40:
840:, with obese patients having twice the dose of normal-weight patients; exposure to the operator was also doubled. Coronary angiograms can be done either transradial (through the wrist) or transfemoral (through the groin). The transradial route results in somewhat greater patient and operator exposure. Overall, patient exposure can range from 2 millisieverts (equivalent of about 20 chest x-ray plates) to 20 millisieverts. For a given patient, exposure can vary within an institution and between institutions by up to 121%.
506:
796:
477:, and major vascular complications each occur in less than 1% of patients undergoing catheterization. However, though the imaging portion of the examination is often brief, because of setup and safety issues, the patient is often in the lab for 20–45 minutes. Any of multiple technical difficulties, while not endangering the patient (indeed added to protect the patient's interests), can significantly increase the examination time.
493:) table. The X-ray source and imaging camera equipment are on opposite sides of the patient's chest and freely move, under motorized control, around the patient's chest so images can be taken quickly from multiple angles. More advanced equipment, termed a bi-plane cath lab, uses two sets of X-ray source and imaging cameras, each free to move independently, which allows two sets of images to be taken with each injection of radio
2991:
2057:
435:
462:. Performing the procedure with the patient awake is safer as the patient can immediately report any discomfort or problems and thereby facilitate rapid correction of any undesirable events. Medical monitors fail to give a comprehensive view of the patient's immediate well-being; how the patient feels is often a most reliable indicator of procedural safety.
807:
infection. It provides 3D images that can be studied on computer, and also allows measurement of heart ventricle size. Infarct area and arterial calcium can also be observed (however those require a somewhat higher radiation exposure). That said, one advantage retained by
Catheter angiography is the ability of the physician to perform procedure such as
695:
initially folded around the catheter, near the tip, to create a small cross-sectional profile to facilitate passage through luminal stenotic areas, and is designed to inflate to a specific pre-designed diameter. If over-inflated, the balloon material simply tears and allows the inflating radiocontrast agent to simply escape into the blood.
340:, performed more systematic measurements of the hemodynamics of the heart. For their work in the discovery of cardiac catheterization and hemodynamic measurements, Cournand, Forssmann, and Richards shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956. The first radial access for angiography can be traced back to 1953, where
263:
355:, accidentally injected radiocontrast in a coronary artery instead of the left ventricle. Although the patient had a reversible cardiac arrest, Sones and Shirey developed the procedure further, and are credited with the discovery (Connolly 2002); they published a series of 1,000 patents in 1966 (Proudfit
721:
Stents, which are specially manufactured expandable stainless steel mesh tubes, mounted on a balloon catheter, are the most commonly used device beyond the balloon catheter. When the stent/balloon device is positioned within the stenosis, the balloon is inflated which, in turn, expands the stent and
393:
In the early 1960s, cardiac catheterization frequently took several hours and involved significant complications for as many as 2–3% of patients. With multiple incremental improvements over time, simple coronary catheterization examinations are now commonly done more rapidly and with significantly
806:
can act as a less invasive alternative to
Catheter angiography. Instead of a catheter being inserted into a vein or artery, CT angiography involves only the injection of a CT-visible dye into the arm or hand via an IV line. CT angiography lowers the risk of arterial perforation and catheter site
572:
appear, on X-ray, as only a mildly-shape-changing, otherwise uniform water density mass; no details of the blood and internal organ structure are discernible. The radiocontrast within the blood allows visualization of the blood flow within the arteries or heart chambers, depending on where it is
694:
pressures are in the <200 mmHg range (27 kPa). The hydraulic pressures applied within the balloon may extend to as high as 19000 mmHg (2,500 kPa). Prevention of over-enlargement is achieved by choosing balloons manufactured out of high tensile strength clear plastic membranes. The balloon is
600:
and a low X-ray dose to visualize when needed. This is done without saving recordings of these brief looks. When the physician is ready to record diagnostic views, which are saved and can be more carefully scrutinized later, he activates the equipment to apply a significantly higher X-ray dose,
778:
struts (the coating must stay bound despite marked handling and stent deformation stresses), and (c) developing coating controlled release mechanisms that release the drug slowly over about 30 days. One of the newest innovations in coronary stents is the development of a dissolving stent.
753:. As assessed in clinical trials during the late 1980 and 1990s, using only balloon angioplasty (POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty), up to 50% of patients developed significant restenosis; but that percentage has dropped to the single to lower two-digit range with the introduction of
609:
and cine application timing so as to minimize the total amount of radiocontrast injected and times the X-ray to the injection so as to minimize the total amount of X-ray used. Doses of radiocontrast agents and X-ray exposure times are routinely recorded in an effort to maximize safety.
290:(LAD) artery, which courses from left-to-right on the image and then down the middle of the image to project underneath the distal LCX. The LAD, as is usual, has two large diagonal branches, which arise at the centre-top of the image and course toward the centre/right of the image.
555:
for visibility and it allows a clear, watery, blood compatible radiocontrast agent, commonly called an X-ray dye, to be selectively injected and mixed with the blood flowing within the artery. Typically 3–8 cc of the radiocontrast agent is injected for each image to make the
773:
are covered with a medicine that is slowly dispersed with the goal of suppressing the restenosis reaction. The key to the success of drug coating has been (a) choosing effective agents, (b) developing ways of adequately binding the drugs to the stainless surface of the
722:
the artery. The balloon is removed and the stent remains in place, supporting the inner artery walls in the more open, dilated position. Current stents generally cost around $ 1,000 to 3,000 each (US 2004 dollars), the drug-coated ones being the more expensive.
625:
within the artery walls, is sometimes recognizable on fluoroscopy (without contrast injection) as radiodense halo rings partially encircling, and separated from the blood filled lumen by the interceding radiolucent atheroma tissue and
836:. The risk increases with the exposure time, consisting of 1) time guiding the probe into and out of the heart and 2) time illuminating the contrast agent to perform the angiogram. Absorbed radiation is also a function of
328:
and guided it to the right chamber of the heart. He took an x-ray to prove his success and published it on
November 5, 1929, with the title "Ăśber die Sondierung des rechten Herzens" (About probing of the right heart).
1175:
2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert
Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness, Journal of the American College of Cardiology May
588:, the narrowing may be seen instead as increased haziness within the X-ray shadow images of the blood/dye column within that portion of the artery; this is as compared to adjacent, presumed healthier, less
595:
For guidance regarding catheter positions during the examination, the physician mostly relies on detailed knowledge of internal anatomy, guide wire and catheter behavior and intermittently, briefly uses
39:
536:
guides a small tube-like device called a catheter, typically ~2.0 mm (6-French) in diameter, through the large arteries of the body until the tip is just within the opening of one of the
642:
Angiocardiography can be used to detect and diagnose congenital defects in the heart and adjacent vessels. In this context, the use of angiocardiography has declined with the introduction of
485:
Coronary catheterization is performed in a catheterization lab, usually located within a hospital. With current designs, the patient must lie relatively flat on a narrow, minimally padded,
497:. The equipment and installation setup to perform such testing typically represents a capital expenditure of US$ 2–5 million (2004), sometimes more, partially repeated every few years.
605:, in order to create better quality motion picture images, having sharper radiodensity contrast, typically at 30 frames per second. The physician controls both the contrast injection,
197:, not measurable from outside the body, can be accurately measured during the test. The relevant problems that the test deals with most commonly occur as a result of advanced
1250:
243:. However, it has been increasingly recognized, since the late 1980s, that coronary catheterization does not allow the recognition of the presence or absence of coronary
300:
799:
Angiography (left) and CT (middle and right) of chronic total occlusion lesions at the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA).
675:
and into the balloon, the balloon is progressively expanded. The hydraulic pressures are chosen and applied by the physician, according to how the balloon within the
630:
lining. Calcification, even though usually present, is usually only visible when quite advanced and calcified sections of the artery wall happen to be viewed on end
1187:
Clara
Carpeggiani et al., Variability of radiation doses of cardiac diagnostic imaging tests: the RADIO-EVINCI study, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 16 February 2017
2665:
2349:
2479:
1296:
843:
Radiation exposure to the operator can be reduced by the use of protective equipment. Exposure to the patient can be reduced by minimizing fluoroscopy time.
718:
and grinding or removal devices. Most of these devices have turned out to be niche devices, only useful in a small percentage of situations or for research.
2491:
2819:
2005:
1331:
136:
2091:
1427:
1092:
2927:
2457:
1117:
Ashish Shah et al., Radiation Dose During
Coronary Angiogram: Relation to Body Mass Index, Heart, Lung and Circulation (2015), vol. 24, pp. 21–25
683:(it typically assumes a "dog bone" shape imposed on the outside of the balloon by the stenosis as the balloon is expanded), as it opens. As much
79:
75:
1825:
1415:
660:
By changing the diagnostic catheter to a guiding catheter, physicians can also pass a variety of instruments through the catheter and into the
370:
starting in 1977, coronary catheterization has been extended to therapeutic uses: (a) the performance of less invasive physical treatment for
2462:
1700:
646:. However, angiocardiography is still in use for selected cases as it provides a higher level of anatomical detail than echocardiography.
2303:
509:
Coronary angiography of a critical sub-occlusion of the common trunk of the left coronary artery and the circumflex artery. (See arrows)
2855:
2734:
2474:
2383:
1950:
1626:
1531:
927:
655:
2313:
1831:
1265:
1076:
1051:
1018:
993:
902:
1215:
Proudfit WL, Shirey EK, Sones FM Jr. Selective cine coronary arteriography. Correlation with clinical findings in 1,000 patients.
2298:
2293:
2176:
1289:
687:
brute force is applied as judged needed and visualized to be effective to make the stenosis of the artery lumen visibly enlarge.
2378:
2361:
1838:
1645:
2739:
2586:
2486:
2469:
1938:
1635:
2865:
2719:
2318:
2193:
2185:
2084:
1960:
1461:
2976:
2910:
2842:
2832:
2810:
2581:
2549:
2180:
1945:
1933:
1814:
3015:
2640:
2608:
2591:
2060:
1282:
769:
are the three drugs used in coatings which are currently FDA approved in the United States. As opposed to bare metal,
668:
site. The most commonly used are 0.014-inch-diameter (0.36 mm) guide wires and the balloon dilation catheters.
2714:
2449:
2189:
1185:
1585:
2955:
2623:
2613:
1892:
1782:
1536:
1326:
857:
803:
279:
317:, the viewing of brain vasculature by X-ray radiation with the aid of a contrast medium introduced by catheter.
2994:
2945:
2724:
2603:
2576:
2337:
2122:
2077:
1955:
1422:
1405:
833:
711:
287:
86:
2893:
2729:
2670:
2655:
2544:
2366:
2342:
1967:
1909:
1809:
1774:
1620:
862:
383:
634:
through multiple rings of calcification, so as to create enough radiodensity to be visible on fluoroscopy.
548:
to verify that the catheter does not block blood flow (as indicated by "dampening" of the blood pressure).
247:
itself, only significant luminal changes which have occurred as a result of end stage complications of the
2950:
2764:
2633:
2564:
2371:
2013:
1096:
698:
Additionally, several other devices can be advanced into the artery via a guiding catheter. These include
474:
283:
2628:
2559:
2425:
2308:
2227:
2134:
2044:
1848:
1769:
466:
379:
240:
741:
overgrowth at the lesion site. Restenosis is the body's response to the injury of the vessel wall from
2971:
2660:
2598:
2420:
2018:
1575:
1388:
1383:
314:
310:
275:
121:
505:
2917:
2795:
2618:
2354:
1897:
1875:
1561:
1400:
1373:
780:
679:(abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel) responds. The radiocontrast filled balloon is watched under
325:
267:
140:
983:
560:
visible for about 3–5 seconds as the radiocontrast agent is rapidly washed away into the coronary
382:
before complete damage has occurred and (c) research for better understanding of the pathology of
2905:
2754:
2749:
2650:
2533:
2388:
2139:
1880:
1793:
1789:
1735:
1730:
1671:
1592:
1500:
1449:
1363:
1158:
770:
754:
513:
During coronary catheterization (often referred to as a "cath" or "cardiac cath" by physicians),
459:
337:
236:
148:
117:
1043:
894:
888:
2744:
2709:
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989:
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70:
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reduces the flow reserve for oxygenated blood to the heart, typically producing intermittent
2682:
2571:
2430:
2202:
2154:
2023:
1928:
1666:
1596:
1579:
1511:
1484:
1479:
1140:
1035:
956:
795:
672:
643:
352:
321:
305:
The technique of angiography itself was first developed in 1927 by the
Portuguese physician
282:(LMCA) is in the left upper quadrant of the image. Its main branches (also visible) are the
218:
1274:
344:, in Lisbon, Portugal, first cannulated the radial artery to perform a coronary angiogram.
2780:
2232:
2198:
2171:
2166:
2100:
1995:
1917:
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1740:
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341:
248:
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171:
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286:(LCX), which courses top-to-bottom initially and then toward the centre/bottom, and the
2922:
1902:
1887:
1683:
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1491:
1475:
1410:
922:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
525:
514:
494:
363:
348:
194:
3009:
2554:
2523:
2511:
2506:
2264:
2159:
2039:
1759:
1378:
1036:
614:
544:
it is placed in; internal (intra-arterial) blood pressures are monitored through the
446:
being examined or treated is usually awake during catheterization, ideally with only
175:
1162:
434:
2937:
2790:
2785:
2692:
2516:
2501:
2435:
1804:
750:
552:
486:
214:
179:
1129:"Patient Body Mass Index and Physician Radiation Dose During Coronary Angiography"
17:
1200:
Connolly JE. The development of coronary artery surgery: personal recollections.
960:
92:
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2217:
2207:
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1981:
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852:
829:
808:
742:
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627:
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210:
183:
132:. It is performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes.
2496:
2259:
2254:
2222:
1976:
1843:
1748:
1516:
766:
762:
731:
557:
306:
160:
156:
968:
406:
Heart Attack (includes ST elevation MI, Non-ST Elevation MI, Unstable Angina)
2823:
2759:
2212:
758:
684:
533:
451:
320:
Heart catheterization was first performed in 1929 when the German physician
1239:
1209:
1154:
671:
By injecting radiocontrast agent through a tiny passage extending down the
1224:
832:
using X-rays, which pose a potential for increasing the patient's risk of
102:
52:
2846:
676:
622:
589:
585:
577:
545:
455:
256:
228:
202:
164:
152:
129:
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2278:
1252:
Abbott
Dissolving Stent May Be 'Next Revolution' by Michelle Fay Cortez
988:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. pp. 489–90.
631:
443:
2870:
1640:
665:
661:
618:
541:
470:
206:
714:
catheter, pressure or temperature measurement catheter and various
568:. Without the X-ray dye injection, the blood and surrounding heart
2897:
2108:
2069:
1989:
1819:
1650:
1495:
1310:
812:
794:
775:
746:
703:
699:
522:
504:
490:
433:
187:
144:
125:
787:, that will completely absorb within 2 years of being implanted.
982:
Hurst, J. Willis; Fuster, Valentin; O'Rourke, Robert A. (2004).
715:
707:
602:
581:
565:
415:
Survival of sudden cardiac death or dangerous cardiac arrhythmia
252:
191:
2073:
1278:
402:
Indications for cardiac catheterization include the following:
262:
540:. By design, the catheter is smaller than the lumen of the
1034:
Stark, Jaroslav; De Leval, Marc; Tsang, Victor T. (2006).
362:
Since the late 1970s, building on the pioneering work of
532:
are recorded. In order to create the X-ray pictures, a
418:
Persistent chest pain despite optimal medical therapy
2964:
2936:
2892:
2841:
2818:
2808:
2773:
2690:
2681:
2532:
2448:
2408:
2327:
2286:
2277:
2121:
2107:
2032:
2004:
1861:
1716:
1612:
1352:
1345:
85:
69:
64:
32:
1230:Sones FM, Shirey EK. Cine coronary arteriography.
1013:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 359.
1011:Essentials of nursing: care of adults and children
139:. Specifically, through the injection of a liquid
301:History of invasive and interventional cardiology
1009:Timby, Barbara Kuhn; Smith, Nancy Ellen (2004).
828:Imaging in coronary angiograms is performed via
890:Using medical terminology: a practical approach
730:Interventional procedures have been plagued by
135:Coronary catheterization is one of the several
1260:. University of California Press. p. 43.
726:Advances in catheter-based physical treatments
147:, angiocardiography allows the recognition of
2085:
1290:
1042:(3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p.
893:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
182:contraction performance; and some aspects of
8:
1071:. Medical radiology. Springer. p. 121.
945:"Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest"
584:, are protruding into the lumen, producing
2815:
2697:
2687:
2283:
2127:
2118:
2092:
2078:
2070:
1349:
1332:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1297:
1283:
1275:
1069:Radiological imaging of the neonatal chest
221:issues are the primary focus of the test.
137:cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
38:
1428:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
1144:
259:for a better understanding of this issue.
205:activity within the wall of the coronary
2928:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1471:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
374:and some of the complications of severe
261:
1571:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
879:
528:) shadow-grams of the blood inside the
551:The catheter is itself designed to be
61:
29:
27:Radiography of heart and blood vessels
1701:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1440:enlargement of existing septal defect
1247:Coronary CT angiography by Eugene Lin
815:to improve blood flow to the artery.
621:walls, located in the outer edges of
7:
1435:production of septal defect in heart
1146:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823
1093:"Angiogram vs. CT Catscan Angiogram"
1038:Surgery for congenital heart defects
266:A coronary angiogram (an X-ray with
943:Nikolaou, Nikolaos I. (June 2023).
412:New-onset unexplained heart failure
98:
48:
2735:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
1532:transposition of the great vessels
1457:creation of septal defect in heart
656:Percutaneous coronary intervention
613:Though not the focus of the test,
351:, a pediatric cardiologist at the
25:
1832:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
783:has used a dissolvable material,
124:and blood filled chambers of the
2990:
2989:
2056:
2055:
949:Current Opinion in Critical Care
2492:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
1839:Left atrial appendage occlusion
918:Sabatine, Marc S., ed. (2011).
324:inserted a plastic tube in his
2740:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1:
2720:Radionuclide ventriculography
2194:Lower gastrointestinal series
2186:Upper gastrointestinal series
1961:Radionuclide ventriculography
1127:Ryan D. Madder (2 Jan 2019).
186:function. Important internal
2911:Optical coherence tomography
2833:Myocardial perfusion imaging
2421:Dental panoramic radiography
1946:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1133:Cardiovascular Interventions
961:10.1097/MCC.0000000000001036
887:Nath, Judi Lindsley (2005).
638:For congenital malformations
1258:Understanding heart disease
1232:Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis
1067:Donoghue, Veronica (2002).
438:Coronary Angiography (CAG).
44:Cardiac catheterization lab
3032:
2715:Ventilation/perfusion scan
2190:Small-bowel follow-through
1553:for univentricular defect
653:
298:
2985:
2956:Dynamic angiothermography
2700:
2624:Abdominal ultrasonography
2130:
2053:
1893:Implantable loop recorder
1537:Arterial switch operation
1327:Interventional cardiology
1317:
858:Interventional cardiology
280:left main coronary artery
99:
49:
37:
2946:Non-contact thermography
2725:Radionuclide angiography
2577:Doppler echocardiography
1972:Coronary catheterization
1462:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1423:Mitral valve replacement
1406:Aortic valve replacement
834:radiation-induced cancer
734:due to the formation of
336:, in collaboration with
288:left anterior descending
235:. Very advanced luminal
120:procedure to access the
114:coronary catheterization
33:Coronary catheterization
2730:Radioisotope renography
1968:Cardiac catheterization
1910:Electrophysiology study
1810:Radiofrequency ablation
1775:Alcohol septal ablation
1256:Selzer, Arthur (1992).
863:Fractional flow reserve
384:coronary artery disease
366:in 1964 and especially
2765:Gastric emptying study
2014:Impedance cardiography
1636:Coronary artery bypass
800:
791:Alternative approaches
650:Therapeutic procedures
510:
475:ventricular arrhythmia
439:
291:
284:left circumflex artery
274:) that shows the left
143:and illumination with
2426:X-ray motion analysis
2309:X-ray microtomography
2228:Hysterosalpingography
2135:Pneumoencephalography
2045:Transcutaneous pacing
1849:Heart transplantation
1770:Ventricular reduction
1586:Blalock–Taussig shunt
798:
508:
501:Diagnostic procedures
467:myocardial infarction
437:
430:Patient participation
265:
2951:Contact thermography
2661:Emergency ultrasound
2599:Transcranial Doppler
2350:Abdominal and pelvis
2019:Ballistocardiography
1576:systemic circulation
454:and minimal general
425:(coronary vasospasm)
421:Workup of suspected
409:Abnormal Stress Test
332:In the early 1940s,
315:cerebral angiography
311:University of Lisbon
276:coronary circulation
122:coronary circulation
2918:Confocal microscopy
2796:Indium-111 WBC scan
2619:Echoencephalography
2355:Virtual colonoscopy
1898:Cardiac stress test
1876:Electrocardiography
1815:Pacemaker insertion
1562:Kawashima procedure
1526:compound procedures
1401:Aortic valve repair
1374:Mitral valve repair
809:balloon angioplasty
781:Abbott Laboratories
771:drug-eluting stents
755:drug-eluting stents
394:improved outcomes.
268:radiocontrast agent
239:usually produces a
209:. Less frequently,
167:enlargement of the
141:radiocontrast agent
3016:Cardiac procedures
2906:Optical tomography
2755:Dacryoscintigraphy
2750:Immunoscintigraphy
2389:Whole body imaging
2140:Dental radiography
1951:Cardiovascular MRI
1881:Vectorcardiography
1736:Pericardial window
1731:Pericardiocentesis
1672:Drug-eluting stent
1501:Rastelli procedure
1450:Balloon septostomy
811:or insertion of a
801:
564:and then coronary
511:
440:
338:Dickinson Richards
292:
118:minimally invasive
18:Coronary angiogram
3003:
3002:
2965:Target conditions
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2804:
2803:
2745:Bone scintigraphy
2710:Scintimammography
2705:Cholescintigraphy
2550:contrast-enhanced
2444:
2443:
2404:
2403:
2394:Full-body CT scan
2294:General operation
2273:
2272:
2243:Angiocardiography
2067:
2066:
1924:Angiocardiography
1870:Electrophysiology
1857:
1856:
1800:Catheter ablation
1783:Conduction system
1708:LeCompte maneuver
1696:Bentall procedure
1557:Norwood procedure
1547:Senning procedure
1542:Mustard procedure
1445:Atrial septostomy
1396:Valve replacement
985:Hurst's The Heart
538:coronary arteries
530:coronary arteries
517:are recorded and
458:, throughout the
448:local anaesthesia
423:Prinzmetal angina
368:Andreas Gruentzig
272:coronary arteries
110:
109:
65:Angiocardiography
60:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3023:
2993:
2992:
2816:
2698:
2688:
2572:Echocardiography
2431:Hounsfield scale
2284:
2203:Cholecystography
2128:
2119:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2024:Cardiotocography
1992:
1956:Ventriculography
1929:Echocardiography
1920:
1872:
1788:Maze procedure (
1785:
1751:
1727:
1680:
1679:Obstacle removal
1667:Bare-metal stent
1663:
1623:
1580:pulmonary artery
1572:
1527:
1512:pulmonary artery
1485:Fontan procedure
1480:pulmonary artery
1472:
1436:
1350:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1219:1966;33:901-10.
1202:Tex Heart Inst J
1188:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1148:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
973:
972:
940:
934:
933:
915:
909:
908:
884:
819:Radiation dosage
673:balloon catheter
644:echocardiography
489:(transparent to
353:Cleveland Clinic
322:Werner Forssmann
103:edit on Wikidata
95:
62:
53:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2981:
2960:
2932:
2880:
2866:PET mammography
2837:
2800:
2786:Gallium-67 scan
2781:Octreotide scan
2769:
2677:
2528:
2440:
2400:
2323:
2304:High-resolution
2269:
2233:Skeletal survey
2199:Cholangiography
2112:
2103:
2101:Medical imaging
2098:
2068:
2063:
2049:
2028:
2000:
1996:Phonocardiogram
1988:
1918:Cardiac imaging
1916:
1868:
1853:
1781:
1765:Septal myectomy
1755:Cardiomyoplasty
1747:
1741:Pericardiectomy
1723:
1712:
1678:
1659:
1619:
1613:Cardiac vessels
1608:
1602:Glenn procedure
1570:
1525:
1508:right ventricle
1470:
1434:
1356:
1341:
1337:Cardiac imaging
1322:Cardiac surgery
1313:
1303:
1268:
1255:
1234:1962;31:735-8.
1197:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1099:on May 11, 2013
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1003:
996:
981:
980:
976:
942:
941:
937:
930:
920:Pocket medicine
917:
916:
912:
905:
886:
885:
881:
876:
871:
849:
838:body mass index
826:
821:
793:
785:polylactic acid
728:
692:coronary artery
690:Typical normal
658:
652:
640:
515:blood pressures
503:
483:
432:
400:
388:atherosclerosis
378:, (b) treating
376:atherosclerosis
342:Eduardo Pereira
303:
297:
249:atherosclerotic
245:atherosclerosis
225:Coronary artery
199:atherosclerosis
195:blood pressures
169:coronary artery
106:
91:
56:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:Endomicroscopy
2920:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2006:Function tests
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1903:Bruce protocol
1895:
1890:
1888:Holter monitor
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:Endarterectomy
1681:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:Coronary stent
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1492:left ventricle
1489:
1488:
1487:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:Ross procedure
1403:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:involving the
1304:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1204:2002;29:10-4.
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1168:
1139:(1): e006823.
1119:
1110:
1084:
1077:
1059:
1052:
1026:
1019:
1001:
994:
974:
955:(3): 186–191.
935:
929:978-1608319053
928:
910:
903:
878:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
848:
845:
825:
822:
820:
817:
804:CT angiography
792:
789:
727:
724:
654:Main article:
651:
648:
639:
636:
526:motion picture
502:
499:
495:contrast agent
482:
479:
431:
428:
427:
426:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
399:
396:
364:Charles Dotter
349:F. Mason Sones
334:André Cournand
299:Main article:
296:
293:
108:
107:
100:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3028:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Ga-68-DOTATOC
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Intravascular
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:Synthetic MRI
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Electron beam
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2265:Orbital x-ray
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:Bronchography
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Cardioversion
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Dor procedure
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:to the right
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:Transcatheter
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:Valvuloplasty
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1267:0-520-06560-3
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:3-540-66703-2
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1053:0-470-09316-1
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1020:0-7817-5098-9
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
995:0-07-142264-1
991:
987:
986:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
904:0-7817-4868-2
900:
896:
892:
891:
883:
880:
873:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
839:
835:
831:
823:
818:
816:
814:
810:
805:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
725:
723:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
657:
649:
647:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
624:
620:
616:
615:calcification
611:
608:
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587:
583:
579:
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567:
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424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
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405:
404:
403:
397:
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391:
389:
385:
381:
380:heart attacks
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
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350:
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343:
339:
335:
330:
327:
323:
318:
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312:
308:
302:
294:
289:
285:
281:
278:. The distal
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
258:
254:
251:process. See
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
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177:
176:heart chamber
173:
170:
166:
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158:
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133:
131:
127:
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119:
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94:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
54:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2972:Acute stroke
2938:Thermography
2693:scintigraphy
2683:Radionuclide
2671:pre-hospital
2517:Tractography
2436:Radiodensity
2338:calcium scan
2299:Quantitative
1971:
1828:implantation
1822:implantation
1805:Cryoablation
1646:Off-pump CAB
1456:
1439:
1364:Valve repair
1354:Heart valves
1257:
1231:
1216:
1201:
1181:
1171:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1097:the original
1087:
1068:
1062:
1037:
1029:
1010:
1004:
984:
977:
952:
948:
938:
919:
913:
889:
882:
842:
827:
802:
751:foreign body
729:
720:
697:
689:
670:
659:
641:
632:tangentially
612:
594:
575:
550:
512:
484:
464:
441:
401:
392:
361:
356:
346:
331:
326:cubital vein
319:
304:
241:heart attack
223:
215:heart muscle
180:heart muscle
134:
113:
111:
2861:Cardiac PET
2634:renal tract
2609:Gynecologic
2541:Techniques
2512:restriction
2487:Angiography
2470:Neurography
2416:Fluoroscopy
2362:Angiography
2343:angiography
2287:Techniques:
2248:Aortography
2238:Angiography
2218:Cystography
2208:Mammography
2150:Myelography
2145:Sialography
2114:radiography
1982:Cardiac PET
1725:Pericardium
1689:Atherectomy
1627:Angioplasty
1369:Valvulotomy
1217:Circulation
853:Angiography
830:fluoroscopy
824:Angiography
745:and to the
743:angioplasty
736:endothelial
710:catheters,
706:catheters,
702:catheters,
681:fluoroscopy
628:endothelial
617:within the
607:fluoroscopy
598:fluoroscopy
562:capillaries
519:fluoroscopy
487:radiolucent
398:Indications
184:heart valve
2774:Full body:
2560:endoscopic
2534:Ultrasound
2463:functional
2260:Lymphogram
2255:Venography
2223:Arthrogram
1977:Cardiac CT
1844:Cardiotomy
1749:Myocardium
1517:Sano shunt
1307:procedures
1305:Tests and
869:References
767:everolimus
763:paclitaxel
732:restenosis
573:injected.
558:blood flow
553:radiodense
473:, serious
307:Egas Moniz
219:arrhythmia
165:aneurysmal
161:thrombosis
157:restenosis
2977:Pregnancy
2856:Brain PET
2824:gamma ray
2760:DMSA scan
2614:Obstetric
2507:diffusion
2502:Sequences
2480:perfusion
2372:Pulmonary
2319:Cone beam
2213:Pyelogram
1357:and septa
969:1070-5295
759:Sirolimus
685:hydraulic
586:narrowing
534:physician
481:Equipment
460:procedure
452:lidocaine
237:occlusion
229:narrowing
149:occlusion
3010:Category
2995:Category
2847:positron
2367:Coronary
2061:Category
1794:minimaze
1790:Cox maze
1240:13915182
1210:11995842
1163:58611326
1155:30599769
1103:July 19,
847:See also
677:stenosis
623:atheroma
590:stenotic
578:atheroma
546:catheter
456:sedation
450:such as
347:In 1960
257:atheroma
227:luminal
211:valvular
207:arteries
203:atheroma
153:stenosis
130:catheter
128:using a
71:ICD-9-CM
2894:Optical
2876:PET-MRI
2656:Carotid
2651:Scrotal
2545:doppler
2475:Cardiac
2384:Thyroid
2328:Targets
2279:CT scan
1346:Surgery
1225:5942973
1195:General
712:Doppler
601:termed
592:areas.
570:tissues
465:Death,
444:patient
309:at the
295:History
270:in the
93:D000790
2871:PET-CT
2646:Breast
2641:Rectal
2565:duplex
2497:Breast
2334:Heart
2033:Pacing
1641:MIDCAB
1632:Bypass
1582:shunt
1476:atrium
1389:mitral
1384:aortic
1264:
1238:
1223:
1208:
1161:
1153:
1075:
1050:
1017:
992:
967:
926:
901:
765:, and
739:tissue
666:lesion
662:artery
619:artery
542:artery
471:stroke
372:angina
357:et al.
233:angina
178:size;
172:lumens
145:X-rays
2898:Laser
2820:SPECT
2629:renal
2458:Brain
2409:Other
2109:X-ray
1990:sound
1862:Tests
1820:S-ICD
1717:Other
1651:TECAB
1496:aorta
1311:heart
1159:S2CID
1046:–96.
874:Notes
813:stent
776:stent
749:as a
747:stent
704:stent
700:laser
664:to a
582:clots
580:, or
566:veins
523:X-ray
491:X-ray
217:, or
188:heart
126:heart
116:is a
101:[
80:88.58
76:88.50
51:[
2666:FAST
2379:Head
1792:and
1530:for
1262:ISBN
1236:PMID
1221:PMID
1206:PMID
1176:2018
1151:PMID
1105:2013
1073:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1015:ISBN
990:ISBN
965:ISSN
924:ISBN
899:ISBN
716:clot
708:IVUS
603:cine
442:The
386:and
313:for
255:and
253:IVUS
192:lung
190:and
87:MeSH
2843:PET
2811:ECT
2809:3D/
2691:2D/
2592:ICE
2587:TEE
2582:TTE
2450:MRI
2181:DXR
2177:DXA
2172:KUB
2167:AXR
2155:CXR
1939:TEE
1934:TTE
1826:ICD
1621:CHD
1593:SVC
1578:to
1510:to
1494:to
1478:to
1141:doi
957:doi
576:If
359:).
163:or
3012::
2849:):
2826:):
2555:3D
2123:2D
1597:PA
1157:.
1149:.
1137:12
1135:.
1131:.
1044:95
963:.
953:29
951:.
947:.
897:.
895:97
761:,
757:.
469:,
390:.
213:,
201:–
174:;
159:,
155:,
151:,
112:A
2896:/
2845:(
2822:(
2201:/
2192:/
2188:/
2179:/
2111:/
2093:e
2086:t
2079:v
1970:/
1796:)
1634:/
1298:e
1291:t
1284:v
1270:.
1242:.
1227:.
1212:.
1165:.
1143::
1107:.
1081:.
1056:.
1023:.
998:.
971:.
959::
932:.
907:.
521:(
105:]
78:-
55:]
20:)
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