167:
328:
596:), which acts to regulate colour in a different way. The pohutukawa contains small petals also having bright large red clusters of stamens. Another attractive mechanism for flowers is the use of scents which are highly attractive to humans. One such example is the rose. On the other hand, some flowers produce the smell of rotting meat and are attractive to insects such as flies. Darkness is another factor that flowers have adapted to as nighttime conditions limit vision and colour-perception. Fragrancy can be especially useful for flowers that are pollinated at night by moths and other flying insects.
262:
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attracting/repelling specific pollinators and providing suitable conditions for pollinating. Some pollinators include insects, birds, bats, and wind. In some petals, a distinction can be made between a lower narrowed, stalk-like basal part referred to as the claw, and a wider distal part referred to as the blade (or limb). Often, the claw and blade are at an angle with one another.
142:
632:). This plant has its home under the ground acting the role of a parasite on the roots of forest trees. The dactylanthus has only its flowers pointing to the surface and the flowers lack colour but have the advantage of containing much nectar and a strong scent. These act as a useful mechanism in attracting the bat.
582:
Wind-pollinated flowers often have small, dull petals and produce little or no scent. Some of these flowers will often have no petals at all. Flowers that depend on wind pollination will produce large amounts of pollen because most of the pollen scattered by the wind tends to not reach other flowers.
556:
Furthermore, the shape and size of the flower/petals are important in selecting the type of pollinators they need. For example, large petals and flowers will attract pollinators at a large distance or that are large themselves. Collectively, the scent, colour, and shape of petals all play a role in
512:
of the same or nearby flowers. However, pollinators are rather selective in determining the flowers they choose to pollinate. This develops competition between flowers and as a result flowers must provide incentives to appeal to pollinators (unless the flower self-pollinates or is involved in wind
591:
Flowers have various regulatory mechanisms to attract insects. One such helpful mechanism is the use of colour guiding marks. Insects such as the bee or butterfly can see the ultraviolet marks which are contained on these flowers, acting as an attractive mechanism which is not visible towards the
529:
This is where the positioning of the flower petals are located on the flower is the corolla e.g. the buttercup having shiny yellow flower petals which contain guidelines amongst the petals in aiding the pollinator towards the nectar. Pollinators have the ability to determine specific flowers they
468:
The inception and further development of petals show a great variety of patterns. Petals of different species of plants vary greatly in colour or colour pattern, both in visible light and in ultraviolet. Such patterns often function as guides to pollinators and are variously known as
547:
Various colour traits are used by different petals that could attract pollinators that have poor smelling abilities, or that only come out at certain parts of the day. Some flowers can change the colour of their petals as a signal to mutual pollinators to approach or keep away.
894:
Cares-Suarez, R, Poch, T, Acevedo, R.F, Acosta-Bravo, I, Pimentel, C, Espinoza, C, Cares, R.A, Munoz, P, Gonzalez, A.V, Botto-Mahan, C (2011) Do pollinators respond in a dose-dependent manner to flower herbivory?: An experimental assessment in Loasa tricolor (Loasaceae).
530:
wish to pollinate. Using incentives, flowers draw pollinators and set up a mutual relation between each other in which case the pollinators will remember to always guard and pollinate these flowers (unless incentives are not consistently met and competition prevails).
592:
human eye. Many flowers contain a variety of shapes acting to aid with the landing of the visiting insect and also influence the insect to brush against anthers and stigmas (parts of the flower). One such example of a flower is the pohutukawa (
538:
The petals could produce different scents to allure desirable pollinators or repel undesirable pollinators. Some flowers will also mimic the scents produced by materials such as decaying meat, to attract pollinators to them.
421:
is composed of ray florets. Each ray floret is anatomically an individual flower with a single large petal. Florets in the centre of the disc typically have no or very reduced petals. In some plants such as
2313:
2318:
909:
Chamberlain S.A; Rudgers J.A (2012). "How do plants balance multiple mutualists? Correlations among traits for attracting protective bodyguards and pollinators in cotton (Gossypium)".
944:
Toh, Conie; Mohd-Hairul, Ab. Rahim; Ain, Nooraini Mohd.; Namasivayam, Parameswari; Go, Rusea; Abdullah, Nur
Ashikin Psyquay; Abdullah, Meilina Ong; Abdullah, Janna Ong (2017-11-02).
513:
pollination). Petals play a major role in competing to attract pollinators. Henceforth pollination dispersal could occur and the survival of many species of flowers could prolong.
521:
Petals have various functions and purposes depending on the type of plant. In general, petals operate to protect some parts of the flower and attract/repel specific pollinators.
604:
Flowers are also pollinated by birds and must be large and colourful to be visible against natural scenery. In New
Zealand, such bird–pollinated native plants include: kowhai (
1135:
493:
are modified versions of each other. It appears that the mechanisms to form petals evolved very few times (perhaps only once), rather than evolving repeatedly from stamens.
2451:
1108:
616:). Flowers adapt the mechanism on their petals to change colour in acting as a communicative mechanism for the bird to visit. An example is the tree fuchsia (
176:'s actinomorphic flower with three petals and three sepals, that collectively present a good example of an undifferentiated perianth. In this case, the word "
2369:
750:
2185:
1193:
Physics.org (2012). The
University of Adelaide. "Flightless parrots, burrowing bats helped parasitic Hades flower". Date Retrieved August 2013.
501:
Pollination is an important step in the sexual reproduction of higher plants. Pollen is produced by the male flower or by the male organs of
82:, the non-reproductive portion of a flower. When the petals and sepals of a flower are difficult to distinguish, they are collectively called
1219:
327:
166:
946:"Floral micromorphology and transcriptome analyses of a fragrant Vandaceous Orchid, Vanda Mimi Palmer, for its fragrance production sites"
1133:
118:
have well-distinguished sepals and petals. When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are referred to as "petaloid", as in
2512:
270:, the Ivy-leaved Pelargonium : its floral structure is almost identical to that of geraniums, but it is conspicuously zygomorphic
2375:
41:
Diagram showing the parts of a mature flower. In this example, the perianth is separated into a calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)
1270:
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Although petals are usually the most conspicuous parts of animal-pollinated flowers, wind-pollinated species, such as the
852:
2359:
1946:
1461:
620:), which are green when needing to be pollinated and turn red for the birds to stop coming and pollinating the flower.
2441:
2195:
780:
376:(meaning "ray-formed"). Many flowers are symmetrical in only one plane (i.e., symmetry is bilateral) and are termed
2175:
1151:
Donald R. Whitehead (1969). "Wind
Pollination in the Angiosperms: Evolutionary and Environmental Considerations".
2507:
2325:
1194:
304:
1132:
Science
Learning Hub. (2012). The University of Waikato. "Attracting pollinators". Date Retrieved: August 2013.
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Pollen does not move on its own and thus requires wind or animal pollinators to disperse the pollen to the
2293:
2217:
1046:"The importance of oligosulfides in the attraction of fly pollinators to the brood-site deceptive species
1003:
Kessler, Danny; Kallenbach, Mario; Diezel, Celia; Rothe, Eva; Murdock, Mark; Baldwin, Ian T (2015-07-01).
57:
31:
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The collection of all petals in a flower is referred to as the corolla. The role of the corolla in plant
2458:
1102:
1045:
853:"One size fits all? Molecular evidence for a commonly inherited petal identity program in Ranunculales"
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A petal often consists of two parts: the upper broader part, similar to a leaf blade, also called the
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368:). If all of the petals are essentially identical in size and shape, the flower is said to be
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Flowers can be pollinated by short-tailed bats. An example of this is the dactylanthus (
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form, but the petals show the greatest deviation from radial symmetry. Examples of
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The petal whorl or corolla may be either radially or bilaterally symmetrical (see
299:
229:
204:
Tubular-campanulate corolla, bearing long points and emergent from tubular calyx (
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and lie just beneath the corolla. The calyx and the corolla together make up the
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L. Anders
Nilsson (1988). "The evolution of flowers with deep corolla tubes".
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754:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–563.
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have three or six petals, although there are many exceptions to this rule.
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postulated a theory of the origin of elongated corollae and corolla tubes.
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70:. Petals are usually accompanied by another set of modified leaves called
2406:
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1975:
1951:
1868:
1538:
1323:
795:"Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in
453:. Claws are distinctly developed in petals of some flowers of the family
428:, the lower part of the petals or tepals are fused to form a floral cup (
401:
346:
342:
321:
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A corolla of separate petals, without fusion of individual segments, is
141:
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233:. If the petals are free from one another in the corolla, the plant is
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122:, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals. Since they include
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may hold clues to a plant's classification. For example, flowers on
309:
102:
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The genetics behind the formation of petals, in accordance with the
1068:
133:, either have very small petals or lack them entirely (apetalous).
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64:. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the
739:
434:) above the ovary, and from which the petals proper extend.
353:) most frequently have four or five petals while flowers on
308:, the Wild Daffodil, showing ( from bend to tip of flower )
341:
Petals can differ dramatically in different species. The
241:; while if the petals are at least partially fused, it is
1248:
851:
Rasmussen, D. A.; Kramer, E. M.; Zimmer, E. A. (2008).
388:
flowers, other floral parts may be modified from the
295:, the Garden Pea: an example of a zygomorphic flower.
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1964:
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Organogenesis of
Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas
281:, with an actinomorphic flower typical of the genus
793:Graham, S. W.; Barrett, S. C. H. (1 July 2004).
696:"The origin and diversification of angiosperms"
441:and the lower narrower part, similar to a leaf
1264:
8:
2370:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1044:More, M, Cocucci, A.A, Raguso, R.A (2013).
253:. The corolla in some plants forms a tube.
249:. In the case of fused tepals, the term is
126:, an alternative name is lilioid monocots.
1471:
1271:
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2314:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
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52:that surround the reproductive parts of
1057:International Journal of Plant Sciences
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640:
384:(meaning "yoke-" or "pair-formed"). In
86:. Examples of plants in which the term
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1100:
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7:
473:, pollen guides, and floral guides.
449:, separated from each other at the
220:has been studied extensively since
25:
2319:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
337:grow on the sepals of the flower.
208:, Golden Angel's Trumpet, family
2482:
2481:
165:
140:
483:ABC model of flower development
60:or unusually shaped to attract
841:. University of Toronto Press.
738:Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911).
1:
106:. Conversely, genera such as
74:, that collectively form the
2360:History of plant systematics
1947:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1208:Simpson, Michael G. (2011).
694:; Douglas E. Soltis (2004).
343:number of petals in a flower
27:Part of most types of flower
497:Significance of pollination
485:, are that sepals, petals,
417:, the circumference of the
160:) showing petals and sepals
2534:
2176:Alternation of generations
899:, Volume 68, Pages 176-181
860:American Journal of Botany
803:American Journal of Botany
700:American Journal of Botany
575:
564:
29:
2513:Plant reproductive system
2477:
2326:Cultivated plant taxonomy
2289:Biological classification
1286:
963:10.1186/s13104-017-2872-6
923:10.1007/s10682-011-9497-3
305:Narcissus pseudonarcissus
2186:Evolutionary development
1231:"Botany Word of the Day"
1837:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
1022:10.7554/elife.07641.001
751:Encyclopædia Britannica
411:such as the sunflower,
396:flowers may be seen in
90:is appropriate include
2452:by author abbreviation
2376:Plant taxonomy systems
2294:Botanical nomenclature
713:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614
624:Bat-pollinated flowers
517:Functions and purposes
407:In many plants of the
349:(the largest group of
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32:Petal (disambiguation)
2459:Botanical expeditions
816:10.3732/ajb.91.7.1007
630:Dactylanthus taylorii
330:
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277:
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150:flower of a primrose
40:
2191:Evolutionary history
2181:Double fertilization
2033:Cellular respiration
911:Evolutionary Ecology
594:Metrosideros excelsa
567:Pollination syndrome
561:Types of pollination
289:The white flower of
267:Pelargonium peltatum
30:For other uses, see
1410:Non-vascular plants
873:10.3732/ajb.0800038
662:1988Natur.334..147N
618:Fuchsia excorticata
400:and members of the
362:Symmetry in biology
196:Apopetalous corolla
157:Ludwigia octovalvis
1915:Surface structures
1710:Flower development
1214:. Academic Press.
1138:2016-12-03 at the
950:BMC Research Notes
837:Sattler, R. 1973.
614:Clianthus puniceus
587:Attracting insects
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2134:Herbaceous plants
1960:
1959:
1221:978-0-08-051404-8
1211:Plant Systematics
799:(Amaryllidaceae)"
706:(10): 1614–1626.
692:Soltis, Pamela S.
656:(6178): 147–149.
612:) and kaka beak (
414:Helianthus annuus
334:Combretum indicum
120:petaloid monocots
58:brightly coloured
56:. They are often
16:(Redirected from
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2508:Plant morphology
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2464:Individual trees
2139:Secondary growth
2110:Succulent plants
2098:Prostrate shrubs
1981:Apical dominance
1966:Plant physiology
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206:Brugmansia aurea
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1720:Floral formula
1717:
1715:Floral diagram
1712:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1644:(incl. Flower)
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1544:Storage organs
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Spermatophytes
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1400:Archaeplastida
1397:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:Phytogeography
1351:
1349:Phytochemistry
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1306:Subdisciplines
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1229:Foster, Tony.
1226:
1220:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1143:
1114:
1087:10.1086/670367
1069:10.1086/670367
1063:(6): 863–876.
1036:
995:
936:
901:
887:
843:
830:
785:
769:
757:
746:Chisholm, Hugh
741:"Flower"
727:
683:
639:
637:
634:
625:
622:
610:Phormium tenax
601:
598:
588:
585:
576:Main article:
573:
570:
565:Main article:
562:
559:
553:
552:Shape and size
550:
544:
541:
535:
532:
526:
523:
518:
515:
503:hermaphroditic
498:
495:
478:
475:
331:The petals of
258:
255:
222:Charles Darwin
189:
186:
171:
164:
163:
146:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2530:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:Phytochemical
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Transpiration
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:Inflorescence
1840:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:Ground tissue
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:Plant anatomy
1447:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Plant ecology
1369:
1367:
1366:Plant anatomy
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Archaeobotany
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1050:(Solanaceae)"
1049:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
874:
869:
866:(1): 96–109.
865:
861:
854:
847:
844:
840:
834:
831:
826:
822:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
798:
789:
786:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
753:
752:
747:
742:
734:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
641:
635:
633:
631:
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
595:
586:
584:
579:
571:
568:
560:
558:
551:
549:
542:
540:
533:
531:
524:
522:
516:
514:
511:
506:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
471:nectar guides
466:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
448:
445:, called the
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:
427:
426:
420:
416:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:actinomorphic
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
335:
329:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
294:
293:
292:Pisum sativum
287:
280:
276:
269:
268:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:choripetalous
236:
232:
231:
225:
223:
219:
211:
207:
202:
194:
187:
179:
175:
168:
159:
158:
153:
149:
143:
134:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
116:
111:
110:
105:
104:
99:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:are modified
47:
39:
33:
19:
2412:Horticulture
2402:Floriculture
2304:Correct name
2154:Reproduction
2144:Woody plants
2069:Plant growth
2028:Gas Exchange
2013:Phytomelanin
1891:Plant embryo
1878:
1641:Reproductive
1489:Phragmoplast
1238:. Retrieved
1234:
1210:
1202:Bibliography
1189:
1159:(1): 28–35.
1156:
1152:
1146:
1103:cite journal
1060:
1056:
1047:
1039:
1012:
1008:
998:
953:
949:
939:
914:
910:
904:
890:
863:
859:
846:
838:
833:
806:
802:
796:
788:
772:
765:Simpson 2011
760:
749:
703:
699:
686:
653:
649:
643:
629:
627:
617:
613:
609:
605:
603:
593:
590:
581:
555:
546:
537:
528:
520:
507:
500:
480:
467:
460:
456:Brassicaceae
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
429:
423:
412:
409:aster family
406:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
340:
332:
303:
290:
278:
265:
250:
246:
243:gamopetalous
242:
238:
235:polypetalous
234:
228:
226:
215:
155:
128:
113:
107:
101:
95:
87:
75:
66:
65:
45:
44:
18:Corolla tube
2518:Pollination
2228:Pollen tube
2223:Pollinators
2213:Pollination
2208:Germination
2023:Respiration
2006:Chlorophyll
1852:Pedicellate
1786:Gametophyte
1705:Aestivation
1656:Antheridium
1651:Archegonium
1499:Plasmodesma
1476:Plant cells
1339:Paleobotany
1334:Ethnobotany
1319:Astrobotany
1240:27 November
1235:Phytography
777:Foster 2014
419:flower head
394:zygomorphic
382:zygomorphic
251:syntepalous
247:sympetalous
230:apopetalous
62:pollinators
2502:Categories
2250:Microspore
2240:Sporangium
2218:Artificial
1906:Sporophyte
1901:Sporophyll
1896:Receptacle
1791:Gynandrium
1661:Androecium
1570:Vegetative
1440:Angiosperm
1435:Gymnosperm
1329:Dendrology
1078:11336/1416
1005:"Abstract"
956:(1): 554.
781:Hypanthium
636:References
578:Anemophily
459:, such as
431:hypanthium
402:pea family
314:floral cup
257:Variations
210:Solanaceae
180:" is used.
152:willowherb
148:Tetrameric
2447:Botanists
2365:Herbarium
2262:Megaspore
2160:Evolution
2103:Subshrubs
2071:and habit
1996:Nutrition
1991:Cellulose
1986:Bulk flow
1969:Materials
1932:Epidermis
1796:Gynoecium
1777:Endosperm
1772:Dispersal
1688:Staminode
1624:Sessility
1612:Cataphyll
1532:Mesophyll
1484:Cell wall
1425:Lycophyte
1405:Bryophyte
1359:Geobotany
1344:Phycology
1153:Evolution
1031:2050-084X
972:1756-0500
917:: 65–77.
797:Narcissus
767:, p. 365.
505:flowers.
425:Narcissus
386:irregular
378:irregular
218:evolution
115:Phaseolus
2487:Category
2407:Forestry
2397:Agronomy
2390:Practice
2341:Cultivar
2336:Cultigen
2196:timeline
2088:Rosettes
1976:Aleurone
1952:Trichome
1869:Perianth
1681:Filament
1539:Meristem
1462:glossary
1324:Bryology
1181:28562955
1136:Archived
990:29096695
931:13996011
882:21628178
825:21653457
722:21652312
525:Function
477:Genetics
355:monocots
347:eudicots
124:Liliales
94:such as
80:perianth
2165:Ecology
1922:Cuticle
1752:Capsule
1742:Anatomy
1693:Tapetum
1617:Petiole
1592:Rhizome
1587:Rhizoid
1514:Tissues
1504:Vacuole
1494:Plastid
1296:Outline
1291:History
1173:2406479
1095:3260154
981:5669028
748:(ed.).
678:4342356
658:Bibcode
606:Sophora
491:carpels
487:stamens
443:petiole
398:orchids
390:regular
370:regular
188:Corolla
131:grasses
67:corolla
54:flowers
2469:Plants
2372:(IAPT)
2125:Lianas
2093:Shrubs
2045:Starch
1937:Nectar
1857:Raceme
1823:Stigma
1811:Locule
1801:Carpel
1762:Pyrena
1700:Flower
1676:Anther
1671:Stamen
1666:Pollen
1388:groups
1280:Botany
1218:
1179:
1171:
1093:
1085:
1029:
988:
978:
970:
929:
880:
823:
720:
676:
650:Nature
543:Colour
510:stigma
489:, and
439:blade;
351:dicots
322:corona
318:tepals
310:spathe
178:tepals
103:Tulipa
92:genera
84:tepals
72:sepals
50:leaves
46:Petals
2429:Lists
2346:Group
2269:Spore
2203:Flora
2120:Vines
2115:Trees
2078:Habit
2050:Sugar
1942:Stoma
1884:Sepal
1879:Petal
1874:Tepal
1862:Umbel
1847:Bract
1828:Style
1816:Ovule
1806:Ovary
1747:Berry
1737:Fruit
1730:Whorl
1597:Shoot
1395:Algae
1386:Plant
1169:JSTOR
1091:S2CID
1083:JSTOR
1053:(PDF)
1009:eLife
927:S2CID
856:(PDF)
744:. In
674:S2CID
534:Scent
174:tulip
88:tepal
76:calyx
2351:Grex
2233:Self
1767:Seed
1629:Stem
1607:Leaf
1582:Root
1577:Bulb
1561:Wood
1522:Cork
1420:Fern
1242:2014
1216:ISBN
1177:PMID
1109:link
1027:ISSN
986:PMID
968:ISSN
878:PMID
821:PMID
718:PMID
451:limb
447:claw
364:and
112:and
109:Rosa
100:and
97:Aloe
2040:Sap
1757:Nut
1602:Bud
1161:doi
1073:hdl
1065:doi
1061:174
1017:doi
976:PMC
958:doi
919:doi
868:doi
811:doi
708:doi
666:doi
654:334
380:or
372:or
245:or
237:or
2504::
1233:.
1175:.
1167:.
1157:23
1155:.
1117:^
1105:}}
1101:{{
1089:.
1081:.
1071:.
1059:.
1055:.
1025:.
1015:.
1011:.
1007:.
984:.
974:.
966:.
954:10
952:.
948:.
925:.
915:26
913:.
876:.
864:96
862:.
858:.
819:.
807:91
805:.
801:.
779:,
730:^
716:.
704:91
702:.
698:.
672:.
664:.
652:.
465:.
404:.
320:,
316:,
312:,
212:).
172:A
1464:)
1460:(
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
1244:.
1224:.
1183:.
1163::
1111:)
1097:.
1075::
1067::
1033:.
1019::
1013:4
992:.
960::
933:.
921::
884:.
870::
827:.
813::
783:.
724:.
710::
680:.
668::
660::
154:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
