332:, who had worked with Nance, published a new system based on the works of the later Cornish writers of the 17th and 18th centuries, just before the language died out. This variety, called Modern Cornish, also known as Late Cornish, uses later, somewhat simpler grammatical constructions and a vocabulary and spelling that was more influenced by English. The orthography has undergone a number of changes. The main body promoting Modern Cornish is
130:
77:
408:
proposed orthography were mixed from the various language groups, Kowethas an Yeth
Kernewek, Cussel an Tavaz Kernûak, Kesva an Taves Kernewek and Agan Tavas, but the majority wanted resolution and acceptance. The Cornish Language Partnership said that it would 'create an opportunity to break down barriers and the agreement marked a significant stepping stone in the Cornish language'.
375:, based on traditional orthographic forms and having a clear relation between spelling and pronunciation, taking both Middle Cornish and Late Cornish dialects of Revived Cornish into account. Since the publication of the Standard Written Form, Kernowak Standard has evolved to become a set of proposed amendments to the SWF.
453:
and now designated KS1) for the SWF, developed by a group called UdnFormScrefys. After the publication of the SWF specification, members of this group established a new group, Spellyans, to identify shortcomings in the SWF and propose solutions for consideration for the SWF review which took place in
244:
agreed to adopt it. Its adoption by the
Cornish Language Board caused a division in the Cornish language community, especially since people had been using Nance's old system for many years and were unfamiliar with the new one. While it was adopted by a majority of Cornish speakers (various estimates
350:
In practice these different written forms did not prevent
Cornish speakers from communicating with each other effectively. However, the existence of multiple orthographies was unsustainable with regards to using the language in education and public life, as no single orthography had ever achieved a
407:
On 9 May 2008, the
Cornish Language Partnership met with the specification for the Standard Written Form as the main item on the agenda. All four Cornish language groups, Unified Cornish, Unified Cornish Revised, Kernewek Kemmyn and Modern Cornish were represented at this meeting. Reactions to the
358:
In 2007 an independent
Cornish Language Commission consisting of sociolinguists and linguists from outside of Cornwall was formed to review the four existing forms (Unified, UCR, Late Cornish and Kemmyn) and consider whether any of these existing orthographies might be suitable for adoption as a
189:
Nance's work became the basis of revived
Cornish and his orthography was the only one in use for most of the 20th century. However, as the focus shifted from written to spoken Cornish, Nance's stiff, archaic formulation of the language seemed less suitable for a spoken revival. Also, Nance's
284:. As an alternative, Williams devised and proposed a revision of Unified Cornish, called Unified Cornish Revised (or UCR). UCR built on Unified Cornish, making the spellings regular while keeping as close as possible to the orthographic practices of the medieval scribes. In common with
178:), was based mainly on the Middle Cornish of the 14th and 15th centuries. Nance believed that this period represented a high point for Cornish literature. As well as presenting a standardised spelling system, Nance also extended the attested vocabulary with forms based largely on
190:
phonology lacked some distinctions which later research showed must have existed in traditional
Cornish. Unified Cornish is still in use by some speakers who, while acknowledging its shortcomings, feel it has served well for the first decades of the revival.
290:, UCR made use of Tudor and Late Cornish prose materials unavailable to Nance. A comprehensive English-Cornish dictionary of Unified Cornish Revised was published in 2000 and sold enough copies to merit a second edition. A response to the criticisms in
137:
During the 19th century the
Cornish language was the subject of antiquarian interest and a number of lectures were given on the subject and pamphlets on it were published. In 1904, the Celtic language scholar and Cornish cultural activist
146:. The publication of this book is often considered to be the start of the current revival movement. The spelling in this book was based on that used when Cornish was last a community language in the 18th century.
186:, and published a dictionary of Unified Cornish in 1938. Nance's purist approach favoured older 'Celtic' forms rather than the historically more recent forms deriving from Middle and Early Modern English.
413:"This marks a significant stepping-stone in the development of the Cornish language. In time this step will allow the Cornish language to move forward to become part of the lives of all in Cornwall."
382:(Cornish Re-unified) which endeavoured to reconcile UC, KK, RLC, and UCR orthographies. This proposal was used as a source of input for the SWF but is not being used as a separate orthography.
454:
2013. The orthography resulting from the application of these revisions, Kernowek
Standard, has been used in a number of books, including an edition of the Bible and a comprehensive grammar,
393:
The SWF process eventually decided that the existing orthographies were too contentious to be considered and that a new compromise orthography that all groups could support was needed.
411:
The vote to ratify the SWF was carried and on 19 May 2008 it was announced that the orthography had been agreed on. Eric Brooke, chairman of the
Cornish Language Partnership, said:
351:
wide consensus. Following the recognition in 2002 of Cornish under Part II of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, and the subsequent establishment of the
426:
Vanessa Beeman adopted, by overwhelming majority and after two decades of debate, the SWF for their ceremonies and correspondence. From the earliest days under Grand Bards
355:, the need for consensus became more urgent. In response to this, the Partnership initiated a process to agree on a standard form for use in education and public life.
389:(Campaign for Kernewek Kemmyn) did not agree with the creation of a new standard, and argued that the existing Kernewek Kemmyn orthography should become the standard.
1208:
Ferdinand, Siarl (2-December-2013). "A Brief History of the Cornish Language, its Revival and its Current Status" (PDF). e-Keltoi 2: 199–227. Retrieved 18 April 2016
1397:
63:
movement. In 2009, UNESCO changed its classification of Cornish from "extinct" to "critically endangered", seen as a milestone for the revival of the language.
1043:
There are organisations set up to grow and strengthen the Cornish revival, many listed in the table below working together under the banner Speak Cornish.
1706:
51:
to have full knowledge of a traditional form of Cornish, John Davey, died in 1891. The revival movement started in the late 19th century as a result of
94:
233:, based on his research. Like Unified Cornish, Kernewek Kemmyn retained a Middle Cornish base but implemented an orthography that aspired to be as
249:
and Jon Mills for various reasons, as well as those who found its novel orthography too different from traditional Cornish spelling conventions.
1438:
1430:
1234:
237:
as possible. George argued that this much closer relationship between sounds and writing would make Cornish much easier to teach and learn.
1734:
48:
1360:
2030:
116:
43:, England. The Cornish language's disappearance began to hasten during the 13th century, but its decline began with the spread of
2035:
359:
standard form of Cornish, or whether a new fifth form should be adopted. Two groups made proposals of compromise orthographies:
1822:
1451:
Kernowek Standard: An orthography for the Cornish Language/Wolcum dhe Gernowek Standard! Standard rag Screfa an Tavas Kernowek
1699:
1405:
98:
1509:
1932:
1886:
352:
345:
378:
Two members of the CLP's Linguistic Working Group, Albert Bock and Benjamin Bruch, proposed another orthography called
1257:
1051:
160:
The first project to codify Cornish spelling and provide a regular orthography for the revived language was that of
87:
2040:
1906:
1692:
1660:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1157:
1977:
1911:
246:
1901:
1891:
1226:
1141:
1109:
482:
333:
449:(Standard Cornish) is a proposed set of revisions to the SWF. It is based on the initial proposal (called
241:
1916:
1838:
494:
402:
1656:
1607:
1293:
490:
234:
1464:
1993:
1962:
1782:
161:
56:
30:
1788:
1774:
1152:
They recognise SWF "for use in schools and public life". They also produce publications in SWF.
1848:
1744:
1434:
1426:
1230:
498:
462:
439:
372:
307:
253:
194:
1998:
1952:
1876:
1802:
1754:
1749:
1715:
1077:
36:
21:
1162:
To promote "the Cornish language through a wide range of publications, projects and events"
2010:
1967:
1937:
1858:
1843:
1759:
1739:
1364:
1340:
1320:
486:
478:
329:
214:
179:
169:
155:
1972:
1896:
1853:
1611:
1125:
1047:
419:
323:
183:
60:
1481:
2024:
1816:
1764:
1523:
129:
35:''resurrection of Cornish'') is an ongoing process to revive the use of the
1957:
1947:
477:
This table compares the spelling of some Cornish words in different orthographies (
427:
168:
in 1929. Unlike the Late Cornish-based work of Jenner, Nance's orthography, called
139:
1058:
Existent Cornish language organisations and their relationship to orthographies
76:
52:
44:
415:
The fourth and final Standard Written Form draft was generated on 30 May 2008.
303:
by Ken George and Paul Dunbar. A counter-reply to the latter appeared in 2007.
1942:
1881:
1809:
1573:
1218:
1093:
423:
220:
1495:
1795:
1542:
1082:
To "advance knowledge and education of the public in the Cornish Language"
430:
and Morton Nance, Unified Cornish had been used for the Gorseth ceremony.
223:
undertook a study of the sounds of Cornish and devised a new orthography,
1345:
1325:
40:
101: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
133:
Commemorative plaque on Henry Jenner's home with bilingual inscription
1674:
1684:
1625:
128:
1453:(in Cornish and English), kernowek.net; accessed 17 January 2016.
1590:
1559:
1120:
They recognise "the need for pedagogic and official purposes"
1054:
with a class dedicated to publications in the Cornish language.
1688:
1361:"Cornish Language Partnership – Standard Written Form Ratified"
1104:
They are "fully committed for use in schools and public life"
219:
In 1986, in response to dissatisfaction with Unified Cornish,
70:
1223:
An Gerlyver Meur: Cornish-English; English-Cornish Dictionary
1510:"Holyer an Gof winners announced at Kresen Kernow ceremony"
274:
was itself challenged by Nicholas Williams who in his book
1297:
1281:
1642:
55:
and academic interest in the language, which was already
1385:
1136:
They "adopted the Standard Written Form" in June 2009.
1450:
1098:
To "promote the use and study of the Cornish language"
1130:
To "maintain the national Celtic spirit of Cornwall"
1986:
1925:
1867:
1831:
1773:
1722:
466:
311:
257:
198:
371:) Group developed and proposed an orthography,
245:put it at around 55–80%), it was criticised by
1574:"Time for change: the case for Modern Cornish"
1700:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
444:
296:
285:
279:
269:
224:
205:
173:
8:
1421:Desky Kernowek: A complete guide to Cornish
240:In 1987, after one year of discussion, the
1707:
1693:
1685:
1554:
1552:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1637:
1635:
1056:
503:
1198:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
301:– Cornish for the Twenty First Century
1602:
1600:
1114:To promote and support Modern Cornish
7:
1643:"Welcome The Cornish Language Board"
1204:
1202:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1398:"At last, the language of progress"
1321:"Breakthrough for Cornish language"
1868:
1341:"Standard Cornish spelling agreed"
418:On 17 June 2009, the bards of the
144:A Handbook of the Cornish Language
14:
1319:Morris, Jonathan (19 May 2008).
75:
1146:To promote the Cornish language
1052:Holyer an Gof Publishers Awards
86:needs additional citations for
1465:"Gerva Kynsa dhe Dressa Gradh"
1404:. 17 June 2009. Archived from
59:, and also as a result of the
47:in the 5th and 6th centuries.
1:
538:
1887:Cornish Language Partnership
1677:. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek.
531:
445:
353:Cornish Language Partnership
346:Cornish Language Partnership
340:Cornish Language Partnership
278:listed 26 supposed flaws in
225:
174:
1608:"Welcome to Gorsedh Kernow"
1419:Williams, Nicholas (2012).
2057:
1628:. Kesva an Taves Kernewek.
1294:"Kernowek Dasunys website"
1258:"Language Subtag Registry"
1221:, ed. (2009). "Kernewek".
437:
422:, under the leadership of
400:
385:Members of a group called
343:
321:
212:
153:
2007:
1907:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
1661:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
1386:Kernowek official website
1282:Kernowek Standard website
1182:Livonian language revival
1177:List of revived languages
1158:Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
164:who outlined his work in
2031:Cornish language revival
1912:Movyans Skolyow Meythrin
387:Kaskyrgh Kernewek Kemmyn
49:The last reported person
18:Cornish language revival
2036:Celtic language revival
1902:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1892:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
1657:"Standard Written Form"
1227:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1142:Kesva an Taves Kernewek
1110:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
483:Unified Cornish Revised
334:Cussel an Tavas Kernuak
294:appeared soon after in
264:Unified Cornish Revised
1187:Māori language revival
566:
559:
552:
545:
297:
286:
280:
270:
242:Cornish Language Board
206:
134:
25:
1917:Skol Veythrin Karenza
1839:Standard Written Form
1408:on 12 September 2012.
1069:Preferred Orthography
495:Standard Written Form
403:Standard Written Form
397:Standard Written Form
132:
26:dasserghyans Kernowek
1482:"Cornish Dictionary"
491:Revived Late Cornish
328:In the early 1980s,
95:improve this article
1994:Brittonic languages
1963:Robert Morton Nance
1783:Bodmin manumissions
1526:. Akademi Kernewek.
1484:. Akademi Kernewek.
1300:on 7 September 2008
1263:. IETF. 16 May 2024
1059:
369:Single Written Form
162:Robert Morton Nance
1823:Bible translations
1789:Pascon agan Arluth
1543:"About Agan Tavas"
1088:Maintainer of SWF
1057:
560:Kernewek, Kernowek
135:
2018:
2017:
1978:Nicholas Williams
1849:Kernowek Standard
1593:. Gorsedh Kernow.
1512:. Gorsedh Kernow.
1439:978-1-904808-95-4
1431:978-1-904808-99-2
1236:978-1-902917-84-9
1168:
1167:
1036:
1035:
499:Kernowek Standard
473:Comparison tables
463:IETF language tag
451:Kernowak Standard
446:Kernowek Standard
440:Kernowek Standard
434:Kernowek Standard
373:Kernowak Standard
308:IETF language tag
254:IETF language tag
247:Nicholas Williams
195:IETF language tag
127:
126:
119:
34:
2048:
2041:Language revival
1999:Celtic languages
1987:Related articles
1953:Kitty Lee Jenner
1877:Akademi Kernewek
1803:Beunans Meriasek
1755:Cornish surnames
1716:Cornish language
1709:
1702:
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1686:
1679:
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1671:
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1622:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1560:"Modern Cornish"
1556:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1498:. Speak Cornish.
1492:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
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1442:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1402:This is Cornwall
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1388:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1296:. Archived from
1290:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1078:Akademi Kernewek
1060:
934:hwibana, whibana
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
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468:
448:
380:Kernowek Dasunys
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289:
283:
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228:
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37:Cornish language
29:
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2055:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2011:Cornwall Portal
2003:
1982:
1968:Dolly Pentreath
1938:Richard Gendall
1921:
1863:
1859:Unified Cornish
1844:Kernewek Kemmyn
1827:
1769:
1760:Glasney College
1718:
1713:
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1255:
1244:
1237:
1229:. p. 343.
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1173:
1149:Kernewek Kemmyn
1101:Unified Cornish
1050:have an annual
1041:
487:Kernewek Kemmyn
479:Unified Cornish
475:
442:
436:
405:
399:
348:
342:
330:Richard Gendall
326:
320:
298:Kernewek Kemmyn
287:Kernewek Kemmyn
281:Kernewek Kemmyn
271:Kernewek Kemmyn
266:
226:Kernewek Kemmyn
217:
215:Kernewek Kemmyn
211:
207:Kernewek Kemmyn
170:Unified Cornish
166:Cornish for All
158:
156:Unified Cornish
152:
150:Unified Cornish
123:
112:
106:
103:
92:
80:
69:
12:
11:
5:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1973:A. S. D. Smith
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1897:Gorsedh Kernow
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:Modern Cornish
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1806:
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1666:
1648:
1631:
1617:
1612:Gorsedh Kernow
1596:
1582:
1565:
1548:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1473:
1455:
1443:
1411:
1389:
1378:
1367:on 5 June 2008
1352:
1349:. 19 May 2008.
1332:
1311:
1285:
1274:
1242:
1235:
1210:
1197:
1196:
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1131:
1128:
1126:Gorsedh Kernow
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:Modern Cornish
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1072:Stance on SWF
1070:
1067:
1064:
1048:Gorsedh Kernow
1040:
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1027:
1024:
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724:choy, chi, chy
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474:
471:
456:Desky Kernowek
438:Main article:
435:
432:
420:Gorseth Kernow
401:Main article:
398:
395:
391:
390:
383:
376:
365:UdnFormScrefys
344:Main article:
341:
338:
324:Modern Cornish
322:Main article:
319:
318:Modern Cornish
316:
265:
262:
231:Common Cornish
213:Main article:
210:
203:
154:Main article:
151:
148:
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84:This section
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42:
38:
32:
27:
23:
19:
2009:
1958:Edward Lhuyd
1948:Henry Jenner
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1735:Last speaker
1729:
1669:
1651:
1626:"Who We Are"
1620:
1585:
1568:
1518:
1504:
1490:
1476:
1458:
1446:
1420:
1414:
1406:the original
1401:
1392:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1355:
1344:
1335:
1324:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1298:the original
1288:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1222:
1213:
1063:Organisation
1045:
1042:
1017:mona, arhans
779:river mouth
747:gwelv, gweus
681:kodha, codha
615:chair, cadar
612:kador, cador
609:cader, chair
603:chayr, cadar
600:cadar, chayr
476:
460:
455:
450:
443:
428:Henry Jenner
417:
412:
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392:
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327:
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218:
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165:
159:
143:
140:Henry Jenner
136:
113:
107:January 2016
104:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
17:
15:
1926:Key figures
1441:(paperback)
1423:. Evertype.
1219:George, Ken
954:whêl 'work'
871:(to) smoke
776:ryver, aber
764:ryver, aber
761:aber, ryver
53:antiquarian
45:Old English
2025:Categories
1943:Ken George
1933:John Davey
1882:Agan Tavas
1810:Bewnans Ke
1775:Literature
1675:"About Us"
1496:"About Us"
1371:9 November
1304:9 November
1193:References
1094:Agan Tavas
957:hwel, whel
865:megi, megy
842:skol, scol
687:(to) fall
424:Grand Bard
221:Ken George
142:published
1796:Ordinalia
1745:Phonology
1591:"Welcome"
727:chi, chei
583:gwenenenn
312:kw-ucrcor
268:In 1995,
1470:. Kesva.
1346:BBC News
1326:BBC News
1171:See also
664:outside
592:gwenenen
589:gwenenen
580:gwenenen
577:gwenenen
572:Cornish
567:Kernowek
546:Kernewek
539:Kernowek
532:Kernewek
525:English
467:kw-kscor
258:kw-kkcor
235:phonemic
199:kw-uccor
41:Cornwall
1750:Numbers
1740:Grammar
1730:Revival
1524:"About"
1066:Purpose
1009:silver
1003:arghans
997:arghans
991:arghans
963:quarry
937:whybana
928:hwibana
925:whybana
922:whybana
882:sterenn
848:school
802:number
641:cheese
553:Kernûak
67:Revival
57:extinct
33:
22:Cornish
1723:Topics
1437:
1429:
1267:23 May
1261:(text)
1233:
1032:money
1006:arhans
1000:arrans
994:arhans
917:today
914:hedhyw
911:hedhyw
908:hedhiu
905:hedhyw
902:hedhyw
899:hedhyū
891:steren
888:steren
885:steran
879:steren
876:steren
813:perenn
733:house
675:koedha
661:in mes
658:yn-mes
652:yn-mes
649:yn-mēs
646:yn-mēs
618:chair
586:gwenen
497:, and
493:, the
180:Breton
1577:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
986:full
894:star
839:scoll
825:pear
822:peren
819:peren
816:peran
810:peren
807:peren
799:nyver
796:niver
793:never
790:niver
787:nyver
784:nyver
770:ryvar
753:gweùs
750:gweus
744:gweus
741:gwēus
738:gwēus
710:goat
707:gavar
704:gaver
701:gavar
698:gaver
695:gavar
692:gavar
684:codha
678:codha
672:codha
669:codha
655:a-vêz
606:kador
184:Welsh
1435:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1373:2012
1306:2012
1269:2024
1231:ISBN
1046:The
1029:mona
983:leun
980:leun
977:lean
974:leun
971:luen
960:whel
951:hwel
948:whēl
945:whēl
868:megy
862:megi
859:megi
856:megy
853:megy
845:scol
836:skol
833:scōl
830:scōl
773:aber
767:aber
756:lip
638:keus
635:keus
632:keaz
629:keus
626:cues
595:bee
461:Its
363:The
306:Its
252:Its
193:Its
182:and
31:lit.
16:The
1133:SWF
1085:SWF
968:lün
730:chy
721:chi
718:chȳ
715:chȳ
623:kēs
519:SWF
516:RLC
510:UCR
501:).
465:is
310:is
256:is
229:or
197:is
97:by
39:of
2027::
1659:.
1634:^
1610:.
1599:^
1551:^
1532:^
1425:,
1400:.
1343:.
1323:.
1245:^
1225:.
1201:^
522:KS
513:KK
507:UC
489:,
485:,
481:,
469:.
458:.
336:.
314:.
260:.
201:.
28:,
24::
1819:"
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1708:e
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367:(
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105:(
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20:(
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