201:, who had inherited the "Old Carter Place, wanted to found a smaller school on the model of Tuskegee for the community in Mt. Meigs. Bowen traveled to the area and found that it was poverty stricken with dilapidated facilities. The former plantation area was full of illiterate sharecroppers whose cotton was mortgaged before seeds were planted. They had no knowledge of crop rotation or planting for food, owning their own property, and most lived in one-room shacks. The only school was open for three months a year and out of the 300 students who had attended it, only five could read. Bowen first organized a Sunday school to teach them scriptures and then went door-to-door meeting the families in the community to establish a rapport and recruit the mothers into meeting to learn about child rearing.
278:, Bowen was one of the founding members. By 1904, she was the corresponding secretary of the organization and that same year was elected president of the Alabama State Colored Women's Federated Clubs. She continued to serve as state president for more than a decade. In 1897, she elected as vice president of the Alabama Negro Teacher's Association and would hold the post until at least 1910. Bowen attended many conferences throughout the United States speaking to women's groups and in 1905 published a short autobiography called
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legislature to establish a facility, but when they were unsuccessful, Bowen sold the club twenty acres to build a facility. Bowen founded a second school, operated on the same farm principal as the institute, which was maintained solely by the black clubwomen. They continued lobbying the
Alabama legislature, as well as judges and newspaper editors to have the state take over the administration of the school. They were finally successful in 1911 and the state took over management of the
263:, and occasionally was accompanied by her sister Katie, who also taught at Mt. Meigs. A devotee to "muscular Christianity", Bowen believed that good health was achieved by proper nourishment and exercise and that participation in athletics also taught a respect for cooperation, rules, self-discipline, as well as the benefits of work. She participated in the "back to nature" movement, of intellectuals who ate a predominantly vegetarian diet, exercised and at least once spent time in a
980:
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to lead by example, renting her own land, she hired a man to plow it. Sowing the seed, for cotton, corn and pumpkin; hoeing and plowing the weeds; and harvesting the crop, she netted a profit of $ 30.50 from her $ 50 sale. Borrowing $ 1735 from Pierce she built a two-story frame building, which would become a boarding and day school. Within seven years, the community had paid back the debt in full, though sometimes with livestock, which Bowen would sell in
141:. Based on the principles of the Tuskegee Institute, where she was trained, Bowen created industrial schools to teach students to thrive from their own industry. She was a member of both the state and national Colored Women's Federated Clubs and served as an officer of both organizations. She also was elected as the first woman president of the Alabama Negro Teacher's Association.
205:
322:. Bowen's philanthropy extended long after her death, having donated much of the land that the schools were founded on to the state. The two schools she founded are both still operational. The Institute is currently known as Georgia Washington High School and the Reformatory is known as Mount Meigs Campus.
219:
to add the money to the debt repayment fund. Besides teaching grammar and arithmetic, Bowen taught life-skills like farming, gardening, and raising bees, livestock and poultry. As she had nearly three hundred students and only five who could read, Bowen had the five readers assist her in teaching the
214:
Bowen created a community center, where she taught women and girls cooking, housekeeping and sewing, as well as instilling child-raising skills, grooming, exercise and nutrition. She taught the men and boys to be better husbands, farmers and the benefits of ownership of their own land. Her method was
347:
gives her birth date as 24 September 1870 however, the 1880 census shows her age as sixteen, thus being born in 1864 or 1865. As numerous accounts of her life state that her mother was a slave, the 1858 date seems implausible, as
Cornelia would have been born a slave were she born prior to the Civil
183:
before she began her formal training in the schools in
Tuskegee. The public school for blacks on Zion Hill was closed when Tuskegee Normal School opened and Bowen entered the school after passing the required examination. When she graduated in 1885, in the first graduating class, Bowen received a
285:
In 1906, Bowen and the women's club became involved in the need for a boy's reformatory. White women had successfully lobbied for the state to send boys to reform school instead of prison, but no similar provisions had been made for black youth. The
Colored Women's Federated Clubs pled for the
297:
In 1920, Bowen gave the 400 acres remaining in the Mount Meigs
Institute to the state of Alabama with the proviso that they would pay her for the holdings when they officially took over the school. She continued to serve as principal even after the state changed the name to the
282:. She used her membership in these women's organizations to improve the status of African Americans and raise funds for her school. Bowen also published many articles and poems, as well as participated in many educational programs aimed at improving the lives of young people.
224:
31:
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on the plantation owned by
Colonel William B. Bowen, to Sophia (née Carroll) and Henry Clay Bowen (Bowan). Col. Bowen owned the property upon which the Tuskegee Institute would later be constructed. Her mother was a slave, who had been born in
192:
Upon completion of her education, Bowen became the principal at the
Children's House, or training facility of Tuskegee Normal School. After several terms, she was advised by Washington of an opportunity to work near Mt. Meigs, Alabama, in
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290:. Bowen would continue serving for at least a decade as one of the trustees of the reformatory. She also taught at the reformatory, until 1923. One of her students was
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Each summer, Bowen would travel north to raise funds for her school and in the process, further her own education. In 1893, she attended the
1062:
Lights and Shades in the Black Belt: Containing the Story of the
Southern Missionary Society, the Oakwood School, and the Hillcrest School
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1529:(11). Nashville, Tennessee: Negro Department of the North American Division of Seventh Day Adventists. November 1, 1910. Archived from
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166:. The cabin in which Bowen had been born, another cabin, the chicken house and a stable were all that was left of the estate when
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others with the assistance of a preacher's son, who helped without pay. Within three years, she was able to hire an assistant.
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1115:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 23, 1870. p. 28. microfilm publication M593
1108:
1068:. Washington, District of Columbia: African American Seventh-Day Adventists. Archived from the original on 2017-01-25.
985:. U.S. History in Context. Vol. 5 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA. CX3444701245
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1135:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 12, 1880. p. 33. microfilm publication T9
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and taught to read by her master's daughter, though she could not write. Bowen was described as a tall, slender,
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Smith gives Bowen's birth date as 1858, however, she is not shown on the 1870 federal census with her family.
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162:. The estate was located about one mile to the south of town and the plantation house was burned during the
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around 1923 or 1924. She served as principal until at least 1929 and also taught for five years at the
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As a child, Bowen was tutored by a white woman known to her mother, who taught her to read the
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306:. Bowen became the first woman president of the Alabama Negro Teacher's Association in 1927.
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teacher and school founder from
Alabama. She was in the first graduating class of the
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1636:(11). Battle Creek, Michigan: American Medical Missionary Association. November 1914
223:
1437:. Mount Meigs, Alabama: Alabama Department of Youth Services. 2014. Archived from
1031:. Vol. One. Montgomery, Alabama: National Publishing Company. pp. 22–23.
248:
1044:. Vol. II. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research Incorporated. pp. 45–48.
204:
979:
Moore, Lisa Marie (2006). "Tuskegee
University". In Palmer, Colin A. (ed.).
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30:
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Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
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1547:"Progress of the Negro: Booker T. Washington Gives Some Sensible Advice"
966:. Vol. 1. Chicago, Illinois: Frank Lincoln Mather. pp. 31–32.
240:
159:
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1580:. Kansas City, Missouri: The Kansas City Sun. May 15, 1920. p. 1
275:
930:
1129:"1880 United States Census: Tuskegee Beat 1, Macon County, Alabama"
259:. In addition, she would recuperate for part of each summer at the
203:
1109:"1870 United States Census: Tuskegee Beat, Macon County, Alabama"
1343:"Cornelia Bowen, Principal of Montgomery County Training School"
955:. New York, New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 211–223.
294:, who she encouraged to participate in sports as well as choir.
116:
founding Mt. Meigs Colored Institute and Negro Boys' Reformatory
891:
1349:. Charlottesville, Virginia. April 26, 1923. Archived from
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teacher, educator, school founder and administrator, writer
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in New York City and later between 1898 and 1900 attended
1090:
If You Were Only White: The Life of Leroy "Satchel" Paige
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392:
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953:
Tuskegee & Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements
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1008:. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press.
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Alabama Reform School for Juvenile Negro Law-Breakers
1093:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
982:
Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History
1375:. New York, New York. September 3, 1905. p. 18
1190:. New York City, New York. July 21, 1906. p. 1
1157:. New York City, New York. July 11, 1912. p. 6
876:
112:
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96:
88:
66:
40:
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1318:. Boston, Massachusetts. April 3, 1896. p. 14
1488:"Negro Teachers to Huntsville, Doctors to Mobile"
1463:. Anniston, Alabama. January 23, 1921. p. 10
849:
592:
1078:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
810:
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149:Cornelia Bowen was born September 24, 1865 near
1400:"Member Tuskegee's First Graduating Class Dies"
1254:. Atlanta, Georgia. April 17, 1897. p. 232
903:
1182:"Alabama Women's Clubs Want Boys' Reformatory"
184:Peabody medal for her scholastic excellence.
8:
1725:20th-century African-American women writers
1029:The National Cyclopedia of the Colored Race
408:
379:
170:bought the property as the new site of the
16:African American teacher and school founder
1519:"News Items from the Rock City Sanitarium"
550:
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29:
18:
931:Alabama Department of Youth Services 2014
251:and later, earned a master's degree from
1613:. August 8, 1923. p. 5 – via
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243:. She attained a bachelor's degree from
222:
1690:20th-century African-American educators
1680:19th-century African-American educators
431:
360:
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257:Juvenile Crime among Negroes in Alabama
1071:
864:
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1730:20th-century African-American writers
1700:20th-century American women educators
786:
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521:
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367:
7:
1644:– via Yale University Library.
1059:Spalding, Arthur Whitefield (1913).
1710:20th-century American women writers
960:Mather, Frank Lincoln, ed. (1915).
892:University of Virginia Library 1923
951:. In Washington, Booker T. (ed.).
14:
1040:. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
1002:Neverdon-Morton, Cynthia (1989).
300:Montgomery County Training School
139:Mt. Meigs Negro Boys' Reformatory
1705:African-American women educators
1606:"Taking Treatment at Sanatorium"
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1455:"Negro School's Trustees Chosen"
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1215:"'Back-to-Nature-Colony' Formed"
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1695:20th-century American educators
1685:19th-century American educators
1347:University of Virginia Library
304:Alabama State Teachers College
1:
1715:20th-century American writers
1670:People from Tuskegee, Alabama
1036:Smith, Jessie Carney (1996).
963:Who's Who of the Colored Race
345:Who’s Who of the Colored Race
209:Mount Meigs Colored Institute
135:Mount Meigs Colored Institute
1402:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
1221:. August 21, 1905. p. 4
1042:Notable Black American Women
1023:Richardson, Clement (1919).
272:Afro-American Women's League
1553:. March 12, 1898. p. 4
1494:. March 31, 1910. p. 5
1285:. July 16, 1904. p. 10
314:Bowen died in July 1934 in
1746:
1720:Straight University alumni
1675:Tuskegee University alumni
1609:. Battle Creek, Michigan:
1578:"Prominent Men Tour South"
1492:The Cullman Times Democrat
1406:. July 21, 1934. p. 2
1246:"Colored Teachers Convene"
1217:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
758:The Cullman Times Democrat
320:Montgomery County, Alabama
233:Columbia Teachers' College
82:Montgomery County, Alabama
1611:The Battle Creek Enquirer
627:The Battle Creek Enquirer
133:and went on to found the
28:
1251:The Atlanta Constitution
947:Bowen, Cornelia (1905).
828:, pp. 108, 112–113.
743:The Atlanta Constitution
1310:"Constitution Prepared"
1283:The Fort Wayne Sentinel
1281:. Fort Wayne, Indiana:
1219:The Minneapolis Journal
1087:Spivey, Donald (2012).
696:The Fort Wayne Sentinel
666:The Minneapolis Journal
261:Battle Creek Sanitarium
255:with a thesis entitled
199:Plainfield, Connecticut
1630:The Medical Missionary
1551:The Daily Northwestern
1549:. Oshkosh, Wisconsin:
1404:The Pittsburgh Courier
917:The Pittsburgh Courier
612:The Medical Missionary
579:The Daily Northwestern
237:Queen Margaret College
228:
211:
172:Tuskegee Normal School
1279:"Colored Women Elect"
1025:"Miss Cornelia Bowen"
867:, pp. 23, 28–30.
493:, pp. 2217–2219.
226:
207:
60:Macon County, Alabama
1504:Newspaperarchive.com
1490:. Cullman, Alabama:
1328:Newspaperarchive.com
1149:"Alabama Women Meet"
949:"IX. A Woman's Work"
904:Neverdon-Morton 1989
253:Battle Creek College
168:Booker T. Washington
1441:on 20 February 2014
1367:"A Little Tuskegee"
878:The Kansas City Sun
789:, pp. 211–223.
464:, pp. 211–212.
156:Baltimore, Maryland
125:(1865–1934) was an
1533:on 26 January 2017
1435:Alabama Government
1431:"Mt. Meigs Campus"
1353:on 26 January 2017
840:, p. 108-112.
265:naturist community
229:
212:
197:. E. N. Pierce of
131:Tuskegee Institute
51:September 24, 1865
1523:The Gospel Herald
1460:The Anniston Star
1100:978-0-8262-1978-7
1051:978-0-8103-9177-2
1015:978-0-87049-684-4
851:The Anniston Star
777:, pp. 47–48.
594:The Gospel Herald
399:, pp. 31–32.
270:In 1896 when the
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105:Years active
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945:
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927:
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918:
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838:Spalding 1913
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831:
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801:, p. 22.
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731:
726:
724:
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714:
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706:
703:
700:, p. 10.
699:
697:
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688:
685:, p. 14.
684:
682:
676:
673:
669:
667:
661:
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655:, p. 30.
654:
649:
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642:
641:Spalding 1913
637:
634:
630:
628:
622:
619:
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598:, p. 78.
597:
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582:
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566:Spalding 1913
562:
560:
556:
553:, p. 22.
552:
547:
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534:Spalding 1913
530:
527:
524:, p. 47.
523:
518:
516:
514:
512:
508:
505:, p. 21.
504:
499:
496:
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481:, p. 46.
480:
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452:, p. 23.
451:
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410:
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43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1638:. Retrieved
1633:
1629:
1623:"(untitled)"
1588:– via
1582:. Retrieved
1561:– via
1555:. Retrieved
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1526:
1522:
1502:– via
1496:. Retrieved
1471:– via
1465:. Retrieved
1458:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1434:
1414:– via
1408:. Retrieved
1383:– via
1377:. Retrieved
1370:
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1351:the original
1346:
1326:– via
1320:. Retrieved
1313:
1293:– via
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1262:– via
1256:. Retrieved
1249:
1229:– via
1223:. Retrieved
1198:– via
1192:. Retrieved
1185:
1165:– via
1159:. Retrieved
1152:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:FamilySearch
1132:
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1113:FamilySearch
1112:
1089:
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1041:
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993:– via
987:. Retrieved
981:
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940:Bibliography
926:
921:, p. 2.
916:
911:
899:
887:
882:, p. 1.
877:
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811:
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757:
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715:, p. 6.
710:
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631:, p. 5.
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72:(1934-07-09)
70:July 9, 1934
1665:1934 deaths
1660:1865 births
865:Spivey 2012
799:Spivey 2012
653:Spivey 2012
503:Spivey 2012
397:Mather 1915
316:Mount Meigs
249:New Orleans
89:Nationality
78:Mount Meigs
1654:Categories
1640:26 January
1584:25 January
1557:25 January
1537:26 January
1498:25 January
1467:26 January
1445:26 January
1410:25 January
1379:25 January
1357:26 January
1322:25 January
1289:26 January
1258:26 January
1225:26 January
1194:26 January
1161:26 January
1139:26 January
1119:26 January
995:Gale Group
989:25 January
787:Bowen 1905
775:Smith 1996
730:Smith 1996
522:Smith 1996
491:Moore 2006
479:Smith 1996
462:Bowen 1905
368:Smith 1996
348:War's end.
326:References
217:Montgomery
145:Early life
47:1865-09-24
1074:cite book
356:Citations
174:in 1881.
164:Civil War
108:1885–1934
972:20945353
92:American
56:Tuskegee
1372:The Sun
433:The Sun
241:Glasgow
160:mulatto
1097:
1048:
1012:
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276:Boston
188:Career
1626:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
331:Notes
195:Waugh
54:near
1642:2017
1586:2017
1559:2017
1539:2017
1500:2017
1469:2017
1447:2017
1412:2017
1381:2017
1359:2017
1324:2017
1291:2017
1260:2017
1227:2017
1196:2017
1163:2017
1141:2017
1121:2017
1095:ISBN
1080:link
1046:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:2017
968:OCLC
919:1934
880:1920
853:1921
814:1906
760:1910
745:1897
713:1912
698:1904
683:1896
668:1905
629:1923
614:1914
596:1910
581:1898
435:1905
67:Died
41:Born
35:1902
247:in
239:in
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45:(
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