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necessary. Surgeons check the anastomosis for patency (whether it is sufficiently open) or leaking. They then insert the graft within the pericardium, sometimes attached to the cardioplegic catheter. The anastomosis of the LIMA to the LAD is usually the last distal anastomosis to be constructed; while it is being constructed the blood rewarming process starts (by the CPB). After the anastomosis is completed and checked for leaks, the proximal anastomoses of the conduits, if any, are next. They can be done either with the clamp still on, or after removing the aortic clamp and isolating a small segment of the aorta by placing a partial clamp. That said, aortas burdened by plaques might be damaged or release atheromatous debris by being overhandled.
814:
1004:
is also dependent on whether it is isolated CABG (average, 4%, range, 0.3%â10%) or a combined operation (average, 2.0%, range, 0.7%â12%). New electrocardiogram features, such as Q waves or ultrasound-documented alternation of cardiac wall motions, are indicative. Ongoing ischemia might prompt emergency angiography and PCI or re-operation. Immediate coronary angiography offers the most expeditious modality not only for diagnosis but also for potential reintervention. Echocardiography is less valuable for the detection or confirmation of postoperative myocardial ischemia. Arrhythmias can also occur, most-commonly
790:
802:
778:
872:. CABG usually relieves angina, but in some patients it reoccurs. Around 60% of patients will be angina-free 10 years after their operation. Myocardial infarction is rare five years after a CABG, but its risk increases with time. The risk of sudden death for CABG patients is low. Quality of life is also high for at least five years, then can slowly start to decline. However, the use of bilateral mammary artery in patients of younger age and those without specific comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, steroid use) can provide excellent long-term survival and quality of life.
1132:(PCI) did not obsolesce CABG; rates of both procedures continued to increase, but PCIs grew more rapidly. In the following decades, CABG was extensively studied and compared to PCI. The absence of a clear advantage of CABG over PCI led to a small decrease in numbers of CABGs in some countries (like the US) by 2000. In Europeâmainly GermanyâCABG was increasingly performed. As of 2023, research comparing the two techniques is continuing. Meta-analysis published in 2023 suggests that CABG provides a consistent survival benefit over PCI with drug-eluting stents (DES).
517:
49:
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642:, either from the arms or chest or from the leg, usually from the internal mammary artery or the saphenous vein. The LITA is harvested through the sternotomy. There are two common ways of mobilizing the LITA: the pedicle (i.e., a pedicle consisting of the artery plus surrounding fat and veins) and the skeletonized (i.e., freed of other tissues). Before the LITA is divided in its more distal part, the anticoagulant heparin is administered to the patient via a peripheral line, to prevent clots.
425:). Patients at risk of ongoing ischemia undergo PCI to restore blood flow and thus oxygen delivery to the struggling heart. If PCI failed to restore blood flow because of anatomical considerations or other technical problems, urgent CABG is indicated to save heart tissue. The timing of the operation plays a role in survival: It is preferable to delay the surgery if possible (three days if the infarction affecting the total thickness of the cardiac muscle, and six hours if it does not).
509:
242:
371:. An angiogram can provide detailed anatomy of coronary circulation and lesions. The significance of each lesion is determined by the diameter loss. A diameter loss of 50% translates to a 75% cross-sectional area loss, considered moderate by most groups. Severe stenosis constitutes a diameter loss of 2/3 or moreâa greater-than-90% loss of cross-sectional area. To more accurately determine the severity of stenosis, interventional cardiologists may also employ
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improving for up to five years in some cases. Left-ventricle function and myocardial perfusion during exercise also improves after CABG. When the left ventricle is severely impaired before operation (ejection fraction below 30%), however, benefits are less impressive in terms of segmental wall movement but still significant because other parameters might improve as LV function improves; the pulmonary hypertension might be relieved and lengthen survival.
324:: the left main stem, left ascending artery, circumflex artery, and right coronary artery, and branches thereof. CAD symptoms vary from none, to chest pain only when exercising (stable angina), to chest pain even at rest (unstable angina). It can even manifest as a myocardial infarction; if blood flow to the heart is not restored within a few hours, whether spontaneously or by medical intervention, the blood-deprived part of the heart becomes
729:(IABP) might be inserted to relieve some of the burden of pumping blood, effectively reducing the amount of oxygen needed by myocardium. During operation, the standard practice is to place the patient on CPB as soon as possible and revascularize the heart with three saphenous veins. A calcified aorta also poses a problem because it is very dangerous to clamp. In this case, the operation can be done as an off-pump CAB using both
2544:
Nikola; Dambrink, Jan-Henk E.; Kala, Petr; AngerÄs, Oskar; MacCarthy, Philip; Wendler, Olaf; Casselman, Filip; Witt, Nils; Mavromatis, Kreton; Miner, Steven E.S.; Sarma, Jaydeep; EngstrÞm, Thomas; Christiansen, Evald H.; Tonino, Pim A.L.; Reardon, Michael J.; Lu, Di; Ding, Victoria Y.; Kobayashi, Yuhei; Hlatky, Mark A.; Mahaffey, Kenneth W.; Desai, Manisha; Woo, Y. Joseph; Yeung, Alan C.; Pijls, Nico H.J. (2022-01-13).
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1015:âor type-2 global deficits such as delirium caused by CPB, hypoperfusion, or cerebral embolism. Cognitive impairment has been reported in up to 80% cases after CABG at discharge and lasts for a year in up to 40% of cases. The cause remains unclear; CPB is an unlikely cause because even in CABG patients without CPB, as in off-pump CABG, and PCI patients, the incidence is the same.
712:, or by placing stitches or incisions into the pericardium to help exposure. Snares and tapes are used to facilitate exposure. The aim is to avoid distal ischemia caused by blockage of the vessel supplying distal portions of the left ventricle, so usually LITA to LAD is the first to be anastomosed and others follow. For the anastomosis, a fine tube blowing humidified CO
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840:, a beta agent, can increase the cardiac output and is administered some hours after the operation. Beta blockers are used to prevent atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular arrhythmias. Pacing wires attached to both atria, inserted during the operation, may help prevent atrial fibrillation. Aspirin (80 mg) is used to prevent graft failure.
755:(thoractomy), or even using an endoscope placed in the left chest. Robot-assisted coronary revascularization, which is not yet widely used, avoids the sternum incision to prevent infections and bleeding. Both conduit harvesting and the anastomosis are performed with the aid of a robot, through a thoracotomy. Usually, the procedure is combined with
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yields better long-term survival and outcomes. Strong indications for CABG also include symptomatic patients and impaired left ventricle function. CABG offers better results than PCI in left main disease and in CAD that affects multiple vessels, because of the protection arterial conduits offer to the native arteries of the heart, by producing
737:, lowering the temperature of the body to slightly above 20 °C (68 °F). In cases where a significant artery is totally blocked, it may be possible to remove the plaque and use the same hole in the artery to perform an anastomosis. This technique is called endarterectomy and is usually performed at the right coronary system.
705:(OPCAB) surgery avoids using the CPB machine by stabilizing small segments of the heart at a time. The surgical team and anesthesiologists must coordinate and take great care to not manipulate the heart too much, lest they compromise the stability of blood flow. Compromise should be detected immediately and appropriate action taken.
899:, and can easily be mobilized and anastomosed to the native target vessel of the heart. The left artery is most often used because it is closer to the heart, but the right artery is sometimes used, depending on patient and surgeon preferences. The ITAs are advantageous because of their endothelial cells, which produce
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used skeletonized LITA, placing it in a small tunnel he created next to the LAD and hoping spontaneous collateral circulation would form. This occurred in canine experiments but not in humans. Goetz RH was the first to perform an anastomosis of the ITA to LAD in the 1960 using a sutureless technique.
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With the heart still, the tip of the heart is taken out of pericardium so that native arteries lying on the posterior side of the heart are accessible. Usually, distal anastomoses are constructed first (first to the right coronary system, then to the circumflex) and then the sequential anastomosis if
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A conduit can be used to graft one or more native arteries. In the latter case, an end-to-side anastomosis is performed. In the former, using a sequential anastomosis, a graft can then deliver blood to two or more native vessels of the heart. Also, the proximal part of a conduit can be anastomosed to
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of more than 2.2âŻL/min/m. LCOS is often transient. Myocardial infarction can occur after the operation because of either technical or patient-specific factors. Its incidence is difficult to estimate due to varying definitions, but most studies place its occurrence at between 2% and 5%. The incidence
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keeps the surgical field clean of blood. Also, a shunt might be used so the blood can travel past the site of anastomosis. After the distal anastomoses are completed, proximal anastomoses to the aorta are constructed with a partially closed aortic clamp. The rest of the process is similar to on-pump
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CABG and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are the two methods to restore blood flow caused by stenotic lesions of the coronary arteries. The choice of method is still a matter of debate, but it is clear that in the presence of complex lesions, significant left main disease, or diabetes, CABG
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Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, Bates ER, Beckie TM, Bischoff JM, Bittl JA, Cohen MG, DiMaio JM, Don CW, Fremes SE, Gaudino MF, Goldberger ZD, Grant MC, Jaswal JB, Kurlansky PA, Mehran R, Metkus TS Jr, Nnacheta LC, Rao SV, Sellke FW, Sharma G, Yong CM, Zwischenberger BA. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI
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In the late 1960s, after the work of René Favaloro, the operation was performed in only a few centers, but was anticipated to more broadly change the outcome of coronary artery disease. By 1979, there were 114,000 procedures per year in the US. The introduction of percutaneous coronary intervention
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CABG and PCI are the two methods to revascularize stenotic lesions of the cardiac arteries. The preferences for each patient is still a matter of debate but in the presence of complex lesions and significant Left Main
Disease, and in diabetic patients, CABG seems to offer better results in patients
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A 2012 trial and followup in diabetic patients demonstrated a significant advantage to CABG over PCI. The relative advantage remained evident at 3.8-year and 7.5-year follow ups, which found particular benefits in smokers and younger patients. A 2015 trial compared CABG and the latest technological
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Patients with unprotected left main diseaseâwhen the runoff of the left main artery is not protected by a patent graft since a previous CABG operationâhave been studied as a group. A 2016 European study found that in these patients, CABG outperforms PCI in the long run (5 years). Another 2016 study
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People with angina during exercise are usually first treated with medical therapy. Noninvasive tests help estimate which patients might benefit from undergoing coronary angiography. Generally, if portions of cardiac wall are receiving less blood than normal, coronary angiography is indicated; then,
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The introduction of arresting the heart during operation (cardioplegia) made CABG much less risky. A major obstacle of CABG was ischemia and infarction occurring while the heart was stopped to allow surgeons to construct the distal anastomosis. In the 1970s, potassium-based cardioplegia was used.
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Fearon, William F.; Zimmermann, Frederik M.; De Bruyne, Bernard; Piroth, Zsolt; van
Straten, Albert H.M.; Szekely, Laszlo; DavidaviÄius, Giedrius; Kalinauskas, Gintaras; Mansour, Samer; Kharbanda, Rajesh; Ăstlund-Papadogeorgos, Nikolaos; Aminian, Adel; Oldroyd, Keith G.; Al-Attar, Nawwar; Jagic,
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Favaloro's work is fundamental to the history of graft selection. He established the use of bilateral ITAs as superior to vein grafts. Surgeons examined the use of other arterial graftsâsplenic, gastroepiploic mesenteric, subscapular and othersâbut none matched the patency rates of ITA. In 1971,
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in multivessel disease. Their results indicated that CABG is a better option for CAD patients. A trial published in 2021, comparing results after one year, also concluded that CABG is a safer option than PCI. A large study published in 2023 showed that PCI patients had higher mortality than CABG
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After the angiogram is reviewed by the surgical team, targets are selected (that is, which native arteries will be bypassed and where the anastomosis should be placed). Ideally, all major lesions in significant vessels should be addressed. Most commonly, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA;
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The beneficial effects of CABG are clear at the cardiac level. Left-ventricle function is improved and malfunctioning segments of the heartâdyskinetic (moving inefficiently) or even akinetic (not moving)âcan show signs of improvement. Both systolic and diastolic functions are improved and keep
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using a solution high in potassium. Another purse string is placed in the right atrium for the venous cannula. Once the cannulas and the catheter are placed, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is commenced. Deoxygenated blood arriving to the heart from veins is forwarded to the CPB machine to get
270:, the associated feeling of chest pain. The decision to perform surgery is informed by studies of CABG's efficacy in different patient subgroups, based on the lesions' anatomy or how well the heart is functioning. These results are compared with that of other strategies, most importantly
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CABG is generally preferred over PCI when there is a significant burden of plaque on the coronary arteries, that is extensive and complex, due to survival benefit. Other indicators that a patient will benefit more from CABG rather than PCI include: decreased left-ventricle function;
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Neumann, Franz-Josef; Sousa-Uva, Miguel; Ahlsson, Anders; Alfonso, Fernando; Banning, Adrian P; Benedetto, Umberto; Byrne, Robert A; Collet, Jean-Philippe; Falk, Volkmar; Head, Stuart J; JĂŒni, Peter; Kastrati, Adnan; Koller, Akos; Kristensen, Steen D; Niebauer, Josef (2019-01-07).
218:, a common symptom of CAD) have been sought since the beginning of the 20th century. In the 1960s, CABG was introduced in its modern form and has since become the main treatment for significant CAD. Significant complications of the operation include bleeding, heart problems (
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After the proximal anastomoses are done, the clamp is removed and the aorta and conduits de-aired. Pacing wires, which supply a current to assist the heartbeat, might be placed. If the heart and other systems are functioning, CPB is discontinued and cannulae are removed.
1008:(incidence of 20â40%) that is treated with correcting electrolyte balance, and rate and rhythm control. However, arrhythmia such as ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation can be a sign of postoperative myocardial ischemia that is treated depending on the cause.
759:, in which methods of CABG and PCI are both employed. Anastomosis of the LIMA to the LAD is performed in the operating theater and other lesions are treated with PCIâeither at the operating room immediately following the anastomosis, or several days later.
417:, it is paramount to quickly restore blood flow to heart tissue. Typically, patients arrive at the hospital with chest pain. They are first treated with drugs, particularly the strongest drugs that prevent clots within vessels (dual anti-platelet therapy:
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Urso, S; Sadaba, R; GonzĂĄlez-MartĂn, JM; Dayan, V; Nogales, E; Tena, MĂ; Abad, C; Portela, F (30 March 2023). "Coronary surgery provides better survival than drug-eluting stent: A pooled meta-analysis of Kaplan- Meier-derived individual patient data".
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and minimize the demand for oxygen. A clamp is placed on the aorta between the cardioplegic catheter and aortic cannula, so that the flow of cardioplegic solution may be controlled by adjusting the clamp. Within minutes, the heart stops beating.
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Determining the total risk of the procedure is difficult because of the diversity of patients undergoing CABG; different subgroups have different risk, but younger patients see better results than older ones. A CABG using two, rather than one,
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formerly, left internal mammary artery, LIMA) is anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) because the LAD is the most significant artery of the heart and supplies blood to a larger portion of myocardium than other arteries.
907:, protecting the artery from atherosclerosis and thus stenosis or occlusion. Disadvantages include a high rate of complications, such as deep sternal wound infections, in some subgroups of patientsâmainly obese and diabetic ones. The
868:., patients 50â59 years old have an operative mortality rate of 1.8%, while patients older than 80 have a rate of 8.3%. Other factors that increase mortality are being female, re-operation, dysfunction of the left ventricle, and
833:(ICU), where intubations are removed if not already done in the operating theater. They usually exit the ICU by the following day, and four days later, if no complications occur, the patient is discharged from the hospital.
1076:âto a native artery in the heart of a dog, but the experiment could not be reproduced. In the mid-20th century, revascularization efforts continued. Beck C. S. used a carotid conduit to connect the descending aorta to the
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is used. The heart may be covered with strong adhesions to adjusting structures. Doctors must decide whether aging grafts should be replaced. Manipulation of vein grafts is avoided because it risks dislodgement of plaque.
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After the discharge, patients may experience insomnia, low appetite, decreased sex drive, and memory problems. This effect is usually transient and lasts 6 to 8 weeks. A tailored exercise plan is usually beneficial.
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guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:e21-e129
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rupture or myocardial rupture). There are no absolute contraindications of CABG, but severe disease of other organs such as the liver or brain, limited life expectancy, and patient fragility are considered.
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factors and preventing the advancement of plaques. Studies published in 2023 show that CABG in patients with left main disease is associated with lower mortality and fewer adverse events compared to PCI.
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that supplies the heartâor pericardial abrasion, with the hope adhesions would create significant collateral circulation. Sympathectomy produced disappointing and inconsistent results. French surgeon
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Re-operations of CABG (another CABG operation after a previous one) pose difficulties. The heart may be positioned too close to the sternum and thus at risk when cutting the sternum again, so an
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Cardioplegia minimized the oxygen demands of the heart, thus reducing the effects of ischemia. Refinement of cardioplegia in the 1980s made CABG less risky, lowering mortality during operation.
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Carpentier introduced the use of the radial artery, which was initially prone to failure, but the development of harvesting techniques in the following 20 years significantly improved patency.
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and othersâwill stop taking them several days before, to prevent excessive bleeding during and after the operation. Warfarin is also stopped for the same reason and the patient starts taking
1024:, and may complicate the post-operation process. The harvesting of both two thoracic arteries is a risk factor because it significantly impairs the perfusion of blood through the sternum.
622:. Lines (e.g., peripheral IV cannulae, central lines such as internal jugular cannulae) are inserted for drug administration and monitoring. A description of a traditional CABG follows.
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992:, an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), optimization of pre-load and afterload, or correction of blood gauzes and electrolytes. The aim is to maintain a systolic blood pressure above 90
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CABG is the best procedure to reduce mortality from severe CAD and improve quality of life. Operative mortality strongly relates to the patient's age. According to a study by Eagle
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Conduits that can be used for CABG may be arteries or veins. Arteries have a superior long-term patency (expandedness), but veins are more commonly used due to their practicality.
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Mick, Stephanie; Keshavamurthy, Suresh; Mihaljevicl, Tomislav; Bonatti, Johannes (2016). "Robotic and
Alternative Approaches to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting". In Frank Sellke;
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751:(MIDCAB) strives to avoid a large incision in the sternum. It utilizes off-pump techniques to place a graft, usually of the LIMA at the LAD. The LIMA is freed through an
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Routine preoperative examination aims to check the status of systems and organs besides the heart. The examination typically includes a chest X-ray to check the lungs, a
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Postoperative bleeding occurs in 2â5% of cases and may require returning to the operating room; the most common indicator is the amount of blood being drained by
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When CABG is performed as an emergency because of a myocardial infarction, the highest priority is to salvage the struggling myocardium. Before operation, an
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Pigs, sheep, and dogs have been used as experimental models, for the development of CABG. Performing CABG to treat a sick animal though is extremely rare.
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effect, which occurs when the anti-coagulant heparin is administered at the beginning of surgery and reappears in the blood after its neutralization by
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Illustration of a typical coronary artery bypass surgery. A vein from the leg is removed and grafted to the coronary artery to bypass a blockage at LAD.
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helped medical doctors to identify patients in need of operation, and which native heart vessels should be bypassed. In 1964, Soviet cardiac surgeon
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oxygenated, then delivered to the aorta to keep the rest of the body saturated. The blood is often cooled to 32â34 °C (90â93 °F) to slow
379:, the pressure after the stenosis is compared to mean aortic pressure. If the ratio is less than 0.80, then the stenosis is deemed significant.
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Adverse neurological effects occur after CABG in about 1.5% of patients. They can manifest as type-1 deficitsâfocal deficits such as stroke or
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565:, and kidney and liver function tests. Physical examination to determine the quality of the grafts or the safety of removing them, such as
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can be also used. Long-term patency is influenced by the type of artery used and intrinsic factors of the cardiac arterial circulation.
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970:, the anastomosis, an insufficiently sealed branch of the conduit, or from the sternum. Other causes include platelet abnormalities or
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In the early 20th century, surgical interventions aiming to relieve angina and prevent death were either sympathectomy â a cut on the
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Farina, Piero; Gaudino, Mario Fulvio Luigi; Taggart, David Paul (2020). "The
Eternal Debate With a Consistent Answer: CABG vs PCI".
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Persson, J; Yan, J; AngerÄs, O; Venetsanos, D; Jeppsson, A; Sjögren, I; Linder, R; Erlinge, D; Ivert, T; Omerovic, E (8 June 2023).
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Persson, J; Yan, J; AngerÄs, O; Venetsanos, D; Jeppsson, A; Sjögren, I; Linder, R; Erlinge, D; Ivert, T; Omerovic, E (8 June 2023).
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183:, a machine which takes over the functions of the heart and lungs during surgery by circulating blood and oxygen. With the heart in
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There are various methods of detecting and assessing CAD. Apart from history and clinical examination, noninvasive methods include
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405:; and complex triple system disease (including LAD, Cx and RCA), especially when the lesion in the LAD is at its proximal part.
375:, which can determine the severity and provide information on the composition of the atheromatous plaque. With the technique of
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2740:"Pivotal contemporary trials of percutaneous coronary intervention vs. coronary artery bypass grafting: a surgical perspective"
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Early in a coronary artery bypass operation, during vein harvesting from the legs (left of image) and the establishment of
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the side of another conduit. It is preferred not to harvest too much conduit because it might necessitate re-operation.
461:(cavity) and diminishes blood delivery to the heart. Such a dissection may be caused by pregnancy, tissue diseases like
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Al-Atassi, Talal; Toeg, Hadi D.; Chan, Vincent; Ruel, Marc (2016). "Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting". In Frank Sellke;
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32:"Heart bypass" redirects here. For the technique to take over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery, see
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performed the first successful internal thoracic arteryâcoronary artery anastomosis. The same year, American surgeon
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Sef, D; Szavits-Nossan, J; Predrijevac, M; Golubic, R; Sipic, T; Stambuk, K; Korda, Z; Meier, P; Turina, MI (2019).
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Smith, Peter K.; Schroder, Jacob N. (2016). "On-Pump
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting". In Josef E. Fischer (ed.).
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Laflamme, M; DeMey, N; Bouchard, D; Carrier, M; Demers, P; Pellerin, M; Couture, P; Perrault, LP (April 2012).
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is administered to reverse the effect of the anticoagulant heparin. After possible bleeding sites are checked,
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sutures are placed in the aorta to prepare the insertions of the cannula into the aorta, and a catheter which
1810:"Bilateral internal thoracic artery use in coronary artery bypass grafting in the post-ART era â Perspective"
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than PCI. Strong indications for CABG also include symptomatic patients and those with impaired LV function.
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found that PCI has similar results to CABG at 3 years, but that CABG becomes better than PCI after 4 years.
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195:(OPCAB), these anastomoses are constructed while the heart is still beating. The anastomosis supplying the
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CABG is also performed when a patient is to undergo another cardiac surgical procedure, most commonly for
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Arterial grafts originate from the part of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) that runs near the edge of
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2174:"Management of perioperative myocardial ischaemia after isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery"
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Infections, such as wound infections in the sternum (superficial or deep) are most commonly caused by
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in the arm is performed to be sure that blood supply to the arm will not be critically disturbed.
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performed the first successful internal thoracic arteryâcoronary artery anastomosis, followed by
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is harvested for use. Other commonly employed sources are the right internal mammary artery, the
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have been described and are most commonly due to medications administered during the operation.
988:(LCOS) can occur in up to 14% of CABG patients. According to its severity, LCOS is treated with
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are used to control blood pressure, especially in patients with low cardiac function (<40%).
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and educator best known for his pioneering work on coronary artery bypass surgery using the
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Keeping a healthy heartbeat may involve maneuvers like placing atrial wires to protect from
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caused by CAD, slow the progression of CAD, and increase life expectancy. It aims to bypass
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standardized the procedure. Their advances made CABG the standard of care of CAD patients.
852:, a calcium channel blocker, is used for patients whose radial artery was used as a graft.
3579:
3501:
3348:
3338:
3324:
3215:
3185:
3091:
2920:
2905:
1117:
1113:
1097:
1093:
1081:
741:
537:
466:
458:
161:
654:âthe sac that surrounds the heartâis opened and stay sutures are placed to keep it open.
1501:
1474:
1378:
1351:
3486:
3471:
3267:
3244:
3075:
3059:
2994:
2774:
2739:
2198:
2173:
2149:
2124:
1595:
1593:
566:
541:
529:
525:
253:
grafts â one to the right coronary artery system and one to the obtuse marginal system.
235:
58:
2595:
Head, S. J.; Kieser, T. M.; Falk, V.; Huysmans, H. A.; Kappetein, A. P. (2013-10-01).
2462:
2445:
1522:
1520:
17:
3657:
3623:
3343:
2962:
2828:
2587:
2535:
2341:
2109:
2060:
2011:
1843:
1120:
used a saphenous vein to create an aorta-coronary artery bypass. Argentinean surgeon
1069:
1000:
841:
204:
172:
from other parts of the body, thus restoring adequate blood supply to the previously
288:
3388:
1924:
1922:
1855:
1853:
1779:
1777:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
971:
904:
659:
655:
635:
483:
184:
62:
2511:
1246:
1244:
1231:
1229:
1216:
1214:
884:(IMAs) may offer greater protection from CAD, but results are not yet conclusive.
125:
2418:
1124:
advanced and standardized the CABG technique using the patient's saphenous vein.
951:
The most common complications of CABG are postoperative bleeding, heart failure,
111:
3565:
3308:
3272:
2952:
2937:
2325:
2189:
2092:
2075:
2043:
2026:
1994:
1977:
1491:
1368:
1153:
1089:
931:
752:
734:
709:
651:
581:
422:
344:
119:
27:
Surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery
2694:
Kouchoukos, Nicholas; Blackstone, E. H.; Hanley, F. L.; Kirklin, J. K. (2013).
2651:
2613:
2597:"Coronary artery bypass grafting: Part 1âthe evolution over the first 50 years"
2596:
1826:
1809:
1721:
3560:
3427:
3332:
3100:
2231:
2229:
963:
849:
837:
691:
664:
585:
570:
457:
of coronary arteries, where a rupture of the coronary layers creates a pseudo-
329:
223:
2812:
2765:
2659:
2638:"Corrigendum to: 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization".
2622:
2571:
2546:"Fractional Flow ReserveâGuided PCI as Compared with Coronary Bypass Surgery"
2519:
1729:
351:
can quantify heart functioning by measuring, for example, enlargement of the
2756:
1475:"PCI or CABG for left main coronary artery disease: the SWEDEHEART registry"
1352:"PCI or CABG for left main coronary artery disease: the SWEDEHEART registry"
1025:
979:
687:
246:
231:
2820:
2791:
Welt, Frederick G.P. (2022-01-13). "CABG versus PCI â End of the Debate?".
2783:
2667:
2630:
2579:
2527:
2471:
2333:
2207:
2158:
2140:
2101:
2052:
2003:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1835:
1737:
1510:
1387:
1045:
160:(CAD), the buildup of plaques in the arteries of the heart. It can relieve
2843:
2562:
2545:
2076:"Postcardiac surgery myocardial ischemia: Why, when, and how to intervene"
2027:"Postcardiac surgery myocardial ischemia: Why, when, and how to intervene"
1978:"Postcardiac surgery myocardial ischemia: Why, when, and how to intervene"
2804:
2270:
2268:
989:
470:
402:
325:
313:
309:
173:
165:
2125:"Management of early postoperative coronary artery bypass graft failure"
1580:
1578:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
975:
927:
896:
589:
577:
469:, cocaine abuse, or PCI. A coronary aneurysm may also indicate CABG: A
418:
69:
are on the upper right. The patient's head (not seen) is at the bottom.
135:
3224:
1112:
The modern era of the CABG began in 1964 when Soviet cardiac surgeon
956:
733:(IMA) or Y, T and sequential grafts. Deep arrest may be induced with
393:
lesions are identified and inform a decision to undergo PCI or CABG.
267:
227:
215:
2446:"The Development of Coronary Artery Surgery: Personal Recollections"
520:
Coronary artery bypass surgery during mobilization (freeing) of the
1659:
1647:
959:, kidney dysfunction, and infection of the wound near the sternum.
3573:
3403:
3234:
3079:
2894:
1044:
967:
836:
A series of drugs are commonly used in early post-operative care.
549:
545:
515:
507:
328:(dies) and is scarred. It may lead to other complications such as
287:
240:
1928:
1859:
1795:
1783:
1768:
1690:
1678:
1635:
1623:
1599:
1557:
1322:
1250:
1235:
1220:
552:
is cross-clamped. The patient's head (not seen) is at the bottom.
1012:
2862:
2074:
Robinson, NB; Sef, D; Gaudino, M; Taggart, DP (February 2023).
2025:
Robinson, NB; Sef, D; Gaudino, M; Taggart, DP (February 2023).
1976:
Robinson, NB; Sef, D; Gaudino, M; Taggart, DP (February 2023).
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1460:
829:
After the procedure, the patient is usually transferred to the
1285:
1283:
1080:, the biggest vein of the heart. In the "Vineberg Procedure",
1706:"2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization"
646:
Catheterization and establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass
2481:"Veterinarians, MDs team up for canine open-heart surgery"
1333:
1331:
262:
Coronary artery bypass surgery aims to prevent death from
156:, pronounced "cabbage"), is a surgical procedure to treat
473:
might develop within the vessel and travel downstream.
2354:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2259:
2235:
2738:
Ngu, Janet M. C.; Sun, Louise Y.; Ruel, Marc (2018).
2420:
2247:
2220:
1963:
1913:
1884:
1611:
1584:
1569:
1526:
1301:
1205:
1186:
1072:
was the first to anastomose a vesselâa branch of the
926:. Their patency rate is lower than that of arteries.
1436:
1412:
1400:
544:, which receives blood from the body. The patient's
3616:
3588:
3445:
3300:
3196:
2936:
2929:
1088:The development of coronary angiography in 1962 by
118:
104:
92:
82:
74:
41:
2314:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2080:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2031:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1982:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1814:International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
214:Effective ways to treat chest pain (specifically,
1169:Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery
500:patients with left main coronary artery disease.
2607:(37). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2862â2872.
749:Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass
528:(yellow). The tube visible at the bottom is the
316:(narrowing) in one or more arteries and risking
179:There are two main approaches. The first uses a
2500:Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2129:Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
681:Weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and closure
363:. The most accurate ways to detect CAD are the
842:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
819:Coronary artery bypass graft, quadruple bypass
2874:
2799:(2). Massachusetts Medical Society: 185â187.
2556:(2). Massachusetts Medical Society: 128â137.
1951:
1901:
1289:
974:âperhaps due to the bypass or to the rebound
721:Alternative approaches and special situations
608:With cardiopulmonary bypass machine (on-pump)
199:is the most significant one and usually, the
168:in heart arteries by using arteries or veins
8:
2697:Kirklin/Barratt-Boyes Cardiac Surgery E-Book
2677:Master Techniques in Surgery CARDIAC SURGERY
795:Coronary artery bypass graft, double bypass.
807:Coronary artery bypass graft, triple bypass
783:Coronary artery bypass graft, single bypass
2933:
2916:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
2881:
2867:
2859:
1448:
1424:
47:
3012:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
2773:
2755:
2721:Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest
2612:
2561:
2461:
2400:Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest
2197:
2148:
2091:
2042:
1993:
1825:
1500:
1490:
1377:
1367:
430:mechanical complications of an infarction
266:and improve quality of life by relieving
3055:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
2366:
1100:in the United States. Argentine surgeon
618:The intubated patient is brought to the
3155:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
2479:Cordova, Melanie Greaver (2020-05-05).
2378:
1179:
930:protects grafts from occlusion; adding
761:
304:Coronary artery disease is caused when
245:Three coronary artery bypass grafts, a
2750:(4). AME Publishing Company: 527â532.
694:are placed and the sternum is closed.
495:advancement of PCI, second-generation
428:CABG is also indicated when there are
413:During an acute heart event, known as
343:(ECG) at rest or during exercise, and
38:
3285:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
3024:enlargement of existing septal defect
1274:
1262:
1028:can also occur. Complications in the
557:Preoperative examination and strategy
536:. The tube above it (obscured by the
191:. In the second approach, called the
7:
3019:production of septal defect in heart
1337:
846:angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
901:endothelium-derived relaxing factor
131:
3116:transposition of the great vessels
3041:creation of septal defect in heart
1808:Sef, D; Raja, SG (February 2021).
1437:Farina, Gaudino & Taggart 2020
1413:Farina, Gaudino & Taggart 2020
1401:Farina, Gaudino & Taggart 2020
272:percutaneous coronary intervention
25:
3416:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
757:hybrid coronary revascularization
3640:
3639:
2842:
2744:Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery
2444:Connolly, John E. (2001-03-25).
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
576:A patient taking anticoagulantsâ
3423:Left atrial appendage occlusion
2793:New England Journal of Medicine
2550:New England Journal of Medicine
1744:from the original on 2024-01-30
703:Off-pump coronary artery bypass
532:, which returns blood from the
197:left anterior descending branch
193:off-pump coronary artery bypass
753:incision between the left ribs
334:papillary muscles of the heart
181:cardiopulmonary bypass machine
146:Coronary artery bypass surgery
42:Coronary artery bypass surgery
1:
3545:Radionuclide ventriculography
2512:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2019.08.009
2450:Texas Heart Institute Journal
660:temporarily arrests the heart
3530:Myocardial perfusion imaging
771:Coronary artery bypass graft
731:inferior mesenteric arteries
201:left internal mammary artery
150:coronary artery bypass graft
78:Coronary artery bypass graft
2326:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.03.020
2190:10.1136/openhrt-2019-001027
2093:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.05.052
2044:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.05.052
1995:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.05.052
986:Low cardiac output syndrome
359:, and the situation of the
176:(deprived of blood) heart.
3680:
3137:for univentricular defect
2700:(4th ed.). Elsevier.
1827:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.12.007
913:left gastroepiploic artery
611:
296:, stenotic lesions of the
281:
31:
3637:
3477:Implantable loop recorder
3121:Arterial switch operation
2911:Interventional cardiology
2901:
2506:(1). Elsevier BV: 14â20.
1952:Smith & Schroder 2016
1902:Smith & Schroder 2016
1492:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad369
1369:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad369
1290:Smith & Schroder 2016
882:internal mammary arteries
727:intra-aortic balloon pump
434:ventricular septal defect
132:
46:
3556:Coronary catheterization
3046:BlalockâHanlon procedure
3007:Mitral valve replacement
2990:Aortic valve replacement
2652:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz507
2646:(37): 3096. 2019-10-01.
2614:10.1093/eurheartj/eht330
1722:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394
1449:Ngu, Sun & Ruel 2018
1425:Ngu, Sun & Ruel 2018
955:(a form of arrhythmia),
934:does not improve rates.
922:and, in some cases, the
567:varicosities in the legs
373:intravascular ultrasound
308:of the heart accumulate
3552:Cardiac catheterization
3494:Electrophysiology study
3394:Radiofrequency ablation
3359:Alcohol septal ablation
2757:10.21037/acs.2018.05.12
632:incision in the sternum
463:EhlersâDanlos syndromes
415:acute coronary syndrome
409:Acute coronary syndrome
377:fractional flow reserve
369:coronary CT angiography
278:Coronary artery disease
264:coronary artery disease
158:coronary artery disease
61:(bottom of image). The
3598:Impedance cardiography
3220:Coronary artery bypass
2849:Coronary artery bypass
2723:. pp. 1603â1615.
2640:European Heart Journal
2601:European Heart Journal
1929:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1860:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1796:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1784:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1769:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1710:European Heart Journal
1691:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1679:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1636:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1624:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1600:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1558:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1479:European Heart Journal
1356:European Heart Journal
1323:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1251:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1236:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1221:Kouchoukos et al. 2013
1159:Cardiothoracic surgery
1061:
1050:René Gerónimo Favaloro
1030:gastrointestinal tract
918:Veins used are mostly
672:Anastomosis (grafting)
650:After harvesting, the
614:Cardiopulmonary bypass
553:
513:
301:
284:Coronary heart disease
254:
55:cardiopulmonary bypass
34:Cardiopulmonary bypass
18:Coronary artery bypass
3629:Transcutaneous pacing
3433:Heart transplantation
3354:Ventricular reduction
3170:BlalockâTaussig shunt
2563:10.1056/nejmoa2112299
2301:, pp. 2863â2865.
2248:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
2238:, pp. 2862â2863.
2221:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1964:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1914:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1885:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1662:, pp. 1606â1608.
1650:, pp. 1603â1605.
1612:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1585:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1570:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1529:, Surgical Technique.
1527:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1403:, pp. 1 & 6.
1302:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1206:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1189:, pp. 1553â1554.
1187:Al-Atassi et al. 2016
1048:
1021:Staphylococcus aureus
972:their failure to clot
924:lesser saphenous vein
920:great saphenous veins
540:on the right) is the
524:from its surrounding
522:right coronary artery
519:
511:
445:Other cardiac surgery
318:myocardial infarction
291:
244:
236:injury to the kidneys
3603:Ballistocardiography
3160:systemic circulation
2851:at Wikimedia Commons
2805:10.1056/nejme2117325
2417:Bojar, R.M. (2021).
2141:10.1093/icvts/ivr127
1058:great saphenous vein
563:complete blood count
383:Indications for CABG
322:coronary circulation
310:atheromatous plaques
294:coronary angiography
249:LITA to LAD and two
230:, infections (often
209:great saphenous vein
189:surgical anastomosis
3482:Cardiac stress test
3460:Electrocardiography
3399:Pacemaker insertion
3146:Kawashima procedure
3110:compound procedures
2985:Aortic valve repair
2958:Mitral valve repair
2320:(6): 2138â2146.e3.
1693:, pp. 404â405.
1602:, pp. 374â376.
1463:, pp. 128â129.
1427:, pp. 527â531.
1340:, pp. 185â186.
1164:Dressler's syndrome
1006:atrial fibrillation
953:atrial fibrillation
831:intensive care unit
825:Post-operative care
548:is stopped and the
497:drug-eluting stents
341:electrocardiography
336:, or sudden death.
185:cardioplegic arrest
57:by placement of an
3535:Cardiovascular MRI
3465:Vectorcardiography
3320:Pericardial window
3315:Pericardiocentesis
3256:Drug-eluting stent
3085:Rastelli procedure
3034:Balloon septostomy
2679:. Wolters Kluwer.
1461:Fearon et al. 2022
1062:
909:left radial artery
554:
534:heartâlung machine
514:
365:coronary angiogram
345:X-ray of the chest
302:
255:
67:heart-lung machine
3651:
3650:
3508:Angiocardiography
3454:Electrophysiology
3441:
3440:
3384:Catheter ablation
3367:Conduction system
3292:LeCompte maneuver
3280:Bentall procedure
3141:Norwood procedure
3131:Senning procedure
3126:Mustard procedure
3029:Atrial septostomy
2980:Valve replacement
2847:Media related to
2730:978-0-323-24126-7
2717:Pedro J. del Nido
2707:978-1-4160-6391-9
2485:Cornell Chronicle
2430:978-1-119-58255-7
2409:978-0-323-24126-7
2396:Pedro J. del Nido
1485:(30): 2833â2842.
1362:(30): 2833â2842.
1066:sympathetic chain
1052:was an Argentine
870:left main disease
620:operating theater
596:falls below 2.0.
399:left main disease
357:ejection fraction
332:, rupture of the
306:coronary arteries
298:coronary arteries
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
3671:
3643:
3642:
3608:Cardiotocography
3576:
3540:Ventriculography
3513:Echocardiography
3504:
3456:
3372:Maze procedure (
3369:
3335:
3311:
3264:
3263:Obstacle removal
3251:Bare-metal stent
3247:
3207:
3164:pulmonary artery
3156:
3111:
3096:pulmonary artery
3069:Fontan procedure
3064:pulmonary artery
3056:
3020:
2934:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2846:
2832:
2787:
2777:
2759:
2734:
2711:
2690:
2671:
2634:
2616:
2591:
2565:
2539:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2475:
2465:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2413:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2355:Head et al. 2013
2352:
2346:
2345:
2308:
2302:
2299:Head et al. 2013
2296:
2290:
2287:Head et al. 2013
2284:
2278:
2275:Head et al. 2013
2272:
2263:
2260:Head et al. 2013
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2236:Head et al. 2013
2233:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1916:, pp. 1561.
1911:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1660:Mick et al. 2016
1657:
1651:
1648:Mick et al. 2016
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1277:, pp. 7â10.
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1190:
1184:
995:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
590:heparin products
438:papillary muscle
349:Echocardiography
148:, also known as
136:edit on Wikidata
128:
114:
51:
39:
21:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3664:Cardiac surgery
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3633:
3612:
3584:
3580:Phonocardiogram
3572:
3502:Cardiac imaging
3500:
3452:
3437:
3365:
3349:Septal myectomy
3339:Cardiomyoplasty
3331:
3325:Pericardiectomy
3307:
3296:
3262:
3243:
3203:
3197:Cardiac vessels
3192:
3186:Glenn procedure
3154:
3109:
3092:right ventricle
3054:
3018:
2940:
2925:
2921:Cardiac imaging
2906:Cardiac surgery
2897:
2887:
2839:
2790:
2737:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2693:
2687:
2674:
2637:
2594:
2542:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2443:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:, p. 2868.
2353:
2349:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:, p. 2865.
2285:
2281:
2277:, p. 2863.
2273:
2266:
2262:, p. 2862.
2258:
2254:
2250:, p. 1551.
2246:
2242:
2234:
2227:
2223:, p. 1552.
2219:
2215:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1891:
1883:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:, p. 1563.
1610:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1587:, p. 1564.
1583:
1576:
1572:, p. 1562.
1568:
1564:
1556:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:, pp. 529.
1447:
1443:
1439:, pp. 4â5.
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:, pp. 1â2.
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1308:
1304:, p. 1556.
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:, pp. 4â9.
1261:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1208:, p. 1554.
1204:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1150:
1142:
1118:Michael DeBakey
1114:Vasilii Kolesov
1110:
1098:Michael DeBakey
1094:Vasilii Kolesov
1082:Arthur Vineberg
1054:cardiac surgeon
1043:
1038:
993:
949:
940:
938:Compared to PCI
890:
862:
827:
820:
817:
808:
805:
796:
793:
784:
781:
772:
769:
742:oscillating saw
723:
715:
700:
616:
610:
559:
506:
479:
477:CABG versus PCI
467:Marfan syndrome
447:
411:
390:
388:Stable patients
385:
300:are identified.
286:
280:
260:
139:
124:
110:
70:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3590:Function tests
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3487:Bruce protocol
3479:
3474:
3472:Holter monitor
3469:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:Endarterectomy
3265:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3245:Coronary stent
3240:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3076:left ventricle
3073:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:Ross procedure
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:involving the
2888:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2838:
2837:External links
2835:
2834:
2833:
2788:
2735:
2729:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2672:
2635:
2592:
2540:
2495:
2476:
2441:
2429:
2414:
2408:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2225:
2213:
2184:(1): e001027.
2164:
2115:
2086:(2): 687â695.
2066:
2037:(2): 687â695.
2017:
1988:(2): 687â695.
1968:
1956:
1954:, p. 565.
1933:
1931:, p. 403.
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 566.
1889:
1864:
1862:, p. 401.
1849:
1800:
1798:, p. 399.
1788:
1786:, p. 397.
1773:
1771:, p. 388.
1754:
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 387.
1664:
1652:
1640:
1638:, p. 386.
1628:
1626:, p. 348.
1616:
1604:
1589:
1574:
1562:
1560:, p. 367.
1531:
1516:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1342:
1327:
1325:, p. 409.
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 549.
1279:
1267:
1255:
1253:, p. 357.
1240:
1238:, p. 356.
1225:
1223:, p. 405.
1210:
1191:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1109:
1106:
1078:coronary sinus
1074:carotid artery
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
948:
945:
939:
936:
889:
886:
861:
858:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
811:
809:
806:
799:
797:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
773:
770:
763:
722:
719:
713:
699:
696:
683:
682:
674:
673:
648:
647:
634:is made while
628:
627:
609:
606:
558:
555:
542:venous cannula
530:aortic cannula
526:adipose tissue
505:
502:
478:
475:
446:
443:
410:
407:
389:
386:
384:
381:
353:left ventricle
282:Main article:
279:
276:
259:
256:
251:saphenous vein
141:
140:
133:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
59:aortic cannula
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3676:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3646:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Cardioversion
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Dor procedure
3342:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:to the right
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:Transcatheter
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:Valvuloplasty
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2686:9781451193534
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2367:Connolly 2001
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:(2): 87â165.
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1140:Other animals
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1122:René Favaloro
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1102:René Favaloro
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Alexis Carrel
1067:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:cardiac index
998:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
947:Complications
946:
944:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
887:
885:
883:
877:
873:
871:
867:
859:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
824:
815:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
762:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
720:
718:
711:
706:
704:
697:
695:
693:
689:
680:
679:
678:
671:
670:
669:
666:
661:
657:
653:
645:
644:
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
624:
623:
621:
615:
607:
605:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
510:
503:
501:
498:
492:
488:
485:
476:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:valve disease
444:
442:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
408:
406:
404:
400:
394:
387:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
290:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
257:
252:
248:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
206:
205:radial artery
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3412:implantation
3406:implantation
3389:Cryoablation
3230:Off-pump CAB
3219:
3040:
3023:
2948:Valve repair
2938:Heart valves
2796:
2792:
2747:
2743:
2720:
2696:
2676:
2643:
2639:
2604:
2600:
2553:
2549:
2503:
2499:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:
2456:(1): 10â14.
2453:
2449:
2434:. Retrieved
2419:
2399:
2379:Cordova 2020
2374:
2369:, p. 1.
2362:
2350:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2255:
2243:
2216:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2135:(4): 452â6.
2132:
2128:
2118:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1959:
1909:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1791:
1746:. Retrieved
1713:
1709:
1698:
1686:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1565:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1297:
1270:
1258:
1182:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1111:
1108:The CABG era
1087:
1063:
1019:
1017:
1010:
984:
961:
950:
941:
917:
905:prostacyclin
894:
891:
878:
874:
865:
863:
854:
835:
828:
747:
739:
724:
707:
701:
684:
675:
656:Purse string
649:
629:
617:
602:
598:
575:
560:
493:
489:
480:
448:
427:
412:
395:
391:
361:heart valves
338:
303:
261:
220:heart attack
213:
178:
153:
149:
145:
144:
63:perfusionist
29:
3566:Cardiac PET
3309:Pericardium
3273:Atherectomy
3211:Angioplasty
2953:Valvulotomy
1154:Angioplasty
1090:Mason Sones
964:chest tubes
932:clopidogrel
735:hypothermia
710:bradycardia
692:chest tubes
652:pericardium
582:clopidogrel
484:vasodilator
423:clopidogrel
330:arrhythmias
224:arrhythmias
120:MedlinePlus
75:Other names
3561:Cardiac CT
3428:Cardiotomy
3333:Myocardium
3101:Sano shunt
2891:procedures
2889:Tests and
2490:2023-08-24
2436:2022-10-26
2178:Open Heart
1887:, Results.
1748:2024-01-19
1275:Bojar 2021
1263:Bojar 2021
1175:References
850:Amlodipine
838:Dobutamine
665:metabolism
638:are being
626:Harvesting
612:See also:
592:after the
586:ticagrelol
571:Allen test
471:blood clot
455:dissection
312:, causing
207:, and the
166:narrowings
162:chest pain
84:ICD-10-PCS
2941:and septa
2829:245907473
2813:0028-4793
2766:2225-319X
2660:0195-668X
2623:0195-668X
2588:242940936
2572:0028-4793
2536:201632303
2520:1043-0679
2423:. Wiley.
2342:257868518
2110:237616162
2061:237616162
2012:237616162
1844:230488630
1730:0195-668X
1338:Welt 2022
1026:Pneumonia
990:inotropes
980:protamine
688:Protamine
640:harvested
569:, or the
504:Procedure
232:pneumonia
170:harvested
3658:Category
3645:Category
3378:minimaze
3374:Cox maze
2821:35020989
2784:30094218
2719:(eds.).
2668:31292611
2631:24086085
2580:34735046
2528:31442489
2472:11995842
2398:(eds.).
2334:37001801
2208:31168389
2159:22223760
2102:34556355
2053:34556355
2004:34556355
1836:33388437
1742:Archived
1738:30165437
1511:37288564
1502:10406339
1388:37288564
1379:10406339
1148:See also
1041:Pre-CABG
698:Off-pump
403:diabetes
367:and the
326:necrotic
314:stenosis
247:pedicled
174:ischemic
94:ICD-9-CM
2930:Surgery
2775:6082775
2388:Sources
2199:6519404
2150:3309816
1966:, 1569.
1820:: 1â4.
1036:History
976:heparin
928:Aspirin
897:sternum
860:Results
636:vessels
578:aspirin
538:surgeon
419:aspirin
292:With a
274:(PCI).
112:D001026
88:021209W
3617:Pacing
3225:MIDCAB
3216:Bypass
3166:shunt
3060:atrium
2973:mitral
2968:aortic
2827:
2819:
2811:
2782:
2772:
2764:
2727:
2704:
2683:
2666:
2658:
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2463:101261
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2147:
2108:
2100:
2059:
2051:
2010:
2002:
1842:
1834:
1736:
1728:
1509:
1499:
1386:
1376:
999:and a
994:
957:stroke
888:Grafts
717:CABG.
355:, the
268:angina
234:) and
228:stroke
216:angina
126:002946
3574:sound
3446:Tests
3404:S-ICD
3301:Other
3235:TECAB
3080:aorta
2895:heart
2825:S2CID
2584:S2CID
2532:S2CID
2338:S2CID
2106:S2CID
2057:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1840:S2CID
968:aorta
866:et al
550:aorta
546:heart
459:lumen
134:[
3376:and
3114:for
2817:PMID
2809:ISSN
2780:PMID
2762:ISSN
2725:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2664:PMID
2656:ISSN
2627:PMID
2619:ISSN
2576:PMID
2568:ISSN
2524:PMID
2516:ISSN
2468:PMID
2425:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2330:PMID
2204:PMID
2155:PMID
2098:PMID
2049:PMID
2000:PMID
1832:PMID
1734:PMID
1726:ISSN
1507:PMID
1384:PMID
1013:coma
997:mmHg
911:and
903:and
844:and
465:and
421:and
258:Uses
154:CABG
106:MeSH
99:36.1
65:and
3523:TEE
3518:TTE
3410:ICD
3205:CHD
3177:SVC
3162:to
3094:to
3078:to
3062:to
2801:doi
2797:386
2770:PMC
2752:doi
2648:doi
2609:doi
2558:doi
2554:386
2508:doi
2458:PMC
2322:doi
2318:167
2194:PMC
2186:doi
2145:PMC
2137:doi
2088:doi
2084:165
2039:doi
2035:165
1990:doi
1986:165
1822:doi
1718:doi
1497:PMC
1487:doi
1374:PMC
1364:doi
630:An
594:INR
226:),
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3181:PA
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