699:, heard from a wide range of doctors, with each side calling three leading medical experts to give evidence. The judge noted that "there was a very large measure of agreement between on the present state of scientific knowledge on all relevant topics, although they differed in the inferences and conclusions which they drew from the application of this knowledge to the facts of the present case."
848:. Academic and LGBTQI+ advocate Zoë Playdon suggests that the decision in the Forbes case shows "there is apparently no reason why the benefits its precedent provides – a corrected birth certificate and equal civil status – should not be enjoyed by everyone else in the UK who like him has been born with the condition of transsexualism." The Forbes case is the subject of Playdon's 2021 book
684:(which would have allowed divorce after a period of marital separation), other grounds had to be relied upon. Corbett argued that the marriage was null and void on the basis that Ashley had at the time of the ceremony been a person of the male sex; or alternatively that the marriage had never been consummated sexually.
777:
Having regard to the essentially heterosexual character of the relationship which is called marriage, the criteria must, in my judgment, be biological, for even the most extreme degree of transsexualism in a male or the most severe hormonal imbalance which can exist in a person with male chromosomes,
771:
It is common ground between all the medical witnesses that the biological sexual constitution of an individual is fixed at birth (at the latest), and cannot be changed, either by the natural development of organs of the opposite sex, or by medical or surgical means. The respondent's operation,
439:
782:
After hearing the medical evidence, the judge held that Ashley was not a woman for the purposes of marriage but a biological male, and had been so since birth. On that basis, as "marriage is and always has been recognised as the union of man and woman", the marriage was held to be
795:
The court was careful to limit the scope of the judgment to the determination of legal sex for the purpose of marriage. It was not, the judge said, his purpose to determine 'legal sex' for other purposes; indeed Ashley had already been accepted as a woman for the purposes of her
675:
Corbett and Ashley had met in 1960 and married in
September 1963, the husband doing so with full knowledge of the wife's history and of the surgery. But within 14 days the relationship had broken down. Ashley's lawyers wrote to Corbett in 1966 demanding
808:
The ruling in this case was used as the basis to define the legal sex of transsexual and transgender people for many purposes until the introduction of the Sex
Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999, in an amendment to the
813:. These Regulations defined "gender reassignment" as "a process which is undertaken under medical supervision for the purpose of reassigning a person's sex by changing physiological or other characteristics of sex". In the
434:
772:
therefore, cannot affect her true sex. The only cases where the term 'change of sex' is appropriate are those in which a mistake as to sex is made at birth and subsequently revealed by further medical investigation.
748:
The judge noted that the medical criteria did not necessarily decide the legal basis of sex determination, but that they were "of course, relevant". John
Randell, the man who set up the first transsexual/
2132:
1408:
767:' – namely chromosomal, gonadal and genital. Any 'operative intervention' was to be ignored, as were any 'psychological factors' (in this case identified with 'transsexualism'). He explained:
1493:
1462:
391:
346:
1276:
2212:
1533:
934:
1523:
1605:
626:
Although the judgment was restricted to a consideration of legal sex specifically within marriage, its reasoning was later applied more widely within
England and Wales.
964:
600:
The court held that, for the purposes of marriage, sex was to be legally defined by three factors present at birth that the judge referred to as 'biological' – namely
2164:
2137:
1508:
2202:
499:
2222:
1447:
1413:
1697:
1378:
655:
590:
2227:
2197:
1472:
1269:
863:
1467:
1452:
1442:
1931:
763:
The judge held that for the purposes of marriage, sex was to be legally defined by only the first three factors listed above, which he called '
1457:
868:
623:– a fact that could not be changed by surgery – the judge held that the marriage (which had to be between man and woman) should be annulled.
356:
702:
All of the medical experts agreed that there were at least four medical criteria to be used in assessing the sex of an individual, namely:
1881:
1595:
1518:
1488:
1368:
547:
778:
male gonads and male genitalia cannot reproduce a person who is naturally capable of performing the essential role of a woman in marriage.
1840:
1403:
1388:
1262:
2109:
999:
1835:
1434:
1383:
1306:
1298:
1183:
1101:
1687:
2192:
1707:
1692:
1249:
924:
742:
2126:
1600:
1557:
1311:
1339:
956:
850:
1244:
1129:
2217:
2207:
1783:
841:
429:
1355:
514:
1702:
1564:
1503:
1113:
Finley, Henry (1989). "Transsexuals, Sex Change
Operations and the Chromosome Test: Corbett v. Corbett Not Followed".
825:
810:
681:
820:
As a result of the decision in this case, alternative ways to achieve amendment of birth records for transsexual and
504:
1498:
336:
2069:
1986:
1855:
1398:
1250:
Text of the decision in the case of W v W (October 2000), where the judge decided against annulment of a marriage
929:
469:
424:
419:
1798:
1737:
1620:
1550:
1393:
540:
494:
414:
1130:"Not Quite One Gender or the Other": Marriage Law and the Containment of Gender Trouble in the United Kingdom"
680:, and in 1967 he responded by filing suit to have the marriage annulled. As the case was brought prior to the
817:
the requirement for medical supervision as a condition for legal recognition of a change of sex was removed.
2051:
1845:
1363:
1334:
1316:
1056:
311:
2170:
2079:
2059:
1860:
1373:
757:
753:
725:
647:
609:
586:
366:
351:
255:
2148:
1991:
1850:
1344:
991:
696:
570:
331:
306:
283:
33:
1966:
1727:
2142:
1941:
1891:
1793:
1767:
1610:
1162:: Once a Man, Always a Man?", in Herring, Jonathan, Rebecca Probert & Stephen Gilmore (editors),
519:
361:
181:
176:
151:
1916:
1756:
1752:
650:
in 1935 and had been raised as a boy, but by 1956 was working as what at that time was known as a '
594:
533:
245:
141:
1028:
2074:
1956:
1803:
1742:
1571:
1326:
797:
749:
489:
278:
186:
126:
2036:
1936:
1747:
1649:
1513:
1179:
1097:
995:
814:
731:
613:
479:
195:
585:. Corbett (the husband) had known at the time of the wedding that Ashley (the wife) had been
1996:
1971:
1926:
1896:
1762:
1682:
1590:
409:
260:
250:
215:
205:
171:
593:. However, after the relationship had broken down, Corbett sought to end the marriage, his
2016:
1961:
1951:
1921:
1717:
1677:
1528:
1211:
907:
706:
620:
601:
509:
1042:
2159:
2041:
1906:
764:
639:
635:
574:
386:
321:
270:
597:
for doing so being that the marriage had been invalid, as Ashley was of the male sex.
2186:
2031:
2026:
2011:
2006:
1911:
668:
474:
381:
341:
316:
301:
210:
191:
1254:
2021:
1981:
1722:
1712:
1018:, Chapter 17, "I have a certain amount of regrettable notoriety." Seren Books, 2017
692:
663:
643:
582:
164:
131:
81:
1175:
The
Tyranny of Ordinary Meaning: Corbett v. Corbett and the Invention of Legal Sex
1173:
844:
in 1968. However, that case was not available at the time for consideration as a
2001:
1946:
1901:
1732:
464:
371:
146:
136:
2104:
1886:
1615:
784:
659:
651:
566:
376:
105:
2064:
1976:
1644:
845:
788:
578:
200:
1195:
Probert, Rebecca (2005). "How would
Corbett v Corbett be decided today?".
2154:
2084:
1808:
1788:
821:
326:
240:
957:"Ariel Nicholson Is the First Out Trans Woman On the Cover of US Vogue"
738:
719:
711:
677:
265:
235:
228:
760:', while other witnesses preferred the description 'castrated male'.
616:(which were in this case identified with Ashley's 'transsexualism').
1865:
715:
612:. Any surgery or medical intervention was to be ignored, as were any
484:
459:
112:
1134:
American
University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law
1091:
605:
1064:
824:
people ceased in
England and Wales until the introduction of the
695:, sitting in the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the
1258:
1029:"The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999"
986:
Gilmore, Stephen; Herring, Jonathan; Probert, Rebecca (2011).
2133:
History of violence against LGBT people in the United
Kingdom
569:
divorce case heard between November and December 1969 by the
44:
Arthur Cameron Corbett v. April Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)
1245:
Full text of the judgment, archived by the Wayback Machine
1494:
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
619:
Holding that Ashley had been born and continued to be a
392:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
1509:
Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations (2007)
1212:"Transsexuality, Marriage, and the Myth of True Sex"
756:, claimed that Ashley was 'properly classified as a
2118:
2097:
2050:
1874:
1828:
1821:
1776:
1670:
1663:
1636:
1581:
1542:
1534:
Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019
1481:
1433:
1426:
1354:
1325:
1297:
1290:
654:' in the South of France. In 1960 Ashley underwent
92:
87:
77:
72:
64:
49:
39:
28:
23:
1524:Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
646:, a model and actress (the wife). Ashley had been
68:[1971] P. 83, [1970] 2 All E.R. 33
1606:Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982
1057:"The Case of Ewan Forbes | Press for Change"
662:, and became a successful model, photographed by
908:"Judgment: Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)"
775:
769:
737:Some of the expert witnesses also included: 5.
32:Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division of the
2165:Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom
2138:List of LGBT politicians in the United Kingdom
840:case runs counter to an earlier case, that of
1270:
1090:Fallowell, Duncan & April Ashley (1982).
541:
8:
1409:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
642:), a British aristocrat (the husband), and
2213:Transgender case law in the United Kingdom
1825:
1667:
1430:
1294:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1115:University of Western Australia Law Review
548:
534:
101:
20:
1178:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
1016:Forbidden Lives: LGBT stories from Wales
864:Transgender rights in the United Kingdom
880:
111:
104:
634:The parties to the case were The Hon.
16:1970 English transsexual marriage case
1156:Corbett v. Corbett (Otherwise Ashley)
967:from the original on 28 December 2021
869:Intersex rights in the United Kingdom
714:factors (i.e. presence or absence of
7:
1882:BFI Flare: London LGBT Film Festival
1596:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980
1519:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
1489:Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000
937:from the original on 14 January 2011
562:Corbett v Corbett (otherwise Ashley)
121:Marriage and other unions and status
2203:United Kingdom LGBT rights case law
2223:Marriage law in the United Kingdom
2110:Stonewall Workplace Equality Index
2080:Stanley Street Quarter (Liverpool)
1932:GFest – gayWise LGBT Arts Festival
1043:"The Equality Act 2010, Section 7"
435:Hague Convention (child abduction)
14:
1841:LGBT culture of Brighton and Hove
1836:Gay cruising in England and Wales
1285:LGBT topics in the United Kingdom
1708:Labour Campaign for Trans Rights
1693:Campaign for Homosexual Equality
1558:Goodwin & I v United Kingdom
925:"Sex and the single grande dame"
743:secondary sexual characteristics
2228:Corbett family (United Kingdom)
2198:1970 in United Kingdom case law
2127:Boy Meets Girl (2015 TV series)
1601:Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885
728:(including internal sex organs)
571:High Court of England and Wales
1688:Black Gay Men's Advisory Group
1210:Stirnitzke, Audrey C. (2011).
851:The Hidden Case of Ewan Forbes
758:male homosexual transsexualist
440:Hague Convention (maintenance)
1:
1784:Homosexual Law Reform Society
1448:Age of consent manifestations
430:International child abduction
1356:British Overseas Territories
1172:Hutton, Christopher (2019).
1164:Landmark Cases in Family Law
988:Landmark Cases in Family Law
515:Paternal rights and abortion
2075:Old Compton Street (London)
1611:Labouchere Amendment (1885)
1565:Sutherland v United Kingdom
1504:Gender Recognition Act 2004
832:Relationship to other cases
826:Gender Recognition Act 2004
811:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
682:Matrimonial Causes Act 1973
425:Hague Convention (adoption)
2244:
1499:Civil Partnership Act 2004
1166:, 2011, ISBN 9781847317872
284:Parenting coordinator (US)
2070:Canal Street (Manchester)
1856:LGBT culture in Liverpool
1096:. London: Jonathan Cape.
930:The Sydney Morning Herald
656:sex re-assignment surgery
452:Family and criminal code
410:Private international law
404:Private international law
53:2 February 1970
1799:Gay Rights Working Party
1621:Sexual Offences Act 1967
1551:Dudgeon v United Kingdom
1414:Turks and Caicos Islands
648:registered male at birth
591:sex-reassignment surgery
587:registered male at birth
495:Parental child abduction
342:Contact & visitation
229:Dissolution of marriages
2193:English family case law
1846:LGBT culture in Cardiff
1738:LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
1703:Hall–Carpenter Archives
1637:Standing key precedents
1543:Human rights precedents
1128:Fishbayn, Lisa (2007).
2171:The Well of Loneliness
2060:Birmingham Gay Village
1861:LGBT culture in London
1529:Alan Turing law (2017)
1379:British Virgin Islands
1093:April Ashley's Odyssey
780:
774:
754:Charing Cross Hospital
357:UN Rights of the Child
352:Grandparent visitation
279:Custody evaluator (US)
256:Matrimonial Causes Act
2149:My Transsexual Summer
1992:Nottinghamshire Pride
1851:LGBT culture in Leeds
1648:(from related police
1584:superseded precedents
1369:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
992:Bloomsbury Publishing
732:Psychological factors
697:High Court of Justice
614:psychological factors
337:Filial responsibility
332:Tender years doctrine
307:DNA paternity testing
165:Validity of marriages
34:High Court of Justice
2218:Transgender marriage
2208:1970 in LGBT history
2143:Museum of Transology
1942:Homotopia (festival)
1794:Gay Liberation Front
1768:Trans Safety Network
836:The decision of the
678:maintenance payments
520:Right to family life
182:Prenuptial agreement
177:Marriage certificate
152:Domestic partnership
1967:London Trans+ Pride
1917:British LGBT Awards
1757:Diversity Champions
1728:LGBT+ Conservatives
1154:Gilmore, Stephen, "
1014:Shopland, Norena.
707:Chromosomal factors
693:Lord Justice Ormrod
652:female impersonator
589:and had undertaken
581:of his marriage to
246:Grounds for divorce
142:Common-law marriage
1957:LGBT History Month
1804:Order of Chaeronea
1572:X v United Kingdom
1473:Transgender rights
1327:Crown Dependencies
1291:Rights by location
1219:Arizona Law Review
1160:Corbett v. Corbett
1067:on 2 December 2008
798:National Insurance
750:transgender clinic
490:Legality of incest
196:Voidable marriages
187:Matrimonial regime
127:Types of marriages
24:Corbett v. Corbett
2180:
2179:
2093:
2092:
2085:Vauxhall (London)
2065:The Calls (Leeds)
2037:Trans Media Watch
1937:Glasgay! Festival
1817:
1816:
1748:Outright Scotland
1659:
1658:
1650:Operation Spanner
1627:Corbett v Corbett
1616:Section 28 (1988)
1514:Equality Act 2010
1468:Same-sex marriage
1453:Civil partnership
1422:
1421:
963:. 5 August 2021.
838:Corbett v Corbett
815:Equality Act 2010
558:
557:
480:Domestic violence
454:(or criminal law)
362:Children's rights
296:Children's issues
100:
99:
2235:
1997:Press for Change
1972:Manchester Pride
1927:The Gender Trust
1897:Birmingham Pride
1826:
1763:Switchboard (UK)
1683:Beaumont Society
1668:
1591:Buggery Act 1533
1431:
1404:Pitcairn Islands
1389:Falkland Islands
1312:Northern Ireland
1295:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1216:
1204:
1189:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1122:
1107:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
1053:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1005:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
953:
947:
946:
944:
942:
921:
915:
914:
913:. February 1970.
912:
904:
804:After the ruling
550:
543:
536:
261:Legal separation
251:No-fault divorce
216:Amatonormativity
206:Marriageable age
172:Marriage licence
102:
73:Court membership
60:
58:
21:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2114:
2089:
2046:
2017:Pride in London
1962:Liverpool Pride
1952:Leicester Pride
1922:Doncaster Pride
1870:
1813:
1772:
1718:LGBT Foundation
1678:All About Trans
1655:
1632:
1583:
1577:
1538:
1477:
1463:Military policy
1458:Intersex rights
1418:
1350:
1347:
1321:
1286:
1283:
1241:
1228:
1226:
1214:
1209:
1194:
1186:
1171:
1143:
1141:
1127:
1112:
1104:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1009:
1002:
985:
984:
980:
970:
968:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
933:. 4 June 2005.
923:
922:
918:
910:
906:
905:
882:
877:
860:
842:Sir Ewan Forbes
834:
806:
800:contributions.
726:Genital factors
690:
632:
621:biological male
554:
525:
524:
510:Paternity fraud
505:Parents' rights
500:Parental duties
455:
453:
445:
444:
405:
397:
396:
297:
289:
288:
231:
221:
220:
167:
157:
156:
122:
56:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2160:Rainbow plaque
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2042:Worthing Pride
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Northern Pride
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Brighton Pride
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Cayman Islands
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1299:United Kingdom
1292:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1239:External links
1237:
1236:
1235:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1150:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1061:www.pfc.org.uk
1048:
1034:
1020:
1007:
1001:978-1849461016
1000:
978:
948:
916:
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
866:
859:
856:
833:
830:
805:
802:
735:
734:
729:
723:
709:
689:
686:
640:Baron Rowallan
638:, (future 3rd
636:Arthur Corbett
631:
628:
575:Arthur Corbett
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
387:Paper abortion
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Legal guardian
319:
314:
309:
304:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
276:
273:
271:Parenting plan
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
189:
184:
179:
174:
168:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
51:
47:
46:
41:
40:Full case name
37:
36:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Swansea Pride
2030:
2028:
2027:Reading Pride
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Pride in Hull
2010:
2008:
2007:Pride Glasgow
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Bristol Pride
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:Organisations
1662:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:Past laws and
1580:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1185:9783030202705
1181:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:9780224018494
1099:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
989:
982:
979:
966:
962:
958:
952:
949:
936:
932:
931:
926:
920:
917:
909:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
874:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
853:
852:
847:
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
803:
801:
799:
793:
791:
790:
786:
779:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:British Vogue
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
627:
624:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Child selling
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Child support
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Child custody
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
293:
292:
285:
282:
280:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
211:Sham marriage
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
166:
161:
160:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
118:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
95:
91:
88:Case opinions
86:
83:
80:
78:Judge sitting
76:
71:
67:
63:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2169:
2147:
2125:
2052:Gay villages
2022:Pride Scotia
1982:Mr Gay Wales
1723:LGBT Network
1713:LGB Alliance
1643:
1626:
1625:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1227:. Retrieved
1222:
1218:
1200:
1196:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1142:. Retrieved
1140:(3): 413–441
1137:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1092:
1084:Bibliography
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1060:
1051:
1037:
1023:
1015:
1010:
987:
981:
969:. Retrieved
960:
951:
939:. Retrieved
928:
919:
849:
837:
835:
819:
807:
794:
787:
781:
776:
770:
762:
747:
736:
701:
691:
674:
667:
664:David Bailey
644:April Ashley
633:
625:
618:
599:
595:legal ground
583:April Ashley
561:
560:
559:
367:Emancipation
132:Cohabitation
82:Roger Ormrod
43:
18:
2002:Pride Cymru
1947:Leeds Pride
1902:Bourne Free
1892:Big Gay Out
1733:LGBT Labour
1482:Legislation
1340:Isle of Man
1229:29 December
1144:29 December
971:28 December
961:www.out.com
741:factors or
602:chromosomal
465:Child abuse
372:Foster care
147:Civil union
137:Concubinage
93:Decision by
2187:Categories
2105:Pink pound
1887:BiCon (UK)
1399:Montserrat
1307:UK (whole)
1203:: 382–385.
1197:Family Law
1158:, P. 83,
1121:: 152–157.
1071:12 January
875:References
765:biological
688:Legal case
660:Casablanca
630:Background
567:family law
565:is a 1970
312:Legitimacy
275:Residence
106:Family law
57:1970-02-02
1977:Mr Gay UK
1753:Stonewall
1645:R v Brown
1394:Gibraltar
1225:: 285–319
941:30 August
846:precedent
789:ab initio
579:annulment
573:in which
302:Paternity
201:Annulment
2155:PinkNews
1809:OutRage!
1789:Gay Left
1743:Mermaids
1443:Adoption
1364:Anguilla
1335:Guernsey
1317:Scotland
965:Archived
935:Archived
858:See also
822:intersex
739:Hormonal
470:CPS (US)
420:Marriage
347:CAFCASS
327:Adoption
241:Adultery
65:Citation
2098:Economy
1822:Culture
1671:Current
1374:Bermuda
720:ovaries
712:Gonadal
610:genital
606:gonadal
577:sought
415:Divorce
266:Alimony
236:Divorce
55: (
50:Decided
1875:Events
1866:Polari
1829:Topics
1435:Rights
1345:Jersey
1182:
1100:
998:
716:testes
485:Incest
460:Bigamy
113:Family
96:Ormrod
2119:Other
1698:FFLAG
1215:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
29:Court
1777:Past
1231:2021
1180:ISBN
1146:2021
1098:ISBN
1073:2022
996:ISBN
973:2021
943:2010
785:void
666:for
608:and
377:Ward
194:and
192:Void
1427:Law
752:at
718:or
658:in
2189::
1223:53
1221:.
1217:.
1201:52
1199:.
1138:15
1136:.
1132:.
1119:19
1117:.
1059:.
994:.
990:.
959:.
927:.
883:^
854:.
828:.
792:.
745:.
604:,
1759:)
1755:(
1652:)
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1233:.
1188:.
1148:.
1106:.
1075:.
1045:.
1031:.
1004:.
975:.
945:.
722:)
671:.
549:e
542:t
535:v
59:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.