1176:
1186:
1808:
296:
337:
is pervasive in Egypt. The IIPA stated in a 2009 report that Egypt is "a nightmare market for right holders, stunted by piracy, difficult bureaucracy, and almost unparalleled market access hurdles." Trade losses due to copyright piracy amounted to nearly $ 119 million in 2007, with a piracy level of
175:
provisions, on the ground that no criminal responsibility could be determined in the absence of a specific legislative text dealing with artistic and literary property. On the other hand, mixed courts did not wait for implementing regulations to be enacted. In a hearing on 17 February 1941, the
234:
deficiencies, other ambiguities in protection, and important gaps for protection recommended by IIPA in order to modernize protection." Among the controversial provisions of the law is
Article 148, which states that all foreign-language literary works fall into the
2095:
1682:
176:
Criminal
Chamber of Cassation, Mixed Court of Appeal, ruled that performance of a song or musical composition, without the authorization of the author or composer, was considered as an offence punishable under Article 351 of the Penal Law.
2265:
190:
1778:
379:(La mémoire oubliée de l'histoire du droit d'auteur égyptien : Les juristes M. Linant de Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer et E. Piola Caselli), Publisher Dar El Nahda El Arabia, Cairo, 2014-2015, 602 p. (in Arabic and part in French)
214:
term of copyright protection (Art. 160). However, it also introduces several new concepts, among them the concept of national folklore (Art. 138 & 142). The new law also deals for the first time ever with the protection of
2287:
2021:
2253:
1967:
209:
The 1954 law was repealed in its entirety when the new
Intellectual Property Law 82 of 2002 entered into force on 3 June 2002. The new law retains many provisions contained in the previous law, notably the 50-year
2176:
2004:
292:
231:
184:
Literary and artistic protection were dealt with for the first time by
Egyptian law in 1954, with the promulgation of Law No. 354 of 1954 on the Protection of Copyright. Article 20 of the law provided for a
125:
2188:
135:
1677:
37:
1639:
320:
316:
776:
709:
541:
329:
312:
223:
502:
Yasser OMAR AMINE, « Abrogeons l’article 148 du Code égyptien de la propriété intellectuelle (droit de traduction et droit d’auteur en Égypte) »,
2405:
230:
published in 2009 that "the
Copyright Law and the Implementing Decree, while suitable to enforce against copyright piracy in general, left unresolved some
75:
647:
617:
483:
440:
1766:
2309:
1090:
1667:
2083:
1632:
1222:
186:
735:
The
Forgotten Memory of the History of the Egyptian Copyright Law : the jurist M. Linant de Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer and E. Piola Caselli
377:
The
Forgotten Memory of the History of the Egyptian Copyright Law : the jurist M. Linant de Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer and E. Piola Caselli
1528:
1298:
817:
1141:
739:
La mémoire oubliée de l'histoire du droit d'auteur égyptien : Les juristes M. Linant de
Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer et E. Piola Caselli
2336:
2114:
1852:
1742:
171:
rights. However, indigenous and mixed courts had two different approaches to sanctioning violations. Indigenous courts refused to apply
643:
1889:
900:
613:
288:
2395:
2374:
2304:
1625:
319:(which "examines in detail the adequacy and effectiveness of intellectual property rights" in many countries around the world), the
1283:
1151:
2207:
2048:
1922:
1672:
1010:
1303:
1065:
534:
1110:
260:
1443:
2078:
515:
Yasser OMAR AMINE, « Le droit international privé du droit d’auteur en Égypte : à la croisée des chemins »,
2053:
1797:
1754:
1468:
1025:
1790:
1554:
2361:
2321:
1994:
1989:
1869:
1318:
950:
945:
699:"Appendix E: Historical Summary of Selected Countries' Placement for Copyright-Related Matters on the Special 301 Lists"
461:
1601:
1597:
1146:
772:
478:. WIPO National Training Workshop on Intellectual Property for Diplomats (in Arabic). Vol. WIPO/IP/DIPL/CAI/04/2.
2277:
2068:
1984:
1932:
1927:
1105:
1045:
940:
860:
850:
1358:
1115:
2356:
2139:
2058:
1952:
1942:
1906:
1822:
1662:
1593:
1458:
1263:
1215:
1156:
1060:
1035:
980:
910:
1710:
1473:
1363:
1293:
840:
2073:
2043:
2011:
1874:
1722:
1533:
1453:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1343:
1278:
1273:
1070:
1050:
1005:
975:
960:
890:
275:
stated that "MPs are expected to pass" the law, although it is unclear whether the proposal ever made it through
156:
104:
2127:
1408:
1030:
573:
Yasser OMAR AMINE, « Intellectual
Property... and the protection of pharaonic monuments », Review of
2294:
2272:
2243:
2217:
2161:
2151:
2028:
1899:
1862:
1832:
1785:
1717:
1689:
1508:
1483:
1448:
1333:
1328:
1308:
1268:
1258:
1100:
990:
985:
875:
832:
810:
677:
550:
473:
430:
300:
2122:
1737:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1493:
1463:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1378:
1373:
1323:
1243:
1075:
970:
855:
845:
2282:
2195:
2090:
1773:
1749:
1503:
1498:
1438:
1393:
1353:
1248:
1120:
955:
925:
885:
870:
865:
423:
2326:
2316:
2299:
2227:
2212:
2183:
2156:
2146:
1979:
1879:
1842:
1837:
1705:
1558:
1478:
1428:
1383:
1368:
1338:
1253:
1161:
1080:
1055:
1020:
1015:
935:
198:
2016:
1488:
1398:
1288:
965:
920:
2260:
2248:
2222:
2166:
2134:
2063:
2033:
1999:
1974:
1947:
1937:
1894:
1857:
1847:
1761:
1727:
1657:
1348:
1040:
995:
930:
905:
880:
334:
2200:
2171:
1962:
392:
Copyright
Protection Throughout the World Part VII Near East, Far East, Africa, Asia, Surinam and Curacao
2400:
2038:
1884:
1208:
1000:
915:
168:
247:
In late 2007, reports surfaced in the media that Egypt intended to pass a law requiring the payment of
2331:
1827:
264:
226:(IIPA) has repeatedly highlighted in its reports a number of shortcomings in the law, stating in its
468:
The Egyptian Intellectual Property Law: Main Features and Compatibility with International Standards
1130:
803:
752:
276:
1185:
698:
271:
hotel because it was not an exact copy of a pyramid and its interior was completely different.
1957:
753:"Website of the Egyptian Center for Intellectual Property and Information Technology (ECIPIT)"
673:
152:
96:
741:), Publisher Dar El Nahda El Arabia, Cairo, 2014-2015, 602 p. (in Arabic and part in French).
651:
621:
268:
463:القانون المصري لحماية حقوق الملكية الفكرية: سماته الرئيسية ومدى توافقه والمعايير الدولية
390:
577:, ed. The General Egyptian Book Organization, January 2014, n° 20, p. 7-12 (in Arabic).
216:
2389:
1179:
587:
236:
194:
47:
27:
545:
129:, which entered into force on 3 June 2002, the day following its publication in the
172:
1189:
256:
252:
160:
435:. Advisory Committee on Enforcement: Second Session. Vol. WIPO/ACE/2/6.
780:
248:
120:
100:
92:
1617:
193:
in the case of "works of photography and audiovisual works that are not of
1200:
239:
if they are not translated into Arabic within three years of publication.
591:
272:
151:
Prior to 1954, there was no legislation in Egypt protecting artistic and
795:
425:
Role of the Judiciary in the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
164:
436:
88:
189:
of 50 years after the author's death, although this was reduced to
479:
116:
773:"Excerpts from the IIPA's Special 301 Recommendations for Egypt"
267:
news agency that the law would not affect buildings such as the
126:
Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights 82 of 2002
1621:
1204:
799:
706:
2009 Special 301 Report on Copyright Protection and Enforcement
115:
has evolved over time. The currently applicable legislation in
155:. Despite the absence of any such legislation, indigenous and
201:
were explicitly excluded from copyright protection (Art. 4).
756:
197:
and merely consist of a mechanical reproduction of scenes."
371:
369:
367:
16:
Applicable legislation in Egypt with regard to copyright
222:
However, the new law is not without its critics. The
22:
Law on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights
295:
entered into force in Egypt on 7 June 1977, and the
2349:
2236:
2113:
2106:
1915:
1815:
1698:
1542:
1517:
1236:
1129:
1089:
831:
82:
69:
61:
53:
43:
33:
26:
21:
529:
527:
525:
311:As early as 1985, Egypt has been targeted by the
299:on 23 April 1978. Egypt became a member of the
417:
415:
1633:
1216:
811:
338:32% for books and 15% for records and music.
8:
777:International Intellectual Property Alliance
710:International Intellectual Property Alliance
542:International Intellectual Property Alliance
224:International Intellectual Property Alliance
517:Revue Critique de Droit International Privé
2110:
1640:
1626:
1618:
1223:
1209:
1201:
818:
804:
796:
405:Yasser OMAR AMINE, "Chronique d'Égypte",
353:Yasser OMAR AMINE, "Chronique d'Égypte",
648:World Intellectual Property Organization
618:World Intellectual Property Organization
484:World Intellectual Property Organization
441:World Intellectual Property Organization
395:. US Department of Commerce. p. 9.
346:
327:in 1992. The USTR lowered Egypt to the
355:Revue Internationale du Droit d'Auteur
18:
504:Communication – commerce électronique
7:
460:Dr. Hassan El Badrawi (2004-12-01).
422:Dr. Hassan El Badrawi (2004-06-04).
136:Prime Ministerial Decree 497 of 2005
506:, nov. 2011, n° 11, alerte 88, p. 2
2406:Egyptian intellectual property law
588:"Egypt 'to copyright antiquities'"
321:United States Trade Representative
289:international copyright agreements
14:
2375:Category:Copyright law by country
519:, janvier-mars 2013/1, pp. 75-100
251:whenever copies were made of its
243:Proposal to copyright antiquities
1806:
1673:International copyright treaties
1529:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1299:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1184:
1175:
1174:
535:"2009 Special 301 Report: Egypt"
287:Egypt is a signatory to various
1142:British Indian Ocean Territory
644:"Phonograms Convention: Egypt"
315:. Based on the results of the
261:Supreme Council of Antiquities
1:
1663:Copyright case law by country
389:Koepfle, Leo (January 1937).
133:. The implementing decree is
1668:Copyright lengths by country
712:. 2009-02-17. pp. 15–16
544:. 2009-02-17. Archived from
139:(effective by Issue No. 12,
323:(USTR) placed Egypt on the
2422:
219:(Art. 153 and following).
2370:
1804:
1658:Copyright acts by country
1653:
1170:
614:"Berne Convention: Egypt"
191:15 years from publication
87:
74:
2396:Copyright law by country
1690:Rule of the shorter term
1648:Copyright law by country
1284:Central African Republic
1231:Copyright law of Africa
891:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
678:World Trade Organization
462:
333:in 2008. The problem of
301:World Trade Organization
283:International agreements
1152:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
361:), janvier 2010, n° 223
826:Copyright law of Asia
159:invoked principles of
113:Egyptian copyright law
1444:São Tomé and Príncipe
1304:Republic of the Congo
409:, janv. 2010, n° 223.
297:Phonograms Convention
169:intellectual property
123:is Book Three of the
2079:United Arab Emirates
1066:United Arab Emirates
759:on 22 September 2020
624:on 24 September 2009
105:plant variety rights
1519:States with limited
1093:limited recognition
733:Yasser OMAR AMINE,
674:"Egypt and the WTO"
375:Yasser OMAR AMINE,
325:Priority Watch List
217:neighbouring rights
76:Law No. 354 of 1954
70:Related legislation
2310:Russian Federation
1853:Dominican Republic
317:Special 301 Report
259:, the head of the
228:Special 301 Report
199:Official documents
195:creative character
187:term of protection
143:, 29 March 2005).
38:Law No. 82 of 2002
2383:
2382:
2345:
2344:
1615:
1614:
1546:other territories
1319:Equatorial Guinea
1198:
1197:
1135:other territories
303:on 30 June 1995.
153:literary property
147:Legislative texts
110:
109:
97:industrial design
2413:
2291:
2269:
2257:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2143:
2131:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2025:
2008:
1971:
1903:
1866:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1714:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1607:
1606:(United Kingdom)
1602:Tristan da Cunha
1598:Ascension Island
1590:
1577:
1568:
1544:Dependencies and
1237:Sovereign states
1225:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1147:Christmas Island
833:Sovereign states
820:
813:
806:
797:
792:
790:
788:
779:. Archived from
768:
766:
764:
755:. Archived from
722:
721:
719:
717:
703:
695:
689:
688:
686:
684:
670:
664:
663:
661:
659:
650:. Archived from
640:
634:
633:
631:
629:
620:. Archived from
610:
604:
603:
601:
599:
584:
578:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
554:
539:
531:
520:
513:
507:
500:
494:
493:
491:
490:
477:
457:
451:
450:
448:
447:
434:
419:
410:
403:
397:
396:
386:
380:
373:
362:
351:
293:Berne Convention
141:Official Gazette
131:Official Gazette
19:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2366:
2341:
2285:
2263:
2251:
2237:Other countries
2232:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2137:
2125:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2019:
2002:
1965:
1911:
1897:
1860:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1708:
1694:
1649:
1646:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1575:
1566:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1232:
1229:
1199:
1194:
1166:
1134:
1125:
1106:Northern Cyprus
1092:
1085:
827:
824:
786:
784:
783:on 3 March 2016
771:
762:
760:
751:
748:
730:
728:Further reading
725:
715:
713:
701:
697:
696:
692:
682:
680:
672:
671:
667:
657:
655:
642:
641:
637:
627:
625:
612:
611:
607:
597:
595:
586:
585:
581:
572:
568:
558:
556:
555:on 3 March 2016
548:
537:
533:
532:
523:
514:
510:
501:
497:
488:
486:
471:
464:
459:
458:
454:
445:
443:
428:
421:
420:
413:
404:
400:
388:
387:
383:
374:
365:
352:
348:
344:
309:
285:
269:Luxor Las Vegas
255:and monuments.
245:
207:
182:
180:Law 354 of 1954
149:
119:with regard to
44:Enacted by
17:
12:
11:
5:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2337:United Kingdom
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2132:
2119:
2117:
2115:European Union
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2014:
2009:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:related rights
1680:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1591:
1578:
1569:
1555:Canary Islands
1551:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
835:
829:
828:
825:
823:
822:
815:
808:
800:
794:
793:
769:
747:
746:External links
744:
743:
742:
729:
726:
724:
723:
690:
665:
654:on 5 June 2011
635:
605:
579:
566:
521:
508:
495:
452:
411:
398:
381:
363:
345:
343:
340:
308:
305:
284:
281:
244:
241:
206:
205:Law 82 of 2002
203:
181:
178:
148:
145:
108:
107:
85:
84:
80:
79:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:United States
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Guinea-Bissau
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:South Ossetia
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
836:
834:
830:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
798:
782:
778:
774:
770:
758:
754:
750:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
731:
727:
711:
707:
700:
694:
691:
679:
675:
669:
666:
653:
649:
645:
639:
636:
623:
619:
615:
609:
606:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
552:
547:
543:
536:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
512:
509:
505:
499:
496:
485:
481:
475:
469:
465:
456:
453:
442:
438:
432:
427:
426:
418:
416:
412:
408:
402:
399:
394:
393:
385:
382:
378:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
350:
347:
341:
339:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
237:public domain
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
213:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
179:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
144:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:Hosni Mubarak
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
29:
28:Hosni Mubarak
25:
20:
2401:Law of Egypt
2054:Saudi Arabia
1798:South Africa
1732:
1594:Saint Helena
1565:
1469:South Africa
1459:Sierra Leone
1313:
1264:Burkina Faso
1131:Dependencies
1061:Turkmenistan
1026:Saudi Arabia
895:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
761:. Retrieved
757:the original
738:
734:
714:. Retrieved
705:
693:
681:. Retrieved
668:
656:. Retrieved
652:the original
638:
626:. Retrieved
622:the original
608:
596:. Retrieved
594:. 2007-12-25
582:
574:
569:
557:. Retrieved
546:the original
516:
511:
503:
498:
487:. Retrieved
467:
455:
444:. Retrieved
424:
406:
401:
391:
384:
376:
358:
354:
349:
328:
324:
310:
286:
246:
227:
221:
211:
208:
183:
173:criminal law
157:mixed courts
150:
140:
134:
130:
124:
112:
111:
2362:New Zealand
2322:Switzerland
2286: [
2264: [
2252: [
2208:Netherlands
2199: [
2187: [
2175: [
2138: [
2126: [
2094: [
2082: [
2049:Philippines
2020: [
2003: [
1995:South Korea
1990:North Korea
1966: [
1923:Afghanistan
1898: [
1870:El Salvador
1861: [
1789: [
1777: [
1765: [
1753: [
1741: [
1738:Ivory Coast
1709: [
1521:recognition
1474:South Sudan
1364:Ivory Coast
1190:Asia portal
1091:States with
1011:Philippines
951:South Korea
946:North Korea
841:Afghanistan
257:Zahi Hawass
253:antiquities
167:to protect
161:natural law
65:3 June 2002
57:2 June 2002
2390:Categories
2283:Kyrgyzstan
2278:Kazakhstan
2196:Luxembourg
2091:Uzbekistan
2069:Tajikistan
1985:Kazakhstan
1933:Bangladesh
1928:Azerbaijan
1774:Mozambique
1750:Madagascar
1678:by country
1576:(Portugal)
1534:Somaliland
1454:Seychelles
1419:Mozambique
1404:Mauritania
1389:Madagascar
1344:The Gambia
1279:Cape Verde
1071:Uzbekistan
1046:Tajikistan
961:Kyrgyzstan
941:Kazakhstan
861:Bangladesh
851:Azerbaijan
575:Al-Mejalla
489:2009-08-07
446:2009-08-07
342:References
330:Watch List
277:Parliament
93:trademarks
78:(repealed)
2357:Australia
2184:Lithuania
2059:Sri Lanka
1953:Indonesia
1943:Hong Kong
1907:Venezuela
1823:Argentina
1409:Mauritius
1157:Hong Kong
1111:Palestine
1036:Sri Lanka
1031:Singapore
911:Indonesia
787:16 August
763:16 August
716:16 August
598:17 August
559:16 August
249:royalties
121:copyright
101:copyright
62:Commenced
2074:Thailand
2044:Pakistan
2017:Mongolia
2012:Malaysia
1875:Honduras
1816:Americas
1723:Cameroon
1600: /
1596: /
1589:(France)
1583: /
1561: /
1557: /
1509:Zimbabwe
1484:Tanzania
1334:Ethiopia
1329:Eswatini
1309:Djibouti
1274:Cameroon
1259:Botswana
1180:Category
1101:Abkhazia
1051:Thailand
1006:Pakistan
986:Mongolia
981:Maldives
976:Malaysia
876:Cambodia
683:7 August
658:7 August
628:7 August
592:BBC News
273:BBC News
83:Keywords
34:Citation
2350:Oceania
2332:Ukraine
2295:Moldova
2273:Georgia
2261:Belarus
2249:Armenia
2244:Albania
2218:Romania
2162:Ireland
2152:Germany
2135:Belgium
2123:Austria
2029:Myanmar
2000:Lebanon
1895:Uruguay
1858:Ecuador
1833:Bolivia
1828:Bermuda
1786:Senegal
1762:Morocco
1718:Burundi
1585:Réunion
1581:Mayotte
1572:Madeira
1567:(Spain)
1563:Melilla
1494:Tunisia
1464:Somalia
1449:Senegal
1434:Nigeria
1424:Namibia
1414:Morocco
1379:Liberia
1374:Lesotho
1324:Eritrea
1294:Comoros
1269:Burundi
1244:Algeria
1076:Vietnam
991:Myanmar
971:Lebanon
901:Georgia
856:Bahrain
846:Armenia
263:, told
165:justice
89:Patents
2327:Turkey
2317:Serbia
2300:Russia
2228:Sweden
2213:Poland
2172:Latvia
2157:Greece
2147:France
2107:Europe
1980:Jordan
1963:Israel
1880:Panama
1843:Canada
1838:Brazil
1699:Africa
1604:
1587:
1574:
1504:Zambia
1499:Uganda
1439:Rwanda
1394:Malawi
1354:Guinea
1249:Angola
1121:Taiwan
1056:Turkey
1021:Russia
956:Kuwait
936:Jordan
926:Israel
886:Cyprus
871:Brunei
866:Bhutan
470:]
437:Geneva
335:piracy
307:Piracy
291:. The
212:p.m.a.
54:Signed
2290:]
2268:]
2256:]
2223:Spain
2203:]
2191:]
2179:]
2167:Italy
2142:]
2130:]
2098:]
2086:]
2064:Syria
2034:Nepal
2024:]
2007:]
1975:Japan
1970:]
1948:India
1938:China
1902:]
1865:]
1848:Chile
1793:]
1781:]
1769:]
1757:]
1745:]
1733:Egypt
1728:Ghana
1713:]
1706:Benin
1559:Ceuta
1479:Sudan
1429:Niger
1384:Libya
1369:Kenya
1349:Ghana
1339:Gabon
1314:Egypt
1254:Benin
1162:Macau
1081:Yemen
1041:Syria
1016:Qatar
996:Nepal
931:Japan
906:India
896:Egypt
881:China
702:(PDF)
538:(PDF)
480:Cairo
466:[
232:TRIPS
117:Egypt
2305:USSR
2039:Oman
1958:Iran
1916:Asia
1885:Peru
1489:Togo
1399:Mali
1289:Chad
1001:Oman
966:Laos
921:Iraq
916:Iran
789:2009
765:2009
718:2009
685:2009
660:2009
630:2009
600:2009
561:2009
407:RIDA
359:RIDA
313:IIPA
163:and
1133:and
551:PDF
474:PDF
431:PDF
265:AFP
2392::
2288:ru
2266:ru
2254:ru
2201:de
2189:ru
2177:ru
2140:fr
2128:de
2096:ru
2084:de
2022:ru
2005:ru
1968:ru
1900:es
1863:es
1791:fr
1779:ru
1767:fr
1755:fr
1743:fr
1711:fr
775:.
708:.
704:.
676:.
646:.
616:.
590:.
540:.
524:^
482::
439::
414:^
366:^
279:.
103:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
1641:e
1634:t
1627:v
1224:e
1217:t
1210:v
819:e
812:t
805:v
791:.
767:.
737:(
720:.
687:.
662:.
632:.
602:.
563:.
553:)
549:(
492:.
476:)
472:(
449:.
433:)
429:(
357:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.