Grafting - Knowledge (XXG)

691: 2053:, an insect that infests the roots of vines and causes fungal infections. Initially, farmers unsuccessfully attempted to contain the pest by removing and burning affected vines. When it was discovered that phylloxera was an invasive species introduced from North America, some suggested importing rootstock from the region as the North American vines were resistant to the pest. Others, opposed to the idea, argued that American rootstocks would imbue the French grapes with an undesirable taste; they instead preferred to inject the soil with expensive pesticides. Ultimately, grafting French vines onto American rootstocks became prevalent throughout the region, creating new grafting techniques and machines. American rootstocks had trouble adapting to the high soil pH value of some regions in France so the final solution to the pandemic was to 317: 1998: 43: 1537: 27: 1089: 1077: 799: 938: 926: 753:: It is a good procedure to keep the cutting tool sharp to minimize tissue damage and clean from dirt and other substances to avoid the spread of disease. A good knife for general grafting should have a blade and handle length of about 3 inches and 4 inches respectively. Specialized knives for grafting include bud-grafting knives, surgical knives, and pruning knives. Cleavers, chisels, and saws are utilized when the stock is too large to be cut otherwise. 654:, cannot normally be grafted. As a general rule, the closer two plants are genetically, the more likely the graft union will form. Genetically identical clones and intra-species plants have a high success rate for grafting. Grafting between species of the same genus is sometimes successful. Grafting has a low success rate when performed with plants in the same family but in different genera. And grafting between different families is rare. 35: 1205: 1568:. The bark of the tree may be stripped away when the roots make physical contact with each other, exposing the vascular cambium and allowing the roots to graft together. A group of trees can share water and mineral nutrients via root grafts, which may be advantageous to weaker trees, and may also form a larger rootmass as an adaptation to promote fire resistance and regeneration as exemplified by the California black oak ( 843:) uses a bud instead of a twig. Grafting roses is the most common example of bud grafting. In this method a bud is removed from the parent plant, and the base of the bud is inserted beneath the bark of the stem of the stock plant from which the rest of the shoot has been cut. Any extra bud that starts growing from the stem of the stock plant is removed. Examples: roses and fruit trees like peaches. 2071: 1622: 1467: 1392: 1317: 1242: 1144: 1014: 863: 205: 677:: After grafting, it is important to nurse the grafted plant back to health for a period of time. Various grafting tapes and waxes are used to protect the scion and stock from excessive water loss. Furthermore, depending on the type of graft, twine or string is used to add structural support to the grafting site. Sometimes it is necessary to prune the site, as the rootstock may produce 704: 601: 271: 779:: Adds support and pressure to the grafting site to hold the stock and scion together before the tissues join, which is especially important in herbaceous grafting. The employed material is often dampened before use to help protect the site from desiccation. Support equipment includes strips made from various substances, twine, nails, and splints. 828: 996: in) deep. If it is a branch that is not vertical then the cleft should be cut horizontally. The end of the scion should be cut cleanly to a long shallow wedge, preferably with a single cut for each wedge surface, and not whittled. A third cut may be made across the end of the wedge to make it straight across. 1832:

non-refrigerated control was held in the nursery. After completion of the cold treatment, the grafts were moved into the greenhouse with an 18-hour photoperiod until late October. Height increment was significantly (P 0.01) influenced by cold treatment. Best results were given by the 1000-hour treatment.

511: 1988:

of scientific, technological, and cultural advancement. Creating lavishly flourished gardens would be a common form of competition among Islamic leaders at the time. Because the region would receive an influx of foreign ornamentals to decorate these gardens, grafting was used much during this period.

1827:

as in the first cycle. Grafts are moved into cold frames or unheated greenhouse in September until January. Flower induction treatments are begun on grafts that have reached a minimum length of 1.0 m. Repotting from an initial pot size of 4.5 litre to 16 litre containers with a 2:1:1 soil mix of peat

1817:

Since grafts of white spruce put on relatively little growth in the 2 years after grafting, techniques for accelerating the early growth were studied by Greenwood (1988) and others. The cultural regimes used to promote one additional growth cycle in one year involve manipulation of day length and the

999:

Slide the wedge into the cleft so that it is at the edge of the stock and the centre of the wedge faces are against the cambium layer between the bark and the wood. It is preferable if a second scion is inserted in a similar way into the other side of the cleft. This helps to seal off the cleft. Tape

1302:

The four-flap graft (also called banana graft) is commonly used for pecans, and first became popular with this species in Oklahoma in 1975. It is heralded for maximum cambium overlap, but is a complex graft. It requires similarly sized diameters for the rootstock and scion. The bark of the rootstock

1122:

The stock is cut through on one side only at a shallow angle with a sharp knife. (If the stock is a branch and not the main trunk of the rootstock then the cut surface should face outward from the centre of the tree.) The scion is similarly sliced through at an equal angle starting just below a bud,

670:

and other wound-response tissues. Generally, grafting is performed when the scion is dormant, as premature budding can drain the grafting site of moisture before the grafting union is properly established. Temperature greatly affects the physiological stage of plants. If the temperature is too warm,

354:

per unit of land, of higher quality, and reduce the danger of accidents by harvest crews working on ladders. Care must be taken when planting dwarf or semi-dwarf trees. If such a tree is planted with the graft below the soil, then the scion portion can also grow roots and the tree will still grow to

1822:

lighting. In this technique, grafts are grown until elongation has been completed, normally by mid-March. Soluble 10-52-10 fertilizer is applied at both ends of the growth cycle and 20-20-20 during the cycle, with irrigation as needed. When growth elongation is complete, day length is reduced to 8

1808:

A method of grafting white spruce of seed-bearing age during the time of seed harvest in the fall was developed by Nienstaedt et al. (1958). Scions of white spruce of 2 ages of wood from 30- to 60-year-old trees were collected in the fall and grafted by 3 methods on potted stock to which different

1098:

In whip grafting the scion and the stock are cut slanting and then joined. The grafted point is then bound with tape and covered with a soft sealant to prevent dehydration and infection by germs. The common variation is a whip and tongue graft, which is considered the most difficult to master but

328:: The ability to induce fruitfulness without the need for completing the juvenile phase. Juvenility is the natural state through which a seedling plant must pass before it can become reproductive. In most fruiting trees, juvenility may last between 5 and 9 years, but in some tropical fruits, e.g., 1126:

In the whip and tongue variation, a notch is cut downwards into the sliced face of the stock and a similar cut upwards into the face of the scion cut. These act as the tongues and it requires some skill to make the cuts so that the scion and the stock marry up neatly. The elongated "Z" shape adds

190:

can take up to seven days. Joints formed by grafting are not as strong as naturally formed joints, so a physical weak point often still occurs at the graft because only the newly formed tissues inosculate with each other. The existing structural tissue (or wood) of the stock plant does not fuse.

1831:

In one of the first accelerated growth experiments, white spruce grafts made in January and February that would normally elongate shortly after grafting, set bud, and remain in that condition until the following spring, were refrigerated for 500, 1000, or 1500 hours beginning in mid-July, and a

1452:

Veneer grafting, or inlay grafting, is a method used for stock larger than 2.5 centimetres (1 in) in diameter. The scion is recommended to be about as thick as a pencil. Clefts are made of the same size as the scion on the side of the branch, not on top. The scion end is shaped as a wedge,

1377:

Awl grafting takes the least resources and the least time. It is best done by an experienced grafter, as it is possible to accidentally drive the tool too far into the stock, reducing the scion's chance of survival. Awl grafting can be done by using a screwdriver to make a slit in the bark, not

506:: Apples are notorious for their genetic variability, even differing in multiple characteristics, such as, size, color, and flavor, of fruits located on the same tree. In the commercial farming industry, consistency is maintained by grafting a scion with desired fruit traits onto a hardy stock. 1835:

The refrigeration (cold treatment) phase was subsequently shown to be effective when applied 2 months earlier with proper handling and use of blackout curtains, which allows the second growth cycle to be completed in time to satisfy dormancy requirements before January (Greenwood et al. 1988).

1527:

Rind grafting involves grafting a small scion onto the end of a thick stock. The thick stock is sawn off, and a ~4 cm long bark-deep cut is made parallel to the stock, from the sawn-off end down, and the bark is separated from the wood on one or both sides. The scion is shaped as a wedge,

1818:

use of cold storage to satisfy chilling requirements. Greenwood took dormant potted grafts into the greenhouse in early January then gradually raised the temperature during the course of a week until the minimum temperature rose to 15 °C. Photoperiod was increased to 18 hours using

429:: In areas where soil-borne pests or pathogens would prevent the successful planting of the desired cultivar, the use of pest/disease tolerant rootstocks allow the production from the cultivar that would be otherwise unsuccessful. A major example is the use of rootstocks in combating 1813:

and temperature treatments after grafting, however, had considerable effect on scion activity and total growth. The best post-grafting treatment was 4 weeks of long-day treatment followed by 2 weeks of short-day treatment, then 8 weeks of chilling, and finally long-day treatment.

1823:

hours using a blackout curtain. Budset follows, and the grafts are held in the greenhouse until mid-May. Grafts are then moved into a cooler at 4 °C for 1000 hours, after which they are moved to a shade frame where they grow normally, with applications of fertilizer and

660:: The vascular cambium of the scion and stock should be tightly pressed together and oriented in the direction of normal growth. Proper alignment and pressure encourages the tissues to join quickly, allowing nutrients and water to transfer from the stockroot to the scion. 1951:

refers to older texts that referred to grafting, but those works are missing. Nonetheless, given the sophistication of the methods discussed, and the long history of arboriculture in the region, grafting must have already been practiced for centuries by this time.

365:. In this case, cuttings of an easily rooted plant are used to provide a rootstock. In some cases, the scion may be easily propagated, but grafting may still be used because it is commercially the most cost-effective way of raising a particular type of plant. 1730:

and curious coppery-pink flowers that show characteristics of both "parents". Many species of cactus can also produce graft chimeras under the right conditions although they are often created unintentionally and such results are often hard to replicate.

1805:(Nienstaedt and Teich 1972). Before greenhouse grafting, rootstocks should be potted in late spring, allowed to make seasonal growth, then subjected to a period of chilling outdoors, or for about 8 weeks in a cool room at 2 °C (Nienstaedt 1966). 1893:

As humans began to domesticate plants and animals, horticultural techniques that could reliably propagate the desired qualities of long-lived woody plants needed to be developed. Although grafting is not specifically mentioned in the

773:: Keeps the grafting site hydrated. Good seals should be tight enough to retain moisture while, at the same time, loose enough to accommodate plant growth. Includes specialized types of clay, wax, petroleum jelly, and adhesive tape. 1809:

day-length treatments had been applied prior to grafting. The grafted stock were given long-day and natural-day treatments. Survival was 70% to 100% and showed effects of rootstock and post-grafting treatments in only a few cases.

1099:

has the highest rate of success as it offers the most cambium contact between the scion and the stock. It is the most common graft used in preparing commercial fruit trees. It is generally used with stock less than 1.25 cm (

157:

is grafted onto the stock of another type. In another common form called bud grafting, a dormant side bud is grafted onto the stem of another stock plant, and when it has inosculated successfully, it is encouraged to grow by

2536: 106:

trades. The scion is typically joined to the rootstock at the soil line; however, top work grafting may occur far above this line, leaving an understock consisting of the lower part of the trunk and the root system.

1225: in) long, then the scion is wedged and forced into the branch. The scion should be at an angle of at most 35° to the parent tree so that the crotch remains strong. The graft is covered with grafting compound. 485:

of the same species is growing nearby, any of these can be grafted to the area above the damage by a method called inarch grafting. These alternatives to scions must be of the correct length to span the gap of the

2029:, was written by William Lawson in 1618. While the book contains practical grafting techniques, some even still used today, it suffers from exaggerated claims of scion-stock compatibility typical of this period. 690: 320:

Graft particular to plum cherry. The scion is the largest in the plant, due to the imperfect union of the two. It can be seen on the enlarged trunk: this accumulation of starch is an indication of imperfection.

2032:

While grafting continued to grow in Europe during the eighteenth century, it was considered unnecessary in the United States as the produce from fruit trees was largely used either to make cider or feed hogs.

947:

In cleft grafting a small cut is made in the stock and then the pointed end of the scion is inserted in the stock. This is best done in the early spring and is useful for joining a thin scion about 1 cm

1000:

around the top of the stock to hold the scion in place and cover with grafting wax or sealing compound. This stops the cambium layers from drying out and also prevents the ingress of water into the cleft.

1940:

According to recent research: "grafting technology had been practiced in China before 2000 BC". Additional evidence for grafting in China is found in Jia Sixie's 6th century CE agricultural treatise

1977:

and outlines several grafting methods. Other authors in the region would write about grafting in the following years, however, the publications often featured fallacious scion-stock combinations.

557:" provides more fruit variety for small spaces such as a suburban backyard, and also takes care of the need for pollenizers. The drawback is that the gardener must be sufficiently trained to 1754:

has been studied using grafting. Virus indexing involves grafting a symptomless plant that is suspected of carrying a virus onto an indicator plant that is very susceptible to the virus.

811:

Approach grafting or inarching is used to join together plants that are otherwise difficult to join. The plants are grown close together, and then joined so that each plant has

2540: 1947:. It discusses grafting pear twigs onto crab apple, jujube and pomegranate stock (domesticated apples had not yet arrived in China), as well as grafting persimmons. The 169:

tissues of the stock and scion plants must be placed in contact with each other. Both tissues must be kept alive until the graft has "taken", usually a period of a few

87:) while the lower part is called the rootstock. The success of this joining requires that the vascular tissues grow together. The natural equivalent of this process is 2802: 1872:

is very popular in Asia and Europe, and is gaining popularity in the United States. The main advantage of grafting is for disease-resistant rootstocks. Researchers in

2964: 2861:

Greenwood, M.S.; Adams, G.W.; Gillespie, M. (Aug 1987). "Shortening the breeding cycle of some northeastern conifers". In Morgenstern, E.K.; Boyle, T.J.B. (eds.).

1212:

Stub grafting is a technique that requires less stock than cleft grafting, and retains the shape of a tree. Also scions are generally of 6–8 buds in this process.

1130:

The joint is then taped around and treated with tree-sealing compound or grafting wax. A whip graft without a tongue is less stable and may need added support.

815:

below and growth above the point of union. Both scion and stock retain their respective parents that may or may not be removed after joining. Also used in

1686:" or more accurately graft chimera can occur where the tissues of the stock continue to grow within the scion. Such a plant can produce flowers and 1593:. Inosculation also sometimes occurs where two stems on the same tree, shrub or vine make contact with each other. This is common in plants such as 789:

grafting in countries such as Japan and Korea where farming land is both limited and used intensively. Certain machines can graft 800 seedlings /hr.

61:

technique whereby tissues of plants are joined so as to continue their growth together. The upper part of the combined plant is called the scion (

2642: 1303:

is sliced and peeled back in four flaps, and the hardwood is removed, looking somewhat like a peeled banana. It is a difficult graft to learn.

3224: 1574:). Additionally, grafting may protect the group from wind damages as a result of the increased mechanical stability provided by the grafting. 1228:

After the graft has taken, the branch is removed and treated a few centimeters above the graft, to be fully removed when the graft is strong.

2765: 2469: 2444: 2402: 2027:

A New Orchard and Garden: Or, the Best Way for Planting, Graffing, and to Make Any Ground Good for a Rich Orchard, Particularly in the North

419:

shrubs and trees. In these cases, a graft is made at a desired height on a stock plant with a strong stem. This is used to raise 'standard'

2293:

Practical plant propagation: an exposition of the art and science of increasing plants as practiced by the nurseryman, florist and gardener

3103: 1747:

or shoots from plants induced to flower can be grafted onto uninduced plants and transmit a floral stimulus that induces them to flower.

849:

is a stick with several buds on it that can be cut out and used for bud grafting. It is a common method of propagation for citrus trees.

2041:

Beginning in 1864, and without warning, grapevines across France began to sharply decline. Thanks to the efforts of scientists such as

473:

may be used to connect tissues receiving flow from the roots to tissues above the damage that have been severed from the flow. Where a

3137: 1906:). Some scholars believe the phrase mingled seeds includes grafting, although this interpretation remains contentious among scholars. 650:: Because grafting involves the joining of vascular tissues between the scion and rootstock, plants lacking vascular cambium, such as 2835:

Nienstaedt, H.; Cech, F.C.; Mergen, F.; Wand, C.; Zak, B. (1958). "Vegetative propagation in forest genetics research and practice".

3272: 3086: 2907:. International Symposium on Transplant Production Systems. 319. International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 535–540. 2118: 1669: 1514: 1439: 1364: 1289: 1191: 1061: 910: 252: 1604:

Natural grafting is rarely seen in herbaceous plants as those types of plants generally have short-lived roots with little to no

785:: Because grafting can take a lot of time and skill, grafting machines have been created. Automation is particularly popular for 1801:

can be grafted with consistent success by using 8–10 cm (3–4 in) scions of current growth on thrifty 4- to 5-year-old

3212: 1691: 2096: 1647: 1492: 1417: 1342: 1267: 1169: 1039: 888: 230: 173:. Successful grafting only requires that a vascular connection take place between the grafted tissues. Research conducted in 2814: 316: 3282: 2900: 2707:"Promotion and inhibition of flower formation in a dayneutral plant in grafts with a short-day plant and a long-day plant" 1997: 1880:

as early as 1987. Plastic tubing can be used to prevent desiccation and support the healing at the graft/scion interface.

2971: 1960:

In Greece, a medical record written in 424 BCE contains the first direct reference to grafting. The title of the work is

423:, which are rose bushes on a high stem, and it is also used for some ornamental trees, such as certain weeping cherries. 42: 3277: 2562: 2434: 982: in) in diameter. The branch or stock should be split carefully down the middle to form a cleft about 3 cm ( 958: in) diameter to a thicker branch or stock. It is best if the former has 3–5 buds and the latter is 2–7 cm ( 500:. It may be faster to graft a new cultivar onto existing limbs of established trees than to replant an entire orchard. 394: 2081: 1632: 1477: 1402: 1327: 1252: 1154: 1024: 873: 215: 3251: 385:: Because the scion has weak roots or the roots of the stock plants are tolerant of difficult conditions. e.g. many 3242: 3192: 3162: 2485: 1981: 2100: 2085: 1651: 1636: 1536: 1496: 1481: 1421: 1406: 1346: 1331: 1271: 1256: 1173: 1158: 1043: 1028: 892: 877: 234: 219: 26: 2369: 2092: 1643: 1528:

exposing cambium on both sides, and is pushed in under the back of the stock, with a flat side against the wood.

1488: 1413: 1338: 1263: 1165: 1035: 884: 226: 561:

them correctly, or one strong variety will usually "take over." Multiple cultivars of different "stone fruits" (

2025:

inspired a number of authors to publish books on gardening that included information on grafting. One example,

1690:

typical of both plants as well as shoots intermediate between the two. The best-known example this is probably

38:

Tape has been used to bind the rootstock and scion at the graft, and tar to protect the scion from desiccation.

2592: 451:

may be grafted at regularly spaced intervals onto trees down rows, say every fourth tree. This takes care of

3200: 2042: 3034: 1711: 554: 390: 20: 379:

and fruit on their own roots. Grafting can reduce the time to flowering and shorten the breeding program.

2006: 1914: 1541: 2017:, grafting survived in the Christian monasteries of Europe until it regained popular appeal during the 2654: 461:: To repair damage to the trunk of a tree that would prohibit nutrient flow, such as stripping of the 2718: 2319: 2046: 1720: 175: 92: 3122:

A Preliminary Survey of the Book Ch'i Min Yao Shu, and Agricultural Encyclopaedia of the 6th Century

3228: 1782: 1971:

In Rome, Marcus Porcius Cato wrote the oldest surviving Latin text in 160 BCE. The book is called

3292: 3104:"Simulation-based Economic Feasibility Analysis of Grafting Technology for Propagation Operation" 2687: 2308:"A Developmental Framework for Graft Formation and Vascular Reconnection in Arabidopsis thaliana" 1985: 798: 3287: 3236: 3186: 3156: 3082: 2989: 2746: 2465: 2440: 2398: 2345: 2255: 1899: 1770: 1726: 1594: 1590: 1570: 1088: 1076: 386: 95: 3178: 3170: 2865:. Tree Improvement – Progressing Together Sympos. Truro, NS (published 1988). pp. 43–52. 2306:

Melnyk, Charles W.; Schuster, Christoph; Leyser, Ottoline; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (May 2015).

3074: 2946: 2908: 2736: 2726: 2335: 2327: 2054: 1903: 1605: 671:

premature budding may result. Elsewise, high temperatures can slow or halt callus formation.

566: 416: 372: 166: 64: 3141: 1968:. The language of the author suggests that grafting appeared centuries before this period. 1898:, it is claimed that ancient Biblical text hints at the practice of grafting. For example, 937: 925: 34: 2260: 1972: 1869: 1579: 362: 1378:

penetrating the cambium layer completely. Then inset the wedged scion into the incision.

2722: 2678:

Loehle, C. & Jones, R.H. (1998). "Adaptive Significance of Root Grafting in Trees".

2323: 1127:

strength, removing the need for a companion rod in the first season (see illustration).

666:: The grafting is completed at a time when the scion and stock are capable of producing 3216: 2340: 2307: 2158: 2022: 1810: 1766: 1683: 1575: 1545: 840: 678: 581: 515: 412: 350:

are grafted on to dwarf or semi-dwarf trees planted at high density. They provide more

150: 3065:

Mudge, K.; Janick, J.; Scofield, S.; Goldschmidt, E. (2009). "A History of Grafting".

2741: 2706: 1453:

inserted, and wrapped with tape to the scaffolding branches to give it more strength.

759:: Treating the cutting tools with disinfectants ensures the grafting site is clear of 361:: Because the scion is difficult to propagate vegetatively by other means, such as by 3266: 2877: 2391: 1910: 1819: 651: 576:

uses grafting techniques to join separate trees or parts of the same tree to itself.

462: 99: 2912: 2617: 2250: 2245: 2226: 2014: 1942: 1895: 1798: 1774: 1565: 1204: 836: 729: 626: 573: 474: 470: 342:: To induce dwarfing or cold tolerance or other characteristics to the scion. Most 296: 103: 88: 58: 2878:"Grafting Watermelon Onto Squash or Gourd Rootstock Makes Firmer, Healthier Fruit" 1123:

so that the bud is at the top of the cut and on the other side than the cut face.

540:

so that both are produced on the same plant, one above ground and one underground.

553:

of fruits such as apples are sometimes grafted on a single tree. This so-called "

2200: 2070: 2018: 2002: 1965: 1845: 1758: 1751: 1621: 1466: 1391: 1316: 1241: 1143: 1013: 862: 482: 478: 375:

in fruit tree breeding programs. Hybrid seedlings may take ten or more years to

204: 2916: 3108:

Proceedings of the 2012 Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference

3078: 2331: 2162: 2050: 1865: 1824: 440: 430: 402: 329: 127: 1119: in) and the scion should be of roughly the same diameter as the stock. 2950: 2166: 1928:

By 500 BCE grafting was well established and practiced in the region as the

1849: 1802: 1762: 816: 718: 615: 577: 398: 333: 285: 186:

takes place after three days of initial grafting, whereas the connection of

179: 115: 3181:. (with diagrams). Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 2750: 2731: 2570: 2349: 2510: 1917:, starting at verse 17, there is a discussion about the grafting of wild 2539:. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from 1861: 1857: 1700: 1586: 786: 760: 714: 611: 550: 529: 493: 281: 154: 2937:

Kobayashi, Ken; Suzuki, Masato; Sasaya, Sadao (1999). "Grafting Robot".

3010: 2691: 2489: 2182: 2144: 2138: 1932:

describes grafting as a commonplace technique used to grow grapevines.

1922: 1706: 1687: 764: 558: 444: 347: 159: 1585:

A problem with root grafts is that they allow transmission of certain

393:

on heavy soils, common in urban gardens, and are grafted onto hardier

3110:. IIE Annual Conference. Norcross: Institute of Industrial Engineers. 2265: 2204: 2176: 2150: 1929: 1853: 1778: 1740: 1598: 1557: 667: 543: 537: 533: 466: 452: 376: 332:, juvenility may be prolonged for up to 15 years. Grafting of mature 183: 135: 1781:

to potentially make a new species making grafting a form of natural

1564:

of the same species will sometimes naturally graft; this is called

827: 3227:. (with diagrams). The University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from 3102:

Meng, Chao; Xu, Dong; Son, Young-Jun & Kubota, Chieri (2012).

2214: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2170: 2154: 2132: 1996: 1918: 1877: 1873: 1715: 1535: 1203: 1087: 1075: 936: 924: 826: 797: 689: 510: 509: 448: 351: 343: 315: 187: 162:

off the stem of the stock plant just above the newly grafted bud.

139: 41: 33: 25: 3140:. (with photographs). Providence Farm Ornamentals. Archived from 3011:"Bible (King James)/Romans - Wikisource, the free online library" 1109: in) diameter, with the ideal diameter closer to 1 cm ( 546:

of widely different forms are sometimes grafted on to each other.

336:

onto rootstocks can result in fruiting in as little as two years.

16:

Horticultural technique of joining plant tissues to grow together

2232: 2220: 1902:

19:19 states " shalt not sow their field with mingled seed..." (

1744: 1561: 812: 420: 170: 143: 131: 119: 819:. The graft can be successfully accomplished any time of year. 2766:"Farmers may have been accidentally making GMOs for millennia" 2064: 1615: 1460: 1385: 1310: 1235: 1137: 1007: 856: 697: 594: 264: 198: 584:

was a prolific tree shaper who grew over 75 mature specimens.

146:

to be duplicated in future production by the grafted plant.

2813:(3). Society of American Foresters: 374–384. Archived from 2389:

Hartmann, H.T.; Kester, D.; Davies, F.; Geneve, R. (2001).

1718:, in 1825. This small tree bears yellow flowers typical of 565:

species) can be grafted on a single tree. This is called a

76: 73: 3173:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. 2593:"Four-Flap Grafting of Pecans - Oklahoma State University" 19:

This article is about plant grafting. For other uses, see

496:

in a fruit orchard to a more profitable cultivar, called

443:. For example, in tightly planted or badly planned apple 2790:. Research Paper. Vol. WO-15. USDA, Forest Service. 46:

A grafted tree showing two differently coloured blossoms

2363: 2361: 2359: 725: 622: 292: 3252:"Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one" 2422:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 79–100. 79: 70: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 2705:Lang, A.; Chailakhyan, M.K.; Frolova, I.A. (1977). 2673: 2671: 2567:

Texas A&M University - Kingsville Citrus Center

2511:"Terms and Conditions of Supply of Budwood by CCPP" 2384: 2382: 1921:trees concerning the relationship between Jews and 67: 2899:Onoda, A.; Kobayashi, Ken; Suzuki, Masato (1992). 2390: 2270:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces 469:that completely girdles the trunk. In this case a 3215:. The University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from 2863:Proc. Part 2, 21st Meet. Can. Tree Improv. Assoc 2803:"Dormancy and dormancy release in white spruce" 2370:"Propagation of Plants by Grafting and Budding" 1215:An incision is made into the branch 1 cm ( 1964:and is thought to be written by a follower of 763:. The most commonly used sterilizing agent is 149:In stem grafting, a common grafting method, a 2888:(7). United States Department of Agriculture. 1876:developed automated processes using grafting 8: 2375:. Pacific Northwest Extension. pp. 3–5. 1080:Graft needing attention the following season 929:Successful cleft graft after 2 years' growth 694:Depiction of general-purpose grafting knives 2439:. United Kingdom: Read Books. p. 101. 2393:Plant Propagation: Principals and Practices 2099:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1650:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1495:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1345:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1270:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1042:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 891:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 664:Completed during appropriate stage of plant 233:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 165:For successful grafting to take place, the 3106:. In Lim, G. & Herrmann, J.W. (eds.). 2179:– stem cuttings, grafting, aerial layering 3035:"oremus Bible Browser : Romans 9–11" 2740: 2730: 2339: 2119:Learn how and when to remove this message 1670:Learn how and when to remove this message 1515:Learn how and when to remove this message 1440:Learn how and when to remove this message 1365:Learn how and when to remove this message 1290:Learn how and when to remove this message 1192:Learn how and when to remove this message 1062:Learn how and when to remove this message 911:Learn how and when to remove this message 253:Learn how and when to remove this message 91:. The technique is most commonly used in 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2286: 2284: 2061:Cultivated plants propagated by grafting 1974:De Agri Cultura (On Farming Agriculture) 1945:(Essential Skills for the Common People) 2280: 1956:Greece and Rome, and Islamic Golden Age 580:, hearts, entry archways are examples. 3250:Danielle Elliot (September 26, 2013). 3234: 3184: 3154: 2488:. plantpropagation.org. Archived from 1984:, Arabic regions were experiencing an 3201:"An Overview of Asexual Reproduction" 2517:. University of California, Riverside 2486:"Budding Plant Propagation Technique" 681:that inhibit the growth of the scion. 98:of commercially grown plants for the 7: 3124:2nd ed, Beijing: Science Press, 1982 2939:Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 2569:. September 29, 2015. Archived from 2563:"Citrus Budwood Cerfication Program" 2464:. Cassell Illustrated. p. 131. 2097:adding citations to reliable sources 1648:adding citations to reliable sources 1493:adding citations to reliable sources 1418:adding citations to reliable sources 1343:adding citations to reliable sources 1268:adding citations to reliable sources 1170:adding citations to reliable sources 1040:adding citations to reliable sources 889:adding citations to reliable sources 528:A practice sometimes carried out by 231:adding citations to reliable sources 2049:, the culprit was identified to be 514:An example of approach grafting by 30:Cherry tree, consolidated "V" graft 3207:. Texas A&M University System. 2990:"Herbaceous Plant Grafting Manual" 2786:Nienstaedt, H.; Teich, A. (1972). 2057:the American and French variants. 1909:Grafting is also mentioned in the 14: 2901:"The Study of the Grafting Robot" 2436:Principles of Agricultural Botany 1552:), the result of natural grafting 182:has shown that the connection of 142:. The scion contains the desired 3213:"Arizona Master Gardener Manual" 2515:Citrus Clonal Protection Program 2069: 2001:Possible deliberate grafts on a 1620: 1465: 1390: 1315: 1240: 1142: 1012: 941:Same graft after 4 years' growth 861: 702: 648:Compatibility of scion and stock 599: 269: 203: 63: 2913:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.319.84 2764:Le Page, Michael (2016-03-17). 2397:(7th ed.). Prentice Hall. 1844:Grafting is often done for non- 1739:Grafting has been important in 1578:use root grafting as a form of 3225:"Sexual Propagation: grafting" 717:format but may read better as 658:Cambium alignment and pressure 614:format but may read better as 447:of a single variety, limbs of 284:format but may read better as 1: 1208:Successful stub graft, healed 802:Grafting process (Uzbekistan) 153:of a selected, desired plant 2988:Matej Lexa (29 April 1996). 2295:. New York: A.T. De La Mare. 1993:Europe and the United States 1884:History, society and culture 1724:, purple flowers typical of 591:Factors for successful graft 411:: To provide a strong, tall 1828:moss, loam, and aggregate. 1682:Occasionally, a so-called " 777:Tying and support materials 572:Ornamental and functional, 3309: 3179:"Orchard Grafting Methods" 2641:Hogan, C. Michael (2008). 2433:Nelson, Alexander (2007). 1962:On the Nature of the Child 835:Bud grafting (also called 18: 3079:10.1002/9780470593776.ch9 2618:"Grafting | MU Extension" 2332:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.032 2197:– stem cuttings, grafting 2147:- stem cuttings, grafting 1698:, a graft hybrid between 1608:in the vascular cambium. 675:Proper care of graft site 3273:Horticultural techniques 3138:"Grafting Demonstration" 2788:Genetics of white spruce 2537:"Citrus Budwood Program" 2185:– stem cutting, grafting 1710:, which originated in a 1457:sRind (also called bark) 389:plants are sensitive to 2951:10.20965/jrm.1999.p0213 2801:Nienstaedt, H. (1966). 2021:. The invention of the 726:converting this section 623:converting this section 427:Disease/pest resistance 371:: To speed maturity of 293:converting this section 3241:: CS1 maint: others ( 3191:: CS1 maint: others ( 3161:: CS1 maint: others ( 2977:on September 16, 2011. 2732:10.1073/pnas.74.6.2412 2711:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2643:"California Black Oak 2622:extension.missouri.edu 2013:After the fall of the 2010: 1757:Grafting can transfer 1553: 1209: 1093: 1081: 942: 930: 832: 803: 695: 519: 455:needs at blossom time. 321: 47: 39: 31: 21:Graft (disambiguation) 3067:Horticultural Reviews 2597:extension.okstate.edu 2291:Hottes, A.C. (1925). 2000: 1542:husband and wife tree 1539: 1207: 1092:Successful whip graft 1091: 1079: 940: 928: 830: 801: 693: 513: 319: 45: 37: 29: 3283:Asexual reproduction 2093:improve this section 2037:French Wine Pandemic 1750:The transmission of 1721:Laburnum anagyroides 1644:improve this section 1582:of normal redwoods. 1489:improve this section 1414:improve this section 1339:improve this section 1264:improve this section 1166:improve this section 1036:improve this section 885:improve this section 532:is to graft related 227:improve this section 176:Arabidopsis thaliana 126:is selected for its 118:is selected for its 2882:AgResearch Magazine 2837:Journal of Forestry 2768:. The New Scientist 2723:1977PNAS...74.2412L 2460:Garner, R. (1988). 2418:Garner, R. (1958). 2324:2015CBio...25.1306M 2191:- grafting, budding 1840:Herbaceous grafting 1783:genetic engineering 504:Genetic consistency 359:Ease of propagation 110:In most cases, the 3278:Plant reproduction 2905:Acta Horticulturae 2680:Functional Ecology 2573:on 27 October 2017 2543:on 22 October 2017 2462:Grafter's Handbook 2420:Grafter's Handbook 2368:Kumar, G. (2011). 2011: 1986:Islamic Golden Age 1982:European Dark Ages 1554: 1210: 1094: 1082: 943: 931: 833: 804: 757:Disinfecting tools 728:, if appropriate. 696: 625:, if appropriate. 520: 490:Changing cultivars 395:eastern Australian 387:Western Australian 355:its standard size. 322: 295:, if appropriate. 48: 40: 32: 3171:"Repair Grafting" 3015:en.wikisource.org 2876:Core, J. (2005). 2645:Quercus kelloggii 2471:978-0-304-32172-8 2446:978-1-4067-4662-4 2404:978-0-136-79235-2 2318:(10): 1306–1318. 2256:Tree of 40 Fruits 2129: 2128: 2121: 1771:mitochondrial DNA 1765:that can conduct 1727:Cytisus purpureus 1680: 1679: 1672: 1591:Dutch elm disease 1571:Quercus kelloggii 1525: 1524: 1517: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1072: 1071: 1064: 921: 920: 913: 783:Grafting machines 747: 746: 644: 643: 314: 313: 263: 262: 255: 3300: 3259: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3190: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3125: 3120:Shih Sheng-han, 3118: 3112: 3111: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3062: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3039:bible.oremus.org 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2970:. Archived from 2969: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2915:. Archived from 2896: 2890: 2889: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2845: 2844: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2734: 2717:(6): 2412–2416. 2702: 2696: 2695: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2653:. Archived from 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2396: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2343: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2271: 2268: – Chimaera 2124: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2073: 2065: 1904:King James Bible 1889:Fertile Crescent 1675: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1624: 1616: 1606:secondary growth 1580:plant parasitism 1532:Natural grafting 1520: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1469: 1461: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1394: 1386: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1319: 1311: 1295: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1244: 1236: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1197: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1146: 1138: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1016: 1008: 995: 994: 990: 987: 981: 980: 976: 973: 967: 966: 962: 957: 956: 952: 916: 909: 905: 902: 896: 865: 857: 742: 739: 733: 724:You can help by 706: 705: 698: 639: 636: 630: 621:You can help by 603: 602: 595: 567:fruit salad tree 492:: To change the 346:trees in modern 309: 306: 300: 291:You can help by 273: 272: 265: 258: 251: 247: 244: 238: 207: 199: 167:vascular cambium 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 69: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3263: 3262: 3249: 3233: 3223: 3211: 3199: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3119: 3115: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3064: 3063: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2922: 2920: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2312:Current Biology 2305: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2261:Cutting (plant) 2242: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2090: 2074: 2063: 2039: 1995: 1958: 1938: 1891: 1886: 1870:Tomato grafting 1842: 1796: 1791: 1777:containing the 1773:and the entire 1737: 1735:Scientific uses 1676: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1641: 1625: 1614: 1576:Albino redwoods 1560:and more often 1534: 1521: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1486: 1470: 1459: 1446: 1435: 1429: 1426: 1411: 1395: 1384: 1371: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1336: 1320: 1309: 1296: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1261: 1245: 1234: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1198: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1163: 1147: 1136: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1084: 1083: 1068: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1033: 1017: 1006: 992: 988: 985: 983: 978: 974: 971: 969: 964: 960: 959: 954: 950: 949: 945: 944: 933: 932: 917: 906: 900: 897: 882: 866: 855: 825: 809: 796: 743: 737: 734: 723: 707: 703: 688: 640: 634: 631: 620: 604: 600: 593: 369:Hybrid breeding 310: 304: 301: 290: 274: 270: 259: 248: 242: 239: 224: 208: 197: 66: 62: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3306: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3247: 3231:on 2017-02-10. 3221: 3219:on 2017-01-29. 3209: 3197: 3175: 3167: 3132: 3131:External links 3129: 3127: 3126: 3113: 3094: 3087: 3050: 3026: 3002: 2980: 2956: 2945:(3): 213–219. 2929: 2891: 2868: 2846: 2843:(11): 826–839. 2827: 2807:Forest Science 2793: 2778: 2756: 2697: 2686:(2): 268–271. 2667: 2633: 2609: 2584: 2554: 2528: 2502: 2477: 2470: 2452: 2445: 2425: 2410: 2403: 2378: 2355: 2298: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2229:- bud grafting 2224: 2218: 2212: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2127: 2126: 2077: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2047:J. E. Planchon 2038: 2035: 2023:printing press 1994: 1991: 1957: 1954: 1937: 1934: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1841: 1838: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1767:photosynthesis 1736: 1733: 1694:Laburnocytisus 1678: 1677: 1628: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1550:Prunus spinosa 1533: 1530: 1523: 1522: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1448: 1447: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1372: 1323: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1298: 1297: 1248: 1246: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1200: 1199: 1150: 1148: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1086: 1085: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1005: 1002: 935: 934: 923: 922: 919: 918: 869: 867: 860: 854: 851: 841:shield budding 824: 821: 808: 805: 795: 792: 791: 790: 780: 774: 768: 754: 745: 744: 710: 708: 701: 687: 684: 683: 682: 672: 661: 655: 642: 641: 607: 605: 598: 592: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 582:Axel Erlandson 570: 547: 541: 516:Axel Erlandson 508: 507: 501: 487: 456: 434: 424: 406: 380: 366: 356: 337: 312: 311: 277: 275: 268: 261: 260: 211: 209: 202: 196: 193: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3305: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3144:on 2013-11-14 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3088:9780470593776 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2919:on 2018-10-01 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2817:on 2017-09-15 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2657:on 2012-02-13 2656: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2492:on 2023-06-02 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2112: 2109:November 2021 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2078:This section 2076: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:New Testament 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1752:plant viruses 1748: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1716:Paris, France 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1674: 1671: 1663: 1660:November 2021 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1629:This section 1627: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1612:Graft chimera 1611: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1519: 1516: 1508: 1505:November 2021 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1474:This section 1472: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1444: 1441: 1433: 1430:November 2021 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1399:This section 1397: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1358: 1355:November 2021 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1324:This section 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1283: 1280:November 2021 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1249:This section 1247: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1213: 1206: 1196: 1193: 1185: 1182:November 2021 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1151:This section 1149: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1090: 1078: 1066: 1063: 1055: 1052:November 2021 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1021:This section 1019: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 939: 927: 915: 912: 904: 901:November 2021 894: 890: 886: 880: 879: 875: 870:This section 868: 864: 859: 858: 852: 850: 848: 844: 842: 838: 829: 822: 820: 818: 814: 806: 800: 793: 788: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 762: 758: 755: 752: 751:Cutting tools 749: 748: 741: 732:is available. 731: 727: 721: 720: 716: 711:This section 709: 700: 699: 692: 685: 680: 676: 673: 669: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 649: 646: 645: 638: 629:is available. 628: 624: 618: 617: 613: 608:This section 606: 597: 596: 590: 583: 579: 575: 571: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 526: 525: 522: 521: 517: 512: 505: 502: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439:: To provide 438: 437:Pollen source 435: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 405:are examples. 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 378: 374: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338: 335: 331: 327: 324: 323: 318: 308: 299:is available. 298: 294: 288: 287: 283: 278:This section 276: 267: 266: 257: 254: 246: 243:November 2021 236: 232: 228: 222: 221: 217: 212:This section 210: 206: 201: 200: 194: 192: 189: 185: 181: 178: 177: 172: 168: 163: 161: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 105: 101: 100:horticultural 97: 94: 90: 84: 60: 59:horticultural 56: 52: 44: 36: 28: 22: 3255: 3229:the original 3217:the original 3204: 3146:. Retrieved 3142:the original 3121: 3116: 3107: 3097: 3070: 3066: 3042:. Retrieved 3038: 3029: 3018:. Retrieved 3014: 3005: 2995:14 September 2993:. Retrieved 2983: 2972:the original 2959: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2921:. Retrieved 2917:the original 2904: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2862: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2819:. Retrieved 2815:the original 2810: 2806: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2770:. Retrieved 2759: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2683: 2679: 2659:. Retrieved 2655:the original 2650: 2644: 2636: 2625:. Retrieved 2621: 2612: 2601:. Retrieved 2599:. 2017-02-01 2596: 2587: 2577:13 September 2575:. Retrieved 2571:the original 2566: 2557: 2547:13 September 2545:. Retrieved 2541:the original 2531: 2521:13 September 2519:. Retrieved 2514: 2505: 2494:. Retrieved 2490:the original 2480: 2461: 2455: 2435: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2392: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2292: 2251:Seed orchard 2246:Inosculation 2227:Rubber Plant 2211:) – grafting 2173:) – grafting 2115: 2106: 2091:Please help 2079: 2040: 2031: 2026: 2015:Roman Empire 2012: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1961: 1959: 1949:Qimin yaoshu 1948: 1943:Qimin Yaoshu 1941: 1939: 1927: 1908: 1896:Hebrew Bible 1892: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1820:incandescent 1816: 1807: 1799:White spruce 1797: 1794:White Spruce 1775:cell nucleus 1759:chloroplasts 1756: 1749: 1738: 1725: 1719: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1684:graft hybrid 1681: 1666: 1657: 1642:Please help 1630: 1603: 1595:strawberries 1584: 1569: 1566:inosculation 1555: 1549: 1526: 1511: 1502: 1487:Please help 1475: 1451: 1436: 1427: 1412:Please help 1400: 1376: 1361: 1352: 1337:Please help 1325: 1301: 1286: 1277: 1262:Please help 1250: 1227: 1214: 1211: 1188: 1179: 1164:Please help 1152: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1097: 1058: 1049: 1034:Please help 1022: 998: 946: 907: 898: 883:Please help 871: 846: 845: 837:chip budding 834: 810: 782: 776: 770: 756: 750: 735: 730:Editing help 712: 674: 663: 657: 647: 632: 627:Editing help 609: 574:tree shaping 562: 523: 503: 497: 489: 475:water sprout 471:bridge graft 458: 436: 426: 415:for certain 408: 382: 368: 358: 339: 325: 302: 297:Editing help 279: 249: 240: 225:Please help 213: 174: 164: 148: 123: 111: 109: 104:agricultural 89:inosculation 54: 50: 49: 3073:: 449–475. 2043:C. V. Riley 2019:Renaissance 2003:sessile oak 1980:During the 1966:Hippocrates 1811:Photoperiod 771:Graft seals 555:family tree 524:Curiosities 498:top working 479:basal shoot 441:pollenizers 397:relatives. 96:propagation 3267:Categories 3205:Earth-Kind 3148:2012-06-19 3044:2024-03-25 3020:2024-03-25 2965:"Grafting" 2923:2010-06-02 2821:2017-09-14 2772:2016-07-11 2661:2017-09-14 2627:2024-06-08 2603:2024-06-08 2496:2022-10-31 2276:References 2235:- grafting 2223:– grafting 2217:– grafting 2163:grapefruit 2141:– grafting 2135:– grafting 2051:phylloxera 2009:, Scotland 1866:watermelon 1825:irrigation 1763:organelles 1743:research. 1589:, such as 1546:blackthorn 794:Techniques 738:March 2022 635:March 2022 449:crab apple 431:Phylloxera 417:ornamental 409:Sturdiness 399:Grevilleas 330:mangosteen 305:March 2022 195:Advantages 180:hypocotyls 3293:Chimerism 2201:Nut crops 2167:Tangerine 2080:does not 2055:hybridize 1915:Romans 11 1900:Leviticus 1850:vegetable 1803:rootstock 1741:flowering 1631:does not 1587:pathogens 1476:does not 1401:does not 1326:does not 1251:does not 1232:Four-flap 1153:does not 1023:does not 872:does not 831:T budding 817:pleaching 761:pathogens 578:Furniture 551:cultivars 549:Multiple 530:gardeners 403:eucalypts 383:Hardiness 326:Precocity 214:does not 116:rootstock 3288:Agronomy 3256:CBS News 3237:cite web 3187:cite web 3157:cite web 2751:16592404 2651:iGoTerra 2350:25891401 2240:See also 2007:Ayrshire 1923:Gentiles 1862:eggplant 1858:cucumber 1852:plants ( 1789:Examples 1701:Laburnum 1696:'Adamii' 1558:branches 807:Approach 787:seedling 652:monocots 538:tomatoes 534:potatoes 494:cultivar 445:orchards 363:cuttings 348:orchards 340:Dwarfing 155:cultivar 122:and the 55:graftage 51:Grafting 2719:Bibcode 2692:2389347 2341:4798781 2320:Bibcode 2183:Kumquat 2145:Conifer 2139:Avocado 2101:removed 2086:sources 1761:(plant 1712:nursery 1707:Cytisus 1688:foliage 1652:removed 1637:sources 1497:removed 1482:sources 1422:removed 1407:sources 1347:removed 1332:sources 1272:removed 1257:sources 1220:⁄ 1174:removed 1159:sources 1114:⁄ 1104:⁄ 1044:removed 1029:sources 991:⁄ 977:⁄ 963:⁄ 953:⁄ 893:removed 878:sources 847:Budwood 765:alcohol 483:sapling 467:rodents 391:dieback 373:hybrids 235:removed 220:sources 160:pruning 136:flowers 93:asexual 3085: 2749: 2742:432182 2739: 2690: 2468: 2443: 2401: 2348: 2338: 2266:Pomato 2205:walnut 2177:Grapes 2159:orange 2151:Citrus 1930:Mishna 1878:robots 1854:tomato 1779:genome 1745:Leaves 1599:potato 1382:Veneer 713:is in 679:shoots 668:callus 610:is in 563:Prunus 486:wound. 459:Repair 453:pollen 377:flower 334:scions 280:is in 184:phloem 140:fruits 132:leaves 2975:(PDF) 2968:(PDF) 2688:JSTOR 2373:(PDF) 2215:Peach 2209:pecan 2195:Maple 2189:Mango 2171:dayap 2155:lemon 2133:Apple 1936:China 1919:olive 1913:. In 1874:Japan 1846:woody 1714:near 1562:roots 1556:Tree 853:Cleft 813:roots 719:prose 686:Tools 616:prose 559:prune 544:Cacti 421:roses 413:trunk 352:fruit 344:apple 286:prose 188:xylem 171:weeks 151:shoot 144:genes 138:, or 128:stems 124:scion 120:roots 112:stock 57:is a 3243:link 3193:link 3163:link 3083:ISBN 2997:2017 2747:PMID 2579:2017 2549:2017 2523:2017 2466:ISBN 2441:ISBN 2399:ISBN 2346:PMID 2233:Rose 2221:Pear 2084:any 2082:cite 2045:and 1864:and 1848:and 1704:and 1635:any 1633:cite 1597:and 1480:any 1478:cite 1405:any 1403:cite 1330:any 1328:cite 1255:any 1253:cite 1157:any 1155:cite 1134:Stub 1027:any 1025:cite 1004:Whip 876:any 874:cite 715:list 612:list 536:and 463:bark 401:and 282:list 218:any 216:cite 102:and 3075:doi 2947:doi 2909:doi 2737:PMC 2727:doi 2336:PMC 2328:doi 2095:by 2005:in 1868:). 1769:), 1646:by 1548:, ( 1540:A " 1491:by 1416:by 1341:by 1307:Awl 1266:by 1168:by 1038:by 887:by 839:or 823:Bud 481:or 465:by 229:by 114:or 53:or 3269:: 3254:. 3239:}} 3235:{{ 3203:. 3189:}} 3185:{{ 3159:}} 3155:{{ 3081:. 3071:35 3069:. 3053:^ 3037:. 3013:. 2943:11 2941:. 2903:. 2886:53 2884:. 2880:. 2849:^ 2841:56 2839:. 2811:12 2809:. 2805:. 2745:. 2735:. 2725:. 2715:74 2713:. 2709:. 2682:. 2670:^ 2649:. 2620:. 2595:. 2565:. 2513:. 2381:^ 2358:^ 2344:. 2334:. 2326:. 2316:25 2314:. 2310:. 2283:^ 2207:, 2169:, 2165:, 2161:, 2157:, 1925:. 1860:, 1856:, 1785:. 1601:. 1544:" 477:, 134:, 130:, 74:aɪ 3258:. 3245:) 3195:) 3165:) 3151:. 3091:. 3077:: 3047:. 3023:. 2999:. 2953:. 2949:: 2926:. 2911:: 2824:. 2775:. 2753:. 2729:: 2721:: 2694:. 2684:4 2664:. 2647:" 2630:. 2606:. 2581:. 2551:. 2525:. 2499:. 2474:. 2449:. 2407:. 2352:. 2330:: 2322:: 2203:( 2153:( 2122:) 2116:( 2111:) 2107:( 2103:. 2089:. 1692:+ 1673:) 1667:( 1662:) 1658:( 1654:. 1640:. 1518:) 1512:( 1507:) 1503:( 1499:. 1485:. 1443:) 1437:( 1432:) 1428:( 1424:. 1410:. 1368:) 1362:( 1357:) 1353:( 1349:. 1335:. 1293:) 1287:( 1282:) 1278:( 1274:. 1260:. 1222:8 1218:3 1195:) 1189:( 1184:) 1180:( 1176:. 1162:. 1116:8 1112:3 1106:2 1102:1 1065:) 1059:( 1054:) 1050:( 1046:. 1032:. 993:8 989:1 986:+ 984:1 979:4 975:3 972:+ 970:2 968:– 965:4 961:3 955:8 951:3 948:( 914:) 908:( 903:) 899:( 895:. 881:. 767:. 740:) 736:( 722:. 637:) 633:( 619:. 569:. 518:. 433:. 307:) 303:( 289:. 256:) 250:( 245:) 241:( 237:. 223:. 83:/ 80:n 77:ə 71:s 68:ˈ 65:/ 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index