1222:. Chinese groups exhibit similar features. Horizontal business groups are also referred to as "associative business groups". A vertical business group is a group of companies controlled, but not entirely owned, by a single investor. Vertical groups are often organized as pyramids of companies controlled by the main investor through a holding company. A unique feature of pyramidal holdings is that it allows the main investor to exert control with a limited amount of capital. Korean
978:
1218:
formal or informal ties, including reciprocal shareholding. Thus, a horizontal business group is a rather loose confederation of firms. Coordination between them is achieved mainly by mutual adjustment and standardization of norms. Mitsubishi is a well-known example of a horizontal business group as are many other
1230:
Encarnation refers to Indian business houses, emphasizing multiple forms of ties among group members. Powell and Smith-Doerr state that a business group is a network of firms that regularly collaborate over a long time period. Granovetter argues that business groups refers to an intermediate level of
1217:
Douma and
Schreuder (2013) distinguish "horizontal" and "vertical business groups" as follows: 'Business groups can be horizontal or vertical as far as their structure is concerned. In a horizontal business group there is no central holding company – the group companies are connected through various
1205:
Leff defines "business group" as a group of companies that does business in different markets under common administrative or financial control whose members are linked by relations of interpersonal trust on the basis of similar personal ethnic or commercial background. One method of defining a group
1092:
which provides situations in which one company is liable for the debts of another company. In New
Zealand, the Companies Act provides that the assets of related companies may be pooled to pay the creditors if one of the companies is liquidated. However, the circumstances in which this power will be
1084:
A corporate group is composed of companies. The general rule is that a company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders, that is the shareholder's liability for the subsidiary's debts is limited to the value of the shares, and the shareholders cannot be required to perform the company's
1231:
binding, excluding on the one hand a set of firms bound merely by short-term alliances and on the other a set of firms legally consolidated into a single unit. Williamson claims that business groups lie between markets and hierarchies; this is further worked out by
1062:, although the group concept focuses on the instances in which the merged and acquired corporate entities remain in existence rather than the instances in which they are dissolved by the parent. The group may be owned by a
1049:
and (less frequently) company law to attribute the rights and duties of one member of the group to another or the whole. If the corporations are engaged in entirely different businesses, the group is called a
1041:
that function as a single economic entity through a common source of control. These types of groups are often managed by an account manager. The concept of a group is frequently used in
1235:& Schreuder. Khanna and Rivkin suggest that business groups are typically not legal constructs though some regulatory bodies have attempted to codify a definition. In the
1644:
1008:
1586:
1226:, Indian business houses and most European business groups are vertical in character. Vertical business groups are also referred to as "hierarchical business groups".
1527:[https://web.archive.org/web/20150515235236/http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/educator/product/Economic-Approaches-to-Organisations/9780273735298.page Archived
1206:
is as a cluster of legally distinct firms with a managerial relationship. The relationship between the firms in a group may be formal or informal. A
1639:
1428:
1595:
1001:
77:
1526:
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1553:
1321:
The Law of
Corporate Groups: Tort, Contract and Other Common Law Problems in the Substantive Law of Parent and Subsidiary Corporations
705:
562:
994:
611:
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20:
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1300:
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649:
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293:
125:
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1055:
885:
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306:
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210:
1818:
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621:
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235:
29:
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145:
135:
100:
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687:
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341:
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50:
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644:
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396:
158:
55:
1782:
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962:
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780:
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662:
626:
601:
557:
429:
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401:
269:
225:
140:
120:
1681:
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682:
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479:
170:
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1396:
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1240:
1167:
905:
812:
768:
694:
567:
474:
444:
381:
175:
1088:
However, some jurisdictions create exceptions to this rule. For example, Germany has created
1716:
1248:
1133:
957:
775:
717:
542:
537:
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336:
331:
90:
1557:
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910:
762:
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220:
185:
105:
1724:
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469:
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230:
205:
180:
1812:
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1151:
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351:
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73:
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1232:
1038:
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489:
130:
115:
110:
1447:
by Tarun Khanna & Yishay Yafeh, August 2005. Abstract accessed May 6, 2006.
1735:
1290:
1046:
43:
1797:
1525:(2013) "Economic Approaches to Organizations", 5th edition, London: Pearson
424:
326:
319:
977:
1705:
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1285:
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260:
215:
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1609:
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1042:
95:
1787:
1244:
1478:
1444:
898:
60:
1568:
1407:
Lewis
Holdings Ltd vs Steel & Tube Holdings Ltd NZHC 3311
504:
1435:
by James R. Maclean, October 14, 2005. Accessed May 6, 2006.
1445:
Business Groups in
Emerging Markets: Paragons or Parasites?
1463:(J. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, Eds.), pp. 453–475,
1775:
1754:
1715:
1660:
1602:
1054:. The forming of corporate groups usually involves
1645:List of industry trade groups in the United States
16:Collection of parent and subsidiary corporations
1459:Granovetter, M. (1994). "Business groups", in
1580:
1455:
1453:
1355:"Group Company or Group Companies definition"
1002:
8:
1150:EU Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349, on
1123:EU Seventh Company Law Directive 83/349, on
1037:, is a collection of parent and subsidiary
1587:
1573:
1565:
1328:Liability of Corporate Groups and Networks
1239:, a business group can also be known as a
1009:
995:
25:
1312:Schmitthoff CM, and Wooldridge F, (eds),
1132:EU Draft Ninth Company Law Directive, on
1640:List of food industry trade associations
1426:Business Groups: Between Market and Firm
1346:
28:
1479:"Economic approaches to hybrid forms"
1066:which may have no actual operations.
7:
1377:Minority Business Development Agency
1335:The Law of Financial Services Groups
1727:(Greater China and Southeast Asia)
1461:The Handbook of Economic Sociology
19:For the sociological concept, see
14:
1330:(Cambridge University Press 2018)
1210:is one type of business group. A
983:Business and economics portal
1477:Schreuder, Hein (January 2013).
1323:(Little, Brown and Company 1987)
976:
1630:Inter-professional association
1337:(Oxford University Press 2019)
1:
1175:Berkey v Third Avenue Railway
1099:Berkey v Third Avenue Railway
638:management information system
289:Chief human resources officer
1373:"5 Types of Company Mergers"
632:Enterprise resource planning
460:Financial statement analysis
1182:Adams v Cape Industries plc
1093:exercised are very narrow.
1080:Piercing the corporate veil
1033:, also formally known as a
21:Corporate group (sociology)
1850:
1465:Princeton University Press
1316:(Sweet & Maxwell 1991)
1076:Separate legal personality
1073:
18:
1301:Multinational corporation
1090:affiliated enterprise law
294:Chief information officer
126:Limited liability company
1060:mergers and acquisitions
307:Chief technology officer
241:Mergers and acquisitions
211:Constitutional documents
36:Management of a business
1620:Employers' organization
1243:. Typical examples are
1118:DHN v Tower Hamlets LBC
367:Environmental economics
347:International economics
298:Chief marketing officer
284:Chief financial officer
279:Chief operating officer
275:Chief executive officer
236:International trade law
30:Business administration
1652:Cooperative federation
1596:Business organizations
1541:Khanna and Rivkin 1999
936:International business
921:Business judgment rule
266:Chief business officer
166:Annual general meeting
146:State-owned enterprise
136:Privately held company
1829:Corporate development
1767:Consumer organization
1509:Williamson 1975, 1985
612:Customer relationship
548:Business intelligence
510:Financial institution
485:International finance
435:Cash conversion cycle
342:Development economics
303:Chief product officer
51:Management accounting
1824:Strategic management
1500:Smith-Doerr 1994:388
1237:United Arab Emirates
1195:Mitbestimmungsgesetz
553:Business development
397:Economic development
159:Corporate governance
56:Financial accounting
1783:Business networking
1755:Oppositional groups
1625:Chamber of commerce
1491:Encarnation 1989:45
1314:Groups of Companies
1106:Economic dependence
963:Business statistics
946:International trade
931:Business operations
627:Electronic business
532:Types of management
420:Financial statement
402:Economic statistics
270:Chief brand officer
226:Corporate liability
141:Sole proprietorship
121:Joint-stock company
1556:2008-11-12 at the
1551:Abudhabichamber.ae
1529:2015-05-15 at the
1431:2006-03-19 at the
1112:Concern (business)
1070:Legal independence
1035:group of companies
926:Consumer behaviour
728:Product life-cycle
515:Capital management
480:Managerial finance
171:Board of directors
1834:Management theory
1806:
1805:
1793:Company registers
1731:Business alliance
1635:Trade association
1397:Salomon v Salomon
1261:Business alliance
1241:trade association
1168:Salomon v Salomon
1019:
1018:
906:Business analysis
475:Corporate finance
445:Capital budgeting
382:Knowledge economy
176:Supervisory board
1841:
1717:Business network
1662:Corporate groups
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1539:
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1501:
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1408:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1249:Icelandair Group
1134:corporate groups
1011:
1004:
997:
981:
980:
958:Business process
500:Financial market
337:Labour economics
332:Public economics
91:Corporation sole
26:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1771:
1750:
1711:
1656:
1598:
1593:
1563:
1558:Wayback Machine
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1536:
1531:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
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1471:
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1433:Wayback Machine
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1371:
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1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1309:
1307:Further reading
1281:Holding company
1257:
1229:
1203:
1191:
1189:Codetermination
1163:
1147:
1142:
1108:
1082:
1074:Main articles:
1072:
1064:holding company
1023:corporate group
1015:
975:
968:
967:
911:Business ethics
901:
891:
890:
831:
823:
822:
533:
525:
524:
520:Venture capital
450:Commercial bank
440:Insider dealing
415:
407:
406:
357:Planned economy
322:
312:
311:
256:
254:Corporate title
246:
245:
221:Corporate crime
201:
191:
190:
186:Audit committee
161:
151:
150:
106:Holding company
86:Corporate group
81:
74:Business entity
66:
65:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Business terms
1811:
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1800:
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1779:
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1764:
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1752:
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1725:Bamboo network
1721:
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1599:
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1577:
1569:
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1561:
1543:
1534:
1523:Hein Schreuder
1511:
1502:
1493:
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1437:
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1409:
1400:
1389:
1364:
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1256:
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1202:
1199:
1198:
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1171:
1162:
1159:
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1146:
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1138:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1071:
1068:
1031:business group
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
955:
954:
953:
943:
941:Business model
938:
933:
928:
923:
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913:
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902:
897:
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893:
892:
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868:
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697:
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690:
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660:
659:
658:
650:Human resource
647:
642:
641:
640:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
592:Communications
589:
588:
587:
577:
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534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
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502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
470:Public finance
467:
465:Financial risk
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
392:Macroeconomics
389:
387:Microeconomics
384:
379:
377:Market economy
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
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291:
286:
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257:
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248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
231:Insolvency law
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:Commercial law
202:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
181:Advisory board
178:
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168:
162:
157:
156:
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152:
149:
148:
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138:
133:
128:
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82:
72:
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38:
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33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1846:
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1825:
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1817:
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1814:
1799:
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1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Joint venture
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:(Anglosphere)
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:(South Korea)
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
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1559:
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1552:
1547:
1544:
1538:
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1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
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1480:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:Leff 1978:663
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1319:Blumberg PI,
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
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1252:
1250:
1246:
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1234:
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1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
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1165:
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1160:
1156:
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1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:obligations.
1081:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:consolidation
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:company group
1024:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:
990:
989:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
971:
964:
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916:Business plan
914:
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904:
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862:
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849:
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846:Communication
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
806:administrator
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
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792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
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767:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
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741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
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724:
721:
719:
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704:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:
688:administrator
686:
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671:
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666:
664:
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836:Architecture
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622:Earned value
495:Stock market
372:Open economy
362:Econometrics
101:Conglomerate
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1762:Trade union
1746:Patent pool
1615:Corporation
1519:Sytse Douma
1359:Law Insider
1326:Witting C,
951:Trade route
866:Engineering
861:Development
713:Performance
656:development
617:Distributed
490:Liquidation
131:Partnership
116:Corporation
111:Cooperative
1813:Categories
1736:Consortium
1383:2024-06-26
1291:Subsidiary
1201:Definition
1145:Accounting
1047:accounting
818:Technology
700:Operations
580:Commercial
573:innovation
563:Capability
455:Derivative
44:Accounting
1798:Syndicate
1684:(Germany)
1161:Civil law
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871:Hierarchy
791:Strategic
678:Materials
668:Knowledge
645:Financial
585:Marketing
430:Factoring
425:Insurance
327:Commodity
320:Economics
1776:See also
1706:Zaibatsu
1694:Keiretsu
1678:(Russia)
1554:Archived
1429:Archived
1296:Zaibatsu
1286:Keiretsu
1255:See also
1224:chaebols
1220:keiretsu
1208:keiretsu
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876:Patterns
856:Conflict
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706:services
663:Incident
602:Conflict
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216:Contract
1708:(Japan)
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1682:Concern
1676:Combine
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1610:Company
1271:Concern
1266:Chaebol
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899:Trade
881:Space
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718:Power
673:Legal
543:Brand
538:Asset
61:Audit
1078:and
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763:Risk
78:list
1247:or
1140:Law
1029:or
505:Tax
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