Comanche - Knowledge (XXG)

1818:

days, they vigorously rubbed them in a mixture of fat, brains and liver to soften them. They softened them further by rinsing and working back and forth over a rawhide thong. Finally, they were smoked over a fire, which gave them a tan color. To finish the tipi covering, women laid the tanned hides side by side and stitched them together. As many as 22 hides could be used, but 14 was the average. The sewn cover was tied to a pole and raised, wrapped around the cone-shaped frame, and pinned with pencil-sized wooden skewers. Two wing-shaped flaps at the top of the tipi were turned back to make an opening, which could be adjusted to keep out moisture and held pockets of insulating air. With a fire pit in the center of the earthen floor, the tipis stayed warm in winter. In summer, the bottom edges of the tipis could be rolled up to let in a breeze. Cooking was done outside during hot weather. Tipis were very practical homes for nomads. Working together, women could quickly set them up or take them down. An entire Comanche band could be packed and chasing a buffalo herd within about 20 minutes. The women did most food processing and preparation.

1654:(or another man of distinction) to do so. He did this in the hope of his child living a long and productive life. During the public naming ceremony, the medicine man lit his pipe and offered smoke to the heavens, earth, and each of the four directions. He prayed that the child would remain happy and healthy. He then lifted the child to symbolize its growing up and announced the child's name four times. He held the child a little higher each time he said the name. It was believed that the child's name foretold its future; even a weak or sick child could grow up to be a great warrior, hunter, and raider if given a name suggesting courage and strength. Boys were often named after their grandfather, uncle, or other relative. Girls were usually named after one of their father's relatives, but the name was selected by the mother. As children grew up they also acquired nicknames at different points in their lives, to express some aspect of their lives. 2106:

metal on their arms. Except for black, which was the color for war, there was no standard color or pattern for face and body painting: it was a matter of individual preference. For example, one man might paint one side of his face white and the other side red; another might paint one side of his body green and the other side with green and black stripes. One Comanche might always paint himself in a particular way, while another might change the colors and designs when so inclined. Some designs had special meaning to the individual, and special colors and designs might have been revealed in a dream. Women might also tattoo their face or arms. They were fond of painting their bodies and were free to do so as they pleased. It was popular for women to paint the insides of their ears a bright red and paint great orange and red circles on their cheeks. They usually painted red and yellow around their lips.

1738:). Following this quest, his father gave him a good horse to ride into battle and another mount for the trail. If he had proved himself as a warrior, a Give Away Dance might be held in his honor. As drummers faced east, the honored boy and other young men danced. His parents, along with his other relatives and the people in the band, threw presents at his feet – especially blankets and horses symbolized by sticks. Anyone might snatch one of the gifts for themselves, although those with many possessions refrained; they did not want to appear greedy. People often gave away all their belongings during these dances, providing for others in the band, but leaving themselves with nothing. 708: 1799:

Being herbivores, horses were also easier to feed than dogs, since meat was a valuable resource. The horse was of the utmost value to the Comanche. A Comanche man's wealth was measured by the size of his horse herd. Horses were prime targets to steal during raids; often raids were conducted specifically to capture horses. Often horse herds numbering in the hundreds were stolen by Comanche during raids against other Indian nations, Spanish, Mexicans, and later from the ranches of Texans. Horses were used for warfare with the Comanche being considered to be among the finest light cavalry and mounted warriors in history.

1646:, and the mother went back to work. She could easily carry the cradleboard on her back, or prop it against a tree where the baby could watch her while she collected seeds or roots. Cradleboards consisted of a flat board to which a basket was attached. The latter was made from rawhide straps, or a leather sheath that laced up the front. With soft, dry moss as a diaper, the young one was safely tucked into the leather pocket. During cold weather, the baby was wrapped in blankets, and then placed in the cradleboard. The baby remained in the cradleboard for about ten months; then it was allowed to crawl around. 1885: 2067:

flared skirt and wide, long sleeves, with buckskin fringes on the sleeves and hem. Beads and pieces of metal were attached in geometric patterns. Women wore buckskin moccasins with buffalo soles. Women decorated their shirts, leggings and moccasins with fringes of deer-skin, animal fur, and human hair. They also decorated their shirts and leggings with patterns and shapes of beads and scraps of material. In winter they, too, wore warm buffalo robes and tall, fur-lined buffalo-hide boots. Unlike boys, girls old enough to walk were dressed in breechcloths. By age 12 or 13, they wore women's clothing.

1803: 1590: 1224: 2089:. In severe cold, they might wear a brimless, woolly buffalo hide hat. At war, some warriors wore a headdress of buffalo scalp. Warriors cut away most of the hide and flesh from a buffalo head, leaving only a portion of the woolly head and the horns. This type of hat was worn only by the Comanche. Women did not let their hair grow as long as the men did. Young women might wear their hair long and braided, but women parted their hair in the middle and kept it short. Like the men, they painted their scalp along the parting with bright paint. 2216:, from which the Comanche diverged around 1700. The two languages remain closely related, but a few low-level sound changes inhibit mutual intelligibility. The earliest records of Comanche from 1786 clearly show a dialect of Shoshone, but by the beginning of the 20th century, these sound changes had modified the way Comanche sounded in subtle, but profound, ways. Although efforts are now being made to ensure survival of the language, most of its speakers are elderly, and less than 1% of the Comanches can speak it. 1787: 1579: 1562: 1775: 1764: 2026: 617:

left to join their husbands. The central man in that group was their grandfather, father, or uncle. He was called 'paraivo', 'chief'. After his death, one of the other men took his place; if none were available, the band members might drift apart to other groups where they might have relatives and/or establish new relations by marrying an existing member. There was no separate term for or status of 'peace chief' or 'war chief'; any man leading a war party was a 'war chief'.

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making bows and arrows, lances, and shields. The thick neck skin of an old bull was ideal for war shields that deflected arrows as well as bullets. Since they spent most of each day on horseback, they also fashioned leather into saddles, stirrups, and other equipment for their mounts. Buffalo hair was used to fill saddle pads and was used in rope and halters.

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River offered protection from storms and enemies. With them shared two smaller bands the same tribal areas: the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit) ("Those Living Downstream") and Tanimʉʉ (Tanima, Dahaʉi, Tevawish) ("Liver Eaters"). All three bands together were known as "Middle Comanche" because they lived "in the middle" of the Comancheria.

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and H. Howe all reported that the Comanche numbered up to 30,000. The Comanche population apparently rapidly declined in the 2nd half of the 19th century. The census of 1890 found only 1,598 in Oklahoma. According to Indian Affairs there were 1,507 (in 1895), 1,499 (in 1900), 1401 (in 1905) and 1,476

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Because of their frequent nomadic traveling, Comanche had to make sure that their household goods and other possessions were unbreakable. They did not use pottery that could easily be broken on long journeys. Weaving, wood carving, and metal working were unknown. Instead, they depended on buffalo for

1798:

for transportation. Later, they acquired horses from other tribes, such as the Pueblo, and from the Spaniards. Because horses are faster, easier to control and stronger, this helped with hunting, warfare and moving camp. Larger dwellings were made due to the ability to pull and carry more belongings.

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Boys were highly respected because they would become warriors and might die young in battle. As he approached manhood, a boy went on his first buffalo hunt. If he made a kill, his father honored him with a feast. Only after he had proven himself on a buffalo hunt was a young man allowed to go to war.

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October 6–21, 1892, further reduced their reservation to 480,000 acres (1,900 km) at a cost of $ 1.25 per acre ($ 308.88/km), with an allotment of 160 acres (0.65 km) per person per tribe to be held in trust. New allotments were made in 1906 to all children born after the agreement, and the

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There has been, and continues to be, much confusion in the presentation of Comanche group names. Groups on all levels of organization, families, nʉmʉnahkahni, bands, and divisions, were given names, but many 'band lists' do not distinguish these levels. In addition, there could be alternate names and

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In the mid 19th century, other powerful divisions arose, such as the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) ('wanderers', literally 'go someplace and return'), and the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) ('Antelope Eaters'). The latter originally some local groups of the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) from the Cimarron River Valley

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was the primary social unit of the Comanche. A typical band might number several hundred people. It was a family group, centered around a group of men, all of whom were relatives, sons, brothers or cousins. Since marriage with a known relative was forbidden, wives came from another group, and sisters

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fur. They also braided a strand of hair from the top of their head. This slender braid, called a scalp lock, was decorated with colored scraps of cloth and beads, and a single feather. Comanche men rarely wore anything on their heads. Only after they moved onto a reservation late in the 19th century

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A boy identified not only with his father but with his father's family, as well as with the bravest warriors in the band. He learned to ride a horse before he could walk. By the time he was four or five, he was expected to be able to skillfully handle a horse. When he was five or six, he was given a

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Both girls and boys were welcomed into the band, but boys were favored. If the baby was a boy, one of the midwives informed the father or grandfather, "It's your close friend". Families might paint a flap on the tipi to tell the rest of the tribe that they had been strengthened with another warrior.

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Children learned from example, by observing and listening to their parents and others in the band. As soon as she was old enough to walk, a girl followed her mother about the camp and played at the daily tasks of cooking and making clothing. She was also very close to her mother's sisters, who were

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label encompassed the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) between the Arkansas River and Canadian River and the prominent and powerful Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) who roamed the high plains of Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles between Red and Canadian River, the famous Palo Duro Canyon offered them and their horse herds

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The power and success of the Comanche attracted bands of neighboring peoples who joined them and became part of Comanche society; an Arapaho group became known as Saria Tʉhka (Chariticas, Sata Teichas – 'Dog Eaters') band, an Eastern Shoshone group as Pohoi (Pohoee – 'wild sage') band, and a Plains

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The name Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi) vanished from history in the early 19th century, probably merging into the other divisions, they are likely the forerunners of the Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni), Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada), and the Hʉpenʉʉ (Hois) local group of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka). Due to pressure by

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After the Mescalero Apache, Jicarilla Apache and Lipan Apache had been largely displaced from the Southern Plains by the Comanche and allied tribes in the 1780s, the Spanish began to divide the now dominant Comanche into two geographical groups, which only partially corresponded to the former three

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Stiff rawhide was fashioned into saddles, stirrups and cinches, knife cases, buckets, and moccasin soles. Rawhide was also made into rattles and drums. Strips of rawhide were twisted into sturdy ropes. Scraped to resemble white parchment, rawhide skins were folded to make parfleches in which food,

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quill brushes, greased it and parted it in the center from the forehead to the back of the neck. They painted the scalp along the parting with yellow, red, or white clay (or other colors). They wore their hair in two long braids tied with leather thongs or colored cloth, and sometimes wrapped with

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skins) with knee-length buffalo-hide boots. Young boys usually went naked except in cold weather. By age 8 or 9, they wore adult clothing. In the 19th century, men had replaced the buckskin breechcloths by woven cloth, and wore loose-fitting buckskin shirts. Women wore long deerskin dresses with a

1394:. The treaty was very specifically between the Peneteka band and the German Immigration Company. No other band or tribe was involved. The German Immigration Company was dissolved by Meusebach himself shortly after it had served its purpose. By 1875, the Comanches had been relocated to reservations. 2144:

was used for bowstrings and sewing thread. Hooves were turned into glue and rattles. Horns were shaped into cups, spoons, and ladles, while the tail made a whip, fly-swatter, or a tipi decoration. Men made tools, scrapers, needles, pipes and children's toys from the bones. But men concentrated on

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his face, arms, and chest with geometric designs, and painted his face and body. Traditionally they used paints made of berry juice and the colored clays of the Comancheria. Later, traders supplied them with vermilion (red pigment) and bright grease paints. Men wore bands of leather and strips of

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label encompassed the aggressive Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) ("wanderers", "those who turn back") between the headwaters of the Red River and the Colorado River in the south and the Western Cross Timbers in the east, their preferred range were on the Brazos River headwaters and its tributaries, the Pease

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through trade and raids. They roasted meat over a fire or boiled it. To boil fresh or dried meat and vegetables, women dug a pit in the ground, which they lined with animal skins or bison stomach and filled with water to make a kind of cooking pot. They placed heated stones in the water until it

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The Comanche covered their tipis with buffalo hides sewn together. To prepare the hides, women spread them on the ground, scraped off the fat and flesh with blades of bone or antler, and dried them in the sun. Then the women scraped off the thick hair and soaked the hides in water. After several

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who was told by a Comanche chief that the tribe consisted of 12 villages and when Bourgmont visited one of those villages, he found there 800 warriors (if every other village was equally populous, the total number of warriors would be 9,600). In 1774 a French trader, J. Gaignard, wrote that one

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During the 19th century, the traditional Comanche burial custom was to wrap the deceased's body in a blanket and place it on a horse, behind a rider, who would then ride in search of an appropriate burial place, such as a secure cave. After entombment, the rider covered the body with stones and

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label encompassed the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka) ("Honey Eaters"), the southernmost, largest, and best known band among whites as they lived near the first Spanish and Texan settlements; their tribal areas extended from the upper reaches of the rivers in central Texas and Colorado River southward,

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They were formidable warriors who developed strategies for using traditional weapons for fighting on horseback. Warfare was a major part of Comanche life. Comanche raids into Mexico traditionally took place during the full moon, when the Comanche could see to ride at night. This led to the term

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to central Texas. The earliest references to them in the Spanish records date from 1706, when reports reached Santa Fe that Utes and Comanches were about to attack. In the Comanche advance, the Apaches were driven off the Plains. By the end of the 18th century the struggle between Comanches and

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The Proto-Comanche movement to the Plains was part of the larger phenomenon known as the "Shoshonean Expansion" in which that language family spread across the Great Basin and across the mountains into Wyoming. The Kotsoteka ("Bison Eaters") were probably among the first. Other groups followed.

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of New Mexico, but were feared for their raids against settlers in Texas. Similarly, they were, at one time or another, at war with virtually every other Native American group living on the South Plains, leaving opportunities for political maneuvering by European colonial powers and the United

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northwestern Texas. They were the only band that never signed a contract with the Texans or Americans, and they were the last to give up the resistance. Because of their relative isolation from the other bands on the westernmost edge of the Comancheria, they were called the "Western Comanche".

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Removing the lining of the inner stomach, women made the paunch into a water bag. The lining was stretched over four sticks and filled with water to make a pot for cooking soups and stews. With wood scarce on the plains, women relied on buffalo chips (dried dung) as fuel for cooking and heat.

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recorded that some 60 years earlier (i.e., c. 1724) the Apaches had been routed from the southern Plains in a nine-day battle at La Gran Sierra del Fierro ‘The Great Mountain of Iron’, somewhere northwest of Texas. There is, however, no other record, documentary or legendary, of such a fight.

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label encompassed the Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) ('Antelope Eaters'), which is the last to develop as an independent band in the 19th century. They lived on the hot, low-shadow desert plateaus of Llano Estacado in eastern New Mexico and found shelter in Tule Canyon and Palo Duro Canyon in

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Girls learned to gather berries, nuts, and roots. They carried water and collected wood, and at about 12 years old learned to cook meals, make tipis, sew clothing, prepare hides, and perform other tasks essential to becoming a wife and mother. They were then considered ready to be married.

1904:, during their migration to the Great Plains, both men and women shared responsibility for gathering and providing food. When the Comanche reached the plains, hunting predominated. Hunting was considered a male activity and was a principal source of prestige. For meat, the Comanche hunted 1285:(1867), which offered churches, schools, and annuities in return for a vast tract of land totaling over 60,000 square miles (160,000 km). The government promised to stop the buffalo hunters, who were decimating the great herds of the Plains, provided that the Comanche, along with the 763:, which in turn were divided by geographical terms into first three (later four) regional groupings: Northern Comanche, Middle Comanche, Southern Comanche, Eastern Comanche, and later Western Comanche. However, these terms generally do not correspond to the Native language terms. 552:

The horse became a key element in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture. It was of such strategic importance that some scholars suggested that the Comanche broke away from the Shoshone and moved south to search for additional sources of horses among the settlers of

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raiders, many Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) moved southeast, joining the "Eastern Comanche" and becoming known as the Tahnahwah (Tenawa, Tenahwit). Many Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to northern Comancheria and became later closely associated with the Yaparʉhka (Yamparika).

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The Comanche supplied horses and mules to all comers. As early as 1795, Comanche were selling horses to Anglo-American traders and by the mid-19th century, Comanche-supplied horses were flowing into St. Louis via other Indian middlemen (Seminole, Osage, Shawnee).

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In the late 19th century, many Comanche children were placed in boarding schools with children from different tribes. The children were taught English and discouraged from speaking their native language. Anecdotally, enforcement of speaking English was severe.

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In contrast to many treaties of its day, this treaty was very brief and simple, with all parties agreeing to a mutual cooperation and a sharing of the land. The treaty was agreed to at a meeting in San Saba County, and signed by all parties on May 9, 1847, in

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Entering the Western economy was a challenge for the Comanche in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many tribal members were defrauded of whatever remained of their land and possessions. Appointed paramount chief by the United States government, Chief

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As European Americans encroached on their territory, the Comanche waged war on the settlers and raided their settlements, as well as those of neighboring Native American tribes. They took with them captives from other tribes during warfare, using them as

2160: 2005:, the Comanche were very hospitable. They prepared meals whenever a visitor arrived in camp, which led to outsiders' belief that the Comanches ate at all hours of the day or night. Many families offered thanks as they sat down to eat their meals. 660:, while those Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) that remained in the northwest and west, together with Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi – 'Timber/Forest People') (and sometimes Yaparʉhka (Yamparika)), which had moved southward to the North Canadian River, were called 2049:

Comanche clothing was simple and easy to wear. Men wore a leather belt with a breechcloth — a long piece of buckskin brought up between the legs and looped over and under the belt at the front and back, and loose-fitting deerskin leggings.

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of 1680, various Plains peoples acquired horses, but it was probably some time before they were very numerous. As late as 1725, Comanches were described as using large dogs rather than horses to carry their bison hide "campaign tents".

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Over time, these divisions were altered in various ways, primarily due to changes in political resources. As noted above, the Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) were probably the first proto-Comanche group to separate from the Eastern Shoshones.

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returned to camp, where the mourners burned all the deceased's possessions. The primary mourner slashed his arms to express his grief. The Quahada band followed this custom longer than other bands and buried their relatives in the

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I do not think this legislature should interfere with a man's religion, also these people should be allowed to retain this health restorer. These healthy gentleman before you use peyote and those that do not use it are not so

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pouch, pemmican was eaten only when the men did not have time to hunt. Similarly, in camp, people ate pemmican only when other food was scarce. Traders ate pemmican sliced and dipped in honey, which they called Indian bread.

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to the north, there was never a single Comanche political unit or "Nation" recognized by all Comanches. Rather the divisions; the most "tribe-like" units, acted independently, pursuing their own economic and political goals.

1695:. Often, a boy was taught to ride and shoot by his grandfather, since his father and other warriors were on raids and hunts. His grandfather also taught him about his own boyhood and the history and legends of the Comanche. 1662:

The Comanche looked on their children as their most precious gift. Children were rarely punished. Sometimes, though, an older sister or other relative was called upon to discipline a child, or the parents arranged for a

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Quanah Parker learned and spoke English and was adamant that his own children do the same. The second generation then grew up speaking English, because it was believed that it was better for them not to know Comanche.

1301:, move to a reservation totaling less than 5,000 square miles (13,000 km) of land. However, the government did not prevent the slaughtering of the herds. The Comanche under Quenatosavit White Eagle (later called 1710:

as they learned to patiently and quietly stalk game. They became more self-reliant, yet, by playing together as a group, also formed the bonds and cooperative spirit that they would need when they hunted and raided.

1924:. When game was scarce, the men hunted wild mustangs, and sometimes ate their own ponies. In later years the Comanche raided Texas ranches and stole longhorn cattle. They did not eat fish or fowl, unless starving. 2603:

division of the Comanche (the Naytane, also known as Yamparika) had 4,000 warriors divided into four bands which were never together. In 1786 Spaniards estimated that the Comanches may have numbered up to 30,000.

587:"Comanche Moon", during which the Comanche raided for horses, captives, and weapons. Comanche raids, especially in the 1840s, reached hundreds of miles deep into Mexico devastating northern parts of the country. 1423:

In 1850, another treaty was signed in San Saba, between the United States government and a number of local tribes, among which were the Comanches. This treaty was named for the nearest military fort, which was

1998:. They also drank the milk from the slashed udders of bison, deer, and elk. Among their delicacies was the curdled milk from the stomachs of suckling bison calves. They also enjoyed bison tripe, or stomachs. 557:

to the south (rather than search for new herds of buffalo.) The Comanche have the longest documented existence as horse-mounted Plains peoples; they had horses when the Cheyennes still lived in earth lodges.

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settlers, or adopting them into their tribe. Thousands of captives from raids on Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers were assimilated into Comanche society. At their peak, the Comanche language was the

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As the boy grew older, he joined the other boys to hunt birds. He eventually ranged farther from camp looking for better game to kill. Encouraged to be skillful hunters, boys learned the signs of the

347:, meaning "the human beings" or "the people". The earliest known use of the term "Comanche" dates to 1706, when the Comanche were reported by Spanish officials to be preparing to attack far-outlying 2138:

to make soft and supple buckskin, which was used for tipi covers, warm robes, blankets, cloths, and moccasins. They used buckskin for bedding, cradles, dolls, bags, pouches, quivers, and gun cases.

1317:. Within just 10 years, the buffalo were on the verge of extinction, effectively ending the Comanche way of life as hunters. In May 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by the Quahada warrior 736:

The northernmost Comanche division was the Yaparʉhka (Yapai Nʉʉ or Yamparika — ‘(Yap)Root-Eaters’). As the last band to move onto the Plains, they retained much of their Eastern Shoshone tradition.

2887: 5620: 6435: 5118: 1340:. This treaty was not affiliated with any level of government. Meusebach brokered the treaty to settle the lands on the Fisher-Miller Land Grant, from which were formed the 10 counties of 1234:

The Comanche maintained an ambiguous relationship with Europeans and later settlers attempting to colonize their territory. The Comanche were valued as trading partners since 1786 via the

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had soles made from thick, tough buffalo hide with soft deerskin uppers. Men wore nothing on the upper body, except in winter when they wore heavy robes of buffalo hide (or occasionally,

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Extended family group (nʉmʉnahkahni – "the people who live together in a household", no size limits, but kinship recognition was limited to relatives two generations above or three below)

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Plummer, R., Narrative of the Capture and Subsequent Sufferings of Mrs. Rachel Plummer, 1839, in Parker's Narrative and History of Texas, Louisville: Morning Courier, 1844, pp. 88–118

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around year 1820 estimated the Comanche at between 38,000 and 41,000. In 1819 three bands of the Comanche were reported as 2,500 warriors. Indian Affairs 1837 reported 19,200 people.

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counties. Their current Tribal Chairman is Mark Woommavovah. The tribe requires enrolled members to have at least 1/8 blood quantum level (equivalent to one great-grandparent).

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with hanging earrings made of pieces of shell or loops of brass or silver wire. A female relative would pierce the outer edge of the ear with six or eight holes. The men also

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While the Comanche managed to maintain their independence and increase their territory, by the mid-19th century, they faced annihilation because of a wave of epidemics due to

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The Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center in Lawton, Oklahoma, has permanent and changing exhibitions on Comanche history and culture. It opened to the public in 2007.

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WahaToya (literally 'Two Mountains'); (given as Foothills in Cloud People – those who live near Walsenburg, CO)<Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999>

628:– "branch", comprising several local groups linked by kinship, sodalities (political, medicine, and military) and common interest in hunting, gathering, war, peace, trade). 1083:

Itehtah'o (‘Burnt Meat’, nicknamed by other Comanche, because they threw their surplus of meat out in the spring, where it dried and became black, looking like burnt meat)

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including much of the Edwards Plateau, and eastward to the Western Cross Timbers; because they dominated the southern Comancheria they were called "Southern Comanche".

5613: 1627:. One or two stakes were driven into the ground near the expectant mother's bedding for her to grip during the pain of labor. After the birth, the midwives hung the 4538: 6455: 5111: 1443: 2502: 4728: 439:. They have their own Department of Higher Education, primarily awarding scholarships and financial aid for members' college educations. They own 10 tribal 6450: 6430: 6021: 5606: 5598: 2611:

in 1847 reported that they had 2,500 lodges. Indian Affairs 1849 reported them as 4,000 warriors and 20,000 total population. Around the mid-19th century

1278:(1849) took a major toll on the Comanche, whose population dropped from an estimated 20,000 in the late 18th century to just a few thousand by the 1870s. 5636: 2925: 652:

Naciones. The Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) ('Buffalo Eaters'), which had moved southeast in the 1750s and 1760s to the Southern Plains in Texas, were called

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Marez, Curtis (June 2001). "Signifying Spain, Becoming Comanche, Making Mexicans: Indian Captivity and the History of Chicana/o Popular Performance".

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Comanche generally ate a light meal breakfast and a large dinner. They ate during the day when they were hungry or when it was convenient. Like other

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to scare the child. Occasionally, old people donned sheets and frightened disobedient boys and girls. Children were also told about Big Maneater Owl (

3422: 6425: 5104: 3396: 1188:. However, the massive population of the settlers from the east and the diseases they brought led to pressure and decline of Comanche power and the 519: 3254: 5096: 4700: 4459: 4202:

McLaughlin, John E. (2000). Casad, Gene; Willett, Thomas (eds.). "Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages".

1480: 504:. The Comanche Nation Fair takes place every September. The Comanche Little Ponies host two annual dances—one over New Year's Eve and one in May. 6014: 1683:, meaning mother. She was given a little deerskin doll, which she took with her everywhere. She learned to make all the clothing for the doll. 500:

Each July, Comanche gather from across the United States to celebrate their heritage and culture in Walters at the annual Comanche Homecoming

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campaigned vigorously for better deals for his people, meeting with Washington politicians frequently; and helped manage land for the tribe.

5153: 3972: 5855: 5173: 4625: 285: 5775: 4592:

The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751–1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico

1635:

tree. The people believed that if the umbilical cord was not disturbed before it rotted, the baby would live a long and prosperous life.

1411:, near Fredericksburg. Petri's sketches and watercolors gave witness to the friendly relationships between the Germans and various local 787:

of protection from strong winter storms as well as from enemies, because the two bands dominated and ranged in the northern Comancheria.

5648: 5158: 5142: 2598:

that the tribe numbered up to 40,000 people, being able to muster up to 8,000 warriors. This high population appears to be confirmed by

1927:

Women prepared and cooked bison meat and other game. Women also gathered wild fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, roots and tubers, including

289: 323:

In the 21st century, the Comanche Nation has 17,000 members, around 7,000 of whom reside in tribal jurisdictional areas around Lawton,

6045: 5795: 4777: 4441: 3325:

Bell, J.D., A true Story of My Capture by, and Life with the Comanche Indians, in "Every Day Seemed Like a Holiday", The Captivity of

3165: 1980:

boiled and had cooked their stew. After Spanish contact, Comanche traded for copper pots and iron kettles, which made cooking easier.

1539:, many Comanche left the traditional tribal lands in Oklahoma to seek jobs and more opportunities in the cities of California and the 707: 5665: 4032: 3299:

Lee, N., Three Years Among the Comanches, in Captured by the Indians, Drimmer, F., editor, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961,

2126:

most of their tools, household goods, and weapons. They made nearly 200 different utilitarian items from the horns, hide, and bones.

1451:

remaining land was opened to white settlement. With this new arrangement, the era of the Comanche reservation came to an abrupt end.

5720: 5660: 4555: 4429: 4408: 4389: 4370: 4352: 4294: 4268: 4211: 4155: 3453: 3359: 2971: 2459: 1871: 5591:

of Indigenous tribe / people absorbed into other tribe(s) / headquartered in Oklahoma today

1018:

Toyanʉmʉnʉ (′Foothills People′ – those who lived near Las Vegas, NM) <Whatley: Jemez-Comanche-Kiowa repatriation, 1993–1999>

541:

Contact with the Shoshones of Wyoming was maintained until the 1830s when it was broken by the advancing Cheyennes and Arapahoes.

2659: 4566: 1884: 6144: 5134: 5012: 2379: 1428:. The treaty was never officially ratified by any level of government and was binding only on the part of the Native Americans. 6445: 903:(‘Timber People’ because they lived in more wooded areas in the Central Plains north of the Arkansas River. Also spelled Hois. 6295: 6256: 6063: 4062: 3343: 3304: 2809:

Fowles, Severin, Arterberry, Lindsay Montgomery, Atherton, Heather (2017), "Comanche New Mexico: The Eighteenth Century", in

1853: 1755:. Christian missionaries persuaded Comanche people to bury their dead in coffins in graveyards, which is the practice today. 1328:

The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.

4857: 5930: 5534: 3914: 1384: 4913: 2623:

Comanche population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. The census of 2020 found 28,193 Comanches in the USA.

1306: 5810: 5685: 3268: 327:, and the surrounding areas of southwestern Oklahoma. The Comanche Homecoming Annual Dance takes place in mid-July in 4421:

Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540–1795

578:

Apaches had assumed legendary proportions: in 1784, in recounting the history of the southern Plains, Texas governor

4676: 4206:. Sonora, Mexico: Friends of Uto-Aztecan Universidad de Sonora, División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes, Hermosillo. 1802: 5745: 5695: 4883: 3259: 1589: 1540: 1412: 1314: 1223: 566: 392: 1842: 1730:

When he was ready to become a warrior, at about age 15 or 16, a young man first "made his medicine" by going on a

595:

Kavanagh has defined four levels of social-political integration in traditional pre-reservation Comanche society:

5715: 5700: 4862: 4736: 2526: 1849: 1398: 1252: 400: 20: 5960: 5815: 4903: 375:) in accord with the Spanish pronunciation. Before 1740, French explorers from the east sometimes used the name 6165: 5825: 5780: 4964: 4847: 2632: 2251: 1598: 1432: 1365: 1282: 1173: 771: 579: 420: 412: 4025:"Graduated… time to play Earthbound. Anyone else still play another 2? #ForTheAcademy https://t.co/UB8d6UHEYh" 5755: 5085: 4893: 4878: 4450: 2316:(Puhihwikwasu'u) (c. 1790 – 1858), war chief and later head chief of the Quahadi band; father of Peta Nocona 2114: 1786: 1578: 1561: 1404: 1377: 1357: 887:– ′Somehow being (sexual) together′, ′to have sex′, called by other groups, because they preferred to marry 490: 424: 404: 200: 4109: 2723: 6420: 6349: 6149: 6068: 5730: 5725: 5237: 5202: 5080: 4969: 4954: 4810: 4770: 2420: 2351: 2279: 1516: 1476: 1369: 1107: 693: 677: 416: 408: 396: 115: 1155: 891:

and chose their partners from their own local group; this was viewed critically by other Comanche people)

612:

Residential local group or 'band', comprised one or more nʉmʉnahkahni, one of which formed its core. The

6394: 5163: 4888: 4852: 4805: 3329:, Gelo, D.J. and Zesch, S., editors, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 1, 2003, pp. 49–67 2570: 2546: 2536: 2398:(Pawʉʉrasʉmʉnunʉ) (c. 1790 – 1872), chief of the Ketahto band and later of the entire Yamparika division 2209: 2042: 1774: 1763: 1391: 1169: 838: 534: 230: 4708: 4467: 2520: 1515:

Parker became wealthy as a cattleman. He also campaigned for the Comanches' permission to practice the

4567:"Reconsidering Empire: Current Interpretations of Native American Agency during Colonization (review)" 3338:

Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870–1879, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press,

6313: 6274: 5740: 5524: 5227: 5027: 4607: 4028: 2463: 2307: 1548: 1484: 1373: 1361: 1345: 1341: 1177: 5509: 5464: 5414: 4649: 4278: 2238:, a group of 17 young men, referred to as "the Comanche code talkers", were trained and used by the 2025: 6359: 6303: 6269: 6185: 5965: 5449: 5439: 4837: 4148:

Comanches and Mennonites on the Oklahoma Plains: A.J. and Magdalena Becker and the Post Oak Mission

2612: 2055: 1964: 1913: 1605: 1447: 1353: 1349: 1151: 436: 5479: 5454: 3777: 2288:(Potsʉnakwahipʉ) (c. 1800 – c. 1865/1870), war chief and later head chief of the Penateka division 1204: 6354: 5915: 5895: 5805: 5588: 5494: 5419: 5232: 4519: 4190: 4182: 2844: 2532: 2439: 2268:

Mo'o-wai ("Pushing aside" or "Pushing-in-the-middle"), aka "Shaking Hand", chief of the Kotsoteka

1543:. About half of the Comanche population still lives in Oklahoma, centered on the town of Lawton. 340: 313: 4639: 4095: 3948: 3940: 2451: 1991:. They especially liked to make a sweet mush of bison marrow mixed with crushed mesquite beans. 1483:

to allot Lehmann, as an adopted member of the Comanche nation, 160 acres of Oklahoma land, near

3593: 2784: 2109: 6415: 6323: 6241: 6175: 5940: 5925: 5910: 5890: 5885: 5499: 5489: 5217: 5207: 4974: 4842: 4800: 4763: 4720: 4595: 4551: 4507: 4488: 4425: 4404: 4385: 4366: 4348: 4300: 4290: 4264: 4245: 4226: 4207: 4151: 4132: 4000: 3990: 3952: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3704: 3597: 3564: 3539: 3514: 3474: 3449: 3355: 3339: 3300: 3264: 2967: 2867: 2616: 2242:

to send messages conveying sensitive information that could not be deciphered by the Germans.

2213: 2183: 2154: 2135: 1987:, to flavor bison meat. They stored the tallow in intestine casings or rawhide pouches called 1752: 1672: 1425: 1408: 1337: 1256: 1244: 1181: 1126: 775: 463: 383:

and the French were not aware of the change of tribe in the region in the early 18th century.

328: 234: 222: 192: 103: 44: 5519: 5504: 5469: 5459: 4079: 3446:

Documents of American Indian Diplomacy: Treaties, Agreements and Conventions 1775–1979, Vol 1

1309:(1874). The attack was a disaster for the Comanche, and the US army was called in during the 6308: 6279: 6236: 6226: 6108: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5920: 5905: 5900: 5870: 5865: 5845: 5690: 5429: 5287: 5247: 5242: 5192: 5187: 5182: 4959: 4829: 4578: 4340: 4174: 3585: 2836: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2486: 2363: 2297: 2163: 2037: 1897: 1623:

of the tipi and dug two holes. One of the holes was for heating water and the other for the

1305:"Coyote's Vagina") retaliated by attacking a group of hunters in the Texas Panhandle in the 1209: 1165: 513: 317: 215: 155: 99: 5274: 3162: 2344:(Lone Wanderer) (c. 1820 – c. 1864), chief of the Quahadi division; father of Quanah Parker 1325:

reservation in Oklahoma. The last independent Kiowa and Kiowa Apache had also surrendered.

943:

in eastern New Mexico, westernmost Comanche Band). One of their local groups was nicknamed

6318: 6180: 6123: 6098: 5975: 5955: 5880: 5765: 5710: 5680: 5378: 5222: 4949: 4531: 3169: 2542: 2474: 2205: 2178: 2012:, but this was primarily a tasty, high-energy food reserved for war parties. Carried in a 1901: 1735: 1111: 685: 457: 451: 284:

and hunted, particularly bison. They traded with neighboring Native American peoples, and

226: 140: 2261:

These are notable Comanche people from the 18th and 19th centuries, prior to allotment.

1230:, prominent chief of the Comanche Indians with a feather fan; photo by James Mooney, 1892 1184:. The Comanche were noted as fierce warriors who fought vigorously for their homeland of 237:

dialect, but diverged and became a separate language. The Comanche were once part of the

4715: 4067:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 487-489. 3994: 2561:(born 1931), librarian, educator, and founder of the American Indian Library Association 1495: 1281:

The US began efforts in the late 1860s to move the Comanche into reservations, with the

733:

as well as descendants of some Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), which had pulled both southwards.

648:(divisions): Hʉpenʉʉ (Jupe, Hoipi), Yaparʉhka (Yamparika), and Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka). 312:

Diseases, destruction of the buffalo herds, and territory loss forced most Comanches on

6284: 6246: 6231: 6216: 5995: 5950: 5945: 5875: 5840: 5554: 5542: 5293: 5212: 5197: 4944: 4419: 4283: 4165:

McLaughlin, John E. (1992). "A Counter-Intuitive Solution in Central Numic Phonology".

3536:

Documents of American Indian Diplomacy Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions, 1775–1979

3371: 2604: 2576: 2514: 2508: 2335: 2002: 1692: 1628: 1460: 940: 681: 673: 669: 574: 494: 479: 4223:

Kiowa, Apache, and Comanche Military Societies: Enduring Veterans, 1800 to the Present

3354:

Smith, C.L., 1927, The Boy Captives, San Saba: San Saba Printing & Office Supply,

2670: 815:

nicknames. The spelling differences between Spanish and English add to the confusion.

766: 6409: 6364: 6118: 5820: 5790: 5785: 5670: 5538: 5514: 5474: 5433: 5395: 5302: 5057: 4992: 4939: 4908: 4898: 4194: 3586: 3112: 3087: 2848: 2595: 2582: 2492: 2455: 2385: 2347: 2075:

Comanche people took pride in their hair, which was worn long. They arranged it with

1889: 1810: 1768: 1620: 1583: 1566: 1509: 1468: 1467:, only to escape and be rescued by the Comanches. Lehmann became the adoptive son of 1336:

The Peneteka band agreed to a peace treaty with the German Immigration Company under

1318: 1313:

to drive the remaining Comanche in the area into the reservation, culminating in the

1310: 1227: 1161: 1147: 725: 712: 697: 545: 380: 306: 281: 74: 4024: 3626: 3316:

Babb, T.A., In the Bosom of the Comanches, 1912, Dallas: John F. Worley Printing Co.

1208:

Comanches watching an American caravan in West Texas, 1850, by the US Army officer,

700:. They were probably the ancestors of the Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka – 'Honey Eaters'). 6328: 6264: 6221: 6208: 6170: 6113: 5935: 5770: 5760: 5383: 5368: 5320: 5283: 5062: 5047: 5042: 5017: 2608: 2573:"Comanche Boy" (born 1978), professional boxer and NABC super middleweight champion 2498: 2367: 2357: 2301: 2291: 2285: 2235: 2171: 2098: 1905: 1731: 1698: 1688: 1651: 1536: 1286: 1248: 1193: 914: 743:

The Texans and Americans divided the Comanche into five large dominant bands – the

689: 613: 570: 248:

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche lived in most of present-day northwestern

204: 119: 1642:

and remained with its mother in the tipi for a few days. The baby was placed in a

711:

War on the plains: Comanche (right) trying to lance an Osage warrior. Painting by

4439:

Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2001). DeMallie, Raymond J. (ed.). "High Plains: Comanche".

2698: 1616:. Men were not allowed inside the tipi during or immediately after the delivery. 497:

in Lawton. It closed in 2017 because of problems with accreditation and funding.

5550: 5336: 5269: 5037: 5022: 5002: 4934: 4918: 3326: 2433: 2341: 2313: 2273: 2228: 2167: 1831: 1790:

Three mounted Comanche warriors, left, Frank Moetah. Photo by James Mooney, 1892

1643: 1612:, or a brush lodge if it was summer. One or more of the older women assisted as 1594: 1500: 1240: 1185: 958: 845:– ‘Awl People’; after the death of a man named 'Awl' they changed their name to 599: 440: 270: 242: 4644: 2517:(born 1931), political activist and founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity 2159: 6128: 5735: 5348: 4178: 4020: 2480: 1664: 1235: 1189: 603: 529: 352: 253: 86: 3013:"Comanche Red River Hotel Casino | Oklahoma Casinos | $ 99 nightly" 6333: 5387: 5360: 5340: 5007: 2395: 2264: 2239: 2086: 2076: 2051: 2030: 2013: 1940: 1917: 1639: 1613: 1475:

verifying Lehmann's life as his adopted son 1877–1878. On May 29, 1908, the

1472: 1322: 1215: 554: 324: 4744: 4599: 4304: 2442:(1827–1863), American captive, wife of Peta Nocona, mother of Quanah Parker 2041:

Chosequah, a Comanche warrior wearing full traditional regalia. Painted by

475: 3012: 1259:

refused to create an official boundary between Texas and the Comancheria.

6049: 6039: 5640: 5631: 5587:

extinct language / extinct tribe / early,

5546: 4684: 2988:"Comanche Nation Casinos | Lawton Oklahoma | Slots Table Games" 2840: 2389: 2009: 1994:

The Comanches sometimes ate raw meat, especially raw liver flavored with

1944: 1624: 1294: 1267: 939:– ‘Sunshades on Their Backs’, because they lived on desert plains of the 888: 633: 268:. Spanish colonists and later Mexicans called their historical territory 265: 257: 238: 136: 132: 78: 4511: 4084:. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 24. 3561:

The Captured: A True Story of Abduction by Indians on the Texas Frontier

2987: 1138: 6093: 5830: 5560: 5529: 5424: 5403: 5391: 5372: 5328: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5032: 4997: 4582: 4186: 4044: 2417:(White Knife) (c. 1805/1810 – c. 1878/1880), chief of the Penateka band 2401: 2373: 2331: 2328:(Shaking Hand, Pushing-in-the-Middle) (c. 1825 – 1886), Kotsoteka chief 2325: 1976: 1972: 1936: 1856: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1795: 1707: 1302: 1298: 1275: 1271: 1263: 1076:– ‘Cold People’, i.e. ‘Northern People’, probably another name for the 637: 3062: 3037: 2813:, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 158–160. Downloaded from 2495:, Tsat-Tah Mo-oh Kahn (born 1947), ceramic artist, professor, sculptor 1794:

When they lived with the Shoshone, the Comanche mainly used dog-drawn

1714: 207:

of the present-day United States. Comanche people today belong to the

5970: 5800: 5484: 5444: 5399: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5332: 5324: 5279: 5052: 2414: 2319: 2227:

Comanches were among the Native Americans who were first utilized as

2102: 2081: 2063: 1984: 1960: 1632: 1520: 1464: 501: 348: 301: 261: 2423:(Isa-viah) (c. 1800/1805 – 1854), war chief of the Penateka division 1061:

Other names, which may or may not refer to Comanche groups include:

4110:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Comanche People in the US" 3496:

INDIAN TREATIES 1835 to 1902 Vol. XXII – Kiowa, Comanche and Apache

2724:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Comanche People in the US" 1546:

Recently, an 80-minute 1920 silent film was "rediscovered", titled

482:, Comanche activist and founder of Americans for Indian Opportunity 5750: 5675: 5310: 5129: 4665: 4320:

The Buffalo Soldiers: A Narrative of the Negro Cavalry in the West

2814: 2470:

These are 20th- and 21st-century citizens of the Comanche Nation.

2450: 2310:(Tʉhʉyakwahipʉ) (c. 1805/1810 – c. 1888), chief of the Nokoni band 2263: 2158: 2141: 2108: 2036: 2024: 1968: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1932: 1883: 1801: 1785: 1773: 1762: 1719: 1713: 1697: 1588: 1577: 1560: 1494: 1290: 1222: 1214: 1203: 1137: 765: 721: 706: 528: 278: 249: 82: 4670: 3063:"Comanche Star Casino | Oklahoma Casinos | Walters, OK" 2458:(Comanche Nation) professor, ceramic artist, and sculptor at the 4659: 4382:

Being Comanche: A Social History of an American Indian Community

3667: 3665: 2059: 1995: 1928: 1921: 1609: 1459:

One of the most famous captives in Texas was a German boy named

391:

The Comanche Nation is headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma. Their

6010: 5602: 5100: 4759: 1650:

Sometimes a man named his child, but mostly the father asked a

1080:

or one of their local groups – because they lived to the north)

4204:

Uto-Aztecan: Structural, Temporal, and Geographic Perspectives

2740: 2529:(1909–2005), educator, activist, sister of Morris Tabbyyetchy. 2134:

clothing, and other personal belongings were kept. Women also

1909: 1825: 3538:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 355, 356, 357, 358. 957:(‘Movers’, ‘Returners’); allegedly, after the death of chief 176: 4081:

Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America

3945:

Code Talkers and Warriors: Native Americans and World War II

3469:

Germunden, Gerd; Calloway, Colin G; Zantop, Suzanne (2002).

43: 4755: 2866:. NewHaven and London: Yale University Press. p. 171. 179: 161: 3038:"Comanche Spur Casino | Elgin Oklahoma Indian Casino" 2360:(1887–1956), son of Quanah Parker and Methodist missionary 2322:(c. 1840–c. 1890), warrior and medicine man of the Quahadi 668:. The "Western Comanche" lived in the region of the upper 351:

settlements in southern Colorado. The Spanish adopted the

4666:

The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee

4263:. Jackson, Mississippi: University of Mississippi Press. 3627:"The Daughter of Dawn | Oklahoma Historical Society" 2966:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 364. 2924:

Barnes, Thomas C.; Naylor, Thomas H.; Polzer, Charles W.

2660:"2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory" 1526:

Before the first Oklahoma legislature, Quanah testified:

277:

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche practiced a

170: 1553:

It features a cast of more than 300 Comanche and Kiowa.

435:

The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues

6385:

List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado

3471:

Germans and Indians: Fantasies, Encounters, Projections

3138: 2113:

Comanche beaded ration bag, c. 1880, collection of the

853:– ‘Sewing People’ . Other Yapai local groups included: 4150:. Fresno, CA: Centers for Mennonite Brethren Studies. 3996:

Native American women : a biographical dictionary

3814:

The Indians of Texas: from prehistoric to modern times

1892:. Bison were the primary food source for the Comanche. 1582:

Comanche mother and baby son in cradleboard, photo by

856:

Ketahtoh or Ketatore (‘Don't Wear Shoes’, also called

2579:(1912–2014), professor, regalia maker, textile artist 1471:. On August 26, 1901, Quanah Parker provided a legal 173: 158: 6377: 6342: 6293: 6255: 6207: 6198: 6158: 6137: 6086: 6077: 6056: 5854: 5647: 5569: 5256: 5172: 5141: 5071: 4983: 4927: 4871: 4828: 4793: 4131:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 3372:"Frontier Forts > The Passing of the Indian Era" 2620:(in 1910). The census of 1910 reported only 1,171. 2436:(1856–1950), American woman and captive of Comanche 2392:) (c. 1780 – 1840), Penateka chief and medicine man 2382:(c. 1800 – c. 1849), war chief of the Penateka Band 1176:armies. These were both expeditionary, as with the 379:for the Comanche since it was already used for the 167: 164: 126: 109: 93: 68: 56: 4282: 1983:Women used berries and nuts, as well as honey and 4261:Peyote Religious Art: Symbols of Faith and Belief 3534:Deloria, Vine J Jr.; DeMaille, Raymond J (1999). 2585:(1951–2014), classical composer, political writer 2477:(born 1951), activist and women's health advocate 2282:(died ca. 1900), second chief of the Quahadi band 2276:(Pahayoko) (late 1780s – c. 1860), Penateka chief 1503:, drumming with friend at Redstone Baptist Church 6436:Federally recognized tribes in the United States 4504:A History of New Mexican-Plains Indian Relations 3511:The Texas Rangers: A Century of Frontier Defense 2789:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 1671:), who lived in a cave on the south side of the 1266:diseases to which they had no immunity, such as 1106:, 'Salt People' or 'Salt Creek people') live in 841:’; One of its local groups may have been called 4594:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 3513:. University of Texas Press. pp. 138–140. 2964:Native American Placenames of the United States 1608:while the band was in camp, she was moved to a 644:Before the 1750s, the Spanish identified three 573:, into a sweep of territory extending from the 3448:. University of Oklahoma. pp. 1493–1494. 3204: 3202: 3183: 3181: 2489:(1921–2005), World War II Comanche code talker 2350:(c. 1845 – 1911), Quahadi chief, a founder of 1114:; mostly descendants of the Nokoni Pianavowit. 883:– ′Lots of Maggots on the Penis′, also called 34: 6022: 5614: 5112: 4771: 4466:. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from 4313:Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill 4167:International Journal of American Linguistics 3999:. Internet Archive. New York : Garland. 1523:, which was condemned by European Americans. 1444:Agreement with the Comanche, Kiowa and Apache 1255:. His efforts were thwarted in 1845 when the 300:, selling them to the Spanish and (later) to 8: 4464:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 4329:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1996 4322:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1967 4315:, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1983 4289:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3473:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 65. 3117:Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center 2948:Ernest Wallace and E. Adamson Hoebel. 1952. 31: 4571:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 3973:"Comanche Indians Honor D-Day Code-Talkers" 3722: 3720: 3444:Demallie, Raymond J; Deloria, Vine (1999). 3255:"Penateka Comanches ~ Marker Number: 16257" 2511:(1944–1988), guitarist and recording artist 870:Pibianigwai (‘Loud Talkers’, ‘Loud Askers’) 6204: 6083: 6029: 6015: 6007: 5621: 5607: 5599: 5119: 5105: 5097: 4778: 4764: 4756: 4345:The Comanches: The Destruction of a People 4285:The Comanche: Lords of the Southern Plains 4240:Rollings, William H.; Deer, Ada E (2004). 4064:Primitive society and its vital statistics 1407:and his family moved to the settlement of 620:Division (sometimes called tribe, Spanish 30: 5577:Sam Houston and Native American relations 4614:. Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series. 4550:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. 4548:Los Comanches the horse people, 1751–1845 4487:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4327:The Black Infantry in the West, 1869–1891 2503:North American Indian Women's Association 2085:did men begin to wear the typical Plains 1872:Learn how and when to remove this message 1274:. Outbreaks of smallpox (1817, 1848) and 4424:. College Station: Texas A&M Press. 2950:The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains 2294:, Tehcap (1832–1860s), Quahadi war chief 1192:of their major presence in the southern 520:Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche 474: 64:28,193 self-identified, US Census (2020) 4537:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4399:Hamalainen (Hämäläinen), Pekka (2008). 4384:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 3947:. Chelsea House Publications. pp. 3915:"Code Talkers – World War I Centennial" 3588:The A to Z of Native American Movements 2693: 2691: 2644: 1499:Mac Silverhorn (Comanche), grandson of 1481:United States Secretary of the Interior 292:, and American colonists and settlers. 62:17,000 enrolled Comanche Nation (2021), 4527: 4517: 4363:The Comanches: The History of a People 3817:. University of Texas Press. pp. 3726:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp. 124, 125 2735: 2733: 2370:) (ca. 1820/1825 – 1875), Nokoni chief 1782:and horse. Photo by James Mooney, 1892 1519:religious rites, such as the usage of 1026:Tayʉʉwit / Teyʉwit (‘Hospitable Ones’) 684:. The "Eastern Comanche" lived on the 6390:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado 4056: 4054: 3742:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp. 126–132 3680:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp.122, 123 3659:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) pp.143, 144 3584:Leahy, Todd; Wilson, Raymond (2009). 2778: 2776: 2774: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2338:) (late 1780s – 1849), Penateka chief 2231:by the U.S. Army during World War I. 1125:– ‘Hill Wearing Away’), live east of 1011:Some names given by others include: 7: 6456:Native American tribes in New Mexico 4403:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3703:. Benchmark Books. pp. 22, 23. 2927:Northern New Spain: A Research Guide 2033:at the Ethnologisches Museum, Berlin 1888:Comanches chasing bison, painted by 1854:adding citations to reliable sources 1046:Mʉtsahne or Motsai (‘Undercut Bank’) 1039:– ‘Head of the Stream’, also called 965:– ‘Not Staying in one place’, and/or 863:Motso (′Bearded Ones′, derived from 69:Regions with significant populations 4035:from the original on March 16, 2022 2523:(born 1995), athlete (hammer throw) 6451:Native American tribes in Colorado 6431:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 5936:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 4442:Handbook of North American Indians 4361:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed (2003). 4129:The Comanches: A History 1706–1875 3563:. St. Martin's. pp. 239–241. 2862:Hämäläinen, Pekka (January 2008). 2667:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission 2567:, Comanche/Choctaw author, curator 2483:(born 1986), professional wrestler 1069:– ‘Corn Eating People’) Witchitas. 969:– ‘Bad Campers’, ‘Poor Wanderer’. 740:Apache group as Tasipenanʉʉ band. 688:and the Texas plains of the upper 664:("Western Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or 656:("Eastern Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or 16:Plains Native North American tribe 14: 4729:"Photographs of Comanche Indians" 2460:Institute of American Indian Arts 1619:First, the midwives softened the 1247:, almost succeeded in reaching a 1243:, president of the newly created 1032:Taykahpwai / Tekapwai (‘No Meat’) 6441:Native American history of Texas 6038: 5630: 5128: 4819: 3859:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 32, 33 3850:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 31, 32 2912:Governor Cuervo y Valdez Report, 2892:Comanche Nation official website 2535:(1932–1996), Flatstyle painter, 1830: 1029:Kʉvahrahtpaht (‘Steep Climbers’) 947:('Elk', literally‘Water Horse’). 821:Some of the Comanche group names 447:Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton 154: 6426:Native American tribes in Texas 6145:Southern Ute Indian Reservation 5135:Native American tribes in Texas 4590:Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940). 3877:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp 25, 26 3801:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 29–30 3760:Rollings, Deer (2004) pp. 20–24 3689:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.124 3671:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.120 3650:Wallace and Hoebel (1952) p.142 3163:Comanche Nation Tourism Center. 3088:"Oklahoma Casino List by Tribe" 2952:(University of Oklahoma Press). 2811:New Mexico and the Pimeria Alta 2669:. November 2011. Archived from 2505:and foster care reform advocate 2212:. It is closely related to the 1841:needs additional citations for 1675:and ate bad children at night. 1565:Uwat (Comanche), photograph by 1463:. He had been kidnapped by the 1321:, surrendered and moved to the 1219:Comanche warriors, c. 1867–1874 979:Tanimʉʉ or Tanima (also called 935:– ‘Antelope-Eaters’; nicknamed 632:In contrast to the neighboring 489:In 2002, the tribe founded the 6064:Outline of Colorado prehistory 4418:John, Elizabeth A. H. (1975). 3771:"Indian Culture and the Horse" 3509:Webb, Walter Prescott (1965). 3425:. Texas Historical Association 3397:"THC-Fisher-Miller Land Grant" 3017:www.comancheredrivercasino.com 2768:. (Nebraska, 1993). Pages 1–2. 1807:Comanche Feats of Horsemenship 1251:with the Comanche in the 1844 976:– ‘Those Who Live Downstream’, 873:Sʉhmʉhtʉhka (‘Eat Everything’) 843:Widyʉ Nʉʉ / Widyʉ / Widyʉ Yapa 252:and adjacent areas in eastern 1: 5535:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes 4281:; Hoebel, E. Adamson (1952). 4225:. University of Texas Press. 3403:. Texas Historical Commission 2962:Bright, William, ed. (2004). 2791:. Oklahoma Historical Society 2741:"Home | Comanche Nation" 2594:In 1832 Comanche chiefs told 2405: 1967:. The Comanche also acquired 1963:, and tuna, the fruit of the 1759:Transportation and habitation 1702:A 19th-century Comanche child 1022:Unassignable names include: 967:Tʉtsʉ Noyʉkanʉʉ / Detsanayʉka 761:Kwaarʉ Nʉʉ (Kwahadi, Quohada) 233:family. Originally, it was a 122:, traditional tribal religion 4914:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 4650:Resources in other libraries 4565:Spady, James O'Neil (2009). 4483:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2008). 4458:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (2007). 4244:. Chelsea House Publishers. 4127:Kavanagh, Thomas W. (1996). 2992:www.comanchenationcasino.com 2501:(1920–2005), founder of the 1896:The Comanche were initially 1307:Second Battle of Adobe Walls 1057:Pohoi / Pohoee (‘Wild Sage’) 1043:– ‘Those Who Live Upstream’) 533:Pre-contact distribution of 309:of the Great Plains region. 4705:Oklahoma Historical Society 4221:Meadows, William C (2003). 4146:Kroeker, Marvin E. (1997). 4078:Domenech, Emmanuel (1860). 3941:"The Comanche Code Talkers" 3919:www.worldwar1centennial.org 3841:Rollings, Deer (2004) p. 31 3592:. Scarecrow Press. p. 3269:Texas Historical Commission 2376:(1895–1984), medicine woman 2177:The language spoken by the 1054:Pekwi Tʉhka (‘Fish-Eaters’) 51:Flag of the Comanche Nation 6472: 5159:Kickapoo Traditional Tribe 4884:Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 4610:; Cash, Joseph W. (1976). 4380:Foster, Morris W. (1991). 4365:. New York: Anchor Books. 4061:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 3895:McLaughlin (2000), 293–304 3868:Rollings, Deer (2004) p 28 3811:Newcomb, W.W. Jr. (2002). 3498:. Histree. pp. 15–19. 3376:www.texasbeyondhistory.net 3260:Texas Historic Sites Atlas 3067:www.comanchestarcasino.com 3042:www.comanchespurcasino.com 2555:(1939–2013), artist, nurse 2249: 2210:Uto-Aztecan language group 2152: 1767:Comanche Tipis painted by 1430: 1396: 1382: 1315:Battle of Palo Duro Canyon 1200:Relationship with settlers 1145: 972:Tahnahwah or Tenawa (also 569:took them to the southern 517: 511: 393:tribal jurisdictional area 18: 5585: 4863:Treaty of Tehuacana Creek 4858:Meusebach–Comanche Treaty 4817: 4645:Resources in your library 4341:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed 4179:10.1086/ijal.58.2.3519754 3979:. NBC News. June 9, 2014. 3886:McLaughlin (1992), 158–81 3139:"Comanche Nation College" 2527:Dorothy Sunrise Lorentino 2428:Notable Comanche captives 2097:Comanche men usually had 1900:. When they lived in the 1403:Five years later, artist 1399:Meusebach-Comanche Treaty 1332:Meusebach–Comanche treaty 1253:Treaty of Tehuacana Creek 917:’, spelled in Spanish as 876:Wahkoh (‘Shell Ornament’) 778:in 1834, by George Catlin 772:meeting the U.S. dragoons 131: 114: 98: 73: 61: 42: 21:Comanche (disambiguation) 6166:Battle of Beecher Island 4965:Quanah Parker Star House 4848:Fort Martin Scott Treaty 4502:Kenner, Charles (1969). 4311:Nye, Wilbur Sturtevant. 4259:Swan, Daniel C. (1999). 3904:Hämäläinen (2008), p.171 3699:De Capua, Sarah (2006). 3494:Watson, Larry S (1994). 2633:Quanah Parker Star House 2447:Comanche Nation citizens 2257:Historic Comanche people 2252:Category:Comanche people 2214:language of the Shoshone 2121:Art and material culture 1599:Birmingham Museum of Art 1433:Fort Martin Scott Treaty 1419:Fort Martin Scott treaty 1385:Fisher–Miller Land Grant 1283:Treaty of Medicine Lodge 1129:, descendants of Waysee. 696:Rivers, and east to the 580:Domingo Cabello y Robles 462:Comanche Star Casino in 456:Comanche Spur Casino in 5901:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 5086:Comanche Nation College 4879:Battle of Blanco Canyon 4733:Portal to Texas History 4546:Noyes, Stanley (1993). 4451:Smithsonian Institution 3993:; Lisa, Laurie (1993). 3143:Comanche Nation College 2930:. University of Arizona 2115:Oklahoma History Center 1722:in war regalia, c. 1830 1405:Friedrich Richard Petri 961:they called themselves 757:Penatʉka Nʉʉ (Penateka) 749:Kʉhtsʉtʉhka (Kotsoteka) 726:Plains Apache (Naishan) 491:Comanche Nation College 196: 35: 6350:Cynthia Irwin-Williams 6150:Ute Mountain Ute Tribe 6069:Prehistory of Colorado 5637:Native American tribes 5081:Comanche Nation Casino 4955:Fort Parker State Park 4811:Native American Church 3977:D-Day 70th Anniversary 3401:Texas Historic Markers 2888:"The Homecoming Dance" 2764:Jean Ormsbee Charney. 2467: 2352:Native American Church 2304:(died 1779), war chief 2269: 2174: 2117: 2046: 2034: 2008:Comanche children ate 1893: 1814: 1791: 1783: 1771: 1723: 1703: 1601: 1586: 1570: 1533: 1517:Native American Church 1504: 1477:United States Congress 1455:Captive Herman Lehmann 1239:States. At one point, 1231: 1220: 1212: 1160:The Comanche fought a 1143: 1142:Comancheria 1770–1850. 879:Waw'ai or Wohoi (also 779: 716: 537: 483: 116:Native American Church 48: 6395:Trail of the Ancients 5257:Historical Indigenous 5164:Ysleta del Sur Pueblo 4919:Comanche Code Talkers 4889:Battle of Pease River 4853:Medicine Lodge Treaty 4745:"The Texas Comanches" 3991:Bataille, Gretchen M. 3559:Zesch, Scott (2005). 3423:"THC-Comanche Treaty" 2766:A Grammar of Comanche 2571:George Tahdooahnippah 2547:Native American flute 2537:Native American flute 2454: 2267: 2250:Further information: 2162: 2112: 2040: 2028: 1887: 1805: 1789: 1777: 1766: 1717: 1701: 1604:If a woman went into 1592: 1581: 1564: 1528: 1498: 1431:Further information: 1397:Further information: 1392:Fredericksburg, Texas 1383:Further information: 1226: 1218: 1207: 1141: 860:– ‘Wearing No Shoes’) 769: 745:Yaparʉhka (Yamparika) 710: 662:Cuchanec Occidentales 535:Uto-Aztecan languages 532: 478: 471:Cultural institutions 359:(enemy), spelling it 355:name for the people: 201:Native American tribe 199:, "the people") is a 127:Related ethnic groups 47: 6343:Noted archaeologists 6314:Dismal River culture 6275:Mount Albion complex 6078:Contemporary peoples 5931:Mescalero-Chiricahua 5686:Cheyenne and Arapaho 5174:Indigenous languages 5143:Federally recognized 4904:Comanche–Mexico Wars 4894:Buffalo Hunters' War 4711:on October 29, 2013. 4485:Comanche Ethnography 4449:. Washington, D.C.: 4318:Leckie, William H.. 4023:(October 29, 2021). 2841:10.1353/aq.2001.0018 2783:Kavanagh, Thomas W. 2464:Santa Fe, New Mexico 1850:improve this article 1679:called not aunt but 1549:The Daughter of Dawn 1094:Modern Local Groups 1050:Old Shoshone names 450:Red River Casino in 431:Economic development 209:federally recognized 19:For other uses, see 6360:Waldo Rudolph Wedel 6304:Ancestral Puebloans 6270:Basketmaker culture 6199:Precontact cultures 6186:Sand Creek massacre 4838:Cherokee Commission 4612:The Comanche People 4470:on October 29, 2013 4401:The Comanche Empire 4347:. New York: Knopf. 4096:"Yamparika Indians" 2864:The Comanche Empire 2539:-player, NEA fellow 1965:prickly pear cactus 1448:Cherokee Commission 1438:Cherokee Commission 1162:number of conflicts 1152:Comanche-Mexico War 1110:in the vicinity of 800:"Southern Comanche" 784:"Northern Comanche" 753:Nokoni Nʉʉ (Nokoni) 654:Cuchanec Orientales 437:tribal vehicle tags 320:by the late 1870s. 214:, headquartered in 39: 6355:Paul Sidney Martin 6080:native to Colorado 6046:Indigenous peoples 5701:Citizen Potawatomi 4739:on March 11, 2007. 4716:"Comanche Indians" 4662:– official website 4583:10.1353/cch.0.0077 4325:Fowler, Arlen L.. 3939:Holm, Tom (2007). 3226:Wallace and Hoebel 3175:(16 February 2009) 3168:2008-11-04 at the 2829:American Quarterly 2785:"Comanche (tribe)" 2745:comanchenation.com 2590:Population history 2533:Doc Tate Nevaquaya 2521:Janee' Kassanavoid 2468: 2440:Cynthia Ann Parker 2411:–1900), translator 2270: 2175: 2118: 2047: 2035: 1894: 1815: 1792: 1784: 1772: 1753:Witchita Mountains 1724: 1718:Comanches of West 1704: 1673:Witchita Mountains 1602: 1587: 1571: 1505: 1232: 1221: 1213: 1144: 1072:It'chit'a'bʉd'ah ( 808:"Western Comanche" 780: 720:southwards moving 717: 538: 484: 443:and four casinos: 49: 6446:Texas–Indian Wars 6403: 6402: 6373: 6372: 6324:Panhandle culture 6242:Plainview complex 6194: 6193: 6176:Comanche Campaign 6004: 6003: 5926:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 5666:Alabama-Quassarte 5596: 5595: 5154:Alabama–Coushatta 5094: 5093: 4975:Wichita Mountains 4843:Comanche Campaign 4801:Comanche language 4721:Handbook of Texas 4626:Library resources 4494:978-0-8032-2764-4 4251:978-0-7910-8349-9 4232:978-0-292-70518-0 4138:978-0-8032-7792-2 4006:978-0-8240-5267-6 3958:978-0-7910-9340-5 3828:978-0-292-78425-3 3783:on April 12, 2019 3710:978-0-7614-2249-5 3631:www.okhistory.org 3603:978-0-8108-6892-2 3570:978-0-312-31789-8 3545:978-0-8061-3118-4 3520:978-0-292-78110-8 3480:978-0-8032-6420-5 3265:Camp Verde, Texas 3119:. Comanche Nation 2873:978-0-300-15117-6 2676:on April 24, 2012 2246:Notable Comanches 2155:Comanche language 2071:Hair and headgear 1882: 1881: 1874: 1778:Comanche warrior 1426:Fort Martin Scott 1338:John O. Meusebach 1257:Texas legislature 1245:Republic of Texas 1178:raids into Mexico 1156:Texas–Indian Wars 1127:Walters, Oklahoma 1007:– ‘Honey-Eaters’; 999:(other variants: 987:– ‘Liver-Eaters’, 792:"Middle Comanche" 776:Wichita Mountains 646:Comanche Naciones 464:Walters, Oklahoma 329:Walters, Oklahoma 223:Comanche language 147: 146: 6463: 6378:Related articles 6309:Apishapa culture 6280:Oshara tradition 6237:Hell Gap complex 6227:Folsom tradition 6205: 6109:Jicarilla Apache 6084: 6043: 6042: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6008: 5856:Tribal languages 5836:United Keetoowah 5766:Muscogee (Creek) 5726:Fort Sill Apache 5661:Absentee Shawnee 5635: 5634: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5600: 5259:peoples of Texas 5133: 5132: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5098: 4984:Notable historic 4960:Palo Duro Canyon 4823: 4822: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4752: 4740: 4735:. Archived from 4712: 4707:. Archived from 4696: 4694: 4692: 4687:on March 8, 2010 4683:. Archived from 4615: 4608:Wolff, Gerald W. 4603: 4586: 4561: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4498: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4454: 4435: 4414: 4395: 4376: 4358: 4308: 4288: 4274: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4198: 4161: 4142: 4114: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4017: 4011: 4010: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3782: 3776:. Archived from 3775: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3727: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3591: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3368: 3362: 3352: 3346: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3176: 3173:Comanche Nation. 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2824: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2780: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2656: 2565:Paul Chaat Smith 2559:Lotsee Patterson 2487:Charles Chibitty 2410: 2407: 2364:Piaru-ekaruhkapu 2298:Tavibo Naritgant 2164:Charles Chibitty 1898:hunter-gatherers 1877: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1834: 1826: 1638:The newborn was 1446:signed with the 1090:– ‘Ridge People’ 839:(Yap)Root-Eaters 680:Rivers, and the 666:Western Comanche 658:Eastern Comanche 514:Comanche history 318:Indian Territory 229:language of the 216:Lawton, Oklahoma 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 169: 166: 163: 160: 57:Total population 40: 38: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6369: 6338: 6319:Fremont culture 6289: 6251: 6200: 6190: 6181:Meeker Massacre 6154: 6133: 6079: 6073: 6052: 6037: 6035: 6005: 6000: 5858: 5850: 5721:Eastern Shawnee 5711:Delaware Nation 5652: 5650: 5643: 5629: 5627: 5597: 5592: 5581: 5565: 5379:Cherokee, Texas 5263:Oklahoma today) 5262: 5261:(Several are in 5260: 5258: 5252: 5176: 5168: 5147: 5144: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5095: 5090: 5073: 5067: 4985: 4979: 4950:Edwards Plateau 4923: 4867: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4789: 4784: 4743: 4727: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4681:History Channel 4675: 4660:Comanche Nation 4656: 4655: 4654: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4589: 4564: 4558: 4545: 4536: 4526: 4516: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4457: 4438: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4398: 4392: 4379: 4373: 4360: 4359:Republished as 4355: 4339: 4336: 4334:Further reading 4297: 4279:Wallace, Ernest 4277: 4271: 4258: 4252: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4201: 4164: 4158: 4145: 4139: 4126: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4038: 4036: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235:Kavanagh (1996) 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3170:Wayback Machine 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2703:Comanche Nation 2697: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2646: 2641: 2629: 2592: 2543:Sonny Nevaquaya 2475:Charon Asetoyer 2449: 2430: 2408: 2259: 2254: 2248: 2179:Comanche people 2157: 2151: 2123: 2095: 2093:Body decoration 2073: 2023: 1902:Rocky Mountains 1878: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1847: 1835: 1824: 1761: 1748: 1736:rite of passage 1660: 1576: 1559: 1493: 1479:authorized the 1457: 1440: 1435: 1421: 1413:Native American 1401: 1387: 1334: 1202: 1158: 1146:Main articles: 1136: 1112:Cyril, Oklahoma 929:Kwahadi/Quohada 823: 686:Edwards Plateau 593: 565:Their original 527: 522: 516: 510: 473: 458:Elgin, Oklahoma 452:Devol, Oklahoma 433: 389: 339:The Comanche's 337: 260:, southwestern 256:, southeastern 212:Comanche Nation 205:Southern Plains 157: 153: 63: 52: 33: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6469: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6285:Picosa culture 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6247:Plano cultures 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Goshen complex 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217:Clovis culture 6213: 6211: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6090: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5859:(still spoken) 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:Otoe-Missouria 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Delaware Tribe 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5570:Related topics 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5555:Wichita proper 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5381: 5376: 5318: 5296: 5291: 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5101: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5077: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4945:Comanche Trail 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4806:Comanche Flute 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4741: 4725: 4713: 4697: 4673: 4671:Comanche Lodge 4668: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620:External links 4618: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4587: 4562: 4556: 4543: 4499: 4493: 4480: 4455: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4396: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4353: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4256: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4218: 4212: 4199: 4173:(2): 158–181. 4162: 4156: 4143: 4137: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4087: 4070: 4050: 4012: 4005: 3982: 3964: 3957: 3931: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3827: 3803: 3794: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3728: 3716: 3709: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3618: 3609: 3602: 3576: 3569: 3551: 3544: 3526: 3519: 3501: 3486: 3479: 3461: 3454: 3436: 3414: 3388: 3363: 3347: 3331: 3318: 3309: 3292: 3283: 3274: 3246: 3244:Kavanagh 41–53 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3198: 3189: 3177: 3155: 3130: 3104: 3092:500nations.com 3079: 3054: 3029: 3004: 2979: 2972: 2954: 2941: 2916: 2904: 2879: 2872: 2854: 2835:(2): 267–307. 2819: 2802: 2770: 2757: 2729: 2715: 2687: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2625: 2605:Jedidiah Morse 2591: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2577:Josephine Wapp 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2540: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2515:LaDonna Harris 2512: 2509:Jesse Ed Davis 2506: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2399: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2361: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2258: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2206:Numic language 2153:Main article: 2150: 2147: 2122: 2119: 2094: 2091: 2072: 2069: 2022: 2019: 1880: 1879: 1838: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1760: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1659: 1656: 1629:umbilical cord 1575: 1572: 1558: 1555: 1492: 1491:Recent history 1489: 1461:Herman Lehmann 1456: 1453: 1439: 1436: 1420: 1417: 1333: 1330: 1201: 1198: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1115: 1098:Ohnonʉʉ (also 1092: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1070: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1008: 990: 989: 988: 977: 948: 941:Llano Estacado 922: 915:Buffalo-Eaters 904: 894: 893: 892: 877: 874: 871: 868: 861: 822: 819: 682:Llano Estacado 630: 629: 618: 610: 607: 606:nuclear family 592: 589: 575:Arkansas River 526: 523: 512:Main article: 509: 506: 495:tribal college 480:LaDonna Harris 472: 469: 468: 467: 460: 454: 448: 432: 429: 395:is located in 388: 385: 336: 333: 264:, and western 241:people of the 145: 144: 129: 128: 124: 123: 112: 111: 107: 106: 96: 95: 91: 90: 71: 70: 66: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6468: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Plains tribes 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6365:Joe Ben Wheat 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6009: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5816:Seneca-Cayuga 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5590: 5589:obsolete name 5584: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 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5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4993:Spirit Talker 4991: 4990: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4940:Blanco Canyon 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Red River War 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Comanche Wars 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4750: 4749:Texas Indians 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4557:0-585-27380-4 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4431:0-89096-000-3 4427: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4410:9780300126549 4406: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4391:0-8165-1367-8 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4372:1-4000-3049-8 4368: 4364: 4356: 4354:0-394-48856-3 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4296:9780806102498 4292: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4270:1-57806-096-6 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4213:970-689-030-0 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4157:0-921788-42-8 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3455:0-8061-3118-7 3451: 3447: 3440: 3437: 3429:September 17, 3424: 3418: 3415: 3407:September 16, 3402: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360:0-943639-24-7 3357: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3307:, pp. 277–313 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3118: 3114: 3113:"Our Mission" 3108: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2973:9780806135984 2969: 2965: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613:A. W. Whipple 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2596:George Catlin 2589: 2584: 2583:David Yeagley 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2553:Diane O'Leary 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2493:Karita Coffey 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456:Karita Coffey 2453: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2386:Spirit Talker 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348:Quanah Parker 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2043:E. A. 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