Pointer (computer programming)

4404:. Each pointer has a type it points to, but one can freely cast between pointer types (but not between a function pointer and an object pointer). A special pointer type called the “void pointer” allows pointing to any (non-function) object, but is limited by the fact that it cannot be dereferenced directly (it shall be cast). The address itself can often be directly manipulated by casting a pointer to and from an integral type of sufficient size, though the results are implementation-defined and may indeed cause undefined behavior; while earlier C standards did not have an integral type that was guaranteed to be large enough, 43: 6839: 6858: 162: 391:"or inventing the pointer variable and introducing this concept into PL/I, thus providing for the first time, the capability to flexibly treat linked lists in a general-purpose high-level language". His seminal paper on the concepts appeared in the June 1967 issue of CACM entitled: PL/I List Processing. According to the 4478:. For example, adding 1 to a pointer to 4-byte integer values will increment the pointer's pointed-to byte-address by 4. This has the effect of incrementing the pointer to point at the next element in a contiguous array of integers—which is often the intended result. Pointer arithmetic cannot be performed on 749:

and deallocate dynamic variables and arrays in memory. Since a variable will often become redundant after it has served its purpose, it is a waste of memory to keep it, and therefore it is good practice to deallocate it (using the original pointer reference) when it is no longer needed. Failure to do

468:

contiguous in memory and that are viewed collectively as one datum (for instance, an aggregate could be 3 logically contiguous bytes, the values of which represent the 3 coordinates of a point in space). When an aggregate is entirely composed of the same type of primitive, the aggregate may be called

4215:

for the Windows platform had support for STRPTR() to return the address of a string, and for VARPTR() to return the address of a variable. Visual Basic 5 also had support for OBJPTR() to return the address of an object interface, and for an ADDRESSOF operator to return the address of a function. The

3432:

is a pointer whose value is interpreted as an offset from the address of the pointer itself; thus, if a data structure has an autorelative pointer member that points to some portion of the data structure itself, then the data structure may be relocated in memory without having to update the value of

2999:

In languages that allow pointer arithmetic, arithmetic on pointers takes into account the size of the type. For example, adding an integer number to a pointer produces another pointer that points to an address that is higher by that number times the size of the type. This allows us to easily compute

3138:

by deallocating the memory region it points into. This type of pointer is dangerous and subtle because a deallocated memory region may contain the same data as it did before it was deallocated but may be then reallocated and overwritten by unrelated code, unknown to the earlier code. Languages with

3058:

is implementation-defined and the comparison it provides does not provide any more insight as to whether the two pointers are interchangeable. In addition, further conversion to bytes and arithmetic will throw off optimizers trying to keep track the use of pointers, a problem still being elucidated

3410:

The consequences are usually unpredictable and the error may present itself in several different ways depending upon whether or not the pointer is a "valid" address and whether or not there is (coincidentally) a valid instruction (opcode) at that address. The detection of a wild branch can present

6336:

only allows pointers to reference dynamically created variables that are anonymous and does not allow them to reference standard static or local variables. It does not have pointer arithmetic. Pointers also must have an associated type and a pointer to one type is not compatible with a pointer to

2790:

to be executed, based on certain conditions defined in the same table entry. The pointers can however be simply indexes to other separate, but associated, tables comprising an array of the actual addresses or the addresses themselves (depending upon the programming language constructs available).

6244:

has pointers. Its declaration syntax is equivalent to that of C, but written the other way around, ending with the type. Unlike C, Go has garbage collection, and disallows pointer arithmetic. Reference types, like in C++, do not exist. Some built-in types, like maps and channels, are boxed (i.e.

601:

In the usual case, a pointer is large enough to hold more addresses than there are units of memory in the system. This introduces the possibility that a program may attempt to access an address which corresponds to no unit of memory, either because not enough memory is installed (i.e. beyond the

486:

Pointers are commonly used in programming languages that support direct memory manipulation, such as C and C++. They allow programmers to work with memory directly, enabling efficient memory management and more complex data structures. By using pointers, you can access and modify data located in

232:

the pointer. As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number and reading the text found on that page. The actual format and content of a pointer

3550:

has to be changed to point to the new element. Since C arguments are always passed by value, using double indirection allows the insertion to be implemented correctly, and has the desirable side-effect of eliminating special case code to deal with insertions at the front of the list:

3000:

the address of elements of an array of a given type, as was shown in the C arrays example above. When a pointer of one type is cast to another type of a different size, the programmer should expect that pointer arithmetic will be calculated differently. In C, for example, if the

6380:— a pointer is allowed to reference standard static or local variables and can be cast from one pointer type to another. Moreover, pointer arithmetic is unrestricted: adding or subtracting from a pointer moves it by that number of bytes in either direction, but using the 482:

A pointer is a programming concept used in computer science to reference or point to a memory location that stores a value or an object. It is essentially a variable that stores the memory address of another variable or data structure rather than storing the data itself.

3158:

to help track allocation of dynamic memory in addition to acting as a reference. In the absence of reference cycles, where an object refers to itself indirectly through a sequence of smart pointers, these eliminate the possibility of dangling pointers and memory leaks.

6000:

introduced a strongly typed pointer capability. Fortran pointers contain more than just a simple memory address. They also encapsulate the lower and upper bounds of array dimensions, strides (for example, to support arbitrary array sections), and other metadata. An

3473:

In some languages, a pointer can reference another pointer, requiring multiple dereference operations to get to the original value. While each level of indirection may add a performance cost, it is sometimes necessary in order to provide correct behavior for complex

4470:, that is, the ability to modify a pointer's target address with arithmetic operations (as well as magnitude comparisons), is restricted by the language standard to remain within the bounds of a single array object (or just after it), and will otherwise invoke 714:

means for building and processing data—for example, by recursively accessing the head and tail elements of lists of lists; e.g. "taking the car of the cdr of the cdr". By contrast, memory management based on pointer dereferencing in some approximation of an

527:

References serve as a level of indirection: A pointer's value determines which memory address (that is, which datum) is to be used in a calculation. Because indirection is a fundamental aspect of algorithms, pointers are often expressed as a fundamental

3071:. However, the usefulness of pointers is so great that it can be difficult to perform programming tasks without them. Consequently, many languages have created constructs designed to provide some of the useful features of pointers without some of their 1257:—by 1, 2 or 3 bits—in order to adjust the offset by a factor of 2, 4 or 8, before its addition to the base address). Generally, though, such schemes are a lot of trouble, and for convenience to the programmer absolute addresses (and underlying that, a 5200:

These pointer declarations cover most variants of pointer declarations. Of course it is possible to have triple pointers, but the main principles behind a triple pointer already exist in a double pointer. The naming used here is what the expression

2097:

for allocating memory blocks from the heap. It takes the size of an object to allocate as a parameter and returns a pointer to a newly allocated block of memory suitable for storing the object, or it returns a null pointer if the allocation failed.

4561:, forcing them into different contexts: an expression can be an ordinary arithmetic one or a pointer arithmetic one, and sometimes it is easy to mistake one for the other. In response to this, many modern high-level computer languages (for example 5988:

employs value and reference semantics without pointer arithmetic. Nevertheless, pointer classes are provided. They offer pointer arithmetic, typecasting, explicit memory management, interfacing with non-Eiffel software, and other features.

5825:

of a program are inherently pointer-based, where the only memory allocated within the program is space for the address of the data item (typically a single memory word). In program source code, these data items are used just like any other

741:

Pointers are used to pass parameters by reference. This is useful if the programmer wants a function's modifications to a parameter to be visible to the function's caller. This is also useful for returning multiple values from a function.

642:

processor, which, though supporting only 16 MB of physical memory, could access up to 1 GB of virtual memory, but the combination of 16-bit address and segment registers made accessing more than 64 KB in one data structure cumbersome.

3050:, the rule is interpreted to mean that "just because two pointers point to the same address, does not mean they are equal in the sense that they can be used interchangeably", the difference between the pointers referred to as their 629:

is employed to use different parts of the memory at different times. The last incarnations of the x86 architecture support up to 36 bits of physical memory addresses, which were mapped to the 32-bit linear address space through the

3411:

one of the most difficult and frustrating debugging exercises since much of the evidence may already have been destroyed beforehand or by execution of one or more inappropriate instructions at the branch location. If available, an

2069:, where variables usually are stored (although variables can also be stored in the CPU registers). Dynamic memory allocation can only be made through pointers, and names – like with common variables – cannot be given. 5918:. PL/I was quite a leap forward compared to the programming languages of its time. PL/I pointers are untyped, and therefore no casting is required for pointer dereferencing or assignment. The declaration syntax for a pointer is 3095:

One major problem with pointers is that as long as they can be directly manipulated as a number, they can be made to point to unused addresses or to data which is being used for other purposes. Many languages, including most

1298:. Thus in C, arrays can be thought of as pointers to consecutive areas of memory (with no gaps), and the syntax for accessing arrays is identical for that which can be used to dereference pointers. For example, an array 382:

that made possible indirect addressing and addresses of the highest rank – analogous to pointers. This language was widely used on the Soviet Union computers. However, it was unknown outside the Soviet Union and usually

3119:. Any attempt to use such uninitialized pointers can cause unexpected behavior, either because the initial value is not a valid address, or because using it may damage other parts of the program. The result is often a 4501:

Pointer arithmetic provides the programmer with a single way of dealing with different types: adding and subtracting the number of elements required instead of the actual offset in bytes. (Pointer arithmetic with

6337:

another type (e.g. a pointer to a char is not compatible with a pointer to an integer). This helps eliminate the type security issues inherent with other pointer implementations, particularly those used for

4199:. Ada 83 did not permit arithmetic on access types (although many compiler vendors provided for it as a non-standard feature), but Ada 95 supports “safe” arithmetic on access types via the package 706:, which can be thought of as specialised pointers to the first and second components of a cons-cell. This gives rise to some of the idiomatic "flavour" of functional programming. By structuring data in such 654:

of other devices in the computer. There are analogous concepts such as file offsets, array indices, and remote object references that serve some of the same purposes as addresses for other types of objects.

6733:

If an invalid value has been assigned to the pointer, the behavior of the unary * operator is undefined... Among the invalid values for dereferencing a pointer by the unary * operator are a null pointer...

4720:

to other pointer types, even in assignments. This was a design decision to avoid careless and even unintended casts, though most compilers only output warnings, not errors, when encountering other casts.

4156:

code can initially be loaded into contiguous bytes of the array for the simulator to "read", interpret and action entirely within the memory contained of the same array. If necessary, to completely avoid

6277:. The language does not provide any explicit pointer manipulation operators. It is still possible for code to attempt to dereference a null reference (null pointer), however, which results in a run-time 614:, where pointers are 64 bit long and addresses only extend to 48 bits. Pointers must conform to certain rules (canonical addresses), so if a non-canonical pointer is dereferenced, the processor raises a 4102:

in assembly language (that points to the individual bytes but whose actual value is relative to the start of the array, not its absolute address in memory). Assuming the array is, say, a contiguous 16

5934:), where xxx is a based variable, which may be an element variable, a structure, or an array, and ppp is the default pointer). Such a variable can be address without an explicit pointer reference ( 3460:

is a pointer whose value is an offset from the value of another pointer. This can be used to store and load blocks of data, assigning the address of the beginning of the block to the base pointer.

3852:

will store the address of a function to be invoked. While this facility can be used to call functions dynamically, it is often a favorite technique of virus and other malicious software writers.

6415:

supports pointers, although rarely used, in the form of the pack and unpack functions. These are intended only for simple interactions with compiled OS libraries. In all other cases, Perl uses

2932:

A 2005 draft of the C standard requires that casting a pointer derived from one type to one of another type should maintain the alignment correctness for both types (6.3.2.3 Pointers, par. 7):

6837:, Steiner, Robert C. (Broomfield, CO), "Pointers that are relative to their own present locations", issued 2003-09-23, assigned to Avaya Technology Corp. (Basking Ridge, NJ) 1270:

value of a character (e.g. X'29') can be used to point to an alternative integer value (or index) in an array (e.g., X'01'). In this way, characters can be very efficiently translated from '

318:, support some type of pointer, although some have more restrictions on their use than others. While "pointer" has been used to refer to references in general, it more properly applies to 358:, pointers are considered a separate type parameterized by the type of data they point to, even if the underlying representation is an integer. Other measures may also be taken (such as 4079:, a back pointer held on an element 'points back' to the item referring to the current element. These are useful for navigation and manipulation, at the expense of greater memory use. 4593:

can store the address of any object (not function), and, in C, is implicitly converted to any other object pointer type on assignment, but it must be explicitly cast if dereferenced.

2795:

or "early" exit from a loop). For this latter purpose, the "pointer" may simply be the table entry number itself and can be transformed into an actual address by simple arithmetic.

4454:) which can be used in some situations as a safer alternative to primitive C pointers. C++ also supports another form of reference, quite different from a pointer, called simply a 524:. The feature that separates pointers from other kinds of reference is that a pointer's value is meant to be interpreted as a memory address, which is a rather low-level concept. 1861:

The definition with references, however, is type-checked and does not use potentially confusing signal values. For this reason, data structures in C are usually dealt with via

3447:

to mean a pointer containing its own address, which can be useful for reconstructing in any arbitrary region of memory a collection of data structures that point to each other.

490:

In simpler terms, you can think of a pointer as an arrow that points to a specific spot in a computer's memory, allowing you to interact with the data stored at that location.

1641:

Represented here are five integers: 2, 4, 3, 1, and 5. These five integers occupy 32 bits (4 bytes) each with the least-significant byte stored first (this is a little-endian

1210:

and trees, it is necessary to have pointers to help manage how the structure is implemented and controlled. Typical examples of pointers are start pointers, end pointers, and

813:

Because the C language does not specify an implicit initialization for objects of automatic storage duration, care should often be taken to ensure that the address to which

6253:) operator has been dropped: the dot operator on a pointer refers to the field or method of the dereferenced object. This, however, only works with 1 level of indirection. 4122:

example shown above). Pointer arithmetic can be simulated by adding or subtracting from the index, with minimal additional overhead compared to genuine pointer arithmetic.

268:

structures). In particular, it is often much cheaper in time and space to copy and dereference pointers than it is to copy and access the data to which the pointers point.

4098:

can be thought of and processed as if it were the entire memory range (within the scope of the particular array) and any index to it can be thought of as equivalent to a

976:

at 0x8134; also assume this is a 32-bit machine such that an int is 32-bits wide. The following is what would be in memory after the following code snippet is executed:

4430:

fully supports C pointers and C typecasting. It also supports a new group of typecasting operators to help catch some unintended dangerous casts at compile-time. Since

3035:

which can be used to confirm that these dangerous casts are valid at runtime. Other languages merely accept a conservative approximation of safe casts, or none at all.

1245:, and share many of its advantages and disadvantages. A two-byte offset, containing a 16-bit, unsigned integer, can be used to provide relative addressing for up to 64 366:), to verify that the pointer variable contains a value that is both a valid memory address and within the numerical range that the processor is capable of addressing. 7149: 2076:

blocks of memory. Such blocks are used to store data objects or arrays of objects. Most structured and object-oriented languages provide an area of memory, called the

2715:

code in the low byte, and a colour in the high byte. Thus, to put the letter 'A' at row 5, column 2 in bright white on blue, one would write code like the following:

1238:

from an absolute start address ("base") that typically uses fewer bits than a full address, but will usually require one additional arithmetic operation to resolve).

6021:

statement may also be used to associate a pointer to a block of memory. For example, the following code might be used to define and create a linked list structure:

3218:

has a value reserved for indicating that the pointer does not refer to a valid object. Null pointers are routinely used to represent conditions such as the end of a

7153: 6856:, Nagy, Michael (Tampa, FL), "System and method for database save and restore using self-pointers", issued 2000-09-05, assigned to IBM (Armonk, NY) 60: 6330: 2489:

The code below illustrates how memory objects are dynamically deallocated, i.e., returned to the heap or free store. The standard C library provides the function

3546:

This implementation uses a pointer to the first element in the list as a surrogate for the entire list. If a new value is added to the beginning of the list,

3112:, which can only be used to refer to objects and not manipulated as numbers, preventing this type of error. Array indexing is handled as a special case. 7304: 594:. The system would then also provide an operation to retrieve the value stored in the memory unit at a given address (usually utilizing the machine's 634:

paging mechanism. Thus, only 1/16 of the possible total memory may be accessed at a time. Another example in the same computer family was the 16-bit

7726: 4181:

is a strongly typed language where all pointers are typed and only safe type conversions are permitted. All pointers are by default initialized to

7675: 7309: 6665: 2886:

were declared with different types. To suppress the compiler warning, it must be made explicit that you do indeed wish to make the assignment by

2786:

usually make extensive use of pointers. The pointers, usually embedded in a table entry, may, for instance, be used to hold the entry points to

756:(where available free memory gradually, or in severe cases rapidly, diminishes because of an accumulation of numerous redundant memory blocks). 7299: 7294: 7001: 6767: 6282: 5650: 3187: 3140: 346:, there are risks associated with using them, particularly in the latter case. Primitive pointers are often stored in a format similar to an 7282: 7183: 6565: 107: 4862:(pointer to void), because references behave like aliases to the variables they point to, and there can never be a variable whose type is 698:

In functional programming languages that rely heavily on lists, data references are managed abstractly by using primitive constructs like

79: 5809:. Most such methods have the same security permission requirements as unmanaged code, since they can affect arbitrary places in memory. 359: 7094: 602:

range of available memory) or the architecture does not support such addresses. The first case may, in certain platforms such as the

6970: 6640: 350:; however, attempting to dereference or "look up" such a pointer whose value is not a valid memory address could cause a program to 323: 126: 86: 5653:

from moving the pointed object as part of memory management while the pointer is in scope, thus keeping the pointer address valid.

4114:

of contiguous bytes within the array) can be directly addressed and manipulated using the name of the array with a 31 bit unsigned

6529:

Some compilers allow storing the addresses of functions in void pointers. The C++ standard lists converting a function pointer to

1873:

Pointers can be used to pass variables by their address, allowing their value to be changed. For example, consider the following

3067:

As a pointer allows a program to attempt to access an object that may not be defined, pointers can be the origin of a variety of

621:

On the other hand, some systems have more units of memory than there are addresses. In this case, a more complex scheme such as

7433: 6533:

as a conditionally supported feature and the C standard says such conversions are "common extensions". This is required by the

3415:

can usually not only detect a wild branch before it takes effect, but also provide a complete or partial trace of its history.

3097: 2791:

They can also be used to point to earlier table entries (as in loop processing) or forward to skip some table entries (as in a

375: 245: 6301:

is even more strongly typed than Pascal, with fewer ways to escape the type system. Some of the variants of Modula-2 (such as

854:, which could be catastrophic. However, most implementations simply halt execution of the program in question, usually with a 93: 7550: 7287: 7249: 5637:

assembly provisions for pointer access. The syntax is essentially the same as in C++, and the address pointed can be either

5622: 1793: 765: 557: 407: 379: 315: 64: 1249:(2 bytes) of a data structure. This can easily be extended to 128, 256 or 512 KiB if the address pointed to is forced to be 3020:

would point to 0x2001. Other risks of casting include loss of data when "wide" data is written to "narrow" locations (e.g.

2856:

would be a char pointer. The following would yield a compiler warning of "assignment from incompatible pointer type" under

1290:

In C, array indexing is formally defined in terms of pointer arithmetic; that is, the language specification requires that

6333: 6314: 5985: 3253: 3160: 487:

memory, pass data efficiently between functions, and create dynamic data structures like linked lists, trees, and graphs.

295: 142: 387:

is credited with the invention, in 1964, of the pointer. In 2000, Lawson was presented the Computer Pioneer Award by the

75: 7736: 7450: 7380: 7228: 6982: 6484: 6416: 6274: 4566: 1436:, which acts as a pointer to the block. Another common use of pointers is to point to dynamically allocated memory from 711: 688: 579: 513: 449: 423: 307: 6419:, which are typed and do not allow any form of pointer arithmetic. They are used to construct complex data structures. 3143:

prevent this type of error because deallocation is performed automatically when there are no more references in scope.

2811:; the language will then attempt to prevent the programmer from pointing it to objects which are not integers, such as 2061:

may enter. In such cases the programmer needs to allocate memory dynamically. This is done by allocating memory at the

7705: 7107:

A terse list of minimum length source codes that dereference a null pointer in several different programming languages

6504: 6266: 6262: 4562: 4145: 3848:

In some languages, a pointer can reference executable code, i.e., it can point to a function, method, or procedure. A

3105: 676: 284: 3252:

is a pointer that does not point to a valid object and consequently may make a program crash or behave oddly. In the

2703:

to access the video capabilities of PCs was slow. Applications that were display-intensive typically used to access

7460: 7328: 6233:

feature, Fortran-2003 supports intrinsic functions for converting C-style pointers into Fortran pointers and back.

4594: 4178: 1211: 1207: 631: 5821:

programming language supports pointers to variables. Primitive or group (record) data objects declared within the

734:

which involves constructing a pointer to the desired data element in the array. In other data structures, such as

53: 7638: 7590: 7502: 7480: 7475: 7403: 7269: 6241: 5838: 4126: 4111: 3412: 3167: 3032: 2073: 1235: 392: 339: 202: 7731: 7512: 7176: 6774:

An array type does not contain additional holes because all other types pack tightly when composed into arrays

6358: 6342: 5973: 4570: 4393: 4099: 3257: 1874: 1250: 668: 615: 595: 31: 3043:

In C and C++, even if two pointers compare as equal that doesn't mean they are equivalent. In these languages

2651:

On some computing architectures, pointers can be used to directly manipulate memory or memory-mapped devices.

3031:

Although it is impossible in general to determine at compile-time which casts are safe, some languages store

1440:

which returns a consecutive block of memory of no less than the requested size that can be used as an array.

7665: 7580: 6489: 4487: 2857: 4435: 7408: 7264: 7223: 7218: 6580: 6313:

Much as with Modula-2, pointers are available. There are still fewer ways to evade the type system and so

2704: 720: 541: 276: 100: 7067: 5645:

memory. However, pointers to managed memory (any pointer to a managed object) must be declared using the

3407:" is said to have occurred. In other words, a wild branch is a function pointer that is wild (dangling). 2803:

In many languages, pointers have the additional restriction that the object they point to has a specific

2087:

The example C code below illustrates how structure objects are dynamically allocated and referenced. The

1792:

This pointer-recursive definition is essentially the same as the reference-recursive definition from the

7398: 7373: 5938:, or may be addressed with an explicit reference to the default locator (ppp), or to any other pointer ( 5911: 4153: 4076: 2812: 561: 265: 234: 6669: 2711:

constant 0xB8000 to a pointer to an array of 80 unsigned 16-bit int values. Each value consisted of an

1143:(which is 0x8130), 'locate' that address, and assign 8 to that location yielding the following memory: 817:

points is valid; this is why it is sometimes suggested that a pointer be explicitly initialized to the

6853: 6834: 5945:

Pointer arithmetic is not part of the PL/I standard, but many compilers allow expressions of the form

3222:

of unknown length or the failure to perform some action; this use of null pointers can be compared to

3079:. In this context, pointers that directly address memory (as used in this article) are referred to as 864:

In any case, once a pointer has been declared, the next logical step is for it to point at something:

7200: 6509: 6412: 6270: 3444:

to mean an offset from the address of a structure rather than from the address of the pointer itself;

3400: 3101: 1675:. Considering the contents as a memory address (0x1000), look up the value at that location (0x0002); 1275: 716: 591: 571: 533: 470: 299: 280: 241: 206: 7110: 7031: 6585: 4216:

types of all of these are integers, but their values are equivalent to those held by pointer types.

7670: 7648: 7575: 7428: 7420: 7340: 7169: 6364:

However, in some commercial and open source Pascal (or derivatives) compiler implementations —like

4087:

It is possible to simulate pointer behavior using an index to an (normally one-dimensional) array.

1242: 622: 5906:

language provides full support for pointers to all data types (including pointers to structures),

7653: 7633: 7585: 7560: 7345: 7314: 7130: 6952: 6598: 6377: 6317:

and its variants are still safer with respect to pointers than Modula-2 or its variants. As with

6278: 4471: 4190: 3384: 3260:, pointers that are not specifically initialized may point to unpredictable addresses in memory. 3155: 3120: 2088: 1259: 861:

However, initializing pointers unnecessarily could hinder program analysis, thereby hiding bugs.

855: 851: 607: 501:) is a primitive, the value of which is intended to be used as a memory address; it is said that 6632: 6606: 7116:

Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Subcommittee SC 22, Working Group WG 14 (2007-09-08).

6998: 6820: 4456: 1882:/* a copy of the int n can be changed within the function without affecting the calling code */ 7540: 7470: 7445: 7259: 7254: 6966: 6763: 6759: 6752: 6636: 6494: 6479: 6346: 6281:

being thrown. The space occupied by unreferenced memory objects is recovered automatically by

3124: 1254: 746: 684: 647: 351: 253: 221: 218: 7685: 7570: 7368: 7117: 7079: 6791: 6787: 6590: 6454: 6429: 5891: 4895: 3849: 3243: 3219: 3135: 2792: 1862: 1642: 1219: 1203: 935:

will be 0x8130 after the assignment. To dereference the pointer, an asterisk is used again:

719:

of memory addresses facilitates treating variables as slots into which data can be assigned

587: 419: 288: 194: 3108:, replace pointers with a more opaque type of reference, typically referred to as simply a 738:, pointers are used as references to explicitly tie one piece of the structure to another. 342:

which does not allow such. Because pointers allow both protected and unprotected access to

7690: 7555: 7507: 7440: 7142: 7098: 7091: 7017:

J. Welsh, W. J. Sneeringer, and C. A. R. Hoare, "Ambiguities and Insecurities in Pascal,"

7005: 6439: 6434: 4162: 4158: 4144:

processor/language in another language that does not support pointers at all (for example

4095: 3475: 2887: 2655: 1223: 651: 583: 465: 438: 363: 319: 214: 7044: 6249:

function. In an approach to unified syntax between pointers and non-pointers, the arrow (

5625:, pointers are supported by either marking blocks of code that include pointers with the 4510:

is 1 by definition.) In particular, the C definition explicitly declares that the syntax

574:, is assigned to each unit of memory in the system, where the unit is typically either a 6872: 2495:

for deallocating a previously allocated memory block and returning it back to the heap.

1253:

on a half-word, word or double-word boundary (but, requiring an additional "shift left"

7643: 7465: 7455: 7363: 6805: 6625: 6499: 6469: 6459: 5774: 4125:

It is even theoretically possible, using the above technique, together with a suitable

4107: 3440:

to mean the same thing. However, the meaning of that term has been used in other ways:

1227: 1199: 692: 635: 566: 343: 249: 210: 7720: 7565: 6965:

Ulf Bilting, Jan Skansholm, "Vägen till C" (the Road to C), third edition, page 169,

6747: 6602: 6373: 4439: 3821: 3395:

Where a pointer is used as the address of the entry point to a program or start of a

3223: 3151: 3089: 2779: 2658:. Below is a simple example declaring a pointer of type int and initialising it to a 384: 261: 182: 1921:/* a pointer m is passed instead. No copy of the value pointed to by m is created */ 1182:

will yield the value of 8 because the previous instruction modified the contents of

7522: 7497: 6561: 6444: 6369: 6245:

internally they are pointers to mutable structures), and are initialized using the

5806: 5794: 5642: 5638: 4565:) do not permit direct access to memory using addresses. Also, the safe C dialect 4554: 4420: 4165:

can usually be actioned for the compiler (or if not, hand coded in the simulator).

4133: 3209: 3183: 3116: 3072: 3068: 2783: 1279: 818: 727: 537: 335: 292: 257: 150: 6893: 228:

a location in memory, and obtaining the value stored at that location is known as

5872:

clauses. The values of such pointer variables are established and modified using

4474:. Adding or subtracting from a pointer moves it by a multiple of the size of its 7700: 7695: 7545: 7492: 7319: 6449: 6365: 5976:

is a derivative of C and C++ which fully supports C pointers and C typecasting.

4231:, have exhaustive pointer implementations, however. In FreeBASIC, arithmetic on 4195: 4072: 3482:

in terms of an element that contains a pointer to the next element of the list:

3479: 3404: 3231: 3179: 3128: 2708: 2659: 1728: 1526: 752: 735: 707: 703: 650:, which allows some addresses to refer to units of memory while others refer to 639: 545: 355: 272: 145:

and pointer variables to be among computer science's "most valuable treasures."

42: 5352:

The following declarations involving pointers-to-member are valid only in C++:

354:(or contain invalid data). To alleviate this potential problem, as a matter of 7605: 7600: 7517: 7485: 7390: 7333: 5915: 5842: 5830:

variable, but their contents are implicitly accessed indirectly through their

4558: 4149: 3396: 2787: 1522: 1443:

While most operators on arrays and pointers are equivalent, the result of the

961:(which is 0x8130), "locate" that address in memory and set its value to 8. If 6917: 6361:) means that the risk of dangling pointers has not been entirely eliminated. 7680: 7658: 7615: 7610: 7277: 7233: 7192: 6389: 5953:

to perform the arithmetic. Pointer arithmetic is always performed in bytes.

5907: 5848: 4874:

In C++ pointers to non-static members of a class can be defined. If a class

4483: 4224: 4137: 3836:

is a pointer to the 0th string (by convention the name of the program), and

3028:

values, and comparison problems, especially with signed vs unsigned values.

3025: 1246: 680: 529: 311: 17: 6718:

NULL... which expands to an implementation-defined null pointer constant...

2014:// the value was changed inside the function, but x is still 3 from here on 548:

of a pointer determines the type of the datum to which the pointer points.

6594: 663:

Pointers are directly supported without restrictions in languages such as

7595: 6464: 6349:, but the ability to dynamically let go of referenced space by using the 6318: 6302: 6298: 4589:, is supported in ANSI C and C++ as a generic pointer type. A pointer to 4475: 4228: 4103: 2804: 1271: 1048:(The NULL pointer shown here is 0x00000000.) By assigning the address of 821:

value, which is traditionally specified in C with the standardized macro

610:(segfault). The second case is possible in the current implementation of 479:

primitive is an array of bytes, and some programs use words in this way.

305:

A pointer is a simple, more concrete implementation of the more abstract

6229:

Fortran-2003 adds support for procedure pointers. Also, as part of the

5862:

Extended versions of COBOL also provide pointer variables declared with

4486:

has no size, and thus the pointed address can not be added to, although

4431: 968:

This example may be clearer if memory is examined directly. Assume that

6474: 5997: 4413: 4115: 3134:

In systems with explicit memory allocation, it is possible to create a

2808: 2654:

Assigning addresses to pointers is an invaluable tool when programming

646:

In order to provide a consistent interface, some architectures provide

347: 7088:

Introduction to pointers – Stanford Computer Science Education Library

6938: 4090:

Primarily for languages which do not support pointers explicitly but

3556:// Given a sorted list at *head, insert the element item at the first 3115:

A pointer which does not have any address assigned to it is called a

2490: 2092: 2035:// x was actually changed by the function and is now equal to 14 here 1445: 1437: 626: 611: 189:

for both pointers and non-pointers; this need should not be the case.

5926:

variables. A based variable can be declared with a default locator (

3832:

itself is a pointer to an array of strings (an array of arrays), so

326:

explicitly allows the pointer to be manipulated (arithmetically via

161: 7045:"// Making References (Perl References and nested data structures)" 5672:

assembly. This type is often returned when using methods from the

5555:/* function which returns pointer-to-member to an array of chars */ 5206: 4427: 4397: 3147: 695:, as well as in passing data between different parts of a program. 672: 6534: 5818: 5597:/* an array of pointers-to-member-functions which return a char */ 5534:/* pointer-to-member to pointer-to-member to pointer to char(s) */ 5510:/* pointer-to-member to pointer-to-member to pointer to char(s) */ 5210: 4220: 4212: 3887:// Function with two integer parameters returning an integer value 3559:// location where all earlier elements have lesser or equal value. 2712: 1718:

takes that memory address and dereferences it to access the value.

1267: 160: 7085: 6985: 6388:

standard procedures with it moves the pointer by the size of the

5681:// Get 16 bytes of memory from the process's unmanaged memory 271:

Pointers are also used to hold the addresses of entry points for

7213: 6806:"Pointers Are Complicated II, or: We need better language specs" 6792:

C – Approved standards: ISO/IEC 9899 – Programming languages – C

6409: 6396:

to point to. An untyped pointer is also provided under the name

6338: 5903: 5847:

statements or via embedded extended language constructs such as

4780:// this fails in C++: there is no implicit conversion from void* 4247:

pointers cannot be dereferenced, as in C. Also, casting between

3817: 3047: 2700: 2057:

In some programs, the required amount of memory depends on what

1847: 699: 664: 575: 443: 388: 7165: 5922:, which declares a pointer named "xxx". Pointers are used with 7208: 7082:

A beginner level guide describing pointers in a plain English.

6321:, garbage collection is a part of the language specification. 5854: 4405: 4251:

and any other type's pointers will not generate any warnings.

3379:

may point to anywhere in memory, so performing the assignment

1525:

machine then memory will contain the following (values are in

603: 560:

on top of the addressing capabilities provided by most modern

36: 7161: 5257:/* pointer to pointer to char ("double pointer") */ 4711:// when dereferencing inline, there is no implicit conversion 3399:

and is also either uninitialized or corrupted, if a call or

1521:

is located in memory starting at address 0x1000 on a 32-bit

1432:

This allocates a block of five integers and names the block

181:. In this diagram, the computing architecture uses the same 5347:/* an array of pointers to functions which return a char */ 4660:// void* implicitly converted to int*: valid C, but not C++ 1645:) and are stored consecutively starting at address 0x1000. 691:, which in turn are fundamental to constructing nearly all 590:– effectively transforming all of memory into a very large 5837:

Memory space for each pointed-to data object is typically

3980:// Function pointer which can point to a function like sum 3349:/* This is OK, assuming malloc() has not returned NULL. */ 169:

pointing to the memory address associated with a variable

27:

Object which stores memory addresses in a computer program

6627:

Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology

5960:

PL/I compilers have a new form of typed pointer called a

5329:/* function which returns pointer to an array of chars */ 4601:

for the “type-agnostic pointer” purpose (before ANSI C).

931:

is stored at memory location of 0x8130 then the value of

6293:

Pointers are implemented very much as in Pascal, as are

5486:/* function which returns a pointer-to-member to char */ 2807:. For example, a pointer may be declared to point to an 509:

when the pointer's value is the datum's memory address.

7076:

A tool to convert pointer declarations to plain English

4898:. They can be used on the right-hand side of operators 4494:

as a non-standard extension, treating it as if it were

4400:

pointers are variables that store addresses and can be

4118:

as the simulated pointer (this is quite similar to the

2072:

Pointers are used to store and manage the addresses of

518:

a pointer references a datum stored somewhere in memory

7104: 6329:

Unlike many languages that feature pointers, standard

4553:

While powerful, pointer arithmetic can be a source of

4546:

equally well to access the fourth element of an array

2557:/* Deallocate the name string saved within the Item */ 2208:/* Allocate a block of memory for a new Item object */ 791:

as the identifier of an object of the following type:

6353:

standard procedure (which has the same effect as the

5576:/* pointer-to-member-function which returns a char */ 3263:

The following example code shows a dangling pointer:

2991:// UNDEFINED BEHAVIOUR if "the resulting pointer 7111:"The C book" – containing pointer examples in ANSI C 7073: 6997:

ISO 7185 Pascal Standard (unofficial copy), section

4490:

and other compilers will perform byte arithmetic on

3813:

is properly updated to the address of the new item.

1382:/* Arrays can be dereferenced with pointer syntax */ 7624: 7533: 7419: 7389: 7354: 7242: 7199: 6261:There is no explicit representation of pointers in 5660:structure, which is a memory managed equivalent to 3383:can corrupt an unknown area of memory or trigger a 3131:(if used as a function pointer or branch address). 1661:means 0x1004: the "+ 1" means to add the size of 1 437:) is any datum that can be read from or written to 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6751: 6624: 1999:/* pass a copy of x's value as the argument */ 1697:The last example is how to access the contents of 1302:can be declared and used in the following manner: 965:is later accessed again, its new value will be 8. 7101:A visual model for the beginners in C programming 6821:"Pointers Are Complicated, or: What's in a Byte?" 5293:/* function which returns a pointer to char(s) */ 4526:, which is the content of the element pointed by 3316:/* (undefined) value of some place on the heap */ 1468:Default values of an array can be declared like: 177:contains the memory address 1008 of the variable 6400:, which is compatible with other pointer types. 5656:However, an exception to this is from using the 5311:/* pointer to a function which returns a char */ 4569:addresses many of the issues with pointers. See 3186:to eliminate pointer bugs, without resorting to 2084:, from which objects are dynamically allocated. 2157:/* Allocate and initialize a new Item object */ 1865:, which are carefully checked for correctness. 1736:/* the empty linked list is represented by NULL 1352:/* Pointers can be indexed with array syntax */ 213:. This can be that of another value located in 139: 7030:Free Pascal Language Reference guide, section 6754:ANSI and ISO Standard C Programmer's Reference 6566:"Structured Programming with go to Statements" 5789:class) which convert .NET types (for example, 4716:C++ does not allow the implicit conversion of 3478:. For example, in C it is typical to define a 441:using one memory access (for instance, both a 7177: 6742: 6740: 6265:. Instead, more complex data structures like 5886:Some extended versions of COBOL also provide 5429:/* pointer-to-member to pointer to char(s) */ 4424:, but an implementation need not provide it. 3163:strings support reference counting natively. 2662:address in this example the constant 0x7FFF: 2355:/* Save a copy of the name in the new Item */ 1708:is the memory location of the (i) element of 374:In 1955, Soviet Ukrainian computer scientist 155:Structured Programming, with go to Statements 8: 6731:, clause 6.5.3.2, paragraph 4, footnote 87: 5890:variables, which are capable of storing the 5468:/* pointer-to-member to array(s) of chars */ 4058:// Calls function sum with arguments a and b 4031:// Calls function sum with arguments a and b 2265:/* Initialize the members of the new Item */ 1784:/* next link; EMPTY_LIST if there is none */ 730:operation typically involves a stage called 6986:Stanford Computer Science Education Library 4185:, and any attempt to access data through a 1266:A one byte offset, such as the hexadecimal 972:is located at address 0x8130 in memory and 850:Dereferencing a null pointer in C produces 802:This is usually stated more succinctly as " 687:. They are primarily used for constructing 582:– depending on whether the architecture is 244:for repetitive operations, like traversing 7184: 7170: 7162: 7152:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5949:. IBM PL/I also has the builtin function 5914:, string handling, and extensive built-in 5447:/* pointer to pointer-to-member to char */ 5205:equals for each of these types when using 2921:which says to cast the integer pointer of 2472:/* Return the newly created Item object */ 2017:/* pass x's address as the argument */ 1278:and then to an absolute address without a 7148:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6758:. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. pp. 6584: 5777:includes many classes and methods in the 5729:// Do something with the allocated memory 5408:/* array of pointers-to-member to char */ 4193:to be raised. Pointers in Ada are called 3403:is nevertheless made to this address, a " 2720:#define VID ((unsigned short (*))0xB8000) 919:This assigns the value of the address of 795:pointer that points to an object of type 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 4169:Support in various programming languages 3840:is the 0th character of the 0th string. 1533: 1241:Relative addresses are a form of manual 1145: 1080: 1015: 233:variable is dependent on the underlying 7070:Paper from the June, 1967 issue of CACM 6553: 6522: 6345:. It also removes some risks caused by 2626:/* Deallocate the Item object itself */ 1427:/* Subscript operator is commutative */ 1214:pointers. These pointers can either be 1139:the computer will take the contents of 726:When dealing with arrays, the critical 512:More generally, a pointer is a kind of 334:) as a memory address, as opposed to a 186: 7138: 7128: 6631:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 3619:// p points to a pointer to an element 3397:function which doesn't return anything 3331:/* dangling (uninitialized) pointer */ 240:Using pointers significantly improves 6668:. Awards.computer.org. Archived from 3824:, which is given in the prototype as 3367:/* This invokes undefined behavior */ 3054:. Casting to an integer type such as 2770: 2707:video memory directly by casting the 2530:/* Check for a null object pointer */ 1671:means to dereference the contents of 1412:/* Pointer addition is commutative */ 7: 4906:to access the corresponding member. 4894:. This member can be an object or a 4506:pointers uses byte offsets, because 3436:The cited patent also uses the term 1727:Below is an example definition of a 1337:/* Arrays can be used as pointers */ 1316:/* Declares 5 contiguous integers */ 1078:yields the following memory values: 503:a pointer points to a memory address 464:) is a group of primitives that are 65:adding citations to reliable sources 7119:International Standard ISO/IEC 9899 7019:Software: Practice and Experience 7 6666:"IEEE Computer Society awards list" 5196:Pointer declaration syntax overview 3178:, and an optimisation based around 1648:The syntax for C with pointers is: 1449:operator differs. In this example, 544:) typed programming languages, the 76:"Pointer" computer programming 5278:/* pointer to array(s) of chars */ 4858:(reference to void) to complement 1465:, the size of the pointer itself. 25: 5797:types and pointers (for example, 2994:// is not correctly aligned" 1739:* or some other sentinel value */ 406:in a technical memorandum by the 5242:/* array of pointers to chars */ 3998:// fp now points to function sum 3464:Kinds defined by use or datatype 3098:functional programming languages 3075:, also sometimes referred to as 2925:to a char pointer and assign to 2852:would be an integer pointer and 2774: 957:This means take the contents of 314:. Several languages, especially 41: 7727:Pointers (computer programming) 6297:parameters in procedure calls. 5986:Eiffel object-oriented language 5635:System.Runtime.CompilerServices 5390:/* pointer-to-member to char */ 4083:Simulation using an array index 2500:/* Deallocate an Item object */ 1854:with another link also of type 1457:(the size of the array), while 702:and the corresponding elements 52:needs additional citations for 6918:"Pointers to Member Functions" 6692:, clause 6.7.5.1, paragraph 1. 6305:) include garbage collection. 5805:) to allow communication with 5783:System.Runtime.InteropServices 5674:System.Runtime.InteropServices 5227:/* array of arrays of chars */ 3828:—this is because the variable 3801:In this case, if the value of 1869:Pass-by-address using pointers 408:System Development Corporation 1: 7250:Arbitrary-precision or bignum 6939:"c++filt(1) - Linux man page" 6704:, clause 6.7.8, paragraph 10. 4557:. It tends to confuse novice 3154:, which use a simple form of 745:Pointers can also be used to 710:, these languages facilitate 564:. In the simplest scheme, an 402:first appeared in print as a 281:dynamic link libraries (DLLs) 6716:, clause 7.17, paragraph 3: 6485:Reference (computer science) 5892:addresses of executable code 5732:// Free the allocated memory 5649:keyword, which prevents the 5609:have a higher priority than 4239:) are treated as though the 4235:pointers (equivalent to C's 3822:main function in C (and C++) 1794:Haskell programming language 507:a pointer points to a datum 380:Address programming language 279:and for run-time linking to 217:, or in some cases, that of 6505:Variable (computer science) 6017:attribute. The Fortran-90 5664:, and does not require the 4886:is a pointer to the member 4538:, and one can write, e.g., 3433:the auto relative pointer. 3024:), unexpected results when 3004:array starts at 0x2000 and 2815:, eliminating some errors. 475:; in a sense, a multi-byte 285:object-oriented programming 7753: 6728: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6357:library function found in 6013:to a variable which has a 4243:pointer was a byte width. 3816:A basic example is in the 3419:Kinds defined by structure 3241: 3207: 3016:will point to 0x2004, but 2799:Typed pointers and casting 2768: 2699:In the mid 80s, using the 2103:/* Parts inventory item */ 606:architecture, be called a 522:to dereference the pointer 520:; to obtain that datum is 29: 7591:Strongly typed identifier 7092:Pointers in C programming 6623:Reilly, Edwin D. (2003). 4518:-th element of the array 4127:instruction set simulator 4110:, individual bytes (or a 3413:instruction set simulator 3194:Special kinds of pointers 3168:Rust programming language 3033:run-time type information 2782:that are used to control 2053:Dynamic memory allocation 1689:which is translated into 1274:' to a usable sequential 683:, and implicitly in most 596:general-purpose registers 556:Pointers are a very thin 422:, a pointer is a kind of 393:Oxford English Dictionary 6023: 5785:namespaces (such as the 5678: 5354: 5215: 4908: 4723: 4603: 4253: 4211:Several old versions of 4152:). To achieve this, the 4100:general-purpose register 3854: 3553: 3484: 3265: 2934: 2892: 2861: 2820: 2717: 2664: 2497: 2100: 1879: 1798: 1742:#define EMPTY_LIST NULL 1733: 1470: 1304: 1119: 1058: 978: 937: 866: 827: 770: 768:to define a pointer is: 616:general protection fault 32:Pointer (disambiguation) 7666:Parametric polymorphism 6490:Static program analysis 6009:is used to associate a 5928:DECLARE xxx BASED(ppp); 5623:C# programming language 4201:System.Storage_Elements 3258:C programming languages 2771:§ Function pointer 1842:is the empty list, and 1766:/* data of this link */ 1529:, like the addresses): 505:. It is also said that 6750:; Brodie, Jim (1992). 6653:Harold Lawson pointer. 6273:are implemented using 5974:D programming language 4571:C programming language 3199:Kinds defined by value 3059:in academic research. 2813:floating-point numbers 2647:Memory-mapped hardware 2091:provides the function 1194:Use in data structures 1186:by way of the pointer 1113:Then by dereferencing 516:, and it is said that 277:procedural programming 190: 147: 6854:us patent 6115721 6835:us patent 6625718 6595:10.1145/356635.356640 5839:allocated dynamically 4573:for more discussion. 4530:. This implies that 4482:pointers because the 4136:or the intermediate ( 3805:is less than that of 3438:self-relative pointer 3146:Some languages, like 3063:Making pointers safer 2765:Use in control tables 2074:dynamically allocated 1681:means element number 534:programming languages 300:virtual method tables 289:pointers to functions 235:computer architecture 207:programming languages 164: 143:assignment statements 7068:PL/I List Processing 7021:, pp. 685–696 (1977) 6875:. Msdn.microsoft.com 6510:Zero-based numbering 6413:programming language 6003:association operator 5947:ptr = ptr±expression 5920:DECLARE xxx POINTER; 4854:In C++, there is no 4436:C++ standard library 4094:support arrays, the 3775:// Caller does this: 3469:Multiple indirection 3430:autorelative pointer 3424:Autorelative pointer 3102:imperative languages 1701:. Breaking it down: 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 7737:American inventions 7671:Primitive data type 7576:Recursive data type 7429:Algebraic data type 7305:Quadruple precision 7086:Pointers and Memory 6999:6.4.4 Pointer-types 6898:cplusplus.github.io 6612:on August 24, 2009. 5793:) to and from many 5203:typeid(type).name() 4522:, is equivalent to 3092:or other variants. 3088:, by contrast with 3008:is 4 bytes whereas 2065:rather than on the 1665:, which is 4 bytes; 1243:memory segmentation 1178:Clearly, accessing 750:so may result in a 732:address calculation 623:memory segmentation 552:Architectural roots 376:Kateryna Yushchenko 316:low-level languages 7634:Abstract data type 7315:Extended precision 7274:Reduced precision 7097:2019-06-09 at the 7047:. Perldoc.perl.org 7004:2017-04-24 at the 6988:, pp. 9–10 (2000). 6378:Embarcadero Delphi 6283:garbage collection 6231:C Interoperability 5932:DECLARE xxx BASED; 5058:// pointer to S::f 5016:// pointer to S::a 4472:undefined behavior 4468:Pointer arithmetic 4219:Newer dialects of 4189:pointer causes an 3385:segmentation fault 3188:garbage collection 3156:reference counting 3141:garbage collection 3121:segmentation fault 3069:programming errors 2949:"abcdef" 2818:For example, in C 2775:§ Wild branch 2089:standard C library 1712:, starting at i=0; 1260:flat address space 927:. For example, if 856:segmentation fault 852:undefined behavior 685:assembly languages 608:segmentation fault 414:Formal description 330:pointer arithmetic 191: 7714: 7713: 7446:Associative array 7310:Octuple precision 7043:Contact details. 6953:"Itanium C++ ABI" 6769:978-1-55615-359-4 6573:Computing Surveys 6495:Storage violation 6480:Pointer swizzling 6347:dangling pointers 5888:PROCEDURE-POINTER 5651:garbage collector 4870:Pointer-to-member 4534:is equivalent to 3176:pointer lifetimes 3125:storage violation 3039:Value of pointers 2151:/* Cost */ 2139:/* Part name */ 2124:/* Part number */ 1863:wrapper functions 1637: 1636: 1461:will evaluate to 1453:will evaluate to 1294:be equivalent to 1255:bitwise operation 1176: 1175: 1111: 1110: 1046: 1045: 648:memory-mapped I/O 453:are primitives). 222:computer hardware 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 7744: 7686:Type constructor 7571:Opaque data type 7503:Record or Struct 7300:Double precision 7295:Single precision 7186: 7179: 7172: 7163: 7157: 7146: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7124: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7009: 6995: 6989: 6979: 6973: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6873:"Based Pointers" 6869: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6757: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6720: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6677: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6630: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6605:. Archived from 6588: 6570: 6558: 6542: 6540: 6532: 6527: 6455:Function pointer 6430:Address constant 6399: 6387: 6383: 6356: 6352: 6296: 6252: 6248: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5889: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5769: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5670:CompilerServices 5668:keyword nor the 5667: 5663: 5659: 5648: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5204: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828:reinterpret_cast 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4481: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4423: 4421:<stdint.h> 4411: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4202: 4188: 4184: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3850:function pointer 3844:Function pointer 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820:argument to the 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3250:dangling pointer 3244:Dangling pointer 3238:Dangling pointer 3136:dangling pointer 3085: 3084: 3057: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012:is 1 byte, then 3011: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673:hardware_address 2671: 2668: 2656:microcontrollers 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2095: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1643:CPU architecture 1534: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1263:) is preferred. 1220:physical address 1198:When setting up 1189: 1185: 1181: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1116: 1081: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1055: 1051: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 975: 971: 964: 960: 953: 950: 947: 944: 941: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 824: 816: 809: 806:is a pointer to 805: 798: 790: 783: 780: 777: 774: 652:device registers 588:word-addressable 584:byte-addressable 420:computer science 344:memory addresses 332: 331: 195:computer science 157: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7732:Primitive types 7717: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7691:Type conversion 7626: 7620: 7556:Enumerated type 7529: 7415: 7409:null-terminated 7385: 7350: 7238: 7195: 7190: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7099:Wayback Machine 7064: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7008:and subsequent. 7006:Wayback Machine 6996: 6992: 6981:Nick Parlante, 6980: 6976: 6964: 6960: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6902: 6900: 6894:"CWG Issue 195" 6892: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6786: 6782: 6770: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6727: 6723: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6586:10.1.1.103.6084 6568: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6440:Buffer overflow 6435:Bounded pointer 6425: 6406: 6397: 6385: 6381: 6354: 6350: 6327: 6311: 6294: 6291: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5995: 5982: 5970: 5961: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5900: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5841:using external 5831: 5828:WORKING-STORAGE 5827: 5823:LINKAGE SECTION 5822: 5815: 5802: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5747:InteropServices 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5705:InteropServices 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5676:, for example: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5646: 5634: 5630: 5629:keyword, or by 5626: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4813:// C-style cast 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514:, which is the 4511: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4479: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4419: 4409: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4209: 4200: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4171: 4163:bounds checking 4159:buffer overflow 4085: 4077:tree structures 4069: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3810: 3809:, the caller's 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3476:data structures 3471: 3466: 3454: 3426: 3421: 3393: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3246: 3240: 3212: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3082: 3081: 3077:pointer hazards 3065: 3055: 3041: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2985:external_buffer 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2943:external_buffer 2942: 2939: 2936: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2801: 2777: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1871: 1855: 1851: 1844:Cons a (Link a) 1843: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1224:virtual address 1200:data structures 1196: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1053: 1049: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 973: 969: 962: 958: 955: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 848: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 822: 814: 807: 803: 796: 788: 785: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 762: 693:data structures 661: 570:, or a numeric 554: 439:computer memory 416: 372: 364:bounds checking 329: 328: 320:data structures 275:subroutines in 215:computer memory 159: 149: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7750: 7748: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7644:Data structure 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7425: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7360: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7283:Half precision 7280: 7270:Floating point 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7063: 7062:External links 7060: 7058: 7057: 7035: 7023: 7010: 6990: 6974: 6958: 6944: 6930: 6909: 6885: 6864: 6845: 6826: 6811: 6796: 6780: 6768: 6736: 6721: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6657: 6641: 6615: 6579:(5): 261–301. 6552: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Tagged pointer 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6470:Opaque pointer 6467: 6462: 6460:Hazard pointer 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6405: 6402: 6326: 6323: 6310: 6307: 6290: 6287: 6258: 6255: 6238: 6235: 6215:real_list_temp 6209:real_list_temp 6197:real_list_temp 6161:real_list_temp 6125:real_list_temp 6122:real_list_temp 6024: 5994: 5991: 5981: 5978: 5969: 5966: 5940:qqq->xxx=1; 5899: 5896: 5814: 5811: 5807:unmanaged code 5775:.NET framework 5679: 5618: 5615: 5355: 5216: 5197: 5194: 4909: 4871: 4868: 4724: 4604: 4462:reference type 4440:smart pointers 4438:also provides 4408:specifies the 4389: 4386: 4254: 4208: 4205: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4108:data structure 4084: 4081: 4068: 4065: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3554: 3485: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3392: 3389: 3266: 3242:Main article: 3239: 3236: 3224:nullable types 3208:Main article: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3172:borrow checker 3152:smart pointers 3090:smart pointers 3064: 3061: 3040: 3037: 2935: 2893: 2862: 2821: 2800: 2797: 2780:Control tables 2766: 2763: 2718: 2665: 2648: 2645: 2498: 2101: 2054: 2051: 1880: 1870: 1867: 1799: 1734: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1695: 1694: 1685:, 0-based, of 1676: 1666: 1656: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1471: 1305: 1287: 1284: 1228:virtual memory 1195: 1192: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1120: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1059: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 979: 938: 867: 828: 800: 799: 787:This declares 771: 761: 758: 660: 657: 636:protected mode 553: 550: 495:memory pointer 458:data aggregate 431:data primitive 415: 412: 371: 368: 298:, often using 262:control tables 211:memory address 209:that stores a 187:data primitive 141:I do consider 138: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7749: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7566:Function type 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7201:Uninterpreted 7198: 7194: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7132: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7046: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6971:91-44-01468-6 6968: 6962: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6874: 6868: 6865: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6797: 6794:, 2005-05-06. 6793: 6789: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6672:on 2011-03-22 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642:9781573565219 6638: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6619: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6548: 6536: 6526: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6403: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6379: 6375: 6374:Object Pascal 6371: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6288: 6286: 6285:at run-time. 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6254: 6243: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6022: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5954: 5943: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5835: 5820: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5796: 5791:System.String 5776: 5677: 5654: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5624: 5616: 5614: 5353: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5195: 4907: 4897: 4878:has a member 4869: 4867: 4722: 4602: 4596: 4588: 4582: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4555:computer bugs 4551: 4499: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4252: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4066: 3853: 3851: 3843: 3841: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3552: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3458:based pointer 3452:Based pointer 3451: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3184:null pointers 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170:introduces a 3169: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3022:bags = 65537; 2967:internal_data 2961:internal_data 2933: 2930: 2891: 2889: 2860: 2859: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2496: 2494: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2020:passByAddress 1927:passByAddress 1878: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1850:cell of type 1849: 1797: 1795: 1732: 1730: 1723:C linked list 1722: 1714: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1655:means 0x1000; 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1523:little-endian 1469: 1466: 1455:5*sizeof(int) 1451:sizeof(array) 1447: 1441: 1439: 1303: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1191: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1118: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1079: 1057: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 977: 966: 936: 865: 862: 859: 857: 853: 826: 820: 811: 794: 793: 792: 769: 767: 759: 757: 755: 754: 748: 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 658: 656: 653: 649: 644: 641: 637: 633: 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 562:architectures 559: 551: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 484: 480: 478: 474: 473: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 451: 446: 445: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 413: 411: 409: 405: 404:stack pointer 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385:Harold Lawson 381: 377: 369: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 325: 321: 317: 313: 310: 309: 303: 301: 297: 294: 291:are used for 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 258:lookup tables 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 236: 231: 230:dereferencing 227: 223: 220: 219:memory-mapped 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 188: 184: 183:address space 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 158: 156: 152: 146: 144: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7471:Intersection 7355: 7118: 7049:. Retrieved 7038: 7032:3.4 Pointers 7026: 7018: 7013: 6993: 6977: 6961: 6947: 6933: 6922:. Retrieved 6920:. isocpp.org 6912: 6901:. Retrieved 6897: 6888: 6877:. Retrieved 6867: 6848: 6829: 6819:Jung, Ralf. 6814: 6804:Jung, Ralf. 6799: 6783: 6775: 6773: 6753: 6748:Plauger, P J 6732: 6729:ISO/IEC 9899 6724: 6717: 6714:ISO/IEC 9899 6709: 6702:ISO/IEC 9899 6697: 6690:ISO/IEC 9899 6685: 6674:. Retrieved 6670:the original 6660: 6652: 6646:. Retrieved 6626: 6618: 6607:the original 6576: 6572: 6562:Donald Knuth 6556: 6525: 6445:Cray pointer 6407: 6393: 6370:Turbo Pascal 6363: 6328: 6312: 6292: 6260: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6131:my_real_list 6101:my_real_list 6002: 5996: 5983: 5971: 5957: 5955: 5944: 5930:or without ( 5912:multitasking 5901: 5885: 5883:statements. 5861: 5859:statements. 5836: 5816: 5772: 5717:AllocHGlobal 5655: 5620: 5601: 5351: 5199: 4873: 4853: 4715: 4584: 4577: 4575: 4552: 4508:sizeof(char) 4500: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4426: 4412: 4401: 4391: 4218: 4210: 4196:access types 4194: 4177: 4141: 4134:machine code 4130: 4129:to simulate 4124: 4119: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4073:linked lists 4070: 4067:Back pointer 3847: 3815: 3800: 3545: 3472: 3457: 3455: 3437: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3409: 3394: 3374: 3262: 3249: 3247: 3230:value in an 3227: 3216:null pointer 3215: 3213: 3210:Null pointer 3204:Null pointer 3180:option types 3175: 3171: 3165: 3145: 3133: 3117:wild pointer 3114: 3109: 3094: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3026:bit-shifting 3010:sizeof(char) 2998: 2931: 2920: 2877: 2848: 2817: 2802: 2784:program flow 2778: 2698: 2653: 2650: 2506:destroy_item 2488: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2056: 1872: 1860: 1838: 1791: 1726: 1716:*(array + i) 1696: 1691:*(array + i) 1647: 1640: 1516: 1467: 1463:sizeof(int*) 1442: 1431: 1296:*(array + i) 1289: 1280:lookup table 1265: 1258: 1240: 1231: 1218:(the actual 1215: 1197: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1138: 1112: 1102: 1092: 1077: 1047: 1037: 1027: 967: 956: 918: 863: 860: 849: 819:null pointer 812: 801: 786: 763: 751: 744: 740: 736:linked lists 731: 725: 721:imperatively 697: 662: 645: 620: 600: 565: 555: 526: 521: 517: 511: 506: 502: 498: 494: 492: 489: 485: 481: 476: 471: 461: 457: 455: 448: 442: 434: 430: 428: 417: 403: 399: 396: 378:created the 373: 336:magic cookie 327: 306: 304: 270: 239: 229: 225: 224:. A pointer 198: 192: 178: 174: 170: 166: 154: 151:Donald Knuth 148: 140: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 18:Data pointer 7701:Type theory 7696:Type system 7546:Bottom type 7493:Option type 7434:generalized 7320:Long double 7265:Fixed point 7139:|work= 7105:0pointer.de 7080:Over IQ.com 6450:Fat pointer 6366:Free Pascal 6167:sample_data 6110:real_list_t 6089:real_list_t 6056:real_list_t 6038:sample_data 6029:real_list_t 5759:FreeHGlobal 5190:// prints 2 5127:// prints 1 4849:// C++ cast 4559:programmers 4418:defined in 3826:char **argv 3480:linked list 3405:wild branch 3391:Wild branch 3361:'b' 3343:'a' 3232:option type 3226:and to the 3129:wild branch 3100:and recent 3083:raw pointer 3006:sizeof(int) 2888:typecasting 2788:subroutines 2753:'A' 2709:hexadecimal 2660:hexadecimal 2002:passByValue 1888:passByValue 1729:linked list 1527:hexadecimal 1459:sizeof(ptr) 1172:0x00008130 1162:0x00000008 1117:by coding: 1107:0x00008130 1097:0x00000005 1042:0x00000000 1032:0x00000005 753:memory leak 704:car and cdr 558:abstraction 356:type safety 242:performance 7721:Categories 7606:Empty type 7601:Type class 7551:Collection 7508:Refinement 7486:metaobject 7334:signedness 7193:Data types 7051:2018-04-13 6924:2022-11-26 6903:2024-02-15 6879:2018-04-13 6788:WG14 N1124 6676:2018-04-13 6648:2018-04-13 6549:References 6417:references 6275:references 5998:Fortran-90 5958:Enterprise 5834:pointers. 5591:A5_M1CFcvE 5549:FM1CA5_cvE 4448:shared_ptr 4444:unique_ptr 4223:, such as 4161:problems, 4150:JavaScript 4106:character 4071:In doubly 3381:*p2 = 'b'; 3150:, support 3052:provenance 2769:See also: 2082:free store 764:The basic 760:C pointers 708:cons-lists 689:references 538:statically 360:validation 340:capability 250:structures 226:references 165:A pointer 117:April 2018 87:newspapers 7681:Subtyping 7676:Interface 7659:metaclass 7611:Unit type 7581:Semaphore 7561:Exception 7466:Inductive 7456:Dependent 7421:Composite 7399:Character 7381:Reference 7278:Minifloat 7234:Bit array 7141:ignored ( 7131:cite book 7074:cdecl.org 6603:207630080 6581:CiteSeerX 6537:function 6390:data type 6279:exception 5916:functions 5908:recursion 5850:EXEC CICS 5795:unmanaged 5643:unmanaged 4884:&C::a 4856:void& 4484:void type 4457:reference 4410:uintptr_t 4388:C and C++ 4225:FreeBASIC 4191:exception 4138:byte code 3110:reference 3056:uintptr_t 3014:money + 1 2169:make_item 1706:array + i 1659:array + 1 1152:Contents 1087:Contents 1022:Contents 712:recursive 681:FreeBASIC 604:Intel x86 530:data type 514:reference 497:(or just 466:logically 462:aggregate 460:(or just 435:primitive 433:(or just 424:reference 324:interface 312:data type 308:reference 7706:Variable 7596:Top type 7461:Equality 7369:physical 7346:Rational 7341:Interval 7288:bfloat16 7095:Archived 7002:Archived 6564:(1974). 6465:Iterator 6423:See also 6394:declared 6319:Modula-3 6303:Modula-3 6299:Modula-2 6289:Modula-2 6191:allocate 6080:end type 6019:ALLOCATE 5856:EXEC SQL 5341:A5_PFcvE 5323:FPA5_cvE 5175:<< 5157:<< 5112:<< 5091:<< 4896:function 4890:of type 4524:*(a + n) 4476:datatype 4452:weak_ptr 4229:BlitzMax 4120:C arrays 4104:megabyte 3073:pitfalls 3018:bags + 1 2878:because 2094:malloc() 2059:the user 1286:C arrays 1272:raw data 1232:relative 1216:absolute 747:allocate 542:strongly 246:iterable 205:in many 7649:Generic 7625:Related 7541:Boolean 7498:Product 7374:virtual 7364:Address 7356:Pointer 7329:Integer 7260:Decimal 7255:Complex 7243:Numeric 6760:108, 51 6475:Pointee 6398:Pointer 6372:or the 6351:dispose 6267:objects 6116:pointer 6062:pointer 6011:POINTER 5993:Fortran 5881:ADDRESS 5870:POINTER 5832:LINKAGE 5787:Marshal 5765:pointer 5753:Marshal 5741:Runtime 5711:Marshal 5699:Runtime 5687:pointer 5639:managed 5621:In the 5570:M1CFcvE 5528:M1CMS_c 5504:M1CM1Dc 5480:FM1CcvE 5459:M1CA5_c 5402:A5_M1Cc 5221:A5_A5_c 4597:C used 4595:K&R 4581:pointer 4567:Cyclone 4414:typedef 4304:integer 4262:integer 4116:integer 3607:element 3589:element 3574:element 3526:element 3499:element 3490:element 3228:Nothing 2809:integer 1251:aligned 1149:Address 1084:Address 1019:Address 638:of the 567:address 499:pointer 400:pointer 370:History 348:integer 296:methods 293:binding 254:strings 199:pointer 101:scholar 7639:Boxing 7627:topics 7586:Stream 7523:tagged 7481:Object 7404:String 6969: 6860: 6841: 6766: 6639: 6601: 6583: 6392:it is 6334:Pascal 6325:Pascal 6315:Oberon 6309:Oberon 6271:arrays 6224:end do 6149:iostat 6095:target 6015:TARGET 5980:Eiffel 5962:HANDLE 5951:PTRADD 5936:xxx=1; 5799:LPWSTR 5779:System 5735:System 5693:System 5684:IntPtr 5666:unsafe 5658:IntPtr 5627:unsafe 5184:" 5178:" 5166:->* 5133:->* 5121:" 5115:" 4944:return 4911:struct 4904:->* 4892:T C::* 4504:char * 4496:char * 4434:, the 4340:assert 4319:assert 4154:binary 4112:string 3890:return 3838:**argv 3778:insert 3604:struct 3586:struct 3571:struct 3565:insert 3523:struct 3496:struct 3487:struct 3375:Here, 3304:sizeof 3298:malloc 3254:Pascal 3161:Delphi 2793:switch 2773:, and 2747:0x1F00 2691:0x7FFF 2551:return 2512:struct 2492:free() 2475:return 2448:strcpy 2436:return 2376:strlen 2370:malloc 2292:struct 2286:sizeof 2268:memset 2256:return 2229:struct 2223:sizeof 2217:malloc 2193:struct 2160:struct 2106:struct 2038:return 1877:code: 1769:struct 1745:struct 1731:in C. 1669:*array 1446:sizeof 1438:malloc 1236:offset 1208:queues 1168:0x8134 1158:0x8130 1103:0x8134 1093:0x8130 1038:0x8134 1028:0x8130 766:syntax 728:lookup 677:Pascal 627:paging 447:and a 395:, the 322:whose 273:called 252:(e.g. 203:object 201:is an 173:i.e., 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 7534:Other 7518:Union 7451:Class 7441:Array 7224:Tryte 7123:(PDF) 6610:(PDF) 6599:S2CID 6569:(PDF) 6539:dlsym 6535:POSIX 6531:void* 6517:Notes 6251:-> 6212:=> 6176:ioerr 6155:ioerr 6128:=> 6071:=> 6026:type 6007:=> 5924:BASED 5864:USAGE 5819:COBOL 5813:COBOL 5803:void* 5647:fixed 5631:using 5441:PM1Cc 5423:M1CPc 5366:class 5357:class 5305:PFcvE 5287:FPcvE 5269:PA5_c 5236:A5_Pc 5211:clang 5043:& 5037:const 5001:& 4977:& 4938:const 4882:then 4860:void* 4837:*> 4753:& 4718:void* 4633:& 4599:char* 4586:void* 4583:, or 4528:a + n 4492:void* 4432:C++11 4237:void* 4221:BASIC 4213:BASIC 4207:BASIC 4140:) of 4096:array 3989:& 3834:*argv 3784:& 3739:-> 3727:break 3721:value 3718:-> 3703:<= 3700:value 3697:-> 3676:-> 3661:& 3514:value 3104:like 3002:money 2923:money 2913:money 2880:money 2870:money 2850:money 2829:money 2713:ASCII 2608:-> 2596:-> 2569:-> 2457:-> 2406:-> 2361:-> 2340:-> 2322:-> 2304:-> 2175:const 2142:float 2067:stack 2026:& 1846:is a 1710:array 1699:array 1687:array 1679:array 1673:array 1653:array 1621:1010 1604:100C 1587:1008 1570:1004 1553:1000 1519:array 1476:array 1434:array 1397:array 1361:array 1331:array 1310:array 1300:array 1292:array 1276:index 1268:ASCII 1230:) or 1222:or a 1212:stack 1204:lists 1202:like 1067:& 908:& 717:array 640:80286 612:AMD64 592:array 578:or a 572:index 536:; in 472:array 352:crash 283:. In 248:data 108:JSTOR 94:books 7654:Kind 7616:Void 7476:List 7391:Text 7229:Word 7219:Trit 7214:Byte 7154:link 7150:link 7143:help 6967:ISBN 6764:ISBN 6637:ISBN 6410:Perl 6408:The 6404:Perl 6355:free 6339:PL/I 6269:and 6263:Java 6257:Java 6247:make 6221:next 6203:next 6188:exit 6137:read 6104:type 6083:type 6074:null 6068:next 6050:type 6032:real 5984:The 5972:The 5956:IBM 5904:PL/I 5902:The 5898:PL/I 5876:and 5844:CALL 5817:The 5781:and 5773:The 5662:int* 5633:the 5606:and 5602:The 5594:)(); 5579:char 5558:char 5552:()); 5537:char 5513:char 5489:char 5471:char 5450:char 5438:::** 5432:char 5411:char 5393:char 5384:M1Cc 5375:char 5344:)(); 5332:char 5326:()); 5314:char 5308:)(); 5296:char 5281:char 5260:char 5245:char 5230:char 5218:char 5163:ptrS 5154:cout 5130:ptrS 5088:cout 4971:ptrS 4902:and 4864:void 4831:< 4741:void 4621:void 4591:void 4579:void 4576:The 4563:Java 4480:void 4450:and 4416:name 4402:null 4396:and 4187:null 4183:null 4146:Java 3917:void 3911:main 3830:argv 3818:argv 3811:head 3807:head 3803:item 3793:item 3787:head 3766:item 3742:next 3736:item 3694:item 3679:next 3649:NULL 3634:head 3595:item 3580:head 3562:void 3548:head 3538:NULL 3532:head 3505:next 3401:jump 3319:char 3310:char 3286:char 3277:void 3271:func 3220:list 3182:for 3166:The 3106:Java 3048:LLVM 2937:char 2927:bags 2904:char 2895:bags 2884:bags 2882:and 2864:bags 2854:bags 2841:bags 2835:char 2805:type 2732:void 2723:void 2701:BIOS 2635:item 2629:free 2617:NULL 2611:name 2605:item 2599:name 2593:item 2587:free 2578:NULL 2572:name 2566:item 2545:NULL 2539:item 2521:item 2515:Item 2503:void 2478:item 2466:name 2460:name 2454:item 2439:NULL 2430:item 2424:free 2415:NULL 2409:name 2403:item 2382:name 2364:name 2358:item 2343:cost 2337:item 2331:NULL 2325:name 2319:item 2301:item 2295:Item 2274:item 2259:NULL 2250:NULL 2244:item 2232:Item 2211:item 2202:item 2196:Item 2184:name 2178:char 2163:Item 2145:cost 2133:name 2127:char 2109:Item 2078:heap 2063:heap 1975:void 1969:main 1924:void 1885:void 1848:cons 1828:Link 1819:Cons 1804:Link 1801:data 1778:next 1772:link 1760:data 1754:void 1748:link 1234:(an 1008:NULL 896:NULL 842:NULL 823:NULL 700:cons 665:PL/I 659:Uses 580:word 576:byte 546:type 540:(or 477:word 450:word 444:byte 397:word 389:IEEE 362:and 266:tree 264:and 197:, a 185:and 80:news 7513:Set 7209:Bit 6633:204 6591:doi 6386:Dec 6384:or 6382:Inc 6376:in 6341:or 6331:ISO 6295:VAR 6044:100 5942:). 5878:SET 5874:SET 5853:or 5801:or 5641:or 5588:::* 5573:)() 5567:::* 5546:::* 5525:::* 5519:::* 5501:::* 5495:::* 5483:(); 5477:::* 5420:::* 5399:::* 5381:::* 5290:(); 5251:PPc 5209:or 5207:g++ 5172:)() 5148:std 5136:ptr 5109:)() 5082:std 5070:ptr 5034:)() 5028:::* 5019:int 4995:ptr 4992:::* 4986:int 4962:{}; 4929:int 4920:int 4880:T a 4834:int 4816:int 4798:int 4783:int 4762:int 4726:int 4696:int 4681:int 4663:int 4642:int 4606:int 4542:or 4488:gcc 4460:or 4428:C++ 4406:C99 4398:C++ 4392:In 4334:257 4307:ptr 4298:dim 4283:ptr 4280:any 4274:dim 4271:257 4256:dim 4249:ANY 4245:ANY 4241:ANY 4233:ANY 4227:or 4179:Ada 4174:Ada 4142:any 4131:any 4075:or 4040:sum 3992:sum 3974:int 3968:int 3953:int 3926:int 3908:int 3875:int 3866:int 3860:sum 3857:int 3622:for 3511:int 3428:An 3313:)); 3268:int 3256:or 3148:C++ 3127:or 3045:and 2976:int 2955:int 2890:it 2858:GCC 2823:int 2741:VID 2726:foo 2705:CGA 2682:int 2667:int 2349:0.0 2298:)); 2235:)); 2115:int 2080:or 1984:int 1966:int 1933:int 1894:int 1840:Nil 1813:Nil 1663:int 1517:If 1473:int 1340:ptr 1325:ptr 1319:int 1307:int 1247:KiB 1226:in 1188:ptr 1141:ptr 1125:ptr 1115:ptr 1061:ptr 1054:ptr 1052:to 1002:ptr 996:int 981:int 974:ptr 959:ptr 943:ptr 933:ptr 925:ptr 923:to 902:ptr 890:ptr 884:int 869:int 836:ptr 830:int 815:ptr 810:." 808:int 804:ptr 797:int 789:ptr 779:ptr 773:int 673:C++ 632:PAE 625:or 598:). 586:or 532:in 469:an 418:In 338:or 193:In 63:by 7723:: 7135:: 7133:}} 7129:{{ 6984:, 6896:. 6790:, 6772:. 6762:. 6739:^ 6651:. 6635:. 6597:. 6589:. 6575:. 6571:. 6368:, 6242:Go 6237:Go 6179:/= 6170:if 6134:do 6119::: 6113:), 6098::: 6092:), 6077:() 6065::: 6059:), 6035::: 6005:, 5964:. 5910:, 5894:. 5867:IS 5768:); 5726:); 5723:16 5617:C# 5613:. 5604:() 5248:** 5213:. 5181:\n 5169:fp 5151::: 5118:\n 5106:fp 5097:s1 5085::: 5061:s1 5049::: 5031:fp 5007::: 4980:s1 4959:s1 4953:}; 4950:;} 4935:() 4900:.* 4866:. 4846:); 4843:p1 4822:p4 4807:p1 4789:p3 4774:p1 4768:p2 4747:p1 4705:p1 4675:p2 4654:p1 4648:p2 4627:p1 4550:. 4498:. 4464:. 4446:, 4301:as 4277:as 4259:as 4203:. 4148:/ 4092:do 4055:); 4028:); 4016:)( 4013:fp 3983:fp 3977:); 3965:)( 3962:fp 3899:n2 3893:n1 3878:n2 3869:n1 3796:); 3688:if 3646:!= 3610:** 3577:** 3520:}; 3456:A 3387:. 3377:p2 3355:p2 3337:p1 3325:p2 3292:p1 3248:A 3234:. 3214:A 3190:. 3174:, 3123:, 2929:. 2638:); 2602:); 2575:!= 2560:if 2542:== 2533:if 2469:); 2433:); 2412:== 2397:if 2394:); 2313:-1 2307:id 2247:== 2238:if 2154:}; 2118:id 2032:); 2011:); 1957:14 1912:12 1858:. 1796:: 1787:}; 1633:0 1616:0 1599:0 1582:0 1565:0 1548:3 1512:}; 1282:. 1206:, 1190:. 1056:: 858:. 825:: 723:. 679:, 675:, 671:, 667:, 618:. 493:A 456:A 429:A 426:. 410:. 302:. 287:, 260:, 256:, 237:. 171:b, 153:, 7185:e 7178:t 7171:v 7158:. 7156:) 7145:) 7125:. 7054:. 6955:. 6941:. 6927:. 6906:. 6882:. 6823:. 6808:. 6679:. 6593:: 6577:6 6541:. 6359:C 6343:C 6218:% 6206:) 6200:% 6194:( 6185:) 6182:0 6173:( 6164:% 6158:) 6152:= 6146:, 6143:1 6140:( 6107:( 6086:( 6053:( 6047:) 6041:( 5968:D 5762:( 5756:. 5750:. 5744:. 5738:. 5720:( 5714:. 5708:. 5702:. 5696:. 5690:= 5611:* 5585:C 5582:( 5564:C 5561:( 5543:C 5540:( 5531:; 5522:C 5516:C 5507:; 5498:C 5492:D 5474:C 5465:; 5462:) 5456:* 5453:( 5444:; 5435:C 5426:; 5417:C 5414:* 5405:; 5396:C 5387:; 5378:C 5372:; 5369:D 5363:; 5360:C 5338:* 5335:( 5320:* 5317:( 5302:* 5299:( 5284:* 5275:; 5272:) 5266:* 5263:( 5254:; 5239:; 5233:* 5224:; 5187:; 5160:( 5145:; 5142:2 5139:= 5124:; 5103:* 5100:. 5094:( 5079:; 5076:1 5073:= 5067:* 5064:. 5055:; 5052:f 5046:S 5040:= 5025:S 5022:( 5013:; 5010:a 5004:S 4998:= 4989:S 4983:; 4974:= 4968:* 4965:S 4956:S 4947:a 4941:{ 4932:f 4926:; 4923:a 4917:{ 4914:S 4888:a 4876:C 4840:( 4825:= 4819:* 4810:; 4804:) 4801:* 4795:( 4792:= 4786:* 4777:; 4771:= 4765:* 4759:; 4756:x 4750:= 4744:* 4738:; 4735:4 4732:= 4729:x 4708:; 4702:) 4699:* 4693:( 4690:* 4687:= 4684:b 4678:; 4672:* 4669:= 4666:a 4657:; 4651:= 4645:* 4639:; 4636:x 4630:= 4624:* 4618:; 4615:4 4612:= 4609:x 4548:a 4544:3 4540:a 4536:a 4532:n 4520:a 4516:n 4512:a 4442:( 4394:C 4382:) 4379:) 4376:1 4373:+ 4370:f 4367:@ 4364:( 4361:= 4358:) 4355:4 4352:+ 4349:g 4346:( 4343:( 4337:) 4331:= 4328:i 4325:* 4322:( 4316:g 4313:= 4310:i 4295:f 4292:@ 4289:= 4286:g 4268:= 4265:f 4061:} 4052:b 4049:, 4046:a 4043:( 4037:= 4034:y 4025:b 4022:, 4019:a 4010:* 4007:( 4004:= 4001:x 3995:; 3986:= 3971:, 3959:* 3956:( 3950:; 3947:y 3944:, 3941:x 3938:, 3935:b 3932:, 3929:a 3923:{ 3920:) 3914:( 3905:} 3902:; 3896:+ 3884:{ 3881:) 3872:, 3863:( 3790:, 3781:( 3772:} 3769:; 3763:= 3760:p 3757:* 3754:; 3751:p 3748:* 3745:= 3733:} 3730:; 3724:) 3715:) 3712:p 3709:* 3706:( 3691:( 3685:{ 3682:) 3673:) 3670:p 3667:* 3664:( 3658:= 3655:p 3652:; 3643:p 3640:* 3637:; 3631:= 3628:p 3625:( 3616:; 3613:p 3601:{ 3598:) 3592:* 3583:, 3568:( 3541:; 3535:= 3529:* 3517:; 3508:; 3502:* 3493:{ 3370:} 3364:; 3358:= 3352:* 3346:; 3340:= 3334:* 3328:; 3322:* 3307:( 3301:( 3295:= 3289:* 3283:{ 3280:) 3274:( 3086:s 2988:; 2982:) 2979:* 2973:( 2970:= 2964:; 2958:* 2952:; 2946:= 2940:* 2916:; 2910:) 2907:* 2901:( 2898:= 2873:; 2867:= 2844:; 2838:* 2832:; 2826:* 2759:} 2756:; 2750:| 2744:= 2738:{ 2735:) 2729:( 2694:; 2688:) 2685:* 2679:( 2676:= 2670:* 2641:} 2632:( 2623:} 2620:; 2614:= 2590:( 2584:{ 2581:) 2563:( 2554:; 2548:) 2536:( 2527:{ 2524:) 2518:* 2509:( 2484:} 2481:; 2463:, 2451:( 2445:} 2442:; 2427:( 2421:{ 2418:) 2400:( 2391:1 2388:+ 2385:) 2379:( 2373:( 2367:= 2352:; 2346:= 2334:; 2328:= 2316:; 2310:= 2289:( 2283:, 2280:0 2277:, 2271:( 2262:; 2253:) 2241:( 2226:( 2220:( 2214:= 2205:; 2199:* 2190:{ 2187:) 2181:* 2172:( 2166:* 2148:; 2136:; 2130:* 2121:; 2112:{ 2047:} 2044:; 2041:0 2029:x 2023:( 2008:x 2005:( 1996:; 1993:3 1990:= 1987:x 1981:{ 1978:) 1972:( 1963:} 1960:; 1954:= 1951:m 1948:* 1945:{ 1942:) 1939:m 1936:* 1930:( 1918:} 1915:; 1909:= 1906:n 1903:{ 1900:) 1897:n 1891:( 1875:C 1856:a 1852:a 1834:) 1831:a 1825:( 1822:a 1816:| 1810:= 1807:a 1781:; 1775:* 1763:; 1757:* 1751:{ 1693:. 1683:i 1630:0 1627:0 1624:5 1613:0 1610:0 1607:1 1596:0 1593:0 1590:3 1579:0 1576:0 1573:4 1562:0 1559:0 1556:2 1545:2 1542:1 1539:0 1509:5 1506:, 1503:1 1500:, 1497:3 1494:, 1491:4 1488:, 1485:2 1482:{ 1479:= 1424:; 1421:4 1418:= 1415:2 1409:; 1406:2 1403:= 1400:) 1394:+ 1391:1 1388:( 1385:* 1379:; 1376:2 1373:= 1370:) 1367:1 1364:+ 1358:( 1355:* 1349:; 1346:1 1343:= 1334:; 1328:= 1322:* 1313:; 1184:a 1180:a 1134:; 1131:8 1128:= 1122:* 1073:; 1070:a 1064:= 1050:a 1011:; 1005:= 999:* 993:; 990:5 987:= 984:a 970:a 963:a 952:; 949:8 946:= 940:* 929:a 921:a 914:; 911:a 905:= 899:; 893:= 887:* 881:; 878:5 875:= 872:a 845:; 839:= 833:* 782:; 776:* 669:C 179:b 175:a 167:a 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Pointer (computer programming)

Index