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The implicit copy constructor of a class calls base copy constructors and copies its members by means appropriate to their type. If it is a class type, the copy constructor is called. If it is a scalar type, the built-in assignment operator is used. Finally, if it is an array, each element is copied
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There is no such thing as "bitwise copy constructor" in C++. However, the default generated copy constructor copies by invoking copy constructors on members, and for a raw pointer member this will copy the raw pointer (i.e. not a deep copy).
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A logical copy constructor makes a true copy of the structure as well as its dynamic structures. Logical copy constructors come into the picture mainly when there are pointers or complex objects within the object being copied.
45:
The first argument of such a constructor is a reference to an object of the same type as is being constructed (const or non-const), which might be followed by parameters of any type (all having default values).
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The first one should be used unless there is a good reason to use one of the others. One of the differences between the first and the second is that temporaries can be copied with the first. For example:
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Instead of doing a deep copy right away, there are some optimization strategies that can be used. These allow you to safely share the same data between several objects, thus saving space. The
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pointer. It only copies the address of the original data member; this means they both share a pointer to the same chunk of memory, which is not what we want. When the program reaches line
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2183:
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to its own class type. It can have more arguments, but the rest must have default values associated with them. The following would be valid copy constructors for class
69:
copy constructor. In such cases, the compiler does not create one. Hence, there is always one copy constructor that is either defined by the user or by the system.
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form of the copy constructor is used when it is necessary to modify the copied object. This is very rare but it can be seen used in the standard library's
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It can be seen that in a logical copy constructor, a new dynamic member variable is created for the pointer along with copying the values.
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The copy constructor is used only for initializations, and does not apply to assignments where the assignment operator is used instead.
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Since we did not specify a copy constructor, the compiler generated one for us. The generated constructor would look something like:
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By using a user-defined copy constructor the programmer can define the behavior to be performed when an object is copied.
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keeps the count of how many objects are referencing the data, and will delete it only when this count reaches zero (e.g.
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because the call to those constructors would require a copy as well, which would result in an infinitely recursive call.
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Computer
Science A Structured Approach Using C++ by Behrouz A. Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg, figure 10-9, page 507
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322:// Temporary objects created during program execution are always of const type. So, const keyword is required.
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destructor gets called (because objects on the stack are destroyed automatically when their scope ends).
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So, when do we really need a user-defined copy constructor? The next section will explore that question.
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of an existing object. Copy constructors are the standard way of copying objects in C++, as opposed to
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It is used to prevent copying of objects at function calls or with the copy-initialization syntax.
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It is however, not guaranteed that a copy constructor will be called in these cases, because the
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These examples illustrate how copy constructors work and why they are sometimes required.
325:// For some compilers both versions actually work but this behaviour should not be relied
316:// to create a, the compiler first creates a temporary by invoking the default constructor
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The compiler has generated a copy constructor for us, and it could be written like this:
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allows the compiler to optimize the copy away in certain cases, one example being the
369:// valid given X(const X& copy_from_me) but not valid given X(X& copy_from_me)
310:// valid given X(const X& copy_from_me) but not valid given X(X& copy_from_me)
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569:// translates as Object::operator=(const Object&), thus a.operator=(b) is called
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319:// of X, then uses the copy constructor to initialize as a copy of that temporary.
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1009:'s age remained the same. This is because they are totally different objects.
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605:// translates as Object::Object(const Object&) (invoke copy constructor)
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An explicit copy constructor is one that is declared explicit by using the
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A user-defined copy constructor is generally needed when an object owns
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Copying of objects is achieved by the use of a copy constructor and an
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108:. A copy constructor has as its first parameter a (possibly const or
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An object can be assigned value using one of the two techniques:
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When an object is passed (to a function) by value as an argument
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The following cases may result in a call to a copy constructor:
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A similar difference applies when directly attempting to copy a
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An object can be initialized by any one of the following ways.
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strategy makes a copy of the data only when it is written to.
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When an object is placed in a brace-enclosed initializer list
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now accesses invalid data and writes to it. This produces a
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data, because they share the same pointer, it also deleted
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The problem with this constructor is that it performs a
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If we write our own copy constructor that performs a
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The following are invalid copy constructors because
416:// valid if any of the copy constructors are defined
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1806:ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E): Programming Languages - C++
1482:array of the original, therefore, when it deleted
53:automatically creates a copy constructor for each
1654:will not produce a segmentation fault anymore.
572:// (invoke simple copy, not copy constructor!)
372:// because the second wants a non-const X&
313:// because the second wants a non-const X&
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8:
61:copy constructor) but for special cases the
1642:array and copying the contents to it. Now,
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1646:destructor deletes only its data, and not
1059:// Calls the copy constructor of the age.
65:creates the copy constructor, known as a
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661:in the manner appropriate to its type.
2088:Resource acquisition is initialization
328:// upon because it's non-standard.
419:// since a reference is being passed.
7:
2103:Substitution failure is not an error
2073:Curiously recurring template pattern
533:Explicit assignment in an expression
525:Explicit assignment in an expression
495:These cases are collectively called
2330:Comparison of programming languages
997:has been copied to the new object,
479:When an object is returned by value
1819:INCITS ISO IEC 14882-2003 12.8.8.
1776:INCITS ISO IEC 14882-2003 12.8.2.
14:
635:c. Through function return value
488:When an object is caught by value
42:, and have C++-specific nuances.
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2358:
687:Consider the following example:
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513:(sometimes referred to as RVO).
387:. A reference must be provided:
1758:Rule of three (C++ programming)
2325:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
1505:then this problem goes away.
610:b. Through function arguments
1:
2390:Method (computer programming)
1074:User-defined copy constructor
1638:Here, we are creating a new
428:is not passed as reference (
92:should also be written (see
2121:Comparison of C++ compilers
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2320:Comparison of Java and C++
2315:Compatibility of C and C++
1748:Assignment operator in C++
1082:class like the following:
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1699:Explicit copy constructor
1385:25 25 Segmentation fault
676:Implicit copy constructor
511:return value optimization
2098:Special member functions
2014:Template metaprogramming
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1682:Logical copy constructor
1673:Bitwise copy constructor
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499:and are equivalent to:
1707:keyword. For example:
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2156:Oracle Solaris Studio
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2184:Comparison of C IDEs
1994:Operator overloading
1979:Function overloading
1005:'s age was changed,
21:programming language
2083:One Definition Rule
1826:8 June 2007 at the
1783:8 June 2007 at the
497:copy-initialization
106:assignment operator
90:assignment operator
31:for creating a new
2249:Superset languages
2151:Intel C++ Compiler
1969:Exception handling
1808:§8.5 Initializers
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1663:Reference counting
1496:segmentation fault
990:10 15 10 23 15 10
84:, in which case a
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2348:Bjarne Stroustrup
2131:Borland Turbo C++
2078:Most vexing parse
2019:Virtual functions
1667:boost::shared_ptr
1516:<algorithm>
76:or non-shareable
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2029:Standard Library
1984:Move constructor
1973:Exception safety
1964:Copy constructor
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49:Normally the
47:
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26:
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2199:Code::Blocks
2166:Watcom C/C++
1963:
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446:copy_from_me
426:copy_from_me
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203:copy_from_me
179:copy_from_me
158:copy_from_me
140:copy_from_me
103:
71:
67:user-defined
66:
58:
48:
44:
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15:
2306:Relative to
2126:Borland C++
2037:I/O Streams
1650:data. Line
1490:data. Line
1007:timmy_clone
999:timmy_clone
956:timmy_clone
866:timmy_clone
806:timmy_clone
29:constructor
2379:Categories
2240:Qt Creator
2223:Microsoft
2161:Visual C++
2136:C++Builder
2068:As-if rule
2004:References
1764:References
100:Definition
86:destructor
78:references
63:programmer
2271:C++/WinRT
2113:Compilers
2009:Templates
1999:Operators
1938:Libraries
1503:deep copy
517:Operation
432:) :
114:reference
36:as a copy
2365:Category
2340:Designer
2290:Dialects
2235:KDevelop
2230:NetBeans
2204:CodeLite
1959:Concepts
1947:Features
1824:Archived
1810:para. 12
1803:(2003).
1781:Archived
1742:See also
1712:explicit
1705:explicit
1513:#include
1333:<<
1321:<<
1315:<<
1303:<<
1108:explicit
1087:#include
1001:. While
965:<<
953:<<
947:<<
935:<<
929:<<
917:<<
875:<<
863:<<
857:<<
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827:<<
713:explicit
692:#include
668:Examples
649:function
618:function
501:T x = a;
337:object:
194:volatile
170:volatile
110:volatile
74:pointers
59:implicit
51:compiler
2261:C++/CLI
2214:Eclipse
2209:Dev-C++
2052:Strings
1954:Classes
1893:Outline
1648:first's
1644:other's
1488:first's
1476:Array's
1462:of the
1183:nullptr
88:and an
40:cloning
16:In the
2266:C++/CX
2189:Anjuta
1484:copy's
1472:copy's
1381:Output
1372:// (2)
1351:// (1)
1192:delete
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1026:Person
1017:Person
986:Output
803:Person
788:Person
773:Person
716:Person
707:public
701:Person
640:Object
624:Object
590:Object
548:Object
539:Object
379:X&
260:double
33:object
2219:Geany
2194:CLion
2141:Clang
2061:Ideas
1933:C++26
1928:C++23
1923:C++20
1918:C++17
1913:C++14
1908:C++11
1903:C++03
1898:C++98
1727:&
1721:const
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1354:first
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1096:Array
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1032:other
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1023:const
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995:timmy
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2176:IDEs
1627:data
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1360:data
1342:endl
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1264:data
1234:main
1222:data
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615:type
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2146:GCC
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1877:C++
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1797:ISO
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