535:
457:...the people who had been rejoicing in the church were thrown into confusion, and a crowd of men and women of every rank and status, compelled by this disaster rushed out of the church. Only the bishops and clergy along with the monks stayed, terrified, in front of the altar and only just managed to complete the consecration rite over the king who was trembling violently.
422:, in which he promised "that he would rule all this people as well as the best of kings before him, if they would be loyal to him". This was a departure from the usual order, in which the oath preceded the anointing, the switch being probably made to emphasise the sanctity of the king's oath. The liturgy continued with the customary investiture with the
438:
396:
beneath the central tower. This innovation, intended to physically and symbolically raise the king above his subjects, has been repeated at every coronation since. The ceremony began with
Geoffrey asking the Norman nobles in French whether they accepted the new king "by your free choice", which was
643:
with the papal legates officiating. There is no mention of any swearing of oaths by or to the king, and
William's legitimacy continued to rest on his first coronation, the ceremony's purpose being not to establish but to reaffirm his authority and his status as a favoured son of the Church.
397:
repeated in
English by Ealdred to the Anglo-Saxon nobles. The resulting acclamation was mistaken by the Norman soldiers outside for a riot, to which they responded by setting fire to nearby houses; in the chaos, some soldiers began to fight the fire, others went looting.
527:, pending the completion of the Tower of London which would fully subdue the hostile Londoners. There he received further submissions from English nobles and held a council, during which he distributed confiscated lands to his supporters. In February at the start of
701:
582:, 11 May. The liturgy followed a similar pattern to that of William and was conducted by Ealdred of York. If anything, the ceremony was more magnificent than her husband's had been. Following the coronation a state banquet was held, during which the
238:
This prompted a discussion amongst the barons in the Norman army as to whether
William, a duke, ought to accept the throne of England; but they soon decided that having William as king would legitimise their future claims on English lands.
602:
During the years 1068 to 1070 William was much occupied in establishing his rule over
England against the opposition of many of his Anglo-Saxon subjects, culminating in an abortive uprising in Yorkshire and the consequent
1638:
1359:
300:
was almost certainly crowned at the newly consecrated abbey in
January 1066, this is not specifically confirmed by any contemporary source. The choice of using the abbey founded by King
531:, William began a triumphal return to Normandy where he reinstated his authority. By December, English dissent forced William back across the Channel to crush any armed opposition.
308:
of the church still being under construction. The date chosen, Christmas Day, Monday 25 December, was in imitation of the customary date for the coronations of the eastern
574:
puzzled the
English, as the king's wife had traditionally been granted no special status in England. Matilda's coronation, the first for a queen consort of England after
1352:
234:...the bishops and the rest of the great men beg him to take the crown, saying that they are used to serving a king, and that they wished to have a king as lord.
246:, that a king's reign only started with his coronation, and therefore there was some urgency in arranging the ceremony. In the meantime, Norman bishops issued
441:
The seal of
William I, showing him crowned and enthroned, holding a ceremonial sword and orb, symbols of temporal and spiritual power. The Latin text reads
1345:
281:. In the case of William's coronation, scholars have debated whether the liturgy used in 1066 was an amended version of the Second Recension, devised by
2155:
1775:
2514:
289:'s coronation in 973 AD, or the Third Recension, heavily influenced by continental practices, which is known to have been used at the coronation of
2305:
2070:
1454:
1428:
562:
and was probably pregnant at that time. Matilda arrived in
England, accompanied by a "rich company of ladies and maidens", in time to celebrate
1909:
1802:
1502:
1482:
1396:
419:
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1904:
1530:
1520:
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1283:
1238:
198:
William, Duke of
Normandy, invaded England in support of his claim to the English throne at the end of September 1066. Having defeated King
1477:
2519:
2310:
2094:
1512:
541:
333:("Song of the Battle of Hastings"), which was probably written in 1067. According to Guy, the ceremony began with a procession from the
1869:
1848:
1444:
1328:
1304:
1217:
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250:
to the Norman soldiers of one year for each English person they had killed; this comparatively mild penalty was due to there being a
2099:
1461:
1368:
1262:
1148:
1080:
639:. On 4 April 1070, Easter Day, a few days before the council was convened, William was crowned for the second time at Winchester's
151:
1889:
269:
The form of coronation service used in England has undergone a number of revisions over the centuries. These versions are known as
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2065:
1894:
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1023:
608:
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2089:
1507:
1413:
29:
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While preparations for the coronation were underway, William went hunting. Norman troops began work on a fortress, later the
487:, strings of jewels or pearls which hang from the sides of the crown in front of the wearer's ears. Guy lists the gems and
170:
of England. It was the first coronation which can be proved to have been held at Westminster. In May 1068, William's wife,
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may explain the abrupt ending of his text at the anointing, possibly indicating that it was edited at a later date.
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was probably intended to reinforce William's claim to be the rightful successor to Edward, this was despite the
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2003:
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2019:
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William's coronation is the first which can be proved to have been held at Westminster Abbey; although King
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1646:
1449:
320:
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of Edward the Confessor, but Guy states that new ones were made for William by the same Greek craftsman.
2418:
2408:
2265:
2178:
1668:
1294:
1273:
1207:
604:
496:
365:. It would be the lower-ranking Ealdred who would officiate at the coronation, because Stigand had been
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207:
155:
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2224:
1832:
1711:
1706:
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261:, to control the capital. Meanwhile, Norman predations on the English population continued unabated.
121:
96:
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2356:
2193:
1884:
1770:
1673:
702:"Coronation And Propaganda: Some Implications Of The Norman Claim To The Throne Of England In 1066"
632:
612:
555:
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125:
101:
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Guy of Amiens states that a Greek jeweller was employed to fashion a new crown for William. Sir
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1971:
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590:, challenged anyone who denied that William and Matilda were the rightful king and queen to
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1997:
1955:
1925:
1066:
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520:
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370:
223:
38:
546:, ms. latin 987, f. 111r), showing William the Conqueror's second coronation in the
534:
2372:
1182:
1158:
892:
620:
499:. The crown, according to Guy, "flashed on all sides with a dazzling radiance". An
427:
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183:
1040:
1252:
1228:
1138:
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1940:
1935:
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1588:
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219:
210:, which by early December had forced the surrender of the English nobility, the
1032:
1945:
1562:
1314:
567:
538:
Drawing from a late 11th-century manuscript, the Ramsey Benedictional (Paris,
474:
278:
179:
453:, later recorded the reaction of the congregation to the commotion outside:
411:
324:
491:
used in the crown, twelve in number, referencing the twelve jewels of the
2382:
483:
338:
230:, a chaplain in the ducal court, described the submission of the nobles:
437:
2331:
1822:
1662:
725:
504:
354:
337:, also founded by Edward, to the abbey. In the procession, headed by a
282:
247:
106:
206:
on 14 October, William conducted a destructive campaign to subdue the
2270:
1874:
563:
559:
175:
717:
349:, William was preceded by the two leading churchmen of England, the
2133:
533:
524:
436:
406:
346:
254:
or "public war", a status that would end at William's coronation.
211:
139:
132:
28:
528:
400:
Inside, the liturgy continued with the king and all the bishops
385:
305:
2137:
1341:
594:. This was a Norman tradition that was unknown to the English.
242:
The Normans held the view, based on the practice of the French
449:
In contrast to Guy's flattering poem, the English chronicler,
33:
The coronation of William I, a 13th-century illustration from
1209:
Conquered England: Kingship, Succession, and Tenure 1066-1166
445:("By this sign know the same William, king of the English")
384:
Once inside the church, William was conducted to a raised
319:
There is a fairly detailed description of the ceremony by
1369:
Coronation of the English, Scottish, and British monarchs
16:
Initiation rite performed to William I of England in 1066
1275:
The Carmen de Hastingae proelio of Guy, Bishop of Amiens
1101:
1099:
635:. Once in England they issued summonses to appear at a
477:
suggests that this was likely to be in imitation of the
631:; and Peter, probably also a cardinal and priest of
2452:
2396:
2365:
2319:
2238:
2202:
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2012:
1989:
1964:
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1375:
89:
78:
45:
803:
801:
178:in 1070, William was crowned for a second time at
944:
942:
619:, apparently at William's invitation, sent three
554:Having achieved this, William sent for his wife,
2414:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
1299:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing.
1072:The Search for Winchester's Anglo-Saxon Minsters
764:
762:
22:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
455:
232:
186:, to confirm the acceptance of his rule by the
519:Following the coronation, William withdrew to
2149:
1353:
1272:Morton, Catherine; Muntz, Hope, eds. (1972).
897:"William the Conqueror: Crowned at Christmas"
166:, London, on 25 December 1066, following the
8:
1320:Coronation: From the 8th to the 21st century
1027:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
706:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
539:
21:
2469:
1188:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare
948:
921:
867:
404:themselves before the high altar while the
2156:
2142:
2134:
1792:
1696:
1547:
1381:
1360:
1346:
1338:
1296:1066: A New History of the Norman Conquest
27:
20:
1651:Archbishops and Bishops Assistant of the
1776:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown
660:
461:The omission of this episode from Guy's
214:, and their elected but uncrowned king,
1024:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
768:
684:
672:
653:
1105:
1008:
960:
933:
879:
843:
819:
807:
792:
753:
481:used by Byzantine emperors, including
443:HOC ANGLIS REGEM SIGNO FATEARIS EUNDEM
1117:
1053:
7:
1143:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1075:. Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 60.
174:, was also crowned at the abbey. At
2311:Companions of William the Conqueror
1910:Queen Consort's Ivory Rod with Dove
996:
984:
972:
855:
831:
780:
627:; Cardinal John Minutus, priest of
578:, was held at Westminster Abbey on
1905:Queen Consort's Sceptre with Cross
14:
542:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2515:Coronations of English monarchs
1164:Matilda: Queen of the Conqueror
570:on 23 March 1068. The title of
373:at once. They were assisted by
1890:Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross
1:
1895:Sovereign's Sceptre with Dove
1658:Garter Principal King of Arms
1604:Chapel Royal, Stirling Castle
558:, who was ruling Normandy as
410:was chanted, followed by the
273:(Latin, nominative plural of
1756:Mary of Modena's State Crown
1735:George IV's Coronation Crown
1041:UK public library membership
637:church council in Winchester
598:Second coronation of William
117:Ealdred (archbishop of York)
2472:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
2404:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
1278:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1212:. Oxford University Press.
615:of Denmark. In early 1070
330:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
2548:
2520:Norman conquest of England
1818:Sword of Spiritual Justice
1323:. London: Harper Collins.
392:, probably located at the
52:25 December 1066
2215:Battle of Stamford Bridge
1813:Sword of Temporal Justice
1227:Gosling, Lucinda (2013).
1167:. London: Vintage Books.
901:www.thehistorypress.co.uk
629:Santa Maria in Trastevere
540:
26:
1503:Edward VII and Alexandra
1483:George III and Charlotte
1397:Henry VIII and Catherine
1206:Garnett, George (2007).
418:. William then took the
388:, described by Guy as a
351:archbishop of Canterbury
135:and other English nobles
111:archbishop of Canterbury
2444:Trial of Penenden Heath
2352:Malcolm III of Scotland
1766:Queen Alexandra's Crown
1647:Great Officers of State
1609:Church of the Holy Rude
1531:Charles III and Camilla
1521:George VI and Elizabeth
1493:William IV and Adelaide
949:Morton & Muntz 1972
922:Morton & Muntz 1972
868:Morton & Muntz 1972
623:to England: Ermenfrid,
548:Old Minster, Winchester
341:and accompanied by the
2510:11th century in London
2470:
2230:Siege of Exeter (1068)
1761:Queen Adelaide's Crown
1730:George I's State Crown
1478:George II and Caroline
1257:. London: Hutchinson.
1033:10.1093/ref:odnb/29448
551:
459:
446:
236:
2530:William the Conqueror
2429:Council of Winchester
2419:Harrying of the North
2409:Council of Lillebonne
2179:William the Conqueror
1669:Mistress of the Robes
1392:William I and Matilda
1191:. London: Routledge.
1140:William the Conqueror
605:Harrying of the North
537:
515:Coronation of Matilda
497:High Priest of Israel
440:
335:Palace of Westminster
323:in the finale of his
321:Guy, bishop of Amiens
208:south-east of England
156:William the Conqueror
63:11 May 1068
2327:Edward the Confessor
2225:Burning of Southwark
1900:Queen Consort's Ring
1796:Processional objects
1721:Specific crowns worn
1712:Imperial State Crown
1573:Gloucester Cathedral
1568:Winchester Cathedral
493:priestly breastplate
489:semi-precious stones
375:Geoffrey de Montbray
302:Edward the Confessor
277:meaning "order") or
122:Geoffrey de Montbray
97:William I of England
2484:William of Poitiers
2434:Revolt of the Earls
2378:Battle, East Sussex
2357:Matilda of Flanders
2286:Eustace of Boulogne
2194:Sweyn II of Denmark
1674:Master of the Robes
1293:Rex, Peter (2011).
1254:The Norman Conquest
1056:, pp. 334–335.
1011:, pp. 125–127.
987:, pp. 106–107.
903:. The History Press
556:Matilda of Flanders
379:bishop of Coutances
314:Holy Roman emperors
228:William of Poitiers
172:Matilda of Flanders
126:bishop of Coutances
102:Matilda of Flanders
23:
2256:Leofwine Godwinson
2220:Battle of Hastings
2116:Coronation chicken
1771:Queen Mary's Crown
609:attempted invasion
552:
447:
359:archbishop of York
310:Byzantine emperors
204:Battle of Hastings
35:Flores Historiarum
2525:Westminster Abbey
2492:
2491:
2439:Council of London
2320:Associated people
2306:Roger de Breteuil
2296:Robert of Mortain
2261:Hereward the Wake
2210:Battle of Fulford
2131:
2130:
2122:Coronation quiche
1985:
1984:
1931:Colobium sindonis
1842:Anointing objects
1833:St Edward's Staff
1828:Sword of Offering
1784:
1783:
1707:St Edward's Crown
1653:Church of England
1633:
1632:
1625:Westminster Abbey
1558:Westminster Abbey
1539:
1538:
1508:George V and Mary
1429:James II and Mary
1285:978-0-19-822216-3
1240:978-0-74781-220-3
1233:. Oxford: Shire.
1230:Royal Coronations
1039:(Subscription or
975:, pp. 97–98.
834:, pp. 94–95.
756:, pp. 42–43.
700:(December 1986).
617:Pope Alexander II
507:are shown on the
252:publicum bellicum
226:. The chronicler
164:Westminster Abbey
148:
147:
85:, London, England
83:Westminster Abbey
2537:
2475:
2184:Harold Godwinson
2158:
2151:
2144:
2135:
1972:Coronation Chair
1951:Coronation glove
1885:Sovereign's Ring
1854:Coronation Spoon
1803:Ceremonial maces
1793:
1700:Principal crowns
1697:
1548:
1424:James I and Anne
1382:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1310:
1289:
1268:
1244:
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988:
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964:
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925:
924:, p. lviii.
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742:
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694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
613:Sweyn Estrithson
566:with William at
545:
544:
369:for holding two
312:and the western
298:Harold Godwinson
244:Capetian dynasty
200:Harold Godwinson
70:
68:
59:
57:
31:
24:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2505:1066 in England
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2460:Bayeux Tapestry
2448:
2392:
2388:Tower of London
2361:
2315:
2291:Eadric the Wild
2246:Gyrth Godwinson
2234:
2198:
2189:Harald Hardrada
2167:
2165:Norman Conquest
2162:
2132:
2127:
2104:
2054:
2008:
2004:Coronation Oath
1981:
1960:
1914:
1880:Sovereign's Orb
1858:
1837:
1780:
1744:
1722:
1716:
1688:
1684:King's Champion
1679:Court of Claims
1629:
1613:
1577:
1535:
1466:
1433:
1371:
1366:
1331:
1315:Strong, Sir Roy
1313:
1307:
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748:
738:
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718:10.2307/3679061
698:Garnett, George
696:
695:
691:
687:, pp. 4–6.
683:
679:
675:, pp. 3–4.
671:
667:
659:
655:
650:
600:
592:trial by combat
584:King's Champion
576:Edith of Wessex
550:on 4 April 1070
517:
479:imperial crowns
471:
451:Orderic Vitalis
420:coronation oath
267:
259:Tower of London
196:
188:Catholic Church
168:Norman Conquest
160:King of England
144:
74:
66:
64:
55:
53:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2424:Danish attacks
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2342:Edgar Ætheling
2339:
2337:Edith the Fair
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2062:
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2056:
2055:
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2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1977:Stone of Scone
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
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1933:
1928:
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1838:
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1830:
1825:
1823:Sword of Mercy
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Sword of State
1805:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:Consort crowns
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1740:Diamond Diadem
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
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1594:Holyrood Abbey
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1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1330:978-0007160556
1329:
1311:
1306:978-1445603841
1305:
1290:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1219:978-0198207931
1218:
1203:
1198:978-0415413954
1197:
1179:
1174:978-0099549130
1173:
1155:
1149:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:, p. 336.
1110:
1108:, p. 236.
1095:
1081:
1067:Biddle, Martin
1058:
1046:
1021:"William I ".
1013:
1001:
999:, p. 107.
989:
977:
965:
953:
938:
926:
914:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
797:
785:
773:
758:
746:
689:
677:
665:
663:, p. 144.
652:
651:
649:
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625:Bishop of Sion
599:
596:
516:
513:
470:
467:
371:episcopal sees
367:excommunicated
266:
263:
216:Edgar Ætheling
195:
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162:took place at
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2477:
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2468:
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2465:Domesday Book
2463:
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2457:
2455:
2453:Miscellaneous
2451:
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2301:Ralph de Gael
2299:
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2251:Odo of Bayeux
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2195:
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2166:
2159:
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2136:
2123:
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2107:
2101:
2098:
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2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:Liber Regalis
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1956:Imperial Robe
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Robe of State
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
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1264:9780099537441
1260:
1256:
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1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1183:Bradbury, Jim
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:Borman, Tracy
1156:
1152:
1150:9780300234169
1146:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1082:9781784918576
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
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1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
963:, p. 33.
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
936:, p. 36.
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
902:
898:
894:
893:Schama, Simon
888:
885:
882:, p. 42.
881:
876:
873:
870:, p. 53.
869:
864:
861:
858:, p. 95.
857:
852:
849:
846:, p. 41.
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
822:, p. 40.
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
795:, p. 39.
794:
789:
786:
783:, p. 94.
782:
777:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
693:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
669:
666:
662:
661:Bradbury 2006
657:
654:
647:
645:
642:
638:
634:
633:San Crisogono
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
597:
595:
593:
589:
588:Baron Marmion
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
549:
543:
536:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:Barking Abbey
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
458:
454:
452:
444:
439:
435:
433:
430:and finally,
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:oil of chrism
413:
409:
408:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
377:, the Norman
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:Saint Dunstan
280:
276:
272:
264:
262:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
235:
231:
229:
225:
224:Hertfordshire
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
184:papal legates
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
62:
51:
50:
48:
44:
40:
39:Matthew Paris
36:
30:
25:
19:
2413:
2373:Battle Abbey
2095:Elizabeth II
2083:Police Medal
2071:Police Medal
1996:
1665:of the Realm
1639:Participants
1526:Elizabeth II
1515:
1391:
1319:
1295:
1274:
1253:
1249:Morris, Marc
1229:
1208:
1187:
1163:
1139:
1135:Bates, David
1113:
1086:. Retrieved
1071:
1061:
1049:
1022:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
956:
951:, p. 51
929:
917:
905:. Retrieved
900:
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
810:, p. 36
788:
776:
769:Gosling 2013
749:
737:. Retrieved
709:
705:
692:
685:Garnett 2007
680:
673:Garnett 2007
668:
656:
601:
571:
553:
518:
495:worn by the
482:
472:
462:
460:
456:
448:
442:
428:enthronement
405:
399:
389:
383:
328:
318:
295:
291:King Stephen
274:
270:
268:
256:
251:
241:
237:
233:
197:
149:
90:Participants
34:
18:
2479:Norman yoke
2100:Charles III
1941:Stole Royal
1936:Supertunica
1723:by monarchs
1599:Kelso Abbey
1589:Scone Abbey
1516:(abandoned)
1513:Edward VIII
1419:Elizabeth I
1106:Morris 2012
1009:Borman 2012
961:Strong 2005
934:Strong 2005
880:Strong 2005
844:Strong 2005
820:Strong 2005
808:Strong 2005
793:Strong 2005
771:, p. 7
754:Strong 2005
641:Old Minster
580:Whit Sunday
402:prostrating
220:Berkhamsted
60:(William I)
2499:Categories
2239:Combatants
2066:Edward VII
1946:Robe Royal
1563:Bath Abbey
1462:Charles II
1118:Bates 2018
1054:Bates 2018
1043:required.)
712:: 91–116.
648:References
568:Winchester
509:Great Seal
475:Roy Strong
357:, and the
287:King Edgar
279:recensions
194:Background
180:Winchester
152:coronation
67:1068-05-11
56:1066-12-25
2366:Locations
2090:George VI
1863:Ornaments
1544:Locations
1488:George IV
1409:Edward VI
734:159491086
607:, and an
412:anointing
325:epic poem
293:in 1135.
182:by three
71:(Matilda)
2383:Pevensey
2281:Waltheof
2078:George V
1919:Garments
1582:Scottish
1498:Victoria
1450:James VI
1438:Scottish
1377:Monarchs
1317:(2005).
1251:(2012).
1185:(2006).
1161:(2012).
1137:(2018).
1069:(2018).
997:Rex 2011
985:Rex 2011
973:Rex 2011
907:29 April
856:Rex 2011
832:Rex 2011
781:Rex 2011
739:18 April
611:by king
484:pendilia
394:crossing
390:pulpitum
343:chanting
339:crucifer
248:penances
79:Location
2347:Ealdred
2332:Stigand
2203:Battles
2172:Leaders
2013:Honours
1990:Rituals
1875:Armills
1849:Ampulla
1618:British
1551:English
1471:British
1385:English
1128:Sources
1088:14 June
726:3679061
621:legates
505:sceptre
469:Regalia
424:regalia
363:Ealdred
355:Stigand
345:of the
271:ordines
265:Service
202:at the
138:Norman
107:Stigand
65: (
54: (
2397:Events
2276:Tostig
2271:Morcar
2124:(2023)
2118:(1953)
2109:Dishes
2059:Medals
1693:Crowns
1445:Mary I
1414:Mary I
1327:
1303:
1282:
1261:
1237:
1216:
1195:
1171:
1147:
1079:
1037:
732:
724:
564:Easter
560:regent
463:Carmen
176:Easter
140:barons
2266:Edwin
1965:Seats
1870:Spurs
1789:Items
1663:Peers
730:S2CID
722:JSTOR
572:queen
525:Essex
414:with
407:Kyrie
347:Lauds
218:, at
212:Witan
133:Witan
2050:1953
2045:1937
2040:1911
2035:1902
2030:1838
2025:1831
2020:1821
1455:Anne
1402:Anne
1325:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1090:2023
1077:ISBN
909:2023
741:2023
529:Lent
503:and
432:Mass
386:dais
306:nave
285:for
275:ordo
150:The
131:The
46:Date
1029:doi
714:doi
523:in
501:orb
222:in
158:as
154:of
37:by
2501::
1098:^
941:^
899:.
895:.
800:^
761:^
728:.
720:.
710:36
708:.
704:.
586:,
434:.
426:,
381:.
361:,
353:,
327:,
316:.
190:.
2157:e
2150:t
2143:v
1361:e
1354:t
1347:v
1333:.
1309:.
1288:.
1267:.
1243:.
1222:.
1201:.
1177:.
1153:.
1092:.
1035:.
1031::
911:.
743:.
716::
128:)
124:(
113:)
109:(
69:)
58:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
