2466:
1669:
265:
different cycles to generate one complete image. The advantage of this method is that each image segment is acquired in less time as compared to acquiring the entire heart in one heart cycle, thus improving temporal resolution. The disadvantages are 1) the potential for image artifacts from fusing the image segments and 2) the requirement of additional X-ray radiation for image acquisition.
211:), although newer acquisition protocols, have recently been developed which drastically reduce this exposure to around 1 mSv (cfr. Pavone, Fioranelli, Dowe: Computed Tomography or Coronary Arteries, Springer 2009). By comparison, a chest X-ray carries a dose of approximately 0.02-0.2 mSv and natural
286:
The latest MSCT scanners acquire images only at 70-80% of the R-R interval (late diastole). This prospective gating can reduce effective dose from 10 to 15 mSv to as little as 1.2 mSv in follow-up patients acquiring at 75% of the R-R interval. Effective dose using MSCT coronary imaging can
264:
In this technique, a portion of the heart is imaged during one heart cycle while an ECG trace is recorded. During the next heart cycle, the next portion of the heart is scanned for up to 5 total cycles until the entire heart is imaged. The reconstruction algorithm then combines the images from these
219:
The significance of the low radiation doses used in diagnostic imaging is unknown, although the possibility of increasing cancer incidence across a population is of significant concern. This potential risk must be weighed against the competing risk of not diagnosing a significant health problem in a
182:
is around 93%. This means for every 100 patients who appear to have coronary artery disease after CT angiography, 18 of them actually won't have it, and that for every 100 patients who have a negative CT angio test result (i.e. the test says they do not have coronary artery disease), 7 will actually
194:
In addition to the diagnostic abilities, cardiac CTA beholds important prognostic information. Stenosis severity and extent of coronary artery disease are important prognostic indicators. However, one of the unique features of cardiac CTA is the fact that it enables the visualization of the vessel
183:
have the disease as defined by the reference standard of invasive coronary angiography via cardiac catheterization. Both coronary CT angiography and invasive angiography via cardiac catheterization yield similar diagnostic accuracy when both are being compared to a third reference standard such as
215:
is around 2.3 mSv/year. Thus, each cardiac CT scan carried out with current protocols (dose approximately 1 mSv) is equivalent to approximately 5-50 chest X-rays or less than 1 year of background radiation. Methods are available to decrease this exposure, however, such as prospectively decreasing
260:
With the advent of subsecond rotation combined with multi-slice CT (up to 320 slices), high resolution and high speed can be obtained at the same time, allowing excellent imaging of the coronary arteries (cardiac CT angiography). Images with even higher temporal resolution can be obtained using
275:
by acquiring a full CT slice in only half a rotation, thus reducing motion blurring at high heart rates and potentially allowing for shorter breath-hold time. This is particularly useful for ill patients having difficulty holding their breath or unable to take heart-rate lowering medication.
279:
The speed advantages of 64-slice MSCT have rapidly established it as the minimum standard for newly installed CT scanners intended for cardiac scanning. Manufacturers have developed 320-slice and true 'volumetric' scanners, primarily for their improved cardiac scanning performance.
663:"Ionizing radiation in cardiac imaging: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiac Imaging of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention of the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention"
159:. At present, it appears that the greatest utility of cardiac CT lies in ruling out coronary artery disease rather than ruling it in. This is because the test is highly sensitive (over 90% detection rate), so a negative test result largely rules out
216:
radiation output based on the concurrently acquired ECG (i.e. tube current modulation.) This can result in a significant decrease in radiation exposure, at the risk of compromising image quality if there is any arrhythmia during the acquisition.
40:
483:
Feuchtner, G.; Loureiro, R.; Bezerra, H.; et al. (2012). "Quantification of coronary stenosis by dual source computed tomography in patients: a comparative study with intravascular ultrasound and invasive angiography".
444:"CT Angiography for the Prediction of Hemodynamic Significance in Intermediate and Severe Lesions: Head-to-Head Comparison With Quantitative Coronary Angiography Using Fractional Flow Reserve as the Reference Standard"
387:"Diagnostic Accuracy of CT Coronary Angiography According to Pretest Probability of Coronary Artery Disease and Severity of Coronary Arterial Calcification: The CorE-64 International, Multicenter Study"
283:
Introduction of a CT scanner with a 160 mm detector in 2014 allows for imaging of the whole heart in a single beat without motion of the coronary arteries, regardless of patient heart rate.
385:
Arbab-Zadeh, Armin; Miller, Julie M; Rochitte, Carlos E; Dewey, Marc; Niinuma, Hiroyuki; Gottlieb, Ilan; Paul, Narinder; Clouse, Melvin E.; Shapiro, Edward P. (2012-01-24).
554:
Motoyama S, et al. (Jun 2009). "Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome".
195:
wall, in a non-invasive manner. Therefore, the technique is able to identify characteristics of coronary artery disease that are associated to the development of
1343:
1027:
207:
Because the heart is effectively imaged more than once (described above), cardiac CT angiography can result in a relatively high radiation exposure (around 12
1705:
1157:
1169:
519:
Min JK, et al. (Aug 2011). "Age- and Sex-Related
Differences in All-Cause Mortality Risk Based on Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Findings".
144:
very practical in a number of clinical settings. The faster capability has allowed the imaging of the heart with minimal involuntary motion, which creates
661:
Gerber TC, Carr JJ, Arai AE, Dixon RL, Ferrari VA, Gomes AS, Heller GV, McCollough CH, McNitt-Gray MF, Mettler FA, Mieres JH, Morin RL, Yester MV (2009).
2414:
1740:
1497:
591:"Additive value of semi-automated quantification of coronary artery disease using cardiac CT-angiography to predict for future acute coronary syndrome"
1836:
769:
1605:
148:
on the image, and has a number of practical applications. It may be useful in the diagnosis of suspected coronary heart disease, for follow-up of a
1135:
55:
2234:
1824:
2109:
1140:
631:
981:
240:
is used, severe contrast agent allergy, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or renal function impairment are also relative contraindications.
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2359:
2035:
1940:
1533:
1412:
1152:
1061:
2240:
991:
167:). The test is somewhat less specific, however, so a positive result is less conclusive and may need to be confirmed by subsequent
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976:
971:
854:
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90:
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229:
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1994:
2301:
2191:
1945:
1735:
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1301:
1291:
179:
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2364:
1831:
1814:
1672:
1623:
1402:
1281:
1254:
1015:
800:
755:
306:"Prognostic Value of Coronary CT Angiography and Calcium Score for Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Outpatients"
184:
156:
125:
2376:
2318:
2218:
2183:
2029:
1571:
1407:
1348:
1333:
1222:
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118:
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1049:
149:
17:
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1306:
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1103:
986:
905:
812:
245:
102:
2427:
1984:
1797:
1792:
1649:
1338:
1276:
1098:
212:
168:
358:
Mikolich, JR (May 2012). "Cardiac computed tomographic angiography and the primary care physician".
333:
Heart smart a cardiologist's 5-step plan for detecting, preventing, and even reversing heart disease
2306:
2284:
1970:
1809:
1782:
1595:
1473:
1296:
1032:
442:
Budoff, M.; Nakazato, R.; Mancini, G.B.; Gransar, H.; Leipsic, J.; Berman, D.S.; Min, J.K. (2016).
272:
2289:
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2198:
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2139:
2080:
2001:
1909:
1858:
1772:
1583:
1432:
1427:
1328:
1211:
1066:
817:
241:
141:
639:
305:
2332:
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2208:
2116:
2104:
1965:
1955:
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1804:
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1422:
1387:
1382:
1323:
1071:
920:
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684:
612:
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536:
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465:
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406:
367:
338:
114:
50:
2432:
2337:
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2005:
1988:
1920:
1893:
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1360:
1249:
1108:
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832:
723:
715:
674:
602:
563:
528:
493:
455:
414:
398:
1683:
2404:
2326:
2173:
2163:
2149:
2040:
2010:
1916:
1745:
1730:
1458:
910:
876:
849:
844:
778:
704:"What are the basic concepts of temporal, contrast, and spatial resolution in cardiac CT?"
94:
152:, for the evaluation of valvular heart disease and for the evaluation of cardiac masses.
2311:
2296:
2092:
2069:
1900:
1884:
1819:
1600:
728:
703:
419:
386:
268:
237:
679:
662:
304:
Zhi-hui Hou; Bin Lu; Yang Gao; Shi-liang Jiang; Yang Wang; Wei Li; Matthew J. Budoff.
2482:
2448:
2168:
1787:
1232:
1201:
1189:
1184:
942:
837:
331:
233:
106:
632:"Radiation exposure of the UK population from Medical and Dental X-ray examinations"
2213:
1615:
1468:
1463:
1370:
1194:
1179:
1113:
27:
Use of computed tomography angiography to assess the coronary arteries of the heart
232:. The potential harms to a fetus include the application of X-rays in addition to
2390:
2133:
2097:
1777:
1762:
1538:
1093:
925:
915:
895:
885:
827:
822:
791:
497:
249:
228:
Pregnancy is considered a relative contraindication, similarly to many forms of
145:
136:
Faster CT machines, due to multidetector capabilities, have made imaging of the
719:
607:
590:
567:
532:
460:
443:
402:
2385:
2252:
2157:
1925:
1174:
937:
932:
900:
110:
410:
67:
1501:
1437:
890:
39:
737:
688:
616:
575:
540:
505:
469:
428:
371:
1524:
76:
1553:
956:
208:
62:
2049:
1548:
448:
Journal of the
American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging
2398:
2228:
2059:
1904:
1719:
1575:
786:
747:
137:
98:
287:
average less than the dose in conventional coronary angiography.
261:
multi-cycle (also called multi-segmental) image reconstruction.
128:
in determining the risk of Major
Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE).
1687:
751:
113:, allowing physicians to assess the extent of occlusion in the
44:
Image of contrast enhanced dual-source coronary CT-angiograph
155:
It is uncertain whether this modality will replace invasive
220:
particular individual, such as coronary artery disease.
2441:
2413:
2270:
2125:
2021:
1761:
1754:
1642:
1614:
1570:
1519:
1496:
1486:
1451:
1368:
1359:
1210:
1126:
1086:
1005:
964:
955:
799:
785:
360:
The
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
61:
49:
32:
330:
109:and then the heart is scanned using a high speed
1699:
763:
708:Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
391:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
324:
322:
8:
178:of cardiac CTA is approximately 82% and the
271:scanners, introduced in 2005, allow higher
1758:
1741:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1706:
1692:
1684:
1493:
1375:
1365:
961:
805:
796:
770:
756:
748:
38:
1837:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
727:
678:
606:
459:
418:
18:Coronary computed tomographic angiography
1880:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1606:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
1980:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
296:
252:may result in a reduced image quality.
29:
2110:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1849:enlargement of existing septal defect
7:
1844:production of septal defect in heart
91:computed tomography (CT) angiography
589:Versteylen MO, et al. (2013).
72:
1941:transposition of the great vessels
1866:creation of septal defect in heart
1413:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
25:
2241:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
680:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191650
2465:
2464:
1668:
1667:
2248:Left atrial appendage occlusion
1170:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
117:, usually in order to diagnose
1418:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1:
2370:Radionuclide ventriculography
1398:Radionuclide ventriculography
872:Lower gastrointestinal series
864:Upper gastrointestinal series
702:Lin, E.; Alessio, A. (2009).
486:European Journal of Radiology
236:. Since an iodine-containing
213:background radiation exposure
2355:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1589:Optical coherence tomography
1511:Myocardial perfusion imaging
1099:Dental panoramic radiography
230:medical imaging in pregnancy
89:(CTA or CCTA) is the use of
498:10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.12.008
329:DeVane, Matthew S. (2006).
2515:
1962:for univentricular defect
1393:Ventilation/perfusion scan
868:Small-bowel follow-through
720:10.1016/j.jcct.2009.07.003
630:Hart, D; Wall B F (2002).
608:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.065
568:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.068
533:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.074
461:10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.08.021
403:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.079
163:(i.e. the test has a high
101:. The patient receives an
2499:X-ray computed tomography
2462:
2302:Implantable loop recorder
1946:Arterial switch operation
1736:Interventional cardiology
1726:
1663:
1634:Dynamic angiothermography
1378:
1302:Abdominal ultrasonography
808:
180:negative predictive value
176:positive predictive value
165:negative predictive value
73:
37:
2381:Coronary catheterization
1871:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1832:Mitral valve replacement
1815:Aortic valve replacement
1624:Non-contact thermography
1403:Radionuclide angiography
1255:Doppler echocardiography
337:. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
185:intravascular ultrasound
157:coronary catheterization
126:coronary CT calcium scan
2377:Cardiac catheterization
2319:Electrophysiology study
2219:Radiofrequency ablation
2184:Alcohol septal ablation
1408:Radioisotope renography
197:acute coronary syndrome
189:fractional flow reserve
161:coronary artery disease
119:coronary artery disease
87:Coronary CT angiography
33:Coronary CT angiography
2423:Impedance cardiography
2045:Coronary artery bypass
1443:Gastric emptying study
246:coronary artery stents
150:coronary artery bypass
2454:Transcutaneous pacing
2258:Heart transplantation
2179:Ventricular reduction
1995:Blalock–Taussig shunt
1104:X-ray motion analysis
987:X-ray microtomography
906:Hysterosalpingography
813:Pneumoencephalography
103:intravenous injection
2494:Diagnostic radiology
2428:Ballistocardiography
1985:systemic circulation
1629:Contact thermography
1339:Emergency ultrasound
1277:Transcranial Doppler
1028:Abdominal and pelvis
169:invasive angiography
2307:Cardiac stress test
2285:Electrocardiography
2224:Pacemaker insertion
1971:Kawashima procedure
1935:compound procedures
1810:Aortic valve repair
1783:Mitral valve repair
1596:Confocal microscopy
1474:Indium-111 WBC scan
1297:Echoencephalography
1033:Virtual colonoscopy
642:on October 19, 2013
273:temporal resolution
256:Improved resolution
242:Cardiac arrhythmias
124:CTA is superior to
2360:Cardiovascular MRI
2290:Vectorcardiography
2145:Pericardial window
2140:Pericardiocentesis
2081:Drug-eluting stent
1910:Rastelli procedure
1859:Balloon septostomy
1584:Optical tomography
1433:Dacryoscintigraphy
1428:Immunoscintigraphy
1067:Whole body imaging
818:Dental radiography
142:circulatory system
2476:
2475:
2333:Angiocardiography
2279:Electrophysiology
2266:
2265:
2209:Catheter ablation
2192:Conduction system
2117:LeCompte maneuver
2105:Bentall procedure
1966:Norwood procedure
1956:Senning procedure
1951:Mustard procedure
1854:Atrial septostomy
1805:Valve replacement
1681:
1680:
1643:Target conditions
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1482:
1481:
1423:Bone scintigraphy
1388:Scintimammography
1383:Cholescintigraphy
1228:contrast-enhanced
1122:
1121:
1082:
1081:
1072:Full-body CT scan
972:General operation
951:
950:
921:Angiocardiography
601:(22): 2296–2305.
595:J Am Coll Cardiol
556:J Am Coll Cardiol
521:J Am Coll Cardiol
224:Contraindications
115:coronary arteries
95:coronary arteries
84:
83:
63:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
2506:
2468:
2467:
2433:Cardiotocography
2401:
2365:Ventriculography
2338:Echocardiography
2329:
2281:
2197:Maze procedure (
2194:
2160:
2136:
2089:
2088:Obstacle removal
2076:Bare-metal stent
2072:
2032:
1989:pulmonary artery
1981:
1936:
1921:pulmonary artery
1894:Fontan procedure
1889:pulmonary artery
1881:
1845:
1759:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1494:
1376:
1366:
1250:Echocardiography
1109:Hounsfield scale
962:
881:Cholecystography
806:
797:
772:
765:
758:
749:
742:
741:
731:
699:
693:
692:
682:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
638:. Archived from
627:
621:
620:
610:
586:
580:
579:
551:
545:
544:
516:
510:
509:
480:
474:
473:
463:
439:
433:
432:
422:
382:
376:
375:
355:
349:
348:
336:
326:
317:
316:
314:
312:
301:
77:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2489:Cardiac imaging
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2458:
2437:
2409:
2405:Phonocardiogram
2397:
2327:Cardiac imaging
2325:
2277:
2262:
2190:
2174:Septal myectomy
2164:Cardiomyoplasty
2156:
2150:Pericardiectomy
2132:
2121:
2087:
2068:
2028:
2022:Cardiac vessels
2017:
2011:Glenn procedure
1979:
1934:
1917:right ventricle
1879:
1843:
1765:
1750:
1746:Cardiac imaging
1731:Cardiac surgery
1722:
1712:
1682:
1677:
1659:
1638:
1610:
1558:
1544:PET mammography
1515:
1478:
1464:Gallium-67 scan
1459:Octreotide scan
1447:
1355:
1206:
1118:
1078:
1001:
982:High-resolution
947:
911:Skeletal survey
877:Cholangiography
790:
781:
779:Medical imaging
776:
746:
745:
701:
700:
696:
660:
659:
655:
645:
643:
636:NRPB Report W-4
629:
628:
624:
588:
587:
583:
553:
552:
548:
518:
517:
513:
482:
481:
477:
441:
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384:
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328:
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258:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
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2457:
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2451:
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2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2415:Function tests
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
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2383:
2374:
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2352:
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2345:
2335:
2330:
2322:
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2314:
2312:Bruce protocol
2304:
2299:
2297:Holter monitor
2294:
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2274:
2272:
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2255:
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2216:
2211:
2206:
2195:
2187:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
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2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2093:Endarterectomy
2090:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2070:Coronary stent
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1982:
1976:
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1973:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1929:
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1914:
1913:
1912:
1901:left ventricle
1898:
1897:
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1876:
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1862:
1861:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:Ross procedure
1812:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1718:involving the
1713:
1711:
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1703:
1696:
1688:
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1611:
1609:
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1603:
1601:Endomicroscopy
1598:
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1568:
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1564:
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1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
968:
966:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
923:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
874:
861:
852:
847:
842:
841:
840:
830:
825:
820:
815:
809:
803:
794:
783:
782:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
744:
743:
714:(6): 403–408.
694:
673:(7): 1056–65.
653:
622:
581:
546:
511:
475:
454:(5): 559–564.
434:
397:(4): 379–387.
377:
366:(5): 267–275.
350:
343:
318:
295:
294:
292:
289:
269:Dual Source CT
257:
254:
238:contrast agent
225:
222:
204:
201:
133:
130:
93:to assess the
82:
81:
74:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Cardioversion
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Dor procedure
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:to the right
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:Transcatheter
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:Valvuloplasty
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Ga-68-DOTATOC
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Intravascular
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:Synthetic MRI
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1004:
998:
995:
993:
992:Electron beam
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
963:
960:
958:
954:
944:
943:Orbital x-ray
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
878:
875:
873:
869:
865:
862:
860:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
839:
838:Bronchography
836:
835:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
798:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
750:
739:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
641:
637:
633:
626:
623:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
550:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:(8): 849–60.
526:
522:
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
479:
476:
471:
467:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
438:
435:
430:
426:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
381:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
351:
346:
340:
335:
334:
325:
323:
319:
307:
300:
297:
290:
288:
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:radiocontrast
231:
223:
221:
217:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:radiocontrast
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
78:
69:
66:
64:
60:
57:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2237:implantation
2231:implantation
2214:Cryoablation
2055:Off-pump CAB
1865:
1848:
1773:Valve repair
1763:Heart valves
1650:Acute stroke
1616:Thermography
1371:scintigraphy
1361:Radionuclide
1349:pre-hospital
1195:Tractography
1114:Radiodensity
1044:
1020:
1016:calcium scan
977:Quantitative
711:
707:
697:
670:
666:
656:
646:December 30,
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
635:
625:
598:
594:
584:
562:(1): 49–57.
559:
555:
549:
524:
520:
514:
492:(1): 83–88.
489:
485:
478:
451:
447:
437:
394:
390:
380:
363:
359:
353:
332:
309:. Retrieved
299:
285:
282:
278:
267:
263:
259:
227:
218:
209:millisievert
206:
203:Side effects
193:
173:
154:
135:
132:Medical uses
123:
86:
85:
2391:Cardiac PET
2134:Pericardium
2098:Atherectomy
2036:Angioplasty
1778:Valvulotomy
1539:Cardiac PET
1312:renal tract
1287:Gynecologic
1219:Techniques
1190:restriction
1165:Angiography
1148:Neurography
1094:Fluoroscopy
1040:Angiography
1021:angiography
965:Techniques:
926:Aortography
916:Angiography
896:Cystography
886:Mammography
828:Myelography
823:Sialography
792:radiography
667:Circulation
250:tachycardia
146:motion blur
2483:Categories
2386:Cardiac CT
2253:Cardiotomy
2158:Myocardium
1926:Sano shunt
1716:procedures
1714:Tests and
1452:Full body:
1238:endoscopic
1212:Ultrasound
1141:functional
938:Lymphogram
933:Venography
901:Arthrogram
344:0471775541
291:References
111:CT scanner
1766:and septa
1655:Pregnancy
1534:Brain PET
1502:gamma ray
1438:DMSA scan
1292:Obstetric
1185:diffusion
1180:Sequences
1158:perfusion
1050:Pulmonary
997:Cone beam
891:Pyelogram
411:0735-1097
2470:Category
2203:minimaze
2199:Cox maze
1673:Category
1525:positron
1045:Coronary
738:19717355
689:19188512
617:23562925
576:19555840
541:21835321
506:21227613
470:26897669
429:22261160
372:22582196
311:April 9,
51:ICD-9-CM
1755:Surgery
1572:Optical
1554:PET-MRI
1334:Carotid
1329:Scrotal
1223:doppler
1153:Cardiac
1062:Thyroid
1006:Targets
957:CT scan
729:4752333
420:3348589
97:of the
2442:Pacing
2050:MIDCAB
2041:Bypass
1991:shunt
1885:atrium
1798:mitral
1793:aortic
1549:PET-CT
1324:Breast
1319:Rectal
1243:duplex
1175:Breast
1012:Heart
736:
726:
687:
615:
574:
539:
504:
468:
427:
417:
409:
370:
341:
2399:sound
2271:Tests
2229:S-ICD
2126:Other
2060:TECAB
1905:aorta
1720:heart
1576:Laser
1498:SPECT
1307:renal
1136:Brain
1087:Other
787:X-ray
138:heart
99:heart
75:[
68:3-224
56:87.41
2201:and
1939:for
1344:FAST
1057:Head
734:PMID
685:PMID
648:2013
613:PMID
572:PMID
537:PMID
502:PMID
466:PMID
425:PMID
407:ISSN
368:PMID
339:ISBN
313:2015
248:and
174:The
140:and
2348:TEE
2343:TTE
2235:ICD
2030:CHD
2002:SVC
1987:to
1919:to
1903:to
1887:to
1521:PET
1489:ECT
1487:3D/
1369:2D/
1270:ICE
1265:TEE
1260:TTE
1128:MRI
859:DXR
855:DXA
850:KUB
845:AXR
833:CXR
724:PMC
716:doi
675:doi
671:119
603:doi
564:doi
529:doi
494:doi
456:doi
415:PMC
399:doi
364:112
187:or
105:of
2485::
2006:PA
1527:):
1504:):
1233:3D
801:2D
732:.
722:.
710:.
706:.
683:.
669:.
665:.
634:.
611:.
599:61
597:.
593:.
570:.
560:54
558:.
535:.
525:58
523:.
500:.
490:81
488:.
464:.
450:.
446:.
423:.
413:.
405:.
395:59
393:.
389:.
362:.
321:^
244:,
199:.
191:.
171:.
121:.
2379:/
2205:)
2043:/
1707:e
1700:t
1693:v
1574:/
1523:(
1500:(
879:/
870:/
866:/
857:/
789:/
771:e
764:t
757:v
740:.
718::
712:3
691:.
677::
650:.
619:.
605::
578:.
566::
543:.
531::
508:.
496::
472:.
458::
452:9
431:.
401::
374:.
347:.
315:.
79:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
