540:
526:
464:
959:
150:
884:. Their growth may be also disrupted by local environmental factors. While coralline algae are present in most hard substrate marine communities in photic depths, they are more common in higher latitudes and in the Mediterranean. Their ability to calcify in low light conditions makes them the some of deepest photosynthetic multicellular organisms in the ocean, having been found as deep as 268 meters, and as such a critical base of
514:
480:
497:
585:
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113:
991:; corallines appear to enhance larval metamorphosis and the survival of larvae through the critical settlement period. It also has significance at the community level; the presence of herbivores associated with corallines can generate patchiness in the survival of young stages of dominant seaweeds. This has been seen this in eastern
438:
occur on rock, coral skeletons, shells, other algae or seagrasses. Crusts may be thin and leafy to thick and strongly adherent. Some are parasitic or partly endophytic on other corallines. Many coralline crusts produce knobby protuberances ranging from a millimetre to several centimetres high. Some are free-living as
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and Indo-Pacific regions. Algal ridges are carbonate frameworks constructed mainly by nongeniculate coralline algae (after Adey, 1978). They require high and persistent wave action to form, so develop best on windward reefs with little or no seasonal change in wind direction. Algal ridges are one of
557:
Corallines live in varying depths of water, ranging from periodically exposed intertidal settings to 270 m water depth (around the maximum penetration of light). Some species can tolerate brackish or hypersaline waters, and only one strictly freshwater coralline species exists. (Some species of
644:
The corallines have an excellent fossil record from the Early
Cretaceous onwards, consistent with molecular clocks that show the divergence of the modern taxa beginning in this period. The fossil record of nonarticulated forms is better: the unmineralized genuiculae of articulated forms break down
607:
Some corallines slough off a surface layer of epithallial cells, which in a few cases may be an antifouling mechanism which serves the same function as enhancing herbivore recruitment. This also affects the community, as many algae recruit on the surface of a sloughing coralline, and are then lost
1057:
Nongeniculate corallines are of particular significance in the ecology of coral reefs, where they add calcareous material to the structure of the reef, help cement the reef together, and are important sources of primary production. Coralline algae are especially important in reef construction, as
718:
The group's internal taxonomy is in a state of flux; molecular studies are proving more reliable than morphological methods in approximating relationships within the group. Recent advances in morphological classification based on skeletal ultrastructure, however, are promising. Crystal morphology
437:
or calcified, root-like holdfasts. The organisms are made flexible by having noncalcified sections (genicula) separating longer calcified sections (intergenicula). Nongeniculate corallines range from a few micrometres to several centimetres thick crusts. They are often very slow growing, and may
595:
As sessile encrusting organisms, the corallines are prone to overgrowth by other "fouling" algae. The group have many defences to such immuration, most of which depend on waves disturbing their thalli. However, the most relied-upon method involves waiting for herbivores to devour the potential
1025:
suffer nearly 100% mortality due to fish predation unless they are protected by knobby and undercut coralline algae. This is probably an important factor affecting the distribution and grazing effects of herbivores within marine communities. Nothing is known about the microhabitat role of
630:, a species which sloughs up to 50% of its thickness twice a year. This deep-layer sloughing, which is energetically costly, does not affect seaweed recruitment when herbivores are removed. The surface of these plants is usually kept clean by herbivores, particularly the pear limpet,
623:
Not all sloughing serves an antifouling function. Epithallial shedding in most corallines is probably simply a means of getting rid of damaged cells whose metabolic function has become impaired. Morton and his students studied sloughing in the South
African intertidal coralline alga,
1058:
they lay down calcium carbonate as calcite. Although they contribute considerable bulk to the calcium carbonate structure of coral reefs, their more important role in most areas of the reef, is in acting as the cement which binds the reef materials into a sturdy structure.
904:, with the magnesium content varying as a function of species and water temperature. If the proportion of magnesium is high, the deposited mineral is more soluble in ocean water, particularly in colder waters, making some coralline algae deposits more vulnerable to
645:
quickly, scattering the mineralized portions, which then decay more quickly. This said, non-mineralizing coralline algae are known from the
Silurian of Gotland showing that the lineage has a much longer history than molecular clocks would indicate.
122:
896:
Since coralline algae contain calcium carbonate, they fossilize fairly well. They are particularly significant as stratigraphic markers in petroleum geology. Coralline rock was used as building stone since the ancient Greek culture.
1773:
Küpper, F.C. and
Kamenos, N.A. (2018) "The future of marine biodiversity and marine ecosystem functioning in UK coastal and territorial waters (including UK Overseas Territories)–with an emphasis on marine macrophyte communities".
879:
over the course of one (in the tropics) to ten (in the Arctic) years. However, the transition from crusts to branched form depends on environmental conditions. Crusts may also become detached and form calcareous nodules known as
2444:
Btracchi, Valentina; Savini, Alessandra; Marchese, Fabio; Palamara, Serena; Basso, Daniela; Corselli, Cesare (February 2015). "Coralligenous habitat in the
Mediterranean Sea: a geomorphological description from remote".
719:
within the calcified cell wall of coralline algae was found to have a high correspondence with molecular studies. These skeletal structures thus provide morphologic evidence for molecular relationships within the group.
2256:
Dulin, Tuvia; Avnaim-Katav, Simona; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Bialik, Or M.; Angel, Dror L. (January 2020). "Rhodolith beds along the southeastern
Mediterranean inner shelf: Implications for past depositional environments".
1151:. This use stopped towards the end of the 18th century. Medical science now uses corallines in the preparation of dental bone implants. The cell fusions provide the matrix for the regeneration of bone tissue.
636:. Sloughing in this case is probably a means of eliminating old reproductive structures and grazer-damaged surface cells, and reducing the likelihood of surface penetration by burrowing organisms.
1228:
Aguirre, J.; Perfectti, F.; Braga, J.C. (2010). "Integrating phylogeny, molecular clocks, and the fossil record in the evolution of coralline algae (Corallinales and
Sporolithales, Rhodophyta)".
984:. Larval settlement is adaptive for the corallines because the herbivores remove epiphytes which might otherwise smother the crusts and preempt available light. Settlement is also important for
1547:
1202:
1627:
Keats, D.W.; Knight, M.A.; Pueschel, C.M. (1997). "Antifouling effects of epithallial shedding in three crustose coralline algae (Rhodophyta, Coralinales) on a coral reef".
1042:
plants, and comes out at night to graze on the surface of the coralline. This combination of grazing and burrowing results in a peculiar growth form (called "castles") in
1178:
trade, and an important part of reef health, coralline algae are desired in home aquariums for their aesthetic qualities, and ostensible benefit to the tank ecosystem.
402:, is found in freshwater. Its ancestor lived in brackish water, and was already adapted to osmotic stress and rapid changes in water salinity and temperature. Many are
442:(rounded, free-living specimens). The morphological complexity of rhodoliths enhances species diversity, and can be used as a non-taxonomic descriptor for monitoring.
347:("coralligenous"). Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Only one species lives in freshwater. Unattached specimens (
315:
are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but some species can be purple, yellow, blue, white, or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the
3074:
3463:
365:
or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish-grey patches, distributed throughout the rock surfaces. These patches of pink "paint" are actually living
1663:
Aguirre, J.; Riding, R.; Braga, J.C. (2000). "Diversity of coralline red algae: Origination and extinction patterns from the early
Cretaceous to the Pleistocene".
2242:
3502:
2940:
572:
Corallines, especially encrusting forms, are slow growers, and expand by 0.1–80 mm annually. All corallines begin with a crustose stage; some later become
2598:
Caragnano et al., 2009. 3-D distribution of nongeniculate corallinales: A case study from a reef crest of South Sinai (Red Sea, Egypt). Coral Reefs 28: 881-891
1365:
Ballesteros E., 2006 Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: A synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine
Biology - an Annual Review 44: 123–130
3620:
539:
2339:
Littler, Mark M.; Littler, Diane S.; Blair, Stephen M.; Norris, James N. (4 January 1985). "Deepest Known Plant Life
Discovered on an Uncharted Seamount".
1002:, yet nothing is known about the herbivore enhancement role of Indo-Pacific corallines, or whether this phenomenon is important in coral reef communities.
1489:Žuljević, A.; Kaleb, S.; Peña, V.; Despalatović, M.; Cvitković, I.; De Clerck, O.; Le Gall, L.; Falace, A.; Vita, F.; Braga, Juan C.; Antolić, B. (2016).
525:
1275:
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The collection of unattached corallines (maërl) for use as soil conditioners dates to the 18th century. This is particularly significant in
3019:
3171:
2583:
2489:
2226:
1473:
1446:
2390:
Deep-water plant communities from an uncharted seamount off San Salvador Island, Bahamas: distribution, abundance, and primary productivity
1572:
2401:
Bialik, Or M.; Varzi, Andrea Giulia; Durán, Ruth; Le Bas, Timothy; Gauci, Adam; Savini, Alessandra; Micallef, Aaron (25 February 2022).
1911:"Phosphatized multicellular algae in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China, and the early evolution of florideophyte red algae"
3094:
2715:
2030:"Evolutionary history of the Corallinales (Corallinophycidae, Rhodophyta) inferred from nuclear, plastidial and mitochondrial genomes"
2663:
3109:
2389:
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817:
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2714:. Biological, physiological, and ecological factors controlling carbonate production in an Arctic/sub-Arctic climate archive.
2029:
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with the surface layer of cells. This can also generate patchiness within the community. The common Indo-Pacific corallines,
3481:
3489:
3069:
2624:
Morton, O.; Chamberlain, Y.M. (1989). "Further records of encrusting coralline algae on the north-east coast of Ireland".
1061:
Corallines are particularly important in constructing the algal ridge's reef framework for surf-pounded reefs in both the
2694:
1706:
Thornton, Scott E.; Orrin, H. Pil (1978). "A lagoonal crustose coralline algal micro-ridge: Bahiret el Bibane, Tunisia".
900:
The calcite crystals composing the cell wall are elongated perpendicular to the cell wall. The calcite normally contains
706:. The group's diversity has closely tracked the efficiency of grazing herbivores; for instance, the Eocene appearance of
2994:
1046:, in which the coralline produces nearly vertical, irregularly curved lamellae. Coralline algae are part of the diet of
710:
marked a spike in coralline diversity, and the extinction of many delicately branched (and thus predation-prone) forms.
513:
2472:
Coletti; et al. (2017). "Economic Importance of Coralline Carbonates". In Riosmena-Rodríguez; et al. (eds.).
2172:"Amphithallia, a genus with four-celled carpogonial branches and connecting filaments in the Corallinales (Rhodophyta)"
149:
3398:
3099:
3059:
695:, a view that has been disputed. Their fossil record matches their molecular history, and is complete and continuous.
2403:"Mesophotic Depth Biogenic Accumulations ("Biogenic Mounds") Offshore the Maltese Islands, Central Mediterranean Sea"
1187:
3507:
3186:
2951:
564:, however, can survive in freshwater.) A wide range of turbidities and nutrient concentrations can be tolerated.
2611:
Morton, O.; Chamberlain, Y.M. (1985). "Records of some epiphytic coralline algae in the north-east of Ireland".
1676:
3196:
3049:
3014:
1896:: coralline red algae from the Silurian of Gotland. Palaeontology 56, 345–359. 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01203.x
1463:
1196:
418:
Corallines have been divided into two groups, although this division does not constitute a taxonomic grouping:
1807:
Steneck, R.S. (1986). "The ecology of coralline algal crusts: Convergent patterns and adaptative strategies".
875:
Fresh surfaces are generally colonized by thin crusts, which are replaced by thicker or branched forms during
1034:
3039:
1596:
Blackwell, W.H.; Marak, J.H.; Powell, M.J. (1982). "The identity and reproductive structures of a misplaced
923:
610:
398:
392:
Coralline algae are widespread in all of the world's oceans, where they often cover close to 100% of rocky
3338:
3181:
3034:
2650:
Woelkerling, W. J. (1993). "Type collections of Corallinales (Rhodophyta) in the Foslie Herbarium (TRH)".
2028:
Bittner, L.; Payri, C. E.; Maneveldt, G. W.; Couloux, A.; Cruaud, C.; De Reviers, B.; Le Gall, L. (2011).
1290:
963:
660:. True corallines are found in rocks of Jurassic age onwards. Stem group corallines are reported from the
616:
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2946:
2934:
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885:
876:
470:
136:
1842:
Stenec, R.S. (1983). "Escalating herbivory and resulting adaptive trends in calcareous algal crusts".
776:
496:
384:
The corallines are presently grouped into two families on the basis of their reproductive structures.
3517:
3424:
3286:
3224:
3029:
2737:
2505:
Baas-Becking, L. G.; Galliher, E. W. (1931). "Wall structure and mineralization in coralline algae".
2348:
2266:
2183:
2093:
1959:
1950:
Basson, P. W.; Edgell, H. S. (1971). "Calcareous algae from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Lebanon".
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herbivory, rather than benefiting from its avoidance. Many species periodically slough their surface
3592:
2682:
786:
741:
3204:
2999:
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905:
796:
687:
240:
1439:
The coralline red algae: An analysis of the genera and subfamilies of non-geniculate Corallinaceae
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2010:
1975:
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Geniculate corallines are branching, tree-like organisms which are attached to the substratum by
144:
1719:
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3411:
3155:
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2579:
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2222:
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2002:
1932:
1680:
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620:, slough epithallial cells in continuous sheets which often lie on the surface of the plants.
423:
378:
340:
262:
194:
3566:
2637:
Suneson, S (1943). "The structure, life-history, and taxonomy of the Swedish Corallinaceae".
1339:
Silva, P.; Johansen, H. W. (1986). "A reappraisal of the order Corallinales (Rhodophyceae)".
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1715:
1672:
1636:
1609:
1562:
1518:
1510:
1409:
1401:
1382:"First freshwater coralline alga and the role of local features in a major biome transition"
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tend to be more diverse in periods of high ocean temperatures; the opposite is true for the
632:
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257:
230:
130:
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2097:
1963:
1855:
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1506:
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950:
as the family Corallinaceae until, in 1986, they were raised to the order Corallinales.
3296:
3064:
3009:
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669:
280:
274:
267:
245:
164:
2082:"Nanocrystals as phenotypic expression of genotypes—An example in coralline red algae"
1640:
1082:
Because of their calcified structure, coralline algae have a number of economic uses.
3609:
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2286:
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Some harvesting of maërl beds that span several thousand kilometres off the coast of
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703:
560:
486:
252:
225:
70:
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takes place. These beds contain as-yet undetermined species belonging to the genera
3579:
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2798:
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1006:
996:
977:
932:
374:
2278:
2195:
1192:
for other organisms that resemble coral, or contribute materially to reef creation
1600:(Rhodophycophyta) from the Ordovician of southwestern Ohio and eastern Indiana".
962:
Branched coralline algae washed ashore on the beach of the county park refuge at
3494:
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2793:
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2757:
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2419:
2402:
1863:
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1312:
Brooke, C.; Riding, R. (1998). "Ordovician and Silurian coralline red algae".
1014:
999:
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454:
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55:
17:
2540:. Calcareous algae and global change: from identification to quantification.
2006:
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403:
352:
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the main reef structures that prevent oceanic waves from striking adjacent
1787:
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2722:
2697:. New Zealand: University of the Western Cape. 2006-09-24. Archived from
1927:
1910:
1139:
The earliest use of corallines in medicine involved the preparation of a
1062:
1026:
Indo-Pacific corallines. However, the most common species in the region,
573:
434:
366:
355:) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
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121:
112:
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2014:
1979:
1871:
1828:
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981:
407:
336:
332:
316:
304:
100:
75:
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2317:
1735:"Morphogenesis and generic concepts in coralline algae: A reappraisal"
1514:
1405:
969:
Many corallines produce chemicals which promote the settlement of the
916:
The first coralline alga recognized as a living organism was probably
457:. The epithallus is periodically shed, either in sheets or piecemeal.
3114:
2821:
2707:
2057:
1567:
1155:
1110:
1086:
1022:
1018:
1010:
992:
343:, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the
3332:
2533:
2301:
1971:
1249:
410:(grow on animals), and some are even parasitic on other corallines.
3442:
2892:
2753:
2217:
Riosmena-Rodríguez, Rafael; Wendy, Nelson; Julio, Aguirre (2016).
970:
957:
927:
583:
348:
312:
2534:"Carbonate production by calcareous red algae and global change"
2302:"Carbonate production by calcareous red algae and global change"
853:
3336:
2726:
2897:
1993:
Johnson, J. H. (May 1956). "Ancestry of the Coralline algae".
1276:"A coralline-like red alga from the Lower Ordovician of Wales"
1159:
691:. The corallines were thought to have evolved from within the
311:
deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these
3429:
1005:
Some coralline algae develop into thick crusts which provide
2687:
2677:
2569:
2567:
2476:. Coastal Research Library. Vol. 15. pp. 87–101.
1677:
10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0651:DOCRAO>2.0.CO;2
1462:
Taylor, Thomas N; Taylor, Edith L; Krings, Michael (2009).
1909:
Xiao, S.; Knoll, A. H.; Yuan, X.; Pueschel, C. M. (2004).
588:
Coralline algae about 20 meter deep at the lower limit of
369:
coralline red algae. The red algae belong to the division
339:(both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate
1162:, as well as in the filtration of acidic drinking water.
930:
were not animals, and he proposed the two generic names
596:
encrusters. This places them in the unusual position of
1465:
Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants
1032:, often forms an intimate relationship with the chiton
1892:
Smith, M.R. and Butterfield, N.J. 2013: A new view on
1555:
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems
2080:
Auer, Gerald; Piller, Werner E. (14 February 2020).
1203:
List of coralline algae species in the British Isles
995:, and it is suspected the same phenomenon occurs on
3345:
3274:
3242:
3195:
3164:
3123:
2960:
2883:
2845:
2764:
1629:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
946:. For many years, they were included in the order
373:, within which the coralline algae form the order
2574:Irvine, Linda M.; Chamberlain, Yvonne M. (1994).
1009:for many invertebrates. For example, off eastern
558:the morphologically similar, but non-calcifying,
2219:Rhodolith/Maërl Beds : a global perspective
1143:from ground geniculate corallines of the genera
406:(grow on other algae or marine angiosperms), or
377:. There are over 1600 described species of
2578:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1441:. Natural History. London, UK: British Museum.
1274:Riding, R.; Cope, J.C.W.; Taylor, P.D. (1998).
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1548:"Monitoring deep Mediterranean rhodolith beds"
429:the nongeniculate (nonarticulated) corallines.
2941:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
2738:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
445:Thalli can be divided into three layers: the
8:
2170:Athanasiadis, Athanasios (January 2, 2019).
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
1307:
1305:
1303:
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1267:
2688:Algaebase :: Listing the World's Algae
1904:
1902:
1720:10.1306/212F7554-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
3333:
3192:
2745:
2731:
2723:
2474:Rhodolith/Maërl Beds: A Global Perspective
2241:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1154:Maërl is also used as a food additive for
1038:. The chiton lives in burrows it makes in
120:
111:
31:
2428:
2418:
2113:
2056:
1926:
1758:
1566:
1522:
1413:
1113:, where more than 300,000 tonnes of
1809:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
656:, although modern forms radiated in the
1375:
1373:
1371:
1213:
459:
3020:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
2234:
3172:Environmental issues with coral reefs
2037:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
604:– and anything attached to it.
7:
3518:ef624e5c-1009-4f23-8078-4c638fbb510b
2206:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
2153:"Taxonomy Browser :: Algaebase"
1708:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research
3621:Extant Ordovician first appearances
1821:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001421
134:together with the gardening limpet
2716:Federal Depository Library Program
1380:Žuljević, A.; et al. (2016).
1326:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00506.x
25:
667:; later stem-group forms include
3215:International Coral Reef Society
3055:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
2836:
1739:Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen
1614:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1982.00477.x
922:in the 1st century AD. In 1837,
818:World Register of Marine Species
538:
524:
512:
495:
478:
462:
148:
3146:Stony coral tissue loss disease
2664:"ITIS Report for Corallinaceae"
954:Corallines in community ecology
546:Unidentified encrusting species
532:Unidentified encrusting species
519:Unidentified encrusting species
2576:Corallinales, Hildenbrandiales
2447:Italian Journal of Geosciences
303:. They are characterized by a
1:
3075:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2507:Journal of Physical Chemistry
2300:Basso, Daniela (March 2012).
2279:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2019.103241
2196:10.1080/17451000.2019.1598559
1641:10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02771-2
1546:Basso D, et al. (2015).
1341:European Journal of Phycology
27:Order of algae (Corallinales)
2678:British Phycological Society
2639:Acta Universitatis Lundensis
2613:Ireland Naturalists' Journal
3100:Southeast Asian coral reefs
2532:Basso D, Granier B (2012).
2482:10.1007/978-3-319-29315-8_4
2407:Frontiers in Marine Science
2361:10.1126/science.227.4682.57
2049:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.019
1437:Woelkerling, Wm.J. (1988).
1289:: 1069–1076. Archived from
1170:As a colorful component of
1124:, Adey & McKinnin) and
790:R.A.Townsend & Huisman
745:R.A.Townsend & Huisman
358:A close look at almost any
3637:
3060:New Caledonia barrier reef
2626:Irish Naturalists' Journal
1915:American Journal of Botany
800:R.A.Townsend & Huisman
209:Silva & Johansen, 1986
2952:Spur and groove formation
2834:
2420:10.3389/fmars.2022.803687
2259:Journal of Marine Systems
1864:10.1017/S0094837300007375
1491:"Pneophyllum cetinaensis"
1353:10.1080/00071618600650281
426:(articulated) corallines;
219:
215:Families and subfamilies
214:
145:Scientific classification
143:
128:
119:
110:
34:
3015:East African coral coast
1197:Leptofauchea coralligena
1013:, Morton found juvenile
307:that is hard because of
2176:Marine Biology Research
1995:Journal of Paleontology
1052:Colobocentrotus atratus
1035:Cryptoplax larvaeformis
924:Rodolfo Amando Philippi
652:deposits date from the
399:Pneophyllum cetinaensis
279:See also the ancestral
3182:Coral reef restoration
2106:10.1126/sciadv.aay2126
1131:are dredged annually.
966:
964:Moss Beach, California
617:Sporolithon ptychoides
611:Neogoniolithon fosliei
592:
3539:Paleobiology Database
3177:Coral reef protection
3141:Skeletal eroding band
2947:Catlin Seaview Survey
2935:Census of Coral Reefs
2913:mesophotic coral reef
2708:"The coralline genus
1788:10.1515/bot-2018-0076
1070:, helping to prevent
961:
926:recognized coralline
587:
471:Corallina officinalis
137:Scutellastra cochlear
3287:Aquaculture of coral
3070:Non-tropical regions
1928:10.3732/ajb.91.2.214
1733:Cabioch, J. (1988).
1602:Journal of Phycology
888:ecological systems.
665:Doushantuo formation
640:Evolutionary history
580:Avoidance of fouling
396:. Only one species,
3205:Coral Reef Alliance
3095:Solomon Archipelago
3000:Belize Barrier Reef
2975:African coral reefs
2519:10.1021/j150320a006
2459:10.3301/IJG.2014.16
2353:1985Sci...227...57L
2271:2020JMS...20103241D
2188:2019MBioR..15...13A
2098:2020SciA....6.2126A
1964:1971MiPal..17..411B
1856:1983Pbio....9...44S
1751:1988HM.....42..493C
1507:2016NatSR...619642Z
1398:2016NatSR...619642Z
1242:2010Pbio...36..519A
1078:Economic importance
1029:Hydrolithon onkodes
906:ocean acidification
688:Archaeolithophyllum
648:The earliest known
241:Metagoniolithoideae
3151:White band disease
3136:Black band disease
3105:Tuvalu Archipelago
3085:Raja Ampat Islands
3025:Great Barrier Reef
1760:10.1007/BF02365623
1468:. Academic Press.
967:
593:
3603:
3602:
3526:Open Tree of Life
3339:Taxon identifiers
3330:
3329:
3238:
3237:
3156:White pox disease
3005:Coral Sea Islands
2695:"Coralline algae"
2585:978-0-11-310016-3
2550:10.5252/g2012n1a2
2491:978-3-319-29313-4
2318:10.5252/g2012n1a2
2228:978-3-319-29313-4
2157:www.algaebase.org
1952:Micropaleontology
1515:10.1038/srep19642
1475:978-0-12-373972-8
1448:978-0-19-854249-0
1406:10.1038/srep19642
1135:Medicine and food
1101:Soil conditioning
866:
848:
839:
830:
816:According to the
811:
801:
791:
781:
771:
746:
736:
381:coralline algae.
341:Mediterranean Sea
290:
289:
263:Choreonematoideae
210:
195:Corallinophycidae
41:Ordovician–recent
16:(Redirected from
3628:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3582:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3495:NHMSYS0021059473
3485:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3459:
3458:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3334:
3317:Deep-water coral
3292:Coral dermatitis
3193:
2908:Deep-water coral
2840:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2719:
2702:
2667:
2659:
2646:
2633:
2620:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2086:Science Advances
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1906:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1745:(3–4): 493–509.
1730:
1724:
1723:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1571:. Archived from
1570:
1568:10.1002/aqc.2586
1552:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1377:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1296:on 9 March 2012.
1295:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1225:
864:
847:E. Verheij, 1993
846:
837:
828:
809:
799:
789:
779:
777:Lithothamniaceae
769:
744:
734:
633:Patella cochlear
627:Spongites yendoi
542:
528:
516:
499:
482:
466:
258:Austrolithoideae
231:Lithophylloideae
208:
153:
152:
131:Spongites yendoi
124:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3312:Coralline algae
3282:Artificial reef
3270:
3243:Symbiotic algae
3234:
3191:
3187:Reef resilience
3160:
3131:Coral bleaching
3119:
2985:Andros, Bahamas
2956:
2930:Coral reef fish
2879:
2841:
2832:
2760:
2751:
2705:
2693:
2674:
2662:
2649:
2641:. N.F. Avd. 2.
2636:
2623:
2610:
2607:
2605:Further reading
2602:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2347:(4682): 57–59.
2338:
2337:
2333:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2233:
2229:
2221:. Switzerland.
2216:
2215:
2211:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2131:
2092:(7): eaay2126.
2079:
2078:
2074:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1972:10.2307/1484871
1949:
1948:
1944:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1776:Botanica Marina
1772:
1768:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1648:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1293:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1250:10.1666/09041.1
1227:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1184:
1176:marine aquarium
1168:
1137:
1103:
1080:
1072:coastal erosion
1048:shingle urchins
980:, particularly
956:
914:
894:
873:
829:Lamouroux, 1812
767:Lithophyllaceae
716:
642:
582:
570:
555:
548:
543:
534:
529:
520:
517:
508:
500:
491:
483:
474:
467:
416:
390:
293:Coralline algae
236:Mastophoroideae
207:
185:Florideophyceae
147:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
35:Coralline algae
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3580:wfo-9000000133
3571:
3561:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3367:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Precious coral
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3124:Coral diseases
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:Virgin Islands
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:Coral Triangle
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:Clathromorphum
2703:
2701:on 2006-09-24.
2691:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2672:External links
2670:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2584:
2563:
2524:
2513:(2): 467–479.
2497:
2490:
2464:
2436:
2393:
2382:
2331:
2292:
2248:
2227:
2209:
2162:
2129:
2072:
2043:(3): 697–713.
2020:
2001:(3): 563–567.
1985:
1958:(4): 411–433.
1942:
1921:(2): 214–227.
1898:
1885:
1834:
1792:
1782:(6): 521-535.
1766:
1725:
1698:
1671:(4): 651–667.
1646:
1619:
1588:
1538:
1481:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1367:
1358:
1347:(3): 245–254.
1331:
1299:
1263:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1136:
1133:
1102:
1099:
1079:
1076:
955:
952:
948:Cryptonemiales
913:
910:
902:magnesium (Mg)
893:
890:
872:
869:
868:
867:
850:
849:
844:Sporolithaceae
840:
831:
814:
813:
803:
793:
787:Mastophoraceae
783:
773:
763:
753:incertae sedis
748:
742:Hydrolithaceae
738:
715:
712:
700:Sporolithaceae
693:Solenoporaceae
670:Arenigiphyllum
641:
638:
581:
578:
569:
566:
554:
551:
550:
549:
544:
537:
535:
530:
523:
521:
518:
511:
509:
501:
494:
492:
484:
477:
475:
468:
461:
431:
430:
427:
415:
412:
389:
386:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
281:Solenoporaceae
277:
275:Sporolithaceae
272:
271:
270:
268:Melobesioideae
265:
260:
250:
249:
248:
246:Corallinoideae
243:
238:
233:
217:
216:
212:
211:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
165:Archaeplastida
162:
155:
154:
141:
140:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
18:Coralline alga
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:Zooxanthellae
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Project AWARE
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:Organizations
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Ningaloo Reef
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:List of reefs
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2962:Coral regions
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2712:Foslie emend"
2711:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2635:
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298:
294:
282:
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266:
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261:
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253:Hapalidiaceae
251:
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239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:Corallinaceae
224:
223:
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3616:Corallinales
3377:Corallinales
3347:Corallinales
3346:
3311:
3263:Symbiodinium
3261:
3254:
3165:Conservation
3080:Pulley Ridge
2939:
2847:Octocorallia
2766:Hexacorallia
2718:. GPO 45844.
2709:
2699:the original
2683:Seaweed Site
2655:
2651:
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2638:
2629:
2625:
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2575:
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2446:
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2430:10281/371221
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2385:
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2334:
2312:(1): 13–33.
2309:
2305:
2295:
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2258:
2251:
2218:
2212:
2182:(1): 13–25.
2179:
2175:
2165:
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2085:
2075:
2040:
2036:
2023:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1918:
1914:
1893:
1888:
1850:(1): 44–61.
1847:
1844:Paleobiology
1843:
1837:
1812:
1808:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1711:
1707:
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1668:
1665:Paleobiology
1664:
1632:
1628:
1622:
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1591:
1580:. Retrieved
1573:the original
1558:
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1494:
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1464:
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1385:
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1291:the original
1286:
1282:
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1230:Paleobiology
1229:
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1174:sold in the
1169:
1153:
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1090:
1084:
1081:
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1004:
997:Indo-Pacific
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770:Athanasiadis
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375:Corallinales
357:
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301:Corallinales
300:
292:
291:
205:Corallinales
204:
158:
135:
129:
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3371:Wikispecies
3256:Amphidinium
3045:Lakshadweep
2980:Amazon Reef
2885:Coral reefs
2758:coral reefs
1815:: 273–303.
1015:sea urchins
1000:coral reefs
989:aquaculture
975:herbivorous
973:of certain
759:Amphithalia
737:170 species
676:Petrophyton
590:kelp forest
504:Mesophyllum
451:perithallus
447:hypothallus
363:rocky shore
345:Coralligène
329:parrot fish
325:Sea urchins
321:coral reefs
3610:Categories
3322:Fire coral
3307:Coral sand
3230:Reef Check
3210:Green Fins
2925:Microatoll
2865:Organ pipe
2789:Hermatypic
2645:(9): 1–66.
2632:: 102–106.
2619:: 436–440.
2413:: 803687.
2265:: 103241.
1635:(2): 281.
1608:(4): 477.
1598:Solenopora
1582:2019-12-15
1320:(3): 185.
1236:(4): 519.
1209:References
1068:coastlines
1044:H. onkodes
1040:H. onkodes
892:Mineralogy
886:mesophotic
882:Rhodoliths
877:succession
708:parrotfish
658:Cretaceous
654:Ordovician
602:epithallus
455:epithallus
440:rhodoliths
424:geniculate
371:Rhodophyta
360:intertidal
353:rhodoliths
309:calcareous
222:Families:
191:Subclass:
175:Rhodophyta
171:Division:
3557:100364813
3386:AlgaeBase
3302:Coral rag
3225:Reef Ball
2995:Baa Atoll
2690:AlgaeBase
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2287:210297206
2237:cite book
2204:155866871
2058:10566/904
2007:0022-3360
1693:130399147
1685:0094-8373
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1189:Coralline
1172:live rock
1145:Corallina
1141:vermifuge
1118:calcareum
919:Corallina
756:1 (genus
724:AlgaeBase
682:Graticula
662:Ediacaran
650:coralline
598:requiring
404:epiphytic
394:substrata
297:red algae
3552:Tropicos
3362:Q2524330
3356:Wikidata
3050:Maldives
3040:Kiribati
2990:Apo Reef
2920:Fringing
2875:Sea pens
2870:Sea fans
2828:Tabulate
2814:Staghorn
2784:Elegance
2658:: 1–289.
2652:Gunneria
2558:86112464
2377:20905891
2369:17810025
2326:86112464
2124:32095524
2067:21851858
1937:21653378
1880:85645519
1561:(3): 3.
1533:26791421
1424:26791421
1258:85227395
1182:See also
1063:Atlantic
838:J.E.Gray
780:H.J.Haas
714:Taxonomy
574:frondose
435:crustose
367:crustose
3567:7173338
3090:Red Sea
3035:Jamaica
2809:Elkhorn
2794:Chalice
2349:Bibcode
2341:Science
2267:Bibcode
2184:Bibcode
2115:7015681
2094:Bibcode
2015:1300291
1980:1484871
1960:Bibcode
1872:2400629
1852:Bibcode
1829:2096997
1747:Bibcode
1524:4726424
1503:Bibcode
1415:4726424
1394:Bibcode
1314:Lethaia
1238:Bibcode
1166:Aquaria
1107:Britain
1023:limpets
1019:chitons
986:abalone
982:abalone
912:History
871:Ecology
860:family
842:family
833:family
824:family
810:Kützing
805:family
795:family
785:family
775:family
765:family
750:family
740:family
730:family
553:Habitat
408:epizoic
337:chitons
333:limpets
317:ecology
305:thallus
201:Order:
181:Class:
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3515:NZOR:
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1111:France
1087:Brazil
1021:, and
1011:Canada
993:Canada
971:larvae
685:, and
568:Growth
331:, and
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3588:WoRMS
3544:54334
3508:31395
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3464:IRMNG
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3275:Other
3030:India
2903:Coral
2893:Atoll
2804:Table
2779:Brain
2774:Black
2554:S2CID
2373:S2CID
2322:S2CID
2283:S2CID
2200:S2CID
2033:(PDF)
2011:JSTOR
1976:JSTOR
1876:S2CID
1868:JSTOR
1825:JSTOR
1689:S2CID
1576:(PDF)
1551:(PDF)
1294:(PDF)
1279:(PDF)
1254:S2CID
1149:Jania
928:algae
414:Forms
349:maerl
313:algae
159:Clade
3503:NCBI
3477:ITIS
3438:GBIF
3430:4561
3399:BOLD
3391:4621
2860:Blue
2756:and
2580:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2365:PMID
2243:link
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2063:PMID
2003:ISSN
1933:PMID
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