680:(RFA), the ethanol industry's lobbying group, claims that ethanol production increases the price of corn by increasing demand. The RFA claims that ethanol production has positive economic effect for US farmers, but it does not elaborate on the effect for other populations where field corn is part of the staple diet. An RFA lobby document states that "In a January 2007 statement, the USDA Chief Economist stated that farm program payments were expected to be reduced by some $ 6 billion due to the higher value of a bushel of corn. Corn production in 2009 reached over 13.2 billion bushels, and a per acre yield jumped to over 165 bushels per acre. In the United States, 5.05 billion bushels of corn were used for
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consumption, has stayed fairly consistent from year to year." This does not prove there was not an impact on food supplies: Since U.S. corn production doubled (approximately) between 1987 and 2018, it is probable that some cropland previously used to grow other food crops is now used to grow corn. It is also possible or probable that some marginal land has been converted or returned to agricultural use. That may have negative environmental impacts.
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data. According to the U.S. Department of Energy's
Alternative Fuels Data Center, "The increased ethanol seems to have come from the increase in overall corn production and a small decrease in corn used for animal feed and other residual uses. The amount of corn used for other uses, including human
660:
to grow the corn for ethanol, which is then not available to grow corn for human or animal consumption. In the United States, 40% of the acreage designated for corn grain is used for corn ethanol production, of which 25% was converted to ethanol after accounting for co-products, leaving only 60% of
129:
Since 2001, corn ethanol production has increased by more than several times. Out of 9.50 billions of bushels of corn produced in 2001, 0.71 billions of bushels were used to produce corn ethanol. Compared to 2018, out of 14.62 billions of bushels of corn produced, 5.60 billion bushels were used to
1072:
Section, Government of
Alberta, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Livestock and Crops Division, Crop Research and Extension Branch, Livestock and Crop Research Extension (1 November 2011).
1507:
Farrell, Alexander E.; Plevin, Richard J.; Turner, Brian T.; Jones, Andrew D.; O'Hare, Michael; Kammen, Daniel M. (2006). "Ethanol Can
Contribute to Energy and Environmental Goals".
1766:
Although 40.5% of corn grain was channeled to ethanol processing in 2011, only 25% of US corn acreage was attributable to ethanol when accounting for feed co-product utilization.
1718:"Land usage attributed to corn ethanol production in the United States: sensitivity to technological advances in corn grain yield, ethanol conversion, and co-product utilization"
224:
of 1.5:1, which, in turn, also provides less mileage per gallon compared to gasoline. In the future, as technology advances and oil becomes less abundant, the process of
1640:
Lark, Tyler; Hendricks, Nathan P.; Smith, Aaron; Pates, Nicholas; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Bougie, Matthew; Booth, Eric G.; Kucharik, Christopher J.; Gibbs, Holly K. (2022).
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for an extended period of time. Therefore, most older and modern day vehicles would become obsolete without proper engine modifications to handle the increase in
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could be used to produce ethanol instead of food corn. Ethanol derived from sugar-beet as used in Europe or sugar-cane in Brazil has up to 80% reduction in
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content, require significant modifications to be made before an engine can run on the mixture without damaging the engine. Some vehicles that currently use
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that is sold to the livestock industry. The heavy steep water is also sold as a feed ingredient and used as an alternative to salt in the winter months.
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607:’s implementation suggests that corn ethanol produces more carbon emissions per unit of energy than gasoline, when factoring in fertilizer use and
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63:
1599:
Liska, Adam L.; Yang, Haishun S.; Bremer, Virgil R.; Klopfenstein, Terry J.; Walters, Daniel T.; Erickson, Galen E.; Cassman, Kenneth G. (2009).
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Originally published online in
Science Express on 7 February 2008. There are rebuttals to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario.
370:, which is added later. The mixture is processed at high-temperatures to reduce the bacteria levels. The mash is transferred and cooled in
1165:
603:
by up to 50 percent compared to gasoline. However, more recent research based on an analysis of data from the first eight years of the US
1307:
Fargione; Hill, J.; Tilman, D.; Polasky, S.; Hawthorne, P.; et al. (29 February 2008). "Land
Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt".
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generating electricity to power an electric vehicle would power around 85 times as much distance as corn ethanol grown on the same area.
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process before it can be used as a fuel source. One major drawback with corn ethanol, is the energy returned on energy invested (
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is added to render the product undrinkable. The product is then ready to ship to gasoline retailers or terminals. The remaining
1440:
Powers, Susan E; Dominguez-Faus, Rosa; Alvarez, Pedro JJ (March 2010). "The water footprint of biofuel production in the USA".
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216:), meaning the energy outputted in comparison to the energy required to output that energy. Compared to oil, with an 11:1
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1362:"Proposed Regulation to Implement the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Volume I: Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons"
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that are considered by some to be a solution to the food versus fuel debate, and has the potential to cut life cycle
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665:
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Ethanol-blended fuels currently in the market – whether E10 or E85 – meet stringent tailpipe emission standards.
940:"A New Long Term Assessment of Energy Return on Investment (EROI) for U.S. Oil and Gas Discovery and Production"
721:
600:
513:
75:
1900:
Waltz, Emily. 2008 Cellulosic
Ethanol Booms Despite Unproven Business Models. Nature Biotechnology 26(1):8–9.
1937:
529:
996:
Bothast, R. J.; Schlicher, M. A. (2014). "Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol".
386:. The entire process takes 40 to 50 hours, during which time the mash is kept cool and agitated to promote
157:
is mixed into more than 98% of United States gasoline to reduce air pollution. Corn ethanol is used as an
544:. Additional controversy relates to the large amount of arable land required for crops and its impact on
1927:
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Jackson, David S.; Shandera, Donald L. (1995), "Corn Wet
Milling: Separation Chemistry and Technology",
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1208:"Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change"
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for 24 to 48 hours. The slurry mix then goes through a series of grinders to separate out the corn
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1851:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – Corn Production and Portion Used for Fuel Ethanol"
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Verser, D. W.; Eggeman, T. J. Process for producing ethanol from corn dry milling. US7888082B2.
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938:
Cleveland, Cutler J.; O’Connor, Peter; Hall, Charles A. S.; Guilford, Megan C. (October 2011).
856:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data – U.S. Corn for Fuel Ethanol, Feed and Other Use"
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can be used in all engines without modification. However, blends like E85, with a much greater
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1601:"Improvements in Life Cycle Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Corn‐Ethanol"
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260:, requires engine modification before an engine can last while processing a high volume of
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Ethanol
Production and Distribution, Alternative Fuels Data Center, US Dept of Energy <
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Growing corn to fuel internal combustion vehicles is a highly inefficient use of land. A
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by Wang and Haq. There are critics to these findings for assuming a worst-case scenario.
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and is usually prohibited for cars built before 2001. However, with the hope to replace
32:
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Pimentel, David. 2009 Corn
Ethanol as Energy. Harvard International Review 31(2):50–52.
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466:, and starch are segregated using screen, hydroclonic, and centrifugal separators. The
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1478:, Committee on Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States (2008).
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reports that only 3,355 gas stations, out of 168,000, across the United States, offer
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closer to that of oil. Another serious problem with corn ethanol as a replacement for
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One of the main controversies involving corn ethanol production is the necessity for
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replacement is unknown. Corn ethanol has yet to be proven to be as cost effective as
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Originally published online in
Science Express on 7 February 2008. See Letters to
74:. It is debatable whether the production and use of corn ethanol results in lower
17:
775:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 162.
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Scully, Vaughan. 2007 Effects of the Biofuel Boom. BusinessWeek Online:26-26.
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The vast majority (≈90%) of corn ethanol in the United States is produced by
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Mumm, Rita H; Goldsmith, Peter D; Rausch, Kent D; Stein, Hans H (2014).
1182:"Biofuels: The Promise and the Risks, in World Development Report 2008"
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production out of 14.99 billion bushels produced in 2020, according to
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272:. Also, most gas stations do not offer refueling of E85 vehicles. The
236:, is the engine damage on standard vehicles. E10 contains ten percent
134:. Overall, 94% of ethanol in the United States is produced from corn.
1888:
The End of Cheap Food. (Cover Story). 2007 Economist 385(8558):11–12.
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Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble
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due to corn ethanol being much more expensive to create compared to
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972:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol Fueling Station Locations"
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Better Than Corn? Algae Set to Beat Out Other Biofuel Feedstocks
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Water Implications of Biofuels Production in the United States
1074:"Feeding Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) to Pigs"
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and is acceptable for most vehicles on the road today, while
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Environmental and social impacts of ethanol fuel in the U.S.
1909:
Martin,Jeremy. 2017. Fueling a Clean Transportation Future.
1570:. Gordon, Deborah, 1959–. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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known as distiller's dried grains and solubles (DDGS). The
363:
1822:"2009 Crop Year is One for the Record Books, USDA Reports"
1642:"Environmental outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard"
1048:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_production.html
110:
137:
Currently, corn ethanol is mainly used in blends with
1568:
Two billion cars : driving toward sustainability
1206:
Timothy Searchinger; et al. (29 February 2008).
350:, or "mash," which is then slurried by adding water.
318:
There are two main types of corn ethanol production:
886:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Ethanol Fuel Basics"
773:
Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives
1891:
Energy Policy Act of 2005. 2005 Public Law 109-58.
454:is separated into components by steeping in dilute
354:are added to the mash to hydrolyze the starch into
1845:
1843:
536:plants, there has been considerable debate on the
1824:. Nass.usda.gov. 12 January 2010. Archived from
1061:https://patents.google.com/patent/US7888082B2/en
661:the crop yield for human or animal consumption.
626:Corn vs ethanol production in the United States
490:protein and steeping liquor are dried to make a
1646:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
651: Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right)
208:. Corn ethanol has to go through an extensive
78:than gasoline. Approximately 45% of U.S. corn
62:, mandated to be blended with gasoline in the
36:Corn is the main feedstock used for producing
1779:"Corn Ethanol vs. Solar: Land Use Comparison"
1429:Deforestation diesel – the madness of biofuel
596:studies have found that corn ethanol reduces
8:
1393:, National Book company, Portland, OR, 499p.
1097:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
550:direct and indirect land use change effects
831:"USDA ERS – Feedgrains Sector at a Glance"
724:by up to 86 percent relative to gasoline.
470:and remaining water can be fermented into
390:activity. The mash is then transferred to
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806:"It's Final -- Corn Ethanol Is of No Use"
406:is dehydrated to about 200 proof using a
378:are added, which ferment the sugars into
228:may require less energy, resulting in an
196:The future use of corn ethanol as a main
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31:
1476:United States National Research Council
1297:Oxfam Briefing Paper 114, figure 2 pp.8
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1114:Advances in Food and Nutrition Research
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1187:. The World Bank. 2008. pp. 70–71
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998:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
697:Remnants from food production such as
422:is processed into a highly nutritious
298:Dry milling and fractionation of grain
130:produce corn ethanol, reported by the
462:. The remaining components of fiber,
430:released from the process is used to
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274:United States Department of Energy
132:United States Department of Energy
27:Ethanol produced from corn biomass
25:
1802:. ethanolrfa.org. 12 January 2010
914:"Corn Ethanol Use in the Midwest"
752:Ethanol fuel in the United States
60:ethanol fuel in the United States
1618:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00105.x
1404:"The dirty truth about biofuels"
716:is considered second generation
220:, corn ethanol has a much lower
97:
693:Alternative biomass for ethanol
672:Economic impact of corn ethanol
1695:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1689:Brown, Lester Russell (2003).
1369:California Air Resources Board
1280:. 28 June 2008. Archived from
512:Corn ethanol results in lower
66:. Corn ethanol is produced by
1:
1912:Union of Concerned Scientists
1605:Journal of Industrial Ecology
1126:10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60085-6
631: Total corn production (
540:of corn ethanol in replacing
478:, dried and sold as modified
474:through a similar process as
1800:"Ethanol Facts: Agriculture"
1271:"Another Inconvenient Truth"
498:is also extracted and sold.
678:Renewable Fuels Association
584:Corn-processing plant near
141:to create mixtures such as
1954:
1722:Biotechnology for Biofuels
1566:Daniel., Sperling (2009).
1484:The National Academy Press
505:
366:and as a nutrient for the
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58:and is the main source of
1010:10.1007/s00253-004-1819-8
552:. Other issues relate to
244:contains fifteen percent
1168:15 December 2010 at the
722:greenhouse gas emissions
601:greenhouse gas emissions
576:Greenhouse gas emissions
514:greenhouse gas emissions
362:is added to control the
268:from the high volume of
76:greenhouse gas emissions
1658:10.1073/pnas.2101084119
1529:10.1126/science.1121416
1331:10.1126/science.1152747
1235:10.1126/science.1151861
1163:Ethanol Myths and Facts
605:Renewable Fuel Standard
572:of ethanol production.
64:Renewable Fuel Standard
1735:10.1186/1754-6834-7-61
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618:Croplands and land use
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1904:Cornstarch Substitute
1120:, Elsevier: 271–300,
771:Smil, Vaclav (2017).
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312:West Burlington, Iowa
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256:, which contains 85%
40:in the United States.
35:
1883:Worldwatch Institute
1078:www1.agric.gov.ab.ca
641: Corn used for
502:Environmental issues
398:is removed from the
392:distillation columns
342:process, the entire
68:ethanol fermentation
1521:2006Sci...311..506F
1486:, Washington, D.C.
1323:2008Sci...319.1235F
1317:(5867): 1235–1238.
1226:2008Sci...319.1238S
1220:(5867): 1238–1240.
434:and to manufacture
432:carbonate beverages
1828:on 14 January 2010
1788:. 19 January 2023.
1410:on 4 December 2009
918:large.stanford.edu
742:Cellulosic ethanol
740:
710:cellulosic biomass
654:
590:
586:Columbus, Nebraska
316:
288:Production process
177:fuel, also called
109:. You can help by
42:
18:Corn-based ethanol
1515:(5760): 506–508.
1493:978-0-309-11361-8
1454:10.4155/BFS.09.20
1287:on 19 August 2008
957:10.3390/su3101866
950:(10): 1866–1887.
782:978-1-4408-5324-1
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29:
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840:15 December
712:to produce
699:corn stover
480:corn starch
476:dry milling
468:corn starch
448:wet milling
442:Wet milling
344:corn kernel
340:dry milling
336:dry milling
330:Dry milling
324:wet milling
320:dry milling
1922:Categories
758:References
666:solar farm
558:irrigation
506:See also:
484:corn syrup
452:corn grain
412:denaturant
410:system. A
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554:pollution
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310:plant in
179:flex fuel
159:oxygenate
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1442:Biofuels
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1291:6 August
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1166:Archived
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1093:cite web
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728:See also
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139:gasoline
1933:Ethanol
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360:Ammonia
352:Enzymes
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