
3449:
3414:
3286:
2409:
2156:
2131:
1942:
PBS Death Valley: Life Blooms (features a segment about the Timbisha people and an interview with tribal elder Pauline Esteves)
683:
Band / Papunna/Pupunna Band ("pool, pond, i.e. litte lake", with some local groups living at Indian Gardens, Coso Hot Springs,
205:
411:. In 1990, the reservation remained only 40 acres (0.16 km) in size and had a population of 199 tribal member residents.
3176:
3086:
2279:
2176:
2096:
1408:
302:
2903:
1932:
351:
3344:
2484:
3216:
2644:
2216:
2211:
2146:
2101:
1919:
1867:
Rock Drawings of the Coso Range, Inyo County, California: An Ancient Sheep-hunting Cult Pictured in Desert Rock Carvings
3241:
3036:
3016:
2504:
2404:
994:
810:
782:
310:
143:
1572:
3191:
2419:
2046:
1124:
1066:
474:(″Death Valley People″; literally: ″People from the Place of red ochre (face) paint)″) after the locative term for
432:
396:
392:
314:
257:
1549:
3478:
3404:
3329:
3141:
3121:
3031:
2066:
938:
786:
766:
604:
487:
428:
400:
360:
333:
159:
1907:
Haberfeld, Steven (2000), "Government-to-Government Negotiations: How the Timbisha Shoshone Got Its Land Back,”
873:("People of Haüttangkatün, i.e. Warm Springs and Indian Ranch area of Panamint Valley", named after the village
3394:
3379:
3319:
3246:
3171:
3156:
3091:
3071:
3066:
3041:
2957:
2474:
2444:
2274:
2256:
2041:
1897:
608:
404:
388:
191:
2494:
1846:
Alan P. Garfinkel. 2006. "Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies, and the "Coso Sheep Cult" of Eastern California"
1403:
Jon Philip Dayley: Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary, University of California Press, 1989 - 516 pages,
3465:
3334:
3096:
2998:
2935:
2842:
2459:
2221:
2161:
2061:
1797:
1778:
1656:
408:
1605:"Gordon L. Grosscup: VII: Notes on Boundaries and Culture of the Panamint Shoshone and Owens Valley Paiute"
590:
Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
355:
Death Valley Indian Community, looking west toward the village from a hill one mile away across highway 190
3419:
3399:
3349:
3206:
1089:
1074:
1059:
630:
1611:
1219:
162:
the population of the Village was 124. The older members still speak the ancestral language, also called
3513:
3364:
3314:
3309:
3196:
3126:
3101:
3051:
2384:
2284:
1893:
1712:
1652:
436:
415:
306:
199:
1104:
Only U.S. citizens are allowed on the tours, and advance reservation is required. Related museums are:
660:- "possessing, characterized by ") and the bands were also named after the village name they occupied (
619:
Harold Driver recorded two Timbisha subgroups in Death Valley, the ″o'hya″ and the ″tu'mbica″ in 1937.
1911:
24(4): 127–65. (Author, as of 2009, is exec. dir., Indian Dispute Resolution Service, Sacramento, CA.)
3485:
3384:
3354:
3166:
3161:
3136:
3131:
3076:
3006:
2514:
2479:
2359:
2354:
2334:
2319:
2304:
2294:
2116:
907:(″People from Süünapatün, i.e. Wild Rose Canyon in Panamint Valley″, with the important spring named
864:
337:
3444:
3429:
3276:
3111:
3061:
3011:
2454:
2349:
2309:
2299:
2031:
1018:
758:
825:- ″mountain with a lot of pine (tall timber)″) northwest of Saline Valley, which is also known as
3409:
3374:
3261:
3251:
3231:
3226:
3211:
3181:
3146:
3081:
3046:
3021:
2976:
2289:
2231:
2106:
2076:
1998:
1583:
704:
600:
1728:"10. Mojave Art on the Rocks, in "THE GOLDEN 15: 15 places to visit to see the real California""
676:(Ko'on + kantün - "possessing, characterized by" the village Ko'on, i.e. Saline Valley People).
3508:
3434:
3389:
3324:
2449:
2394:
2379:
1819:
1801:
1782:
1753:
1404:
1339:
1129:
980:
942:
790:
581:
522:
Eaters″) as a self designation (actually pejorative term which is a loan translation from the
210:
163:
131:
99:
1941:
1333:
3236:
3201:
3056:
2624:
2519:
2389:
2364:
1152:
818:
740:
593:
577:
460:
94:
174:
3369:
2758:
950:
860:
464:
329:
230:
863:
Band / Haüttangkatün Nookompin Band(with some local groups from Panamint Valley north of
2837:
2804:
2629:
954:
946:
922:
894:
884:
770:
622:
561:
345:
298:
269:
253:
238:
3502:
2857:
2809:
2737:
2003:
326:
322:
218:
195:
62:
1877:
1550:"Eastern California Museum - Exhibit: Native American Life, Native American Baskets"
1393:
963:(″People of Tümpisakkatün″, i.e. of Furnace Creek and Death Valley; Harold Driver's
2731:
2608:
1829:
984:
934:
778:
475:
440:
242:
234:
78:
2266:
536:
The Kawaiisu (and other Indian tribes south of Timbisha territory) were known as
198:
for over a thousand years. They were originally known as Panamints, as was their
2950:
2887:
2877:
2742:
2655:
2634:
2594:
2251:
712:
553:
545:
541:
523:
319:
937:
Band / Tümpisakka(tün) Band (with some local groups from Death Valley north of
3301:
2762:
2710:
2705:
2619:
2589:
2568:
2399:
1990:
1984:
1050:
688:
684:
519:
248:
Archaeological evidence substantiates trade between the Coso People and other
226:
214:
155:
74:
1916:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1765:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1302:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1289:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
1276:
Forgotten Tribes: Unrecognized Indians and the Federal Acknowledgment Process
743:
area″, this traditional cultural and healing ritual site was either known as
2872:
2776:
2726:
2689:
2604:
2329:
1080:
In 2014, an annual celebration was created in honor of the petroglyphs. The
849:(″People from Tuhu, i.e. Goldbelt Spring area in Cottonwood Canyon uplands″)
479:
2639:
1594:″Panamint″ from pakatüh/paa(ttsi)/pakatüh - "water" and nïwïnsti - ″person″
1421:
The University of Utah- The Shoshone Language Project - Shoshoni Dictionary
572:(and other Indian tribes on the western side of the Sierras) were known as
17:
1001:, former name: Surveyors Well)" in northern Death Valley; Harold Driver's
672:("People at the village Ko'on") and their "district" therefore was called
2815:
2699:
2684:
2614:
2599:
2584:
2524:
855:(″People from Napatün, i.e. Cottonwood Canyon area west of Death Valley")
626:
341:
273:
118:
114:
1770:
Miller, Wick R. "Numic Languages." d'Azevedo, Warren L., Volume Editor.
332:
areas of present-day southeastern California. The Death Valley south of
2847:
2799:
2793:
2753:
2748:
2720:
2668:
2664:
2650:
1840:
Archaeology and Rock Art of the Eastern Sierra and Great Basin Frontier
1040:
664:- "people of such a place"); therefore the family groups living at the
2882:
2831:
2826:
2783:
2768:
1574:
Memorandum in Support of the Timbisha Shoshone Tribe Request for ...]
799:(″People of Ko'ongkatün, i.e. Saline Valley, named after the village
569:
309:
officials entered into an agreement with tribal leaders to allow the
625:
distinguished Timbisha Shoshone (in northern Death Valley) from the
1529:
1062:, and throughout the Coso Region, dating from the prehistoric era.
2892:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2715:
2679:
2674:
1335:
The Explorer's Guide to Death Valley National Park, Fourth Edition
1039:
1031:
897:
area in the Panamint Range″, the Telescope Peak was also known as
374:
181:
173:
1702:
603:. A large collection of baskets made by tribal members is in the
2788:
2694:
2660:
769:
Band / Ko'ongkatün Band (with some local groups living from the
483:
2907:
2539:
1955:
1111:, 100 E. Las Flores Ave., Ridgecrest, CA 93555; (760) 375-6900.
1065:
In 1964, the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons were declared a
391:' Federal Acknowledgment Process. The tribe's reservation, the
1794:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples.
1679:"Fall Festivals: The 10 Most Unusual Fests Across the Country"
695:- "potash, soda ash") including the Upper Centennial Springs (
1865:
Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968.
809:(″People of Pawü(n)tsi, i.e. high country between Saline and
2985:
1888:
Crum, Steven J. (1998), "A Tripartite State of Affairs: The
560:("western people"), and their direct western neighbors, the
556:
beyond the Sierra Nevada crest to the northwest were called
213:
put the combined 1770 population of the Timbisha (Koso) and
1634:
Campbell Grant, James W. Baird and J. Kenneth Pringle. 1968
1509:
1108:
1441:
1431:
The Bishop Paiute Tribe is a Mono/Timbisha Tribe also Nümü
576:("people on the other (western) side of Sierras"). Their
506:- ″red ochre, red (face) paint)″ + locative postposition
1332:
Scott Bryan, T.; Bryan, Betty Tucker (8 February 2021).
957:
as well northwest to Grapevine Mountains; eastern band)
1304:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 126–130.
1291:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 124–127.
1278:(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), 132-133.
636:
Julian Steward identified four ″districts″ with bands (
359:
The decade of the 1950s was the height of the federal "
1922:, 2004). The Timbisha are one of four cases reviewed.
839:("People of Siikai, i.e. from Hunter Mountain in the
27:
Native American tribe of the California-Nevada border
455:, Koso, and Koso Shoshone (probably a derivative of
3458:
3300:
3260:
3110:
2997:
2967:
2265:
1997:
108:
85:
48:
38:
1011:("People of Maahunu", i.e. from Grapevine Canyon")
973:(″People of Naitipani, i.e. Lida Springs, Nevada")
719:), most of their territory was taken over by the
482:source for paint that can be made from a type of
148:Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California
3529:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1069:. In 2001, they were incorporated into a larger
993:("People of Ohyü", i.e. Mesquite Flats north of
588:("Shoshoni speaking northwards people"). In the
1818:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986.
470:The Timbisha of Death Valley called themselves
1767:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
1254:Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups
586:Sosoniammü Kwinawen (Kuinawen) Nangkwatün Nümü
2919:
2551:
1967:
1909:American Indian Culture and Research Journal,
1902:American Indian Culture and Research Journal,
486:found in the Golden Valley a little south of
8:
1869:, second edition, Maturango Press, 145 pages
33:
1392:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham
1212:"California Indians and Their Reservations"
2926:
2912:
2904:
2558:
2544:
2536:
1974:
1960:
1952:
1842:, Maturango Museum, Ridgecrest, California
1114:Naval Air Weapons Station, (760) 939-1683.
867:eastward to Panamint Range; central band)
615:Historic Timbisha band districts or groups
293:Creation of Death Valley National Monument
252:tribes. For example, they traded with the
32:
1366:
1364:
1153:"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe of Death Valley"
987:", mixed Timbisha-Northern Paiute group)
544:people″), their northern neighbors, the
350:
2986:
1176:The name has been widely misspelled as
1141:
1092:of California has been designated as a
687:(located immediately south of dry lake
529:However, they simply called themselves
178:Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California
1989:Indian reservations and Rancherías in
1703:"National Register Information System"
1464:"The California Desert Protection Act"
1206:
1204:
1202:
1649:National Historic Landmark Quicklinks
1147:
1145:
7:
3519:Native American tribes in California
2647:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
1752:. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books, 1994.
1708:National Register of Historic Places
1239:
1237:
1058:. Such works have been found in the
721:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
644:, made up of several family groups (
435:. Many members spend the summers at
158:, near the Nevada border. As of the
49:Regions with significant populations
1216:SDSU Library and Information Access
1192:"paint" and cannot be divided into
1094:National Historic Landmark District
1071:National Historic Landmark District
492:Tümpisa", Tümpisakka, Tümpisakkatün
478:which was named after an important
336:, and the Panamint Valley south of
2934:Municipalities and communities of
1814:Handbook of North American Indians
1773:Handbook of North American Indians
813:, with the important water source
546:Eastern Mono (Owens Valley Paiute)
278:San Luis Obispo County, California
25:
1056:Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons
893:(″People of Siümpüttsi, i.e. the
777:) in the west, to Saline Valley,
154:and are located in south central
3534:Native American tribes in Nevada
2574:Indigenous peoples of California
2567:
1983:
1486:"Timbisha Shoshone Homeland Act"
1338:. University Press of Colorado.
1054:, are abundantly represented in
1017:("People of Okwakai", i.e. from
793:to the east; northwestern band)
761:area″, just south of Owens Lake)
729:(″People from Little Lake area″)
699:) and Lower Centennial Springs (
268:counties. This was confirmed by
67:
55:
656:) that characterized the area (
206:Population of Native California
190:The Timbisha have lived in the
2745:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
1082:Ridgecrest Petroglyph Festival
510:- ″at, on" + nominal suffix -
498:- "rock (ochre) paint" - from
303:Death Valley National Monument
256:, then located in present-day
1:
3292:Timbisha Shoshone Reservation
3282:Fort Independence Reservation
1530:"The Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"
917:(″People from Omakatün, i.e.
393:Death Valley Indian Community
1920:University of Nebraska Press
1850:North American Archaeologist
1833:North American Archaeologist
883:(″People of Kaikottin, i.e.
552:("north place people"), the
526:for the Timbisha Shoshone).
514:). Sometimes they used even
1933:"Back to Life", Carl Hall,
1048:Notable rock art drawings,
757:(″People of Pakkwasi, i.e.
640:) each led by a headmen or
592:periodically listed in the
311:Civilian Conservation Corps
3550:
1726:Susan Spano (2007-11-15).
1125:Indian Village, California
1067:National Historic Landmark
574:Toyapittam maanangkwa nümü
433:Death Valley National Park
397:Death Valley National Park
3474:
3277:Bishop Paiute Reservation
2983:
2948:
2580:
1860:American Indian Rock Art,
1838:Alan P. Garfinkel. 2005.
1816:, Volume 11: Great Basin.
1775:, Volume 11: Great Basin.
1510:"Timbisha Shoshone Tribe"
1466:. Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
939:Furnace Creek, California
817:, i.e. Waucoba Spring in
605:Eastern California Museum
488:Furnace Creek, California
334:Furnace Creek, California
186:Timbisha Shoshone History
113:
90:
53:
43:
1914:Miller, Mark E. (2004),
1898:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1872:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
1645:"Coso Rock Art District"
609:Independence, California
533:("Person" or ″People″).
389:Bureau of Indian Affairs
229:, about 100 in northern
150:. They are known as the
3524:Inyo County, California
3466:Coso County, California
3027:Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek
2937:Inyo County, California
2843:Plains and Sierra Miwok
2702:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
1935:San Francisco Chronicle
1890:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
1798:Oxford University Press
1779:Smithsonian Institution
1388:C.Michael Hogan (2008)
1265:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
1158:. National Park Service
925:", Trona is now called
703:), at springs south of
409:Inyo County, California
385:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
152:Timbisha Shoshone Tribe
2991:
2410:Manchester-Point Arena
1243:Kroeber (1925), p. 883
1090:Coso Rock Art District
1075:Coso Rock Art District
1060:Coso Rock Art District
1045:
1037:
979:("People of Koa, i.e.
668:village were known as
631:mutual intelligibility
447:Tribal name and groups
380:
356:
272:recovery of a kind of
187:
179:
3287:Lone Pine Reservation
3152:Death Valley Junction
2989:
2812:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
2645:Eel River Athapaskans
1894:National Park Service
1713:National Park Service
1653:National Park Service
1043:
1035:
803:, NW of Death Valley)
723:; southwestern band)
502:- ″rock, stone″ plus
416:National Park Service
378:
354:
307:National Park Service
221:, 150-160 persons in
185:
177:
109:Related ethnic groups
3487:United States portal
3272:Big Pine Reservation
2117:Jamul Indian Village
1876:, ed. by A. Burnham
1763:Miller, Mark Edwin.
865:Ballarat, California
841:Cottonwood Mountains
340:were predominantly "
338:Ballarat, California
200:Uto-Aztecan language
144:federally recognized
3450:White Mountain City
1792:Pritzker, Barry M.
1370:Thomas, et al, 280,
1300:Mark Edwin Miller,
1287:Mark Edwin Miller,
1256:(1938, Smithsonian)
1019:Grapevine Mountains
759:Olancha, California
467:indigenous nation.
35:
2992:
1222:on 5 February 2009
1046:
1038:
705:Darwin, California
601:Bishop, California
516:Tsakwatan Tükkatün
381:
371:Tribal recognition
357:
297:In 1933 President
225:(springs) and the
188:
180:
3496:
3495:
3480:California portal
2901:
2900:
2533:
2532:
2092:Fort Independence
1824:978-0-16-004581-3
1806:978-0-19-513877-1
1787:978-0-16-004581-3
1732:Los Angeles Times
1659:on 8 October 2012
1345:978-1-64642-053-7
1130:Timbisha language
981:Silver Peak Range
943:Funeral Mountains
919:Trona, California
791:Last Chance Range
582:Northern Shoshone
504:pisappüh/pisappin
379:U.S. NPS 2009 Map
233:, 42 in northern
211:Alfred L. Kroeber
132:Timbisha language
124:
123:
44:124 (2010 census)
16:(Redirected from
3541:
3488:
3481:
3217:Panamint Springs
2988:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2420:Montgomery Creek
2112:Inaja and Cosmit
1988:
1987:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1904:22(1): 117–136).
1777:Washington, DC:
1748:Hinton, Leanne.
1736:
1735:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1610:. Archived from
1609:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1546:
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1526:
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1517:
1516:
1506:
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1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1460:
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1412:
1401:
1395:
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1263:
1257:
1252:Julian Steward,
1250:
1244:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1218:. Archived from
1208:
1197:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1149:
1109:Maturango Museum
1100:Petroglyphs Tour
1036:Coso petroglyphs
995:Stove Pipe Wells
819:Waucoba Mountain
741:Coso Hot Springs
594:Federal Register
584:kin were called
472:Nümü Tümpisattsi
461:Coso Hot Springs
313:to construct an
241:, and 42 in the
136:Nümü Tümpisattsi
73:
71:
70:
61:
59:
58:
39:Total population
36:
21:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3454:
3296:
3263:
3256:
3242:Stovepipe Wells
3113:
3106:
3037:Homewood Canyon
3017:Charleston View
2993:
2990:Inyo County map
2981:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2902:
2897:
2759:Northern Paiute
2576:
2566:
2564:
2534:
2529:
2490:Shingle Springs
2261:
2167:Pauma and Yuima
2001:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1929:
1885:
1883:Further reading
1745:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:. July 9, 2010.
1701:
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1030:
951:Amargosa Valley
861:Panamint Valley
617:
568:("enemy"). The
465:Northern Paiute
459:- ″People from
449:
425:
373:
361:Termination Era
342:Desert Kawaiisu
330:Panamint Valley
295:
286:
266:San Luis Obispo
250:Native American
231:Panamint Valley
172:
140:Native American
130:("rock paint",
104:
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3192:Indian Village
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3112:Unincorporated
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2497:
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2445:Redwood Valley
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2057:Colorado River
2054:
2049:
2047:Capitan Grande
2044:
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2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1981:
1979:
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1971:
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1956:
1950:
1949:
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1939:
1928:
1927:External links
1925:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1905:
1900:, 1934–1994,"
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
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1750:Flutes of Fire
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988:
974:
968:
955:Beatty, Nevada
947:Amargosa Range
932:
931:
930:
923:Searles Valley
912:
902:
895:Telescope Peak
888:
885:Panamint Range
878:
858:
857:
856:
850:
844:
830:
823:Wongkotoya(pi)
811:Eureka Valleys
804:
771:Inyo Mountains
764:
763:
762:
752:
739:(″People from
730:
623:Julian Steward
616:
613:
564:were known as
448:
445:
424:
421:
372:
369:
346:Julian Steward
315:Indian village
299:Herbert Hoover
294:
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270:archaeological
254:Chumash people
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3405:Panamint City
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3330:Chloride City
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3142:Coso Junction
3140:
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3122:Alabama Hills
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3032:Furnace Creek
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2325:Chicken Ranch
2323:
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2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
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2178:
2177:Quartz Valley
2175:
2173:
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2160:
2158:
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2148:
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2110:
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2088:
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2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Coyote Valley
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Benton Paiute
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Agua Caliente
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1977:
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1852:27(3):203-244
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1835:27(3):203-244
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1758:0-930588-62-2
1755:
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1654:
1650:
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1631:
1628:
1617:on 2015-09-08
1613:
1606:
1600:
1597:
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1569:
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1554:inyocounty.us
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1322:Pritzker, 241
1319:
1316:
1313:Pritzker, 242
1310:
1307:
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1284:
1281:
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1234:
1221:
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1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
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1180:but the word
1179:
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1131:
1128:
1126:
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1107:
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1086:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:, called the
1072:
1068:
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1061:
1057:
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1052:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
986:
982:
978:
975:
972:
971:Naitipanittsi
969:
966:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
910:
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905:Süünapatüntsi
903:
900:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
879:
876:
872:
869:
868:
866:
862:
859:
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808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
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788:
784:
783:Eureka Valley
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Saline Valley
765:
760:
756:
753:
750:
749:Muattan(g Ka)
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
675:
674:"Ko'ongkatün"
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
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647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
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485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
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458:
454:
446:
444:
443:to the west.
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:Furnace Creek
422:
420:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:Furnace Creek
398:
394:
390:
386:
377:
370:
368:
364:
362:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
327:Mojave Desert
325:and northern
324:
323:Saline Valley
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
290:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:Santa Barbara
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Saline Valley
216:
212:
209:
207:
201:
197:
196:North America
193:
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176:
169:
167:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
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133:
129:
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107:
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84:
80:
76:
64:
63:United States
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
3514:Death Valley
3395:Noonday Camp
3380:Lookout City
3320:Burnt Wagons
3291:
3264:reservations
3247:Sandy Valley
3222:Park Village
3172:Fish Springs
3157:Deep Springs
3092:Valley Wells
3072:Round Valley
3067:Pearsonville
3042:Independence
2959:Independence
2956:
2834:(Gabrieliño)
2821:
2818:(Fernandeño)
2723:(Bear River)
2340:Cold Springs
2212:Santa Ysabel
2187:Round Valley
2107:Hoopa Valley
2087:Fort Bidwell
2072:Death Valley
2071:
1999:Reservations
1934:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1889:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1793:
1771:
1764:
1749:
1743:Bibliography
1731:
1721:
1706:
1697:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1648:
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1599:
1590:
1579:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1416:
1399:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1354:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1215:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1103:
1087:
1079:
1064:
1049:
1047:
1014:
1008:
1002:
998:
990:
985:Lida, Nevada
976:
970:
964:
960:
935:Death Valley
926:
914:
908:
904:
898:
890:
881:Kaikottantsi
880:
874:
870:
852:
846:
836:
832:
826:
822:
814:
806:
800:
796:
787:Nelson Range
779:Saline Range
774:
754:
748:
744:
736:
732:
726:
716:
708:
701:Tsiapaikwasi
700:
696:
692:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
621:
618:
598:
589:
585:
573:
565:
557:
554:Western Mono
549:
548:were called
537:
535:
530:
528:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
476:Death Valley
471:
469:
456:
452:
450:
441:Owens Valley
426:
413:
405:Death Valley
384:
382:
365:
358:
296:
287:
284:Post-contact
247:
243:Belted Range
235:Death Valley
203:
192:Death Valley
189:
151:
147:
135:
127:
125:
79:Death Valley
30:Ethnic group
3335:Chrysopolis
3325:Cerro Gordo
3302:Ghost towns
3114:communities
3097:West Bishop
2952:County seat
2838:Tübatulabal
2656:Halchidhoma
2635:Coast Miwok
2595:Ahwahnechee
2495:Smith River
2485:Sheep Ranch
2470:Rohnerville
2385:Laytonville
2315:Buena Vista
2285:Berry Creek
2222:Smith River
2197:San Pasqual
2152:Mesa Grande
2137:Los Coyotes
2097:Fort Mojave
2082:Ewiiaapaayp
1874:Morro Creek
1494:3 September
1470:3 September
1448:3 September
1444:. Schat.net
1390:Morro Creek
1226:10 December
1188:"rock" and
1162:10 December
1051:petroglyphs
1028:Petroglyphs
1015:Okwakaittsi
1009:Maahunuttsi
999:Tukummuttun
961:Tümpisattsi
909:Kantapettsi
837:Siikai Nümü
807:Pawüntsitsi
755:Pakkwasitsi
713:Argus Range
697:Tsianapatün
681:Little Lake
566:Waapi(ttsi)
562:Tübatulabal
542:Hummingbird
524:Mono people
423:Present day
320:Great Basin
223:Little Lake
160:2010 Census
18:Coso People
3503:Categories
3425:San Carlos
3420:Roachville
3400:Owensville
3350:Greenwater
3207:Millspaugh
3187:Harrisburg
2763:Kucadikadi
2706:Lake Miwok
2620:Chemehuevi
2590:Acjachemen
2515:Upper Lake
2505:Susanville
2480:Santa Rosa
2415:Middletown
2400:Lower Lake
2375:Grindstone
2370:Greenville
2360:Enterprise
2355:Elk Valley
2335:Cloverdale
2320:Cedarville
2305:Big Valley
2295:Big Lagoon
2267:Rancherías
2237:Tule River
2207:Santa Ynez
2202:Santa Rosa
2192:San Manuel
2052:Chemehuevi
2037:Bridgeport
1991:California
1918:(Lincoln:
1896:, and the
1688:2015-09-02
1621:2018-03-25
1559:2021-01-02
1535:2021-01-02
1515:2021-01-02
1409:0520097548
1379:Miller, 99
1358:Hinton, 30
1178:Timbi-Sha,
1136:References
1044:Coso sheep
977:Koa Panawe
965:″tu'mbica″
891:Siümpüttsi
871:Haüttantsi
853:Napatüntsi
815:Wongko Paa
775:Nününoppüh
737:Muattantsi
711:), and in
693:Pattsiatta
689:Owens Lake
685:Coso Range
670:"Ko'ontsi"
654:katükkatün
550:Kwinawetün
520:Chuckwalla
500:tün/tümpin
490:known as "
227:Coso Range
215:Chemehuevi
194:region of
156:California
75:California
3365:Leadfield
3360:Kearsarge
3315:Beveridge
3310:Bend City
3197:Kearsarge
3127:Aspendell
3102:Wilkerson
3052:Lone Pine
2873:Wukchumni
2777:Ramaytush
2773:Costanoan
2734:(Klamath)
2727:Mechoopda
2690:Kitanemuk
2625:Chimariko
2605:Bay Miwok
2455:Resighini
2430:Northfork
2425:Mooretown
2350:Dry Creek
2310:Blue Lake
2300:Big Sandy
2217:Sebastian
2147:Mendocino
2142:Manzanita
2132:Lone Pine
2102:Fort Yuma
1937:, 7/11/99
1194:Timbi-sha
833:Siikaitsi
691:, called
650:nanümüppü
642:pokwinapi
638:süüpantün
538:Mukunnümü
480:red ochre
437:Lone Pine
86:Languages
3509:Timbisha
3385:Manzanar
3355:Gerstley
3167:Dunmovin
3162:Dolomite
3137:Ballarat
3132:Badwater
3077:Shoshone
3007:Big Pine
2822:Timbisha
2816:Tataviam
2700:Kumeyaay
2685:Kawaiisu
2615:Cahuilla
2600:Atsugewi
2585:Achomawi
2525:XL Ranch
2510:Trinidad
2465:Robinson
2440:Picayune
2435:Paskenta
2290:Big Bend
2172:Pechanga
2127:La Posta
2122:La Jolla
2027:Big Pine
2004:Colonies
1800:, 2000.
1796:Oxford:
1781:, 1986.
1663:20 March
1184:is from
1182:timbisha
1119:See also
991:Ohyüttsi
941:west to
921:area in
899:Mukutoya
827:Isam Paa
797:Ko'ontsi
733:Koosotsi
727:Kuhwitsi
717:Tüntapun
627:Kawaiisu
457:Koosotsi
301:created
274:obsidian
237:, 29 at
164:Timbisha
138:) are a
128:Timbisha
119:Comanche
115:Shoshone
100:Timbisha
34:Timbisha
3445:Swansea
3440:Sunland
3430:Schwaub
3062:Olancha
3012:Cartago
2848:Vanyume
2805:Serrano
2800:Salinan
2794:Quechan
2754:Nomlaki
2749:Nisenan
2721:Mattole
2711:Luiseño
2669:Whilkut
2665:Chilula
2651:Esselen
2630:Chumash
2450:Redding
2395:Lookout
2380:Jackson
2345:Cortina
2275:Alturas
2157:Morongo
1683:Groupon
1003:″o'hya″
953:around
875:Haüttan
847:Tuhutsi
709:Tawinni
666:"Ko'on"
578:Western
496:Tümpisa
439:in the
431:within
258:Ventura
170:History
146:as the
95:English
81:region)
3415:Reward
3410:Reilly
3375:Lila C
3262:Indian
3252:Zurich
3232:Rovana
3227:Poleta
3212:Owenyo
3182:Haiwee
3147:Crater
3082:Tecopa
3047:Keeler
3022:Darwin
2977:Bishop
2883:Yokuts
2858:Washoe
2832:Tongva
2827:Tolowa
2810:Shasta
2796:(Yuma)
2784:Patwin
2769:Ohlone
2738:Mohave
2640:Cupeño
2609:Saklan
2520:Wilton
2475:Rumsey
2405:Lytton
2390:Likely
2365:Graton
2280:Auburn
2247:Washoe
2242:Viejas
2227:Sycuan
2182:Rincon
2062:Colusa
2032:Bishop
2017:Barona
1892:, the
1822:
1804:
1785:
1756:
1407:
1342:
1021:area")
915:Omatsi
789:, and
658:kantün
648:, pl:
646:nanümü
570:Yokuts
558:Panawe
264:, and
239:Beatty
142:tribe
72:
60:
3459:Other
3435:Sodan
3390:Narka
3177:Grant
3087:Trona
2893:Yurok
2868:Wiyot
2863:Wintu
2853:Wappo
2732:Modoc
2716:Maidu
2680:Cahto
2675:Karuk
2330:Chico
2257:Yurok
2252:Wiyot
2232:Tejon
2042:Campo
1615:(PDF)
1608:(PDF)
1489:(PDF)
1156:(PDF)
983:near
927:Toona
801:Ko'on
745:Kooso
204:(See
3345:Echo
3340:Coso
3237:Ryan
3202:Laws
3057:Mesa
2999:CDPs
2969:City
2888:Yuki
2878:Yana
2789:Pomo
2743:Mono
2695:Kizh
2661:Hupa
2162:Pala
2077:Elem
2002:and
1820:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1665:2012
1496:2010
1472:2010
1450:2010
1405:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1228:2009
1190:pisa
1164:2009
1088:The
945:and
662:-tsi
580:and
531:Nümü
484:clay
453:Coso
126:The
117:and
3370:Lee
1442:"?"
1186:tɨm
835:or
747:or
735:or
607:in
512:tün
508:-ka
494:" (
403:in
399:at
3505::
2955::
2940:,
2667:,
1858:,
1848:,
1730:.
1711:.
1705:.
1681:.
1651:.
1647:.
1552:.
1363:^
1236:^
1214:.
1201:^
1144:^
1096:.
1077:.
949:,
887:″)
843:")
785:,
781:,
633:.
611:.
540:(″
518:(″
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280:.
260:,
245:.
208:.)
166:.
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77:,
2927:e
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2761:(
2671:)
2663:(
2611:)
2607:(
2559:e
2552:t
2545:v
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1826:.
1808:.
1789:.
1760:.
1734:.
1691:.
1667:.
1624:.
1562:.
1538:.
1518:.
1498:.
1474:.
1452:.
1348:.
1230:.
1196:.
1166:.
1005:)
997:(
967:)
929:)
911:)
901:)
877:)
829:)
821:(
773:(
751:)
715:(
707:(
65:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
