Human rights in Mauritania - Knowledge (XXG)

1157:

remarried. By local tradition, a woman's first marriage requires parental consent. In accordance with the personal status code, men can marry up to four women but are required to obtain the consent of their existing spouse or spouses before marrying again. Government awareness programs encouraged women to obtain a contractual agreement at the time of marriage stipulating that the marriage ends if the husband marries a second wife. This practice was common in Moor society. Nevertheless, women who did not establish a solid contract remained unprotected. In addition, the validity of and right to establish prenuptial agreements were not always respected. Polygamy continued to be rare among Moors but was gaining in popularity. It was common among other ethnic groups. Arranged marriages were increasingly rare, particularly among the Moor population. Cultural resistance to marriages among members of different castes persisted, and NGOs reported that powerful individuals used the judicial system to intimidate and persecute members of their families who married below their social rank.

522:. The government, however, failed to allocate sufficient funds for improving prison conditions in the existing facilities during the year, and overcrowding, violence among inmates, and poor medical care in prisons continued. Many prisoners were unable to leave their extremely crowded cells or breathe fresh air for months or years at a time. Sanitation conditions were poor due to the lack of hygienic products such as soap and detergent and prison management's inability to dispose of waste properly. Malnutrition was a more serious problem, affecting vulnerable members of the prison population, particularly foreign inmates, prisoners without familial support, and individuals suffering from untreated diseases. The government did not respond robustly to allegations of inhumane conditions, although some progress was made in improving the quality of health care. 1016:, thousands of refugees from that country have returned to Mauritania. The National Agency for the Welcome and Reintegration of Refugees (ANAIR) is responsible for overseeing the reintegration of repatriated refugees, providing administration and identification support, and contributing to the social and economic development of resettlement areas. Reintegration of returnees into communities has been challenging due to inefficient sanitation, health, and education infrastructure, and land disputes. Initially, the majority of Afro-Mauritanian returnees were unable to obtain identity cards and birth certificates, but according to ANAIR, all returnees are included, or scheduled to be included, in the new national registration database that was launched on 6 May 2011. 1142:

government statistics on prosecutions, convictions, and sentences for domestic violence were available. In 2010, the Association of Female Heads of Families (AFCF) provided legal assistance to 1,753 domestic violence victims. Police and the judiciary occasionally intervened in domestic abuse cases, but women rarely sought legal redress, relying instead on family, NGOs, and community leaders to resolve domestic disputes. Many domestic violence cases are handled by a traditional judge under Shari'a outside the secular system. NGOs reported that in certain cases they had turned directly to police for help to protect victims of domestic violence, but police declined to investigate.

1138:

labor and flagellation. Married rapists could be subject to the death penalty. In practice, rape cases rarely went to trial. In several cases, wealthy rape suspects reportedly avoided prosecution or, if prosecuted, avoided prison. Families of the victim commonly reached an agreement with the rapist for monetary compensation. National statistics on arrests, prosecutions, and convictions for rape were unavailable. Human rights activists and lawyers reported that rape victims were stigmatized, persecuted, and even imprisoned. Since rape was tied to the concept of adultery, judges could hold the victim responsible for the rape. There were no convictions for rape during 2011.

1483:, as applied in Mauritania, consensual same-sex sexual activity between men is punishable by death if witnessed by four individuals, and such activity between women is punishable by three months to two years in prison and a 5,000 to 60,000 ouguiya (US$ 17 to $ 207) fine. There were no criminal prosecutions during the year. There was no evidence of societal violence, societal discrimination, or systematic government discrimination based on sexual orientation. There were no organizations advocating for sexual orientation or gender-identity rights, but there were no legal impediments to the operation of such groups. 1548:, where slavery-like domestic service existed. The practices commonly occurred where there was a need for workers to herd livestock, tend fields, and do other manual labor. Some former slaves and descendants of slaves were pushed into working for their old masters in exchange for some combination of money, lodging, food, and medical care. Individuals in these subservient circumstances were vulnerable to mistreatment. Women with children faced particular difficulties and could be compelled to remain in a condition of servitude, performing domestic duties, tending fields, or herding animals without remuneration. 1552:

only a few cases. Nongovernmental organization observers suggested that deeply embedded psychological and tribal bonds also made it difficult for many individuals whose forebears had been slaves for generations, to break their bonds with former masters or their tribes. Some persons continued to link themselves to former masters because they believed their slave status had been divinely ordained and they feared religious punishment if that bond were broken. Former slaves were often subjected to social discrimination and limited to performing manual labor in markets, ports, and airports.

690:

Although a court should appoint an attorney free of charge to represent a defendant lacking the ability to pay, this measure was rarely followed during 2011. Defendants have the right of appeal. Defendants can confront or question witnesses and present witnesses and evidence in both civil and criminal cases. By law, defendants have access to government-held evidence, but access in 2011 was difficult in practice. These rights were extended to minorities. The foregoing rights generally were observed in practice for men but did not extend equally to women.

1261:(FGM) was practiced in 2011 by all ethnic groups and performed on young girls, often on the seventh day after birth and almost always before the age of six months. The child protection Penal Code states that any act or attempt to damage a female child's sexual organs is punishable by imprisonment and a 120,000-to-300,000-ouguiya (US$ 410 to $ 1,034) penalty. The most recent statistics on FGM indicated a decrease in incidence from 71 percent in 2001 to 65 percent in 2007, mainly due to a decline in the practice among urban dwellers. 1357:

successfully prosecuted and punished a slave-master under its 2007 anti-slavery law. In early 2011, the Parliament approved a constitutional provision criminalizing slavery and all forms of exploitation, equating them to crimes against humanity. In August, the government also enacted a new statute to strengthen the Labor Code governing the employment of domestic workers in private households. Despite these efforts, investigations and prosecutions in 2011 remained minimal and protective services for victims were inadequate.

1056:

coalition dissolved, and laws regulating the media reformed. The opposition coalition indicated it would not participate in elections until its demands were met. The majority and opposition parties engaged in a national dialogue from 17 September to 19 October to resolve their political impasse, but no timetable for Senate, National Assembly, or municipal elections had been established by the end of 2011. The Constitutional Council subsequently ruled that a delay of parliamentary elections through May 2012 would be legal.

1537:, including by children. The law criminalizes the practice of slavery and imposes penalties on government officials who do not take action on reported cases. The law includes criminal penalties also for contracting to benefit from forced labor and for exploiting forced labor as part of an organized criminal network. Although significant advances were made during 2011, government efforts to enforce the antislavery law were widely acknowledged to be inadequate when compared with the dimensions of the problem. 600:

facilities. The National Guard may also be called on by regional authorities to restore civil order during large-scale disturbances such as rioting. The gendarmerie, a specialized paramilitary group under the Ministry of Defense, is responsible for maintaining civil order within and outside of metropolitan areas, as well as providing law enforcement services in rural areas. On 11 October 2011, a new police force, the General Group for Road Safety, began operations under the Ministry of the Interior.

1280:, and the national Imams' Association joined other civil society members to emphasize the serious health risks of FGM and correct the widespread belief that the practice was a religious requirement. Government hospitals and licensed medical practitioners were barred from performing FGM, and several government agencies worked to prevent others from perpetrating it. According to several women's rights experts, these efforts appeared to be changing popular attitudes. 933:

interpretation of Article 5 of the constitution that states, "Islam shall be the religion of the people and of the State." There is an unofficial government requirement that restricts non-Muslims to holding worship services only in the few Christian churches in the country. The government requires that religious groups receive official authorization before they can meet, even in private homes. In practice, officials did not always enforce this requirement in 2011.

43: 59: 543:. The detainees were frequently housed with convicted and often dangerous prisoners. As of 19 October, according to Ministry of Justice statistics, the prison population totaled 1,695, of whom 861 were convicts and 834 were unconvicted detainees. On 23 May, authorities removed a reported 13-14 suspected terrorists awaiting trial from Nouakchott Central Prison to an undisclosed location to improve prison security and disrupt illicit activity. 477:, reportedly killing one person and wounding eight others. The demonstrators were protesting a national voter registration campaign that they believed would discriminate against Afro-Mauritanians due to an alleged lack of ethnic balance among officials evaluating citizenship. Demonstrators demanded greater Afro-Mauritanian representation and an unbiased citizenship verification procedure. On 27 September, former Minister of the Interior 1509:

during 2011. International labor observers reported that authorities also repressed a number of strikes. The government can dissolve a union for what it considers an illegal or politically motivated strike, but it did not dissolve any unions during the year. Workers must provide advance notice of at least 10 working days for any strike. Workers are not allowed to hold sit-ins or to block nonstriking workers from entering work premises.

1609:, including the ministries of labor; justice; women's, children's, and family affairs; and the Commission for Food Security and Social Protection. There was a labor inspectorate with the authority to refer violations to judicial authorities, but the eight regional inspectors and 30 inspector/controllers lacked the basic resources, such as transport and office equipment, needed to enforce existing child labor and other labor laws. 2990: 326: 1161:

killed as to the family of a man. Formulas for property distribution varied widely from case to case. Human rights lawyers reported that judges treated differently cases concerning White Moor women, female slaves or other lower-caste women, and foreign women. The personal status code provides a framework for the consistent application of secular law and Shari'a-based family law, but it is not uniformly employed.

1289:

ouguiya (US$ 550 to $ 1,034) fine. Commercial sexual exploitation of children is illegal, and conviction carries penalties of two to five years in prison and a fine of 200,000 to 2 million ouguiya (US$ 690 to $ 6,900). In some instances, men from the Middle East contracted "temporary marriages" as a means to traffic and exploit young Mauritanian girls and women in the Middle East.

1345:

on the total number of slaves do not exist, but according to the estimate of a respected Mauritanian nongovernmental organization (NGO), slavery may affect up to 20 percent of the population in both rural and urban settings. Held for generations by slave-holding families, persons subjected to slavery are forced to work without pay as cattle herders and domestic servants.

2630: 1365:

file a legal complaint before prosecution can be pursued as well as by its barring of NGOs from filing complaints on behalf of slaves. Many slaves are illiterate and unable to complete the paperwork involved in filing a criminal or civil complaint. The government in 2011 provided no support for programs to assist victims in filing complaints on slavery.

2706: 779:(ONI) classified Mauritania as engaged in selective Internet filtering in the political area and found no evidence of filtering in the social, security/conflict, and Internet tools areas in 2009. There is no individual ONI country profile for Mauritania, but it is included in the ONI regional overview for the Middle East and North Africa. 2917: 498:

security personnel tortured detainees to extract confessions. Torture methods in 2011 and previous years reportedly included kicking, beating, electric shocks, cigarette burns, pulling out of hair, sexual violence, suspension by the arms, shackling in painful positions, and deprivation of sleep and food. One prisoner described to

943:, a blogger, was arrested in 2014 for apostasy and subsequently sentenced to death. He remained on death row for several years, as the Supreme Court upheld his sentence and sent the case back to a lower court. Mkhaitir was eventually released from prison in 2019, after which he left Mauritania to begin a new life in France. 767:

applications for radio stations and nine applications for television channels. On 20 November, HAPA announced that two independent television stations and five independent radio stations received permission to broadcast. Some members of the opposition asserted that the permits issued favored progovernment interests.

2687: 2649: 1146:

risks associated with excessive body weight, led to a marked decline in the traditional encouragement of female obesity. Overeating to conform to cultural standards was practiced primarily in rural areas, but many urban women endangered their health by taking pills to gain weight or increase their appetite.

1585:

The Ministry of Justice, working with UNICEF, worked to repatriate Mauritanian children who had been sent to work as camel jockeys in the United Arab Emirates. The ministry formally arranged the repatriation of 12 youths under the program and provided family counseling for the repatriated youths plus

1344:

Mauritania is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to conditions of forced labor and sex trafficking. Adults and children from traditional slave castes are subjected to slavery-related practices rooted in ancestral master-slave relationships. Reliable data

1288:

Mauritanian law prohibits adult sexual relations with a child, with penalties of six months to two years in prison and a 120,000 to 180,000 ouguiya (US$ 410 to $ 620) fine. The possession of child pornography is also illegal, with penalties of two months to one year in prison and a 160,000 to 300,000

1160:

Women still faced legal discrimination in 2011, and they were considered minors in the eyes of the law. According to Shari'a as applied in Mauritania, the testimony of two women was necessary to equal that of one man. The courts granted only half as large an indemnity to the family of a woman who was

993:

In 2011, the government provided protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedoms would be threatened on account of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. The government protected approximately

497:

The Constitution and statutes of Mauritania prohibit these practices, and according to the governmental Commissariat for Human Rights, Humanitarian Action, and Relations with Civil Society, there were no documented cases of torture during 2011. Independent human rights observers, however, stated that

1601:

carts and delivered water and building materials. Some marabouts provided their talibes with insufficient food and shelter and forced them to beg for over 12 hours a day. In keeping with longstanding tradition, many children served apprenticeships in small industries and in the informal sector.

1581:

in the informal sector was a significant problem, particularly within poorer inner-city areas. The law states that employed children between the ages of 14 and 16 should receive 70 percent of the minimum wage and that those between the ages of 17 and 18 should receive 90 percent of the minimum wage.

1559:

In 2011, men, women, and children were trafficked for and subjected to domestic service, street begging for unscrupulous religious teachers, and slave-like relationships as domestic servants or herders. The law criminalizes the practice of slavery and imposes penalties on government officials who do

1551:

Some former slaves reportedly continued to work in 2011 for their former masters or others without remuneration in order to retain access to land they traditionally farmed. Although the law provides for distribution of land to the landless, including to former slaves, authorities have enforced it in

1376:

There were no reports in 2011 of governmental discrimination against persons with disabilities. However, persons with disabilities generally did not have access to buildings, information, and communications, and there were no government programs to provide such access. The government did not mandate

1364:

Slavery, including hereditary slavery, is prohibited by Law 2007-048, which was enacted in September 2007. The law defines slavery and prescribes a sufficiently stringent penalty of five to 10 years' imprisonment for violations. The law's effectiveness remains impaired by its requirement that slaves

1352:

Mauritanian girls as well as girls from Mali, Senegal, The Gambia, and other West African countries are forced into domestic servitude. Mauritanian women and girls are forced into prostitution in the country or transported to countries in the Middle East for the same purpose. Men from Middle Eastern

1097:

In 2011, the government enforced the requirement that senior officials, including the President, file a declaration of their personal assets at the beginning and end of their service. Senior officials reportedly disclose their assets through an internal procedure, but the information is not released

843:

Security forces on several occasions in 2011 forcefully dispersed unauthorized demonstrations organized by the Youth of February 25, a group seeking political, social, and economic reforms, and the Do Not Touch My Nationality movement (TPMN), which was protesting the registration drive. On 4 August,

805:

Between 16 March and 19 March 2009 and again on 25 June 2009 the news Web site Taqadoumy was blocked. On 26 February 2010, Hanevy Ould Dehah, Director of Taqadoumy, received a presidential pardon after being detained since December 2009 despite having served his sentence for crimes against Islam and

749:

Some journalists practiced self-censorship when covering topics deemed sensitive, including the military forces, corruption, and the application of Shari'a. There were reports that police detained and questioned journalists during 2011 in connection with their coverage of such topics as protests and

3581:

Concerning freedom of association, Article 10 of the Mauritanian constitution provides, "L'Etat garantit à tous les citoyens les libertés publiques et individuelles, notamment: ... la liberté d'association et la liberté d'adhérer à toute organisation politique ou syndicale de leur choix" subject to

1624:

compensation, which was paid at rates that were graduated according to the number of overtime hours worked. Domestic and certain other workers could work 56 hours per week. Employees are required to be given at least one 24‑hour period of rest per week. The Labor Directorate of the Ministry of

1543:

Slavery-like practices, typically flowing from ancestral master-slave relationships and involving both adults and children, continued in 2011. Former slaves and their descendants were impelled to remain in a dependent status in part of the lack of marketable skills, poverty, and persistent drought.

1156:

Women have legal rights to property and child custody, and these rights were recognized in 2011 among the more educated and urbanized members of the population. However, women's legal rights were restricted in comparison with those of men. Divorced women could potentially lose child custody if they

1080:

There were reports in 2011 that government officials frequently used their power to obtain such favors as unauthorized exemption from taxes, special grants of land, and preferential treatment during bidding on government projects. Corruption was most pervasive in government procurement, bank loans,

969:

Persons lacking identity cards in 2011 could not travel freely in some regions. In response to what it described as an increased terrorist threat, the government set up mobile roadblocks where gendarmerie, police, or customs officials checked the papers of travelers. These roadblocks often provided

762:

On October 5, 2011, the legislative branch adopted amendments to the 2006 Press Freedom Law that abolished prison sentences for slander and defamation of individuals, including heads of state and accredited ambassadors. Fines for these offenses remain in effect. Some journalists continued to object

689:

The law provides for due process. Defendants are presumed innocent. They have the right to a public trial and to be present during their trial. Juries are not used. All defendants, regardless of the court or their ability to pay, have the legal right to representation by counsel during proceedings.

621:

The law requires that, in most cases, courts review the legality of a person's detention within 48 hours of arrest. Police may extend the period for an additional 48 hours, and a prosecutor or court can detain persons for up to 15 days in national security cases. Authorities generally respected the

562:

had access to prisons and conducted multiple prison visits, including visits to terrorism suspects, in accordance with its standard modalities. There were reports that police did not inform family members or friends of the location and condition of detainees in a timely manner, preventing them from

1516:

Laws prohibit antiunion discrimination. Under the law, all workers except members of the armed forces and police were free in 2011 to associate in and establish unions at the local and national levels. In 2011, nearly 90 percent of industrial and commercial workers were unionized. However, only 25

1470:

The government also continued in 2011 its collaborative program with the United Nations on conflict prevention aimed at promoting democratic values and the rights of marginalized populations, including former slaves. According to the NGO SOS Esclaves, these programs focused on fighting poverty and

1152:

The government in 2011 recognized the right of individuals and couples to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so free from discrimination, violence, or coercion. Reproductive issues were a sensitive topic and a

1145:

Traditional forms of mistreatment of women appeared to decline during 2011. One of these is the forced feeding of adolescent girls (gavage) prior to marriage practiced only among White Moor tribal groups. Increased government, media, and civil society attention to the problem, including the health

1137:

According to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the incidence of both reported and unreported rape in 2011 continued to be high, and rape was considered a serious problem. Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal. According to the Penal Code, rapists who are single men faced penalties of forced

1051:

Elections by municipal councils to fill one-third of the seats in the Senate, also in 2009, resulted in a large win for the Union for the Republic (UPR). Opposition and independent candidates denounced what they characterized as heavy pressure on the municipal councilors to vote for majority party

863:

All political parties and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must register with the Ministry of the Interior. The government encouraged local NGOs to join the government-sponsored Civil Society Platform during 2011. The approximately 300 NGOs that are members of the platform do not receive

659:

The Constitution and statutes of Mauritania provide for an independent judiciary, but it was not independent in practice in 2011. The executive branch continued to exercise significant influence over the judiciary through its ability to appoint and remove judges. The government generally respected

1394:

and Afro-Mauritanians. The Moors are divided among numerous ethnolinguistic tribal and clan groups and further distinguished as either White Moor or Black Moor, although it was often difficult to distinguish between the two by skin color. White Moor tribes and clans, many of whom are dark-skinned

1164:

Women did not face legal discrimination in 2011 in areas not addressed specifically by Shari'a. The law provides that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work. The two largest employers, the civil service and the state mining company, observed this law, although most employers in the

1055:

Indirect elections for another one third of the Senate seats were originally scheduled for 24 April 2011, but they were postponed twice due to the inability of the government and a coalition of opposition parties to agree on the opposition's demand that the Electoral Code be rewritten, the ruling

745:

The Constitution of Mauritania provides for freedom of speech, and the government in 2011 generally respected this right in practice. Individuals could criticize the government publicly or privately. Two daily newspapers and all broadcast media were government-owned, but several independent daily

697:

A special court hears cases involving persons under the age of 18. Children who appeared before the court received more lenient sentences than adults, and extenuating circumstances received greater consideration in juvenile cases. The minimum age for children to be tried is 12 years old. Children

663:

Poorly educated and trained judges were susceptible in 2011 to social, financial, and tribal pressures that limited judicial fairness. On 15 May, three juveniles received the death penalty, in violation of national legislation and ratified international conventions, for their role in the death of

550:

Of the 54 children in detention, 34 were in a segregated courtyard of the Nouakchott Central Prison at end of 2011 after a juvenile detention center in Beyla suffered structural damage. Seventeen were being held in a detention center for the "reception and insertion" of youth in conflict with the

1563:

On 13 April 2011, the government tried its first case under the antislavery law. The defendants were acquitted the same day. On 20 November, the first conviction for slavery was obtained in the case of two enslaved youths. The master received a sentence of two years' imprisonment, and his family

1093:

and at checkpoints between cities. There were numerous reports that police arbitrarily detained individuals for several hours or overnight at roadblocks in Nouakchott or other towns. According to these reports, police detained motorists or passengers without asking for identity papers or vehicle

1024:

The Constitution of Mauritania provides citizens the right to change their government peacefully, and the country accomplished a peaceful transition from military rule with the presidential election of 2009, followed the same year by the indirect election of one-third of the seats in the Senate.

582:

Human rights and other observers accused the government of exceeding the legal limits for pretrial detention in 2011. Security forces at times arrested demonstrators engaged in sit-ins, marches, or rallies, and held them longer than the regulations allow. On 29 September, the media reported that

1555:

Forced labor also occurred in 2011 in urban centers where young children, often girls, were retained as unpaid household servants. Some individuals self-identified as slaves or masters and claimed with varying degrees of plausibility that they were unaware that slavery had been abolished. Human

1508:

Mauritanian law allows workers to form and join independent unions of their choice and provides the right to conduct legal strikes and to bargain collectively, although long and complex procedures must be followed before a legal strike can be called. Workers and unions organized several strikes

1438:

There were numerous reports in 2011 of land disputes between former slaves, Afro-Mauritanians, and Moors. According to human rights activists and press reports, local authorities allowed Moors to expropriate land occupied by former slaves and Afro-Mauritanians or to obstruct access to water and

1389:

faced governmental discrimination in 2011. The inconsistent issuance of national identification cards, which were required for voting, effectively disenfranchised many members of southern minority groups. Racial and cultural tension and discrimination also arose from the geographic and cultural

1141:

Domestic violence was considered a serious problem in 2011. Spousal abuse and domestic violence are illegal, but the government did not enforce the law effectively, and most cases went unreported. There are no specific penalties for domestic violence, and convictions were very rare. No reliable

1122:

The constitution and statutes of Mauritania does not provide for the equality for all citizens regardless of race, national origin, sex, or social status and prohibit racial or ethnic propaganda. But the government in 2011 often favored individuals on the basis of racial and tribal affiliation,

1059:

There were 18 women in the National Assembly and six in the 56-seat Senate in 2011. The 27-member cabinet included three women, three Black Moors, and five Afro-Mauritanians. The law requires that women make up at least 20 percent of candidates on legislative candidate lists. It was observed in

554:

Women and female minors under 18 years of age were housed together in a separate location from the men and male minors in 2011. Sexual violence reportedly occurred in the women's prison, which employed both male and female guards. Children of female prisoners remained with their mothers or were

1084:

The Ministry of the Interior's Economic Crimes Brigade and the Office of the Inspector General were responsible in 2011 for investigating corruption. On 16 January, the Judiciary Council created the Criminal Division for Economic and Financial Crimes, a special chamber responsible for economic

932:

The government prohibits the printing and distribution of non-Islamic religious materials, although possession of these materials is legal. Although there is no specific legal prohibition against proselytizing by non-Muslims, in practice the government prohibits such activity through the broad

718:

Complaints of human rights violations are within the jurisdiction of the Administrative Court. Individuals or organizations can appeal decisions to international regional courts. Nongovernmental organization representatives stated they collaborated with the court in 2011, but the court was not

599:

The National Police, under the Ministry of the Interior, are responsible for law enforcement and maintaining order in urban areas. The National Guard, also under the Ministry of the Interior, performs limited police functions in keeping with its peacetime role as security support at government

1249:

The legal marriage age is 18, but the law was rarely enforced, and reports of child marriage were widespread. Because consensual sex outside of marriage is illegal, a "weli" (tutor) can present a case to local authorities requesting permission for a girl younger than 18 years old to marry. In

1206:

level. Classes were fully integrated in 2011, including both boys and girls and students from all social and ethnic groups. In addition to public schools, almost all children, regardless of gender or ethnic group, attended Qur'anic school between the ages of five and seven and gained at least

1185:

By law, citizenship is normally derived from one's father. Citizenship can be derived from one's mother under the following two conditions: (1) if the mother is a citizen and the father's nationality is unknown; or (2) if the child was born in Mauritania to a citizen mother and repudiates the

1068:

The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, but authorities in 2011 did not enforce the law effectively, and officials often engaged in corrupt practices with impunity. Corrupt practices were widely believed to exist at all levels of government, and the World Bank's Worldwide

936:

The government does not register religious groups; however, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including humanitarian and development NGOs affiliated with religious groups, must register with the Ministry of the Interior. New laws in 2021 make it easier for faith-based NGOs to register and

766:

Signaling the end of the government's 51-year monopoly of the broadcast media, on 18 September 2011, the High Press and Audiovisual Authority (HAPA) began taking applications for five new radio stations and five new television channels to be owned by nongovernmental entities. HAPA received 17

2535: 1189:

In most of the country in 2011, the government generally registered births immediately, but in the south, many citizens reported not having birth certificates or national identity papers. In addition, some slaves did not have birth certificates. There was no official data about the number of

928:

There were no reports in 2011 of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice; however, international organizations active among Christians reported that persons who participated in Christian gatherings were ostracized by their families and neighbors.

1430:

as the country's national languages. The government continued to encourage French and Arabic bilingualism within the school system, as opposed to earlier efforts at "Arabization". Neither the Afro-Mauritanian national languages nor the local Hassaniya Arabic dialect was used as languages of

1356:

The government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but it is making efforts to do so. The government acknowledges that some forms of trafficking are a problem in the country. For the first time in its history, in November 2011, the government

814:

bought a house with campaign money from General Aziz. Ould Dehah, was sentenced in August 2009 to six months in prison and fined 30,000 ouguiya ($ 111) for committing acts contrary to Islam and decency. The sentencing judge accused Dehah of creating a space allowing individuals to express

753:

Independent media remained the principal source of information for most citizens in 2011, followed by government media. Government media focused primarily on official news but provided some coverage of opposition activities and views throughout the year. The government-owned TV Mauritania

1628:

The government set health and safety standards, and the Ministry of Labor was responsible for enforcing these standards, but did so inconsistently. In principle workers could remove themselves from hazardous conditions without risking loss of employment, but in practice they could not.

2668: 1360:

All forms of trafficking, except hereditary slavery, are prohibited by Mauritania's 2003 Law Against Trafficking in Persons, which prescribes penalties of five to 10 years' imprisonment for violations. These penalties are sufficiently stringent and exceed those prescribed for rape.

606:

The government rarely held security officials accountable or prosecuted them for abuses in 2011. The Ethics Police operates as an internal affairs division and as a mechanism to investigate security force abuses. In practice, this unit did not publicly review security force abuses.

3051:

The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through

794:

in 2010. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. There is a law prohibiting child pornography with penalties of two months to one year imprisonment and a 160,000 to 300,000 ouguiya ($ 550 to $ 1,034) fine.

5638: 840:. The law requires that organizers apply to the local prefect (hakim) for permission to hold large meetings or assemblies. Authorities generally granted permission in 2011 but on some occasions denied it in circumstances that suggested the application of political criteria. 966:, and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to internally displaced persons, refugees, returning refugees, asylum seekers, stateless persons, and other persons of concern. In practice, resources provided by the government were inadequate. 867:

There were approximately 78 accredited political parties and NGOs in 2011, and they generally functioned openly, issuing public statements, and choosing their own leadership. The government generally did not prevent unrecognized political parties or NGOs from functioning.

448:

Amnesty International has accused the Mauritania legal system of functioning with a complete disregard of legal procedure, fair trial, or humane imprisonment. Amnesty International also has accused the Mauritanian government of an institutionalized and continuous use of

1153:

focus of some women's groups. Government health centers did not provide unmarried women with access to contraception, and did so for married women only with the consent of the husband. Contraception was available at private health centers for those who could afford it.

535:

According to the penitentiary administration directorate in 2011, the women's prison is less crowded and therefore more comfortable than the men's. On the other hand, male guards participated in monitoring female inmates, who risked becoming victims of sexual violence.

2801: 1434:

Ethnic rivalry in 2011 contributed to political divisions and tensions. Some political parties tended to have readily identifiable ethnic bases, although political coalitions continued to be underrepresented in mid- to high-level public and private sector jobs.

2592: 1466:

was arrested and detained along with senior-level staff, including its coordinator and its financial director, on findings of corruption and bad management in a government inspection. NGOs maintained that the commissioner was arrested for political reasons.

1109:

Several domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction in 2011, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were somewhat cooperative and responsive to their views.

2782: 1301:

through its youth insertion centers in Dar Naim and El Mina, government assistance to street children in 2011 was limited. During the year, the local nongovernmental organization Infancy and Development in Mauritania monitored 760 children in Nouakchott and

848:, authorities arrested four antislavery activists for participating in a protest against the alleged enslavement of a 10-year-old girl. The four men were charged with "unauthorized gathering" and "rebellion" and were given six-month suspended sentences by a 1198:

The law mandates six years of school attendance for all children, but the law was not effectively enforced in 2011. Many children, particularly girls, did not attend school for six years. Children of slave-caste families often did not receive an education.

3554:

Concerning freedom of assembly, Article 10 of the Mauritanian constitution provides: "L'Etat garantit à tous les citoyens les libertés publiques et individuelles, notamment: ... la liberté de réunion" subject to "la liberté ne peut être limitée que par la

2763: 590:

By law, a minor may not be held for more than six months while awaiting trial. Nevertheless, there were reports in 2011 that a large number of individuals, including minors, remained in pretrial detention for extended periods due to judicial ineptitude.

2554: 3483:, 29 October 2012, the OpenNet Initiative is a collaborative partnership of the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group, Ottawa 1512:

To be legally recognized, a union must have the authorization of the public prosecutor, who can provisionally suspend a trade union at the request of the Ministry of the Interior if the ministry believes that the union has not complied with the law.

912:

The government and citizenry consider Islam to be the essential cohesive element unifying the various ethnic groups in the country. There is a cabinet-level Ministry of Islamic Affairs and Traditional Education tasked with enacting and communicating

2516: 1567:

The government also prosecuted an alleged slaveholder using the lesser charge of child exploitation, and on 16 January 2011, a court convicted her and prescribed a jail sentence. In March, however, the Nouakchott Court of Appeals acquitted her.

2459: 1186:

father's nationality a year before reaching majority. Children born abroad to citizens can acquire citizenship one year before reaching majority. Minor children of parents who have become naturalized citizens are also eligible for citizenship.

5547: 1113:

An independent ombudsman organization, the National Commission on Human Rights, includes government and civil society representatives. In 2011, it actively monitored human rights and advocated for government action to correct violations.

2744: 1602:

Reporting by some NGOs, including SOS‑Esclaves, strongly stated that domestic employment, often unpaid, of girls as young as seven in wealthier homes was a growing problem. There was no child labor in the modern industrial sector.

1088:

Corruption and impunity were also serious problems in the police force in 2011, and the government rarely held security officials accountable or prosecuted them for abuses. Police regularly demanded bribes at nightly roadblocks in

1576:

The law provides that children cannot be employed before the age of 14 in the nonagricultural sector or under age 13 in the agricultural sector unless the minister of labor grants an exception due to local circumstances; however,

924:

There were no reports of abuses of religious freedom in 2011. In an effort to curtail radical extremism, the government collaborated with independent religious organizations on various round tables focused on moderation in Islam.

2573: 1025:

However, the government indefinitely postponed scheduled elections of municipal councilors, the members of the National Assembly, and another third of Senate seats, due to inability to reach agreement with opposition parties.

531:

There were no ombudsmen at the prison level in 2011. Regulations allowed the inmates in an institution to choose one of their number to represent them in dealings with management, and inmates occasionally did so during 2011.

4226:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989" 1442:

In 2011, human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) reported numerous cases of inheritance disputes between slaves or former slaves and their masters. Traditionally, slave masters inherited their slaves' possessions.

908:

found guilty of the crime will be given the opportunity to repent within three days and if the person does not repent, the individual will be sentenced to death and the person's property will be confiscated by the Treasury.

4612:

List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), African Union, last updated 6 August

1348:

Some boys from within Mauritania and other West African countries who study at Koranic schools – referred to as "talibes" – are subsequently subjected to forced begging by corrupt religious teachers known as "marabouts".

625:

Only after the prosecutor submits charges does a suspect have the right to contact an attorney. By law, indigent defendants are entitled to attorneys at state expense, but in practice attorneys were not provided in 2011.

546:

Because of poor security and dangerous prisoners sharing cells with less dangerous ones, prisoners lived in a climate of violence in 2011. Some had to pay bribes to other prisoners to avoid being brutalized and harassed.

1524:

While antiunion discrimination is illegal, national human rights groups and unions reported that authorities did not actively investigate alleged antiunion practices in some private firms owned by very wealthy citizens.

754:

occasionally broadcast programs covering opposition activities. During the national political dialogue in September and October, government media maintained balanced coverage of opposition and pro-government statements.

4346:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000" 2955: 1315: 4496:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure. New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008" 1008:

Mauritanian law provides refugees with access to the job market and basic services, including health care and education. The UNHCR provided assistance to refugees with revenue-generating activities throughout 2011.

985:

or refugee status, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. The National Consultative Commission for Refugees (CNCR) is the national body for determining refugee status. The

4552: 2438: 664:

another minor. Observers suggested that the court was influenced by tribal and social factors. On 12 December, the sentences were reduced to 12 years in prison and a combined 1.2 million ouguiya (US$ 4,130) fine.

637:

In 2011, lawyers highlighted the lengthy incarceration of detainees and delays in organizing court hearings, but no statistics on the average length of detention or length of pretrial procedures were available.

650:

pardoned 269 prisoners, including eight women sentenced for "zina", or sexual relations outside marriage. Human rights activists and individuals associated with drug trafficking were also among those released.

566:

There were no reports in 2011 that men were denied the right to observe Muslim prayer obligations individually, but the penitentiary administration confirmed that inmates did not have regular access to imams.

5453: 693:

The courts in 2011 did not treat women equally in all cases. Lawyers also reported that in some instances, the unequal treatment of women was based on such considerations as a woman's caste or nationality.

513:

There were credible reports of torture, beating, and abuse in police detention centers, several prisons throughout the country, and gendarmerie and military facilities. A new prison facility was opened in

4256:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990" 1520:

Unions exercised their right to organize workers during 2011. However, the head of government decides how negotiations are to be conducted once the Ministry for the Civil Service agrees on negotiations.

2879: 4316:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000" 2478: 525:

Serious overcrowding and a lack of running water contributed to the spread of diseases in 2011. Prisoners with health problems received little or no care, and medical supplies remained insufficient.

502:

how he was tortured in the "jaguar position", which consisted of tying the detainee's hands and feet together, suspending him from an iron bar, and hitting and torturing him while in this position.

1462:

regions and improve their access to water, health, education, and income-generating opportunities. However, the program's activities were reduced during 2011 after former human rights Commissioner

4532:

List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, African Union, last updated 22 July 2010

4076:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968" 551:

law. The center's goal is to facilitate the social reintegration of children and youth. During the year officials released 30 children from this center and monitored their subsequent activities.

1177:. But inadequate funding hampered the effectiveness of these programs. Similar to other countries in the Maghreb region, this results in a high number of children in institutions in Mauritania. 1268:

The government and international nongovernmental organizations continued in 2011 to coordinate their anti-FGM efforts, which were focused on eradicating the practice in hospitals, discouraging

4570: 987: 959: 4286:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999" 5154: 802:

serving the remainder of the population. According to International Telecommunication Union statistics for 2009, approximately 2.28 percent of the country's inhabitants used the Internet.

151: 4534: 1617:

The nationally mandated minimum monthly wage for adults, which was not enforced, was $ 77 (21,000 ouguiya), which did not provide a decent standard of living for a worker and family.

1446:

The Mauritanian government's Program to Eradicate the Effects of Slavery, begun in 2009, continued during 2011. Its goals were to reduce poverty among the 44,750 former slaves in the

4405: 4315: 5628: 5250: 4495: 4466:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008" 4345: 4166:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984" 2860: 1564:

members received suspended sentences. They were also ordered to pay a fine of 1.35 million ouguiya (US$ 4,655). The mother of the two youths received a one-year suspended sentence.

5331: 4615: 4465: 4436:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006" 4435: 4285: 1048:

won 53 percent of the vote. Although some opposition groups claimed the election was fraudulent and requested an investigation, the Constitutional Council certified the election.

4375: 4255: 4225: 4195: 4075: 4045: 4165: 4135: 4105: 4015: 3985: 3955: 3925: 2725: 1233: 481:

publicly confirmed the reports and declared that the government would not permit disturbances of the peace. There was no reported investigation of the death by the end of 2011.

4106:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973" 1085:

crimes, to reinforce the legal efforts against corruption. During the year, this body completed seven investigations resulting in the dismissal of several government officials.

5038: 4808: 2497: 1377:

preference in employment, education, or public accessibility for persons with disabilities, although it did provide some rehabilitation and other assistance for such persons.

5302: 4521:

List of Countries Who Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Charter On Human And Peoples' Rights (as of January 7, 2005), Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota

4406:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006" 5581: 4549: 4046:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966" 3956:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966" 3134: 1101:

The law provides for public access to government information, and the government granted such access to citizens and noncitizens, including foreign media, during 2011.

4586: 4568:

List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, African Union, last updated 6 August 2010

4136:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979" 363: 2898: 2820: 3095: 2936: 4587:"List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance, African Union, last updated 8 December 2009" 4953: 3565: 1001:

on freedom of movement, the government in 2011 allowed West African migrants to remain in the country, deporting only those found illegally seeking to reach the

5147: 4663: 3465:"Countries at the Crossroads 2011: Mauritania", authored by Cedric Jourde, associate professor, School of Political Studies, University of Ottawa, published by 3180: 2960: 1517:

percent of workers were employed in regularly paid positions. A majority worked in the informal sector, primarily subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry.

539:

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in 2011 continued to denounce overcrowding and long pretrial detention. The large number of pretrial detainees exacerbated

5562: 5552: 5211: 4793: 4631: 4550:

List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, African Union, last updated 1 March 2010

3926:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948" 3795:"Using a systems perspective to examine child protection systems and practice: A scoping review on child abandonment and institutionalisation in the Maghreb" 5613: 1544:

Such practices occurred primarily in areas where educational levels were generally low or a barter economy still prevailed, and in urban centers, including

746:

publications were active and generally expressed a wide variety of views with limited restrictions. Newspapers are relatively free of government pressure.

5676: 5483: 3986:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966" 3653: 5206: 3768: 1373:

Mauritanian law prohibits discrimination against persons with physical disabilities in education, employment, or the provision of other state services.

890: 719:

impartial in practice. There are administrative and judiciary remedies through the social chamber of the Court of Appeals and through the Supreme Court.

307: 1165:

private sector did not apply it in practice. In the modern wage sector, women also received family benefits, including three months of maternity leave.

921:, and monitoring mosques. The High Council of Islam, consisting of six imams, advises the government on conformance of legislation to Islamic precepts. 3035:

Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore, the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.

897: 579:, but authorities in 2011 did not observe these prohibitions. In some cases, authorities arbitrarily arrested and detained protesters and journalists. 5623: 4813: 3898: 3135:""Mauritania: Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review", Ninth session of the UPR Working Group, November - December 2010" 998: 955:

within the country, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation. The government generally respected these rights in 2011, but there were exceptions.

294: 290: 5725: 4567: 587:

against the national registration initiative, security forces entered private residences without warrants and arrested approximately 20 individuals.

441:

within its borders. One such example occurred in 1987, when the government imprisoned southerners and threw others out of the Army, resulting in the

5643: 5314: 5140: 963: 668: 559: 540: 277: 4376:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006" 558:

Prisoners had access to visitors in 2011. The government permitted prison visits by NGOs, diplomats, and international human rights observers. The

6077: 5831: 5509: 252: 242: 237: 232: 4016:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966" 425:

speaking tribal confederations of the north and sedentary black populations of the south, many of whom were traditionally bonded communities or

5379: 5369: 5277: 4730: 220: 215: 210: 166: 5720: 5715: 5841: 5458: 5359: 3464: 2611: 119: 4531: 806:

paying all imposed fines and legal fees. Dehah, who was originally arrested in June 2009 on charges of defamation of presidential candidate

629:

There was a bail system in 2011, but sometimes judges arbitrarily refused lawyers' requests for bail or set inordinately high bail amounts.

6017: 5836: 5689: 5396: 1672: 356: 107: 4499: 4409: 4349: 4319: 4611: 4469: 4289: 6052: 5391: 5349: 4439: 4379: 4259: 4229: 4199: 4169: 4139: 4109: 4079: 4049: 4019: 3989: 3959: 3929: 1556:

rights groups reported that persons in slave-like relationships were persuaded by their masters to deny the relationship to activists.

815:

anti-Islamic and indecent views, based on a female reader's comments made on the Taqadoumy site calling for increased sexual freedom.

5557: 5233: 727:

The Constitution of Mauritania prohibits such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice in 2011.

3743: 3541: 3529: 1495:, but societal taboos and beliefs associated with the disease in some areas caused infected persons to face isolation or exclusion. 763:

to the "elastic" application of the law, which they assert could be interpreted loosely to penalize journalists for their reporting.

442: 6072: 5592: 4828: 3003: 877: 384: 257: 5228: 4196:"United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989" 1277: 2631:

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty

1403:

or freed slaves) remained politically and economically weaker than White Moors. Afro-Mauritanian ethnic groups, which include the

6057: 5765: 5524: 5514: 5488: 5238: 1625:

Labor is responsible for enforcement of labor laws, but in practice inadequate funding limited the effectiveness of enforcement.

2707:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

6067: 5811: 5669: 5223: 5189: 5163: 4632:"List of Countries Which Have Signed, Ratified/Adhered to the African Youth Charter, African Union, last updated 6 August 2010" 3732:"Mauritania Elections Bulletin, Issue No. 2: July 16 to July 31, 2011", National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 3008: 1339: 860:

The constitution of Mauritania provides for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right in 2011.

349: 270: 3141: 6062: 5904: 5750: 5421: 5406: 5354: 5120: 3707: 2403: 1273: 1069:

Governance Indicators reflected that corruption was a severe problem. Mauritania ranked 143 out of 183 countries in the 2011

576: 146: 4590: 1920: 3641: 1353:

countries use legally contracted "temporary marriages" as a means to sexually exploit young girls and women in Mauritania.

5816: 5468: 5384: 4868: 1297:

Although the Ministry of Social Affairs, Children, and the Family monitored 900 of the estimated 1,200 street children in

1149:

There are no laws against sexual harassment. Women's NGOs reported in 2011 that it was a common problem in the workplace.

886:

advocates for freedom of belief due to the Minority's insistence on asserting their rights as atheists and Christians.

2918:

African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention)

1415:, are concentrated in the South and urban areas. Afro-Mauritanians were underrepresented in the government and military. 5916: 5755: 5504: 5374: 5287: 5064: 4978: 4968: 4773: 1833: 1070: 940: 336: 3678: 905: 528:

The holding areas in police stations in 2011 were also reportedly overcrowded, unsanitary, and very poorly ventilated.

510:

Prison conditions were harsh in 2011, and the government's capacity to administer detention facilities remained poor.

5111: 5107: 4983: 4873: 4803: 3164: 1005:. According to Interior Ministry statistics, 2,001 migrants were returned to their country of origin during the year. 3192: 1105:

Governmental attitude regarding international and nongovernmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights

893:

defines the country as an Islamic republic and recognizes Islam as the sole religion of its citizens and the state.

5926: 5872: 5801: 5662: 5542: 5043: 4928: 4898: 4853: 4788: 4723: 3793:

Baghdadi, F.; Rauktis, M. E.; Hands, C.; John, A.; Khanom, A.; El Mhamdi, S.; Soussi, A.; Snooks, H. (2024-02-01).

2298: 1814: 1074: 1038: 798:

Internet access is available in urban areas throughout the country, with home access common among the affluent and

75: 5103: 4638: 5936: 5867: 5760: 5416: 4918: 1258: 312: 178: 4963: 5018: 4993: 4843: 4838: 4818: 4783: 4768: 2688:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

1228: 1173:

The law makes special provision for children's welfare, and there were government programs in 2011 to care for

460:

prevails over domestic Mauritanian law as soon as the international law is published in the Official Gazette.

3500:

and because their classifications focus on technical filtering, they do not include other types of censorship.

1463: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5072: 2650:

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

1399:

and sub-Saharan African groups, dominated positions in government and business. The Black Moors (also called

1306:

who lived on the streets largely as the result of poverty and the urbanization of formerly nomadic families.

5931: 5890: 5806: 5738: 5443: 5364: 5267: 5179: 5003: 4973: 4958: 4943: 4933: 4923: 4888: 4883: 4833: 4778: 4753: 3018: 2317: 1045: 990:

carries out refugee status determinations under its mandate and presents cases to the CNCR for recognition.

647: 196: 5068: 603:

The police were poorly paid, trained, and equipped in 2011. Corruption and impunity were serious problems.

5976: 5971: 5826: 5821: 5789: 5775: 5705: 5309: 5297: 5262: 5257: 5245: 5184: 5013: 5008: 4948: 4903: 4863: 4758: 4739: 3013: 698:

between the ages of 12 and 18 who are convicted of a crime are sentenced to detention centers for minors.

430: 183: 139: 112: 33: 917:, fighting religious extremism, promoting research in Islamic studies, organizing the pilgrimage and the 478: 6010: 5981: 5885: 5855: 5770: 5697: 5608: 5428: 5326: 5319: 5292: 5282: 5196: 4988: 4938: 4893: 4878: 4858: 4848: 4823: 4763: 4716: 4694: 2262: 1620:

The standard, legal, nonagricultural workweek could not exceed either 40 hours or six days without

1052:

candidates and on independent candidates to withdraw. Authorities did not investigate these complaints.

845: 499: 388: 173: 87: 3794: 3731: 2536:

Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity

973:

Unlike in 2010, authorities did not restrict international travel of some opposition members in 2011.

622:

two-week deadline for formally arraigning or releasing terrorism suspects in national security cases.

5946: 5633: 5618: 5433: 5272: 5218: 5201: 4998: 4908: 4798: 4667: 3068: 1638: 1475:

Societal abuses, discrimination, and acts of violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity

302: 4699: 6026: 5991: 5986: 5966: 5961: 5921: 5877: 5710: 4668:"Status Table: Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction" 2669:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

1132: 952: 837: 411: 675:, funded training for prosecutors and judges with the aim of increasing judicial professionalism. 5941: 5529: 3493: 1795: 1691: 776: 707: 615:

The application of constitutional safeguards continued to vary widely from case to case in 2011.

418: 124: 3844: 3627: 3450: 947:

Freedom of movement, internally displaced persons, protection of refugees, and stateless persons

3079: 750:

slavery. Some opposition leaders asserted that they had no effective access to official media.

6031: 3882: 3816: 3497: 2995: 1174: 457: 434: 330: 42: 3858: 3592: 2842:

Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa

900:

Persons who convert from Islam lose their citizenship. Article 306 of the Penal Code outlaws

3806: 2802:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure

1459: 1423: 852:

court. Another participant whom police detained alleged that police kicked and punched him.

799: 407: 4690: 618:

The law requires duly authorized arrest warrants, but they were not commonly used in 2011.

5438: 4619: 4574: 4556: 4538: 3683: 3119: 2841: 1606: 1386: 1208: 1094:

registration, and without searching the vehicles. Judicial corruption was also a problem.

982: 3580: 3553: 2593:

Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

1219:

Child abuse was reported, but no data was available to indicate its prevalence in 2011.

17: 4491: 4461: 4431: 4401: 4371: 4341: 4311: 4281: 4251: 4221: 4191: 4161: 4131: 4101: 4071: 4041: 4011: 3981: 3951: 3921: 3603: 3544:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 11 March 2010 3120:"Mauritania: Torture at the Heart of the State", Amnesty International, 3 December 2008 2783:

Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

2443: 1597:, and other labor to support their families. Young children in urban areas often drove 1427: 1412: 1002: 889:

The constitution, statutes, and policies of Mauritania restrict religious freedom. The

438: 4520: 3532:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 8 April 2011 2764:

International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance

823:

There were no government restrictions in 2011 on academic freedom or cultural events.

394:

In 2022, Freedom House rated Mauritania human rights at 35 out 100 (partly free).

6046: 5401: 4703: 3894: 3811: 2825: 1642: 1534: 1455: 811: 807: 380: 3165:"Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights considers report of Mauritania", 2555:

International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid

937:

operate, but they are not allowed to proselytize or promote non-Islamic religions.

2517:

First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1408: 1262: 1034: 5132: 3654:"Originally Sentenced to Death, a Blogger Goes Before Mauritania's Supreme Court" 2460:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

5519: 5171: 1578: 1238: 686:

provides the legal principles upon which the law and legal procedure are based.

63: 58: 3848:, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, U.S. Department of State 5685: 3772: 2985: 2745:

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1545: 1480: 1303: 1298: 1203: 1090: 849: 672: 584: 555:

placed by the Ministry of Justice in the temporary custody of family members.

519: 403: 3820: 5534: 1404: 1041:

to resign and the formation of a Transitional Government of National Unity.

791: 3512: 379:

are generally seen as poor according to international observers, including

2574:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

1491:

There was no evidence of governmental discrimination against persons with

882:

Officially, 100% of Mauritanian citizens are Muslim. The Organization of

4708: 1621: 1492: 1269: 901: 783: 489:

There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances in 2011.

5956: 5448: 3631:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State 3454:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State 1594: 1590: 1400: 1396: 1327: 1272:

from practicing FGM, and educating the population. The government, the

1013: 474: 450: 426: 5654: 2956:

Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

1316:

Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

1044:

In an election held in 2009, former High State Council leader General

493:

Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment

5411: 1598: 1451: 1447: 1419: 914: 683: 422: 3169:, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 16 November 2012 2439:

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

1471:

the effects of slavery rather than the practice of slavery itself.

723:

Arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence

3708:"Mauritanian Blogger Says Elite Abusing Religion to Cling to Power" 3480: 1081:

fishing-license distribution, land distribution, and tax payments.

5567: 1391: 918: 898:

all non-Muslims are prohibited from being citizens of the country.

883: 787: 3769:""Corruption Perceptions Index 2011", Transparency International" 3744:"Aziz wins presidential election, opposition dismisses 'charade'" 1637:

The following chart shows Mauritania's ratings since 1972 in the

1033:

Mauritania returned to constitutional rule in 2009 following the

518:

on 28 November, and another prison facility neared completion in

515: 5658: 5136: 4712: 2880:

African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

3566:"Police break up Mauritanian youth rally against government", 2479:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3883:

Mauritania. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2007

1605:

Several government offices have responsibility for enforcing

1586:

additional youth who had previously worked as camel jockeys.

1504:

Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining

3859:

Mauritania, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor

3679:"Mauritania releases 'blasphemy' blogger jailed since 2014" 3629:

International Religious Freedom Report for 2011: Mauritania

1118:

Discrimination, societal abuses, and trafficking in persons

988:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

960:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

473:

On 27 September 2011, a gendarme fired on demonstrators in

3452:

2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Mauritania

3096:"MAURITANIE Tensions entre les communautés maure et noire" 1250:

practice, authorities frequently granted this permission.

3542:

Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Mauritania 2009

3530:

Country Report on Human Rights Practices: Mauritania 2010

1572:

Prohibition of child labor and minimum age for employment

3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 1012:

Under an official multiyear repatriation agreement with

951:

The constitution and statutes of Mauritania provide for

3481:"Summarized global Internet filtering data spreadsheet" 1656: 1330:. There were no reports in 2011 of anti-Semitic acts. 1265:, the most severe form of excision, was not practiced. 782:

There were no government restrictions on access to the

5629:

Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel

3525: 3523: 3521: 2899:

African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance

2861:

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

2417: 1241:

are still observed in agriculture and cattle herding.

402:

With a July 2012 estimated population of 3.4 million,

3513:"ONI Regional Overview: Middle East and North Africa" 2726:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1234:

List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

575:

The Constitution and statutes of Mauritania prohibit

3181:""One dead in Mauritania protest over census plan", 2498:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

5903: 5854: 5788: 5737: 5696: 5601: 5580: 5497: 5476: 5467: 5342: 5170: 5052: 5027: 4746: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 981:The laws of Mauritania provide for the granting of 1540:There were reports in 2011 of forced child labor. 611:Arrest procedures and treatment while in detention 667:During 2011, international donors, including the 3582:"la liberté ne peut être limitée que par la loi" 3129: 3127: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 1589:Young rural children were commonly employed in 1064:Official corruption and government transparency 1037:, which resulted in the agreement of President 3846:Trafficking in Persons Report 2012: Mauritania 3642:US State Dept 2021 report, Retrieved 2023-4-25 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 433:has a history of discriminating against these 5670: 5148: 4724: 4664:Hague Conference on Private International Law 3508: 3506: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2961:Hague Conference on Private International Law 1422:as the official language and Arabic, Pulaar, 1326:A very small number of expatriates practiced 970:the occasion for officials to demand bribes. 456:According to the Constitution of Mauritania, 357: 8: 2821:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 836:The constitution of Mauritania provides for 827:Freedom of peaceful assembly and association 421:, Mauritania was ethnically divided between 5484:Arabic Network for Human Rights Information 3899:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3084:, United States Central Intelligence Agency 5909: 5860: 5794: 5743: 5677: 5663: 5655: 5473: 5155: 5141: 5133: 4731: 4717: 4709: 2408: 1647: 1645:. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free". 1207:rudimentary skills in reading and writing 1202:Public education was tuition-free through 364: 350: 28: 5624:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries 3810: 1529:Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor 1487:Other societal violence or discrimination 1227:As reported in the latest version of the 999:Economic Community of West African States 786:or reports that the government monitored 595:Role of the police and security apparatus 469:Arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life 5644:Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine 1418:The Mauritanian constitution designates 964:International Organization for Migration 669:International Organization for Migration 560:International Committee of the Red Cross 5510:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 3061: 1381:National, racial, and ethnic minorities 810:for publishing an article stating that 464:Respect for the integrity of the person 53: 31: 5370:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 1395:after centuries of intermarriage with 1314:Mauritania is not a party to the 1980 714:Civil judicial procedures and remedies 506:Prison and detention center conditions 2612:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1029:Elections and political participation 741:Status of freedom of speech and press 7: 819:Academic freedom and cultural events 282:Minister: Mohamed Salem Ould Merzoug 5392:Human right to water and sanitation 3568:Radio Netherlands Worldwide: Africa 2404:international human rights treaties 2398:International human rights treaties 1633:Freedom House ratings of Mauritania 1560:not take action on reported cases. 1123:social status, and political ties. 958:The government cooperated with the 3799:Children and Youth Services Review 3593:CIA factbook, Retrieved 2023-04-25 25: 3515:, OpenNet Initiative, August 2009 3004:Freedom of religion in Mauritania 878:Freedom of religion in Mauritania 706:There were no reports in 2011 of 702:Political prisoners and detainees 385:United States Department of State 5525:Al Mezan Center for Human Rights 5515:Defenders of Human Rights Center 5489:Arab Commission for Human Rights 5039:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4809:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4700:Freedom in the World 2012 Report 3812:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107382 3604:Britannica, Retrieved 2023-04-25 3496:does not check for filtering of 2988: 324: 57: 41: 5164:Human rights in the Middle East 3009:Human trafficking in Mauritania 1641:reports, published annually by 1340:Human trafficking in Mauritania 1284:Sexual exploitation of children 758:Actions to expand press freedom 583:following a violent protest in 64:Member State of the Arab League 6078:Internet censorship by country 5639:Sahrawi Association of Victims 5355:Arbitrary arrest and detention 1407:(the largest non-Moor group), 1310:International child abductions 1278:United Nations Children's Fund 1274:United Nations Population Fund 994:500 refugees during the year. 577:arbitrary arrest and detention 1: 1903:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla 1886:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla 1869:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla 1852:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla 1613:Acceptable conditions of work 1254:Harmful traditional practices 443:Mauritania–Senegal Border War 410:with no legal provisions for 5505:Kurdish Human Rights Project 2953: 2934: 2915: 2896: 2877: 2858: 2839: 2818: 2799: 2780: 2761: 2742: 2723: 2704: 2685: 2666: 2647: 2628: 2609: 2590: 2571: 2552: 2533: 2514: 2495: 2476: 2457: 2436: 2373: 2356: 2339: 2322: 2303: 2284: 2267: 2248: 2245:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2231: 2228:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2214: 2211:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2197: 2194:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2180: 2177:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2163: 2160:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2146: 2143:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2129: 2126:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2112: 2109:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2095: 2092:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2078: 2075:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2061: 2058:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2044: 2041:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2027: 2024:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2010: 2007:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 1993: 1990:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 1976: 1973:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 1959: 1956:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 1942: 1939:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 1925: 1906: 1889: 1872: 1855: 1838: 1834:Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla 1819: 1800: 1781: 1764: 1747: 1730: 1713: 1696: 1677: 1533:The law prohibits forced or 1071:Corruption Perceptions Index 1020:Respect for political rights 941:Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir 5614:Humanitarian crisis in Gaza 1921:Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 736:Freedom of speech and press 731:Respect for civil liberties 655:Denial of fair public trial 278:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6094: 6053:Human rights in Mauritania 5454:Women's suffrage, timeline 3492:Due to legal concerns the 3069:Freedom House, 2022 report 2374: 2357: 2340: 2323: 2304: 2299:Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi 2285: 2268: 2249: 2232: 2215: 2198: 2181: 2164: 2147: 2130: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2062: 2045: 2028: 2011: 1994: 1977: 1960: 1943: 1926: 1907: 1890: 1873: 1856: 1839: 1820: 1815:Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly 1801: 1782: 1765: 1748: 1731: 1714: 1697: 1678: 1337: 1130: 1075:Transparency International 1039:Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi 997:Under agreements with the 875: 377:Human rights in Mauritania 6004: 5912: 5863: 5797: 5746: 4537:14 September 2013 at the 1369:Persons with disabilities 1259:Female genital mutilation 563:receiving adequate food. 6073:Government of Mauritania 4794:Central African Republic 4618:9 September 2013 at the 4573:21 February 2014 at the 4555:9 September 2013 at the 2433:Accession, Ratification 2402:Mauritania's stances on 2387:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2370:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2353:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 2336:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 1229:U.S. Department of Labor 896:Because of this stance, 406:is a highly centralized 167:Administrative divisions 18:Corruption in Mauritania 6058:Human rights by country 5365:Crimes against humanity 4740:Human rights in Africa 3706:AFP (17 October 2019). 3102:(in French). 1987-10-31 3019:Elections in Mauritania 2412:International treaties 2318:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 1046:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 648:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz 646:During 2011, president 6068:Politics of Mauritania 3658:Global Voices Advocacy 3014:Politics of Mauritania 2281:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall 1334:Trafficking in persons 1060:practice during 2011. 977:Protection of refugees 856:Freedom of association 431:Mauritanian Government 291:Diplomatic missions of 113:Mohamed Ould Ghazouani 34:Politics of Mauritania 6063:Society of Mauritania 5609:Collective punishment 5429:Right to a fair trial 4954:São Tomé and Príncipe 4814:Republic of the Congo 4695:Amnesty International 2937:African Youth Charter 2263:Ely Ould Mohamed Vall 1190:unregistered births. 846:Amnesty International 500:Amnesty International 389:Amnesty International 331:Mauritania portal 5634:Israel and apartheid 5619:Human rights in Asia 5434:Right to development 5315:United Arab Emirates 3992:on 17 September 2012 3189:, 27 September 2011" 1639:Freedom in the World 864:government funding. 812:Ibrahima Moctar Sarr 808:Ibrahima Moctar Sarr 419:French colonial rule 5543:HRFS (founded 2002) 5380:Freedom of religion 5029:States with limited 4593:on 2 September 2012 4352:on 13 December 2013 4202:on 11 February 2014 4082:on 16 November 2018 4022:on 1 September 2010 3962:on 11 February 2011 3479:OpenNet Initiative 1778:Moktar Ould Daddah 1761:Moktar Ould Daddah 1744:Moktar Ould Daddah 1727:Moktar Ould Daddah 1710:Moktar Ould Daddah 1651:Historical ratings 1133:Women in Mauritania 953:freedom of movement 884:Liberals Mauritania 872:Freedom of religion 838:freedom of assembly 832:Freedom of assembly 708:political prisoners 571:Arbitrary detention 541:prison overcrowding 479:Mohamed Ould Boilil 412:freedom of religion 258:Electoral districts 5530:Association Najdeh 5360:Capital punishment 4691:2012 Annual Report 4412:on 13 January 2016 4232:on 20 October 2012 4172:on 8 November 2010 3932:on 20 October 2012 3494:OpenNet Initiative 3082:The World Factbook 1796:Mustafa Ould Salek 1692:Moktar Ould Daddah 1293:Displaced children 1181:Birth registration 1175:abandoned children 777:OpenNet Initiative 633:Pretrial detention 125:Mohamed Ould Bilal 6040: 6039: 6000: 5999: 5899: 5898: 5850: 5849: 5832:Political parties 5812:Foreign relations 5784: 5783: 5652: 5651: 5576: 5575: 5459:Male guardianship 5397:Human trafficking 5130: 5129: 5056:other territories 4829:Equatorial Guinea 4644:on 29 August 2012 4502:on 25 August 2012 4382:on 19 August 2012 4262:on 25 August 2012 4142:on 23 August 2012 3498:child pornography 2996:Mauritania portal 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2390: 1663:Political Rights 904:. It states that 891:1991 Constitution 458:international law 429:individuals. The 374: 373: 308:Visa requirements 271:Foreign relations 253:Political parties 203:Recent elections 147:National Assembly 16:(Redirected from 6085: 6020: 6013: 5910: 5881: 5861: 5795: 5744: 5729: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5474: 5350:Academic freedom 5332:Yemeni civil war 5303:Syrian civil war 5157: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5117: 5116:(United Kingdom) 5112:Tristan da Cunha 5108:Ascension Island 5100: 5087: 5078: 5054:Dependencies and 4747:Sovereign states 4733: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4643: 4637:. Archived from 4636: 4628: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589:. Archived from 4583: 4577: 4565: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4529: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4498:. Archived from 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4468:. Archived from 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4438:. Archived from 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4408:. Archived from 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4378:. Archived from 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4348:. Archived from 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4322:on 25 April 2016 4318:. Archived from 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4288:. Archived from 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4258:. Archived from 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4228:. Archived from 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4198:. Archived from 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4168:. Archived from 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4138:. Archived from 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4108:. Archived from 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4078:. Archived from 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4052:on 24 March 2019 4048:. Archived from 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4018:. Archived from 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988:. Archived from 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3958:. Archived from 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3928:. Archived from 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3891: 3885: 3880: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3825: 3824: 3814: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3771:. Archived from 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3712:Voice of America 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3195:on 14 March 2013 3191:. Archived from 3177: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3140:. Archived from 3139: 3131: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3050: 3043:As of January 1. 3042: 3034: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2418: 2409: 2406:are as follows: 1666:Civil Liberties 1657: 1648: 1607:child labor laws 1535:compulsory labor 1460:Hodh Ech Chargui 1390:divides between 771:Internet freedom 679:Trial procedures 408:Islamic Republic 366: 359: 352: 329: 328: 327: 66: 62: 61: 45: 29: 21: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6023: 6016: 6009: 5996: 5895: 5879: 5846: 5817:Law enforcement 5780: 5733: 5727: 5721:1978–1984 5716:1960–1978 5692: 5683: 5653: 5648: 5597: 5572: 5493: 5463: 5444:Status of women 5439:Right to health 5338: 5239:Iraqi Kurdistan 5190:Northern Cyprus 5166: 5161: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5115: 5098: 5085: 5076: 5057: 5055: 5048: 5032: 5030: 5023: 4742: 4737: 4687: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4620:Wayback Machine 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4575:Wayback Machine 4566: 4562: 4557:Wayback Machine 4548: 4544: 4539:Wayback Machine 4530: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4472:on 18 July 2012 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4442:on 17 July 2019 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4112:on 18 July 2012 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3828: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3684:Middle East Eye 3677: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3609: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3570:, 25 April 2011 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3478: 3474: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3185:, reprinted in 3179: 3178: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3125: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3027: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2806:United Nations 2787:United Nations 2768:United Nations 2749:United Nations 2730:United Nations 2711:United Nations 2692:United Nations 2673:United Nations 2654:United Nations 2635:United Nations 2616:United Nations 2597:United Nations 2578:United Nations 2559:United Nations 2540:United Nations 2521:United Nations 2502:United Nations 2483:United Nations 2464:United Nations 2400: 1635: 1615: 1593:, cultivation, 1574: 1531: 1506: 1501: 1489: 1477: 1383: 1371: 1342: 1336: 1324: 1312: 1295: 1286: 1256: 1247: 1237:, instances of 1225: 1217: 1196: 1183: 1171: 1135: 1129: 1120: 1107: 1098:to the public. 1066: 1031: 1022: 979: 949: 880: 874: 858: 834: 829: 821: 773: 760: 743: 738: 733: 725: 716: 704: 681: 657: 644: 635: 613: 597: 573: 508: 495: 487: 471: 466: 400: 370: 341: 337:Other countries 325: 323: 318: 317: 299: 287: 273: 263: 262: 247: 231:Parliamentary: 225: 199: 189: 188: 169: 159: 158: 142: 132: 131: 103: 95: 94: 78: 68: 56: 55: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5917:Child marriage 5913: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5842:Prime Minister 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5548:APDWRSA (2007) 5545: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121:Western Sahara 5118: 5101: 5088: 5079: 5065:Canary Islands 5061: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4697: 4686: 4685:External links 4683: 4681: 4680: 4655: 4623: 4604: 4578: 4560: 4542: 4524: 4513: 4492:United Nations 4483: 4462:United Nations 4453: 4432:United Nations 4423: 4402:United Nations 4393: 4372:United Nations 4363: 4342:United Nations 4333: 4312:United Nations 4303: 4292:on 20 May 2011 4282:United Nations 4273: 4252:United Nations 4243: 4222:United Nations 4213: 4192:United Nations 4183: 4162:United Nations 4153: 4132:United Nations 4123: 4102:United Nations 4093: 4072:United Nations 4063: 4042:United Nations 4033: 4012:United Nations 4003: 3982:United Nations 3973: 3952:United Nations 3943: 3922:United Nations 3913: 3886: 3862: 3851: 3826: 3785: 3760: 3735: 3724: 3698: 3687:. 30 July 2019 3670: 3645: 3634: 3607: 3596: 3585: 3573: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3517: 3502: 3485: 3472: 3457: 3206: 3172: 3157: 3123: 3112: 3087: 3072: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3052:interpolation. 3044: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941:African Union 2939: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922:African Union 2920: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903:African Union 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2884:African Union 2882: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865:African Union 2863: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2846:African Union 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2444:United Nations 2441: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2414: 2413: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1631: 1614: 1611: 1573: 1570: 1530: 1527: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1476: 1473: 1382: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1311: 1308: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245:Child marriage 1243: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1195: 1192: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1167: 1128: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1065: 1062: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1003:Canary Islands 978: 975: 948: 945: 876:Main article: 873: 870: 857: 854: 833: 830: 828: 825: 820: 817: 800:internet cafés 772: 769: 759: 756: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 724: 721: 715: 712: 710:or detainees. 703: 700: 680: 677: 660:court orders. 656: 653: 643: 640: 634: 631: 612: 609: 596: 593: 572: 569: 507: 504: 494: 491: 486: 483: 470: 467: 465: 462: 453:for decades. 439:Soninke people 399: 396: 372: 371: 369: 368: 361: 354: 346: 343: 342: 340: 339: 333: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 305: 298: 297: 286: 285: 284: 283: 274: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 255: 250: 249: 248: 246: 245: 240: 235: 228: 226: 224: 223: 218: 213: 209:Presidential: 206: 200: 195: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 176: 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 143: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 120:Prime Minister 117: 116: 115: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 91: 90: 79: 74: 73: 70: 69: 51: 50: 47: 46: 38: 37: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6090: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5590:Saudi Arabia: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540:Saudi Arabia: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Kafala system 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:Guinea-Bissau 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4704:Freedom House 4701: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3900: 3896: 3895:Freedom House 3890: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3775:on 2018-12-24 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3467:Freedom House 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3147:on 2016-03-04 3143: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2981: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826:African Union 2824: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2424:Organization 2423: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643:Freedom House 1640: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1499:Worker rights 1498: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:instruction. 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1322:Anti-semitism 1321: 1319: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1253: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 989: 984: 976: 974: 971: 967: 965: 962:(UNHCR), the 961: 956: 954: 946: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 920: 916: 910: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 887: 885: 879: 871: 869: 865: 861: 855: 853: 851: 847: 844:according to 841: 839: 831: 826: 824: 818: 816: 813: 809: 803: 801: 796: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 770: 768: 764: 757: 755: 751: 747: 740: 735: 730: 728: 722: 720: 713: 711: 709: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 678: 676: 674: 670: 665: 661: 654: 652: 649: 641: 639: 632: 630: 627: 623: 619: 616: 610: 608: 604: 601: 594: 592: 588: 586: 580: 578: 570: 568: 564: 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 542: 537: 533: 529: 526: 523: 521: 517: 511: 505: 503: 501: 492: 490: 485:Disappearance 484: 482: 480: 476: 468: 463: 461: 459: 454: 452: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 397: 395: 392: 390: 386: 382: 381:Freedom House 378: 367: 362: 360: 355: 353: 348: 347: 345: 344: 338: 335: 334: 332: 322: 321: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 295:in Mauritania 292: 289: 288: 281: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 267: 266: 259: 256: 254: 251: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 230: 229: 227: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 208: 207: 205: 204: 202: 201: 198: 193: 192: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 168: 163: 162: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 136: 135: 126: 123: 122: 121: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 105: 99: 98: 89: 86: 85: 84: 81: 80: 77: 72: 71: 67: 65: 60: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 35: 30: 27: 19: 5952:Human rights 5951: 5927:Demographics 5873:Central Bank 5802:Constitution 5589: 5568:ALQST (2014) 5563:ESOHR (2013) 5553:ACPRA (2009) 5539: 5422:Antisemitism 5288:Saudi Arabia 5251:Palestinians 5212:Islamic Iran 5207:Pahlavi Iran 5104:Saint Helena 5075: 4979:South Africa 4969:Sierra Leone 4913: 4774:Burkina Faso 4671:. Retrieved 4658: 4646:. Retrieved 4639:the original 4626: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4591:the original 4581: 4563: 4545: 4527: 4516: 4504:. Retrieved 4500:the original 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4470:the original 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4440:the original 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4410:the original 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4380:the original 4366: 4354:. Retrieved 4350:the original 4336: 4324:. Retrieved 4320:the original 4306: 4294:. Retrieved 4290:the original 4276: 4264:. Retrieved 4260:the original 4246: 4234:. Retrieved 4230:the original 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4200:the original 4186: 4174:. Retrieved 4170:the original 4156: 4144:. Retrieved 4140:the original 4126: 4114:. Retrieved 4110:the original 4096: 4084:. Retrieved 4080:the original 4066: 4054:. Retrieved 4050:the original 4036: 4024:. Retrieved 4020:the original 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3960:the original 3946: 3934:. Retrieved 3930:the original 3916: 3905:. Retrieved 3889: 3854: 3845: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3777:. Retrieved 3773:the original 3763: 3752:. Retrieved 3750:. 2009-07-19 3747: 3738: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3711: 3701: 3689:. Retrieved 3682: 3673: 3662:. Retrieved 3660:. 2017-01-29 3657: 3648: 3637: 3628: 3599: 3588: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3488: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3197:. Retrieved 3193:the original 3186: 3182: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3149:. Retrieved 3142:the original 3115: 3104:. Retrieved 3099: 3090: 3081: 3080:Mauritania, 3075: 3064: 3048: 3040: 3032: 2401: 2295:Partly Free 2278:Partly Free 2259:Partly Free 2208:Partly Free 2191:Partly Free 1636: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1604: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1539: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1490: 1478: 1469: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1417: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1325: 1313: 1296: 1287: 1267: 1263:Infibulation 1257: 1248: 1232: 1226: 1218: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1172: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073:reported by 1067: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1035:Dakar Accord 1032: 1023: 1011: 1007: 996: 992: 980: 972: 968: 957: 950: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 911: 895: 888: 881: 866: 862: 859: 842: 835: 822: 804: 797: 790:or Internet 781: 774: 765: 761: 752: 748: 744: 726: 717: 705: 696: 692: 688: 682: 666: 662: 658: 645: 636: 628: 624: 620: 617: 614: 605: 602: 598: 589: 581: 574: 565: 557: 553: 549: 545: 538: 534: 530: 527: 524: 512: 509: 496: 488: 472: 455: 447: 417:Coming from 416: 401: 393: 376: 375: 83:Human rights 82: 76:Constitution 54: 26: 5868:Agriculture 5761:Departments 5726:1984– 5706:Precolonial 5593:NSHR (2004) 5407:LGBT rights 5234:Post-Saddam 5172:Middle East 5031:recognition 4984:South Sudan 4874:Ivory Coast 4673:13 November 4648:12 November 4597:12 November 3199:12 November 3167:DisplayNews 3100:Le Monde.fr 2427:Introduced 1579:child labor 1464:Ould Daddeh 1239:child labor 1223:Child labor 1215:Child abuse 435:Toucouleurs 313:Visa policy 179:Departments 6047:Categories 5880:(currency) 5827:Parliament 5766:Ecoregions 5686:Mauritania 5558:SDC (2011) 5385:Irreligion 5229:Ba'ath era 5224:Pre-Saddam 5086:(Portugal) 5044:Somaliland 4964:Seychelles 4929:Mozambique 4914:Mauritania 4899:Madagascar 4854:The Gambia 4789:Cape Verde 3907:2012-08-22 3805:: 107382. 3779:2012-11-14 3754:2023-10-22 3664:2017-04-09 3151:2012-11-15 3106:2023-10-22 3057:References 1546:Nouakchott 1439:pastures. 1387:minorities 1304:Nouadhibou 1299:Nouakchott 1204:university 1131:See also: 1091:Nouakchott 906:any Muslim 850:Nouakchott 792:chat rooms 673:World Bank 585:Nouakchott 520:Nouadhibou 404:Mauritania 140:Parliament 102:Government 5932:Education 5891:Transport 5837:President 5807:Elections 5739:Geography 5535:al-Marsad 5375:Democracy 5278:Palestine 4919:Mauritius 4506:29 August 4476:29 August 4446:29 August 4416:29 August 4386:29 August 4356:29 August 4326:29 August 4296:29 August 4266:29 August 4236:29 August 4206:29 August 4176:29 August 4146:29 August 4116:29 August 4086:29 August 4056:29 August 4026:29 August 3996:29 August 3966:29 August 3936:29 August 3821:0190-7409 3748:France 24 2912:2008 (R) 2874:2005 (A) 2855:2005 (A) 2836:1986 (R) 2777:2012 (R) 2758:2012 (A) 2739:2012 (A) 2720:2007 (A) 2663:2007 (A) 2625:1991 (R) 2606:2004 (A) 2587:2001 (A) 2568:1988 (A) 2511:2004 (A) 2492:2004 (A) 2473:1988 (R) 2384:Not Free 2367:Not Free 2350:Not Free 2333:Not Free 2314:Not Free 2242:Not Free 2225:Not Free 2174:Not Free 2157:Not Free 2140:Not Free 2123:Not Free 2106:Not Free 2089:Not Free 2072:Not Free 2055:Not Free 2038:Not Free 2021:Not Free 2004:Not Free 1987:Not Free 1970:Not Free 1953:Not Free 1936:Not Free 1917:Not Free 1900:Not Free 1883:Not Free 1866:Not Free 1849:Not Free 1830:Not Free 1811:Not Free 1792:Not Free 1775:Not Free 1758:Not Free 1741:Not Free 1724:Not Free 1707:Not Free 1688:Not Free 1673:President 1405:Halpulaar 1401:haratines 1194:Education 197:Elections 152:President 108:President 6027:Category 5977:Religion 5972:Polygamy 5878:Ouguiya 5822:Military 5790:Politics 5776:Wildlife 5711:Colonial 5690:articles 5602:See also 5520:B'Tselem 5498:National 5477:Pan-Arab 5110: / 5106: / 5099:(France) 5093: / 5071: / 5067: / 5019:Zimbabwe 4994:Tanzania 4844:Ethiopia 4839:Eswatini 4819:Djibouti 4784:Cameroon 4769:Botswana 4616:Archived 4571:Archived 4553:Archived 4535:Archived 3897:(2012). 3691:3 August 3469:, page 3 3187:AlertNet 2982:See also 1622:overtime 1493:HIV/AIDS 1270:midwives 1169:Children 902:apostasy 784:Internet 671:and the 427:enslaved 398:Overview 303:Passport 184:Communes 6011:Outline 5982:Slavery 5957:Leblouh 5905:Society 5886:Tourism 5856:Economy 5771:Regions 5751:Borders 5728:present 5698:History 5449:Torture 5343:Aspects 5268:Lebanon 5180:Bahrain 5095:Réunion 5091:Mayotte 5082:Madeira 5077:(Spain) 5073:Melilla 5004:Tunisia 4974:Somalia 4959:Senegal 4944:Nigeria 4934:Namibia 4924:Morocco 4889:Liberia 4884:Lesotho 4834:Eritrea 4804:Comoros 4779:Burundi 4754:Algeria 3717:12 July 3183:Reuters 2430:Signed 2421:Treaty 1669:Status 1595:fishing 1591:herding 1481:Shari'a 1424:Soninke 1413:Soninke 1397:Berbers 1385:Ethnic 1328:Judaism 1014:Senegal 684:Shari'a 642:Amnesty 475:Maghama 451:torture 174:Regions 88:Slavery 6032:Portal 5947:Health 5756:Cities 5688: 5582:GONGOs 5417:Racism 5412:Murder 5310:Turkey 5298:Rojava 5263:Kuwait 5258:Jordan 5246:Israel 5185:Cyprus 5114: 5097: 5084: 5014:Zambia 5009:Uganda 4949:Rwanda 4904:Malawi 4864:Guinea 4759:Angola 3819: 1599:donkey 1479:Under 1458:, and 1456:Gorgol 1452:Brakna 1448:Assaba 1426:, and 1420:Arabic 1411:, and 1276:, the 1209:Arabic 983:asylum 915:fatwas 423:Arabic 387:, and 383:, the 6018:Index 5992:Women 5987:Sport 5967:Music 5962:Media 5937:Films 5922:Crime 5327:Yemen 5320:Dubai 5293:Syria 5283:Qatar 5197:Egypt 5069:Ceuta 4989:Sudan 4939:Niger 4894:Libya 4879:Kenya 4859:Ghana 4849:Gabon 4824:Egypt 4764:Benin 4702:, by 4693:, by 4642:(PDF) 4635:(PDF) 3902:(XLS) 3145:(PDF) 3138:(PDF) 3025:Notes 2965:1980 2944:2006 2925:2009 2909:2008 2906:2007 2890:2005 2887:2003 2868:1990 2849:2003 2833:1982 2830:1981 2809:2011 2790:2008 2774:2011 2771:2006 2752:2006 2733:2006 2714:2000 2695:2000 2676:1999 2657:1990 2638:1989 2622:1990 2619:1989 2600:1984 2581:1979 2562:1973 2543:1968 2524:1966 2505:1966 2486:1966 2470:1966 2467:1966 2448:1948 2375:2012 2358:2011 2341:2010 2324:2009 2305:2008 2286:2007 2269:2006 2250:2005 2233:2004 2216:2003 2199:2002 2182:2001 2165:2000 2148:1999 2131:1998 2114:1997 2097:1996 2080:1995 2063:1994 2046:1993 2029:1992 2012:1991 1995:1990 1978:1989 1961:1988 1944:1987 1927:1986 1908:1985 1891:1984 1874:1983 1857:1982 1840:1981 1821:1980 1802:1979 1783:1978 1766:1977 1749:1976 1732:1975 1715:1974 1698:1973 1679:1972 1660:Year 1428:Wolof 1409:Wolof 1392:Moors 1127:Women 919:Umrah 788:email 5942:Flag 5469:NGOs 5273:Oman 5219:Iraq 5202:Iran 4999:Togo 4909:Mali 4799:Chad 4675:2012 4650:2012 4613:2010 4599:2012 4508:2012 4478:2012 4448:2012 4418:2012 4388:2012 4358:2012 4328:2012 4298:2012 4268:2012 4238:2012 4208:2012 4178:2012 4148:2012 4118:2012 4088:2012 4058:2012 4028:2012 3998:2012 3968:2012 3938:2012 3817:ISSN 3719:2020 3693:2019 3555:loi" 3201:2012 775:The 516:Aleg 437:and 243:2023 238:2018 233:2013 221:2024 216:2019 211:2014 3807:doi 3803:157 1231:'s 1211:. 445:. 414:. 6049:: 4666:. 4494:. 4464:. 4434:. 4404:. 4374:. 4344:. 4314:. 4284:. 4254:. 4224:. 4194:. 4164:. 4134:. 4104:. 4074:. 4044:. 4014:. 3984:. 3954:. 3924:. 3865:^ 3829:^ 3815:. 3801:. 3797:. 3746:. 3710:. 3681:. 3656:. 3610:^ 3520:^ 3505:^ 3209:^ 3126:^ 3098:. 3046:3. 3038:2. 3030:1. 2971:- 2968:- 2950:- 2947:- 2931:- 2928:- 2893:- 2871:- 2852:- 2815:- 2812:- 2796:- 2793:- 2755:- 2736:- 2717:- 2701:- 2698:- 2682:- 2679:- 2660:- 2644:- 2641:- 2603:- 2584:- 2565:- 2549:- 2546:- 2530:- 2527:- 2508:- 2489:- 2454:- 2451:- 2381:5 2378:6 2364:5 2361:6 2347:5 2344:6 2330:5 2327:6 2311:5 2308:6 2292:4 2289:4 2275:4 2272:5 2256:4 2253:6 2239:5 2236:6 2222:5 2219:6 2205:5 2202:5 2188:5 2185:5 2171:5 2168:6 2154:5 2151:6 2137:5 2134:6 2120:6 2117:6 2103:6 2100:6 2086:6 2083:6 2069:7 2066:7 2052:6 2049:7 2035:6 2032:7 2018:6 2015:7 2001:6 1998:7 1984:6 1981:7 1967:6 1964:6 1950:6 1947:6 1933:6 1930:7 1914:6 1911:7 1897:6 1894:7 1880:6 1877:7 1863:6 1860:7 1846:6 1843:7 1827:6 1824:7 1808:6 1805:7 1789:6 1786:6 1772:6 1769:6 1755:6 1752:6 1738:6 1735:6 1721:6 1718:5 1704:6 1701:6 1685:6 1682:6 1454:, 1450:, 1318:. 1077:. 391:. 293:/ 5678:e 5671:t 5664:v 5156:e 5149:t 5142:v 4732:e 4725:t 4718:v 4677:. 4652:. 4601:. 4510:. 4480:. 4450:. 4420:. 4390:. 4360:. 4330:. 4300:. 4270:. 4240:. 4210:. 4180:. 4150:. 4120:. 4090:. 4060:. 4030:. 4000:. 3970:. 3940:. 3910:. 3823:. 3809:: 3782:. 3757:. 3721:. 3695:. 3667:. 3203:. 3154:. 3109:. 365:e 358:t 351:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.