68:
623:
381:
829:
567:
thickest rolled sections and plates – from 1.5–4 in (38–102 mm) thick have yield strength of 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate strength of 63 ksi (430 MPa). ASTM A242 is available in Type 1 and Type 2. Both have different applications based on the thickness. Type 1 is often used in housing structures, construction industry and freight cars. The Type 2 steel, which is also called Corten B, is used primarily in urban furnishing, passenger ships or cranes.
851:. A subsequent order in 1979 was built to similar specs, including weathering steel bodies, by Bombardier. The cars were painted, a standard practice for weathering steel railcars. The durability of weathering steel did not live up to expectations, with rust holes appearing in the railcars. Painting may have contributed to the problem, as painted weathering steel is no more corrosion-resistant than conventional steel, because the protective
1960:
911:
589:
645:
49:
604:
566:
of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for light-medium rolled shapes and plates up to 0.75 inches (19 mm) thick. It has yield strength of 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate strength of 67 ksi (460 MPa) for medium weight rolled shapes and plates from 0.75–1 inch (19–25 mm) thick. The
414:
The corrosion-retarding effect of the protective layer is produced by the particular distribution and concentration of alloying elements in it. It is not yet clear how exactly the patina formation differs from usual rusting, but it's established that drying of the wetted surface is necessary and that
941:
Mayari-R weathering steel framing within the predicted time. Rainwater runoff from the slowly rusting steel stained the numerous large windows and increased maintenance costs. Corrosion without the formation of a protective layer apparently led to the need for emergency structural reinforcement and
957:
in part to showcase COR-TEN steel. The initial weathering of the material resulted in a discoloration, known as "bleeding" or "runoff", of the surrounding city sidewalks and nearby buildings. A cleanup effort was orchestrated by the corporation once weathering was complete to clean the markings. A
579:
and plate thicknesses up to 4 in (100 mm) thick. Plates from 4–5 in (102–127 mm) have yield strength at least 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 67 ksi (460 MPa), and plates from 5–8 in (127–203 mm) thick have yield strength at
958:
few of the nearby sidewalks were left uncleaned, and remain a rust color. This problem has been reduced in newer formulations of weathering steel. Staining can be prevented if the structure can be designed so that water does not drain from the steel onto concrete where stains would be visible.
920:
The rate at which some weathering steels form the desired patina varies strongly with the presence of atmospheric pollutants which catalyze corrosion. While the process is generally successful in large urban centers, the weathering rate is much slower in more rural environments.
358:. The controlled corrosion for which this material is now best known was a welcome benefit discovered soon after, prompting USS to apply the trademarked name Cor-Ten. Because of its inherent toughness, this steel is still used extensively for bulk transport,
410:
refers to the chemical composition of these steels, allowing them to exhibit increased resistance to atmospheric corrosion compared to other steels. This is because the steel forms a protective layer on its surface under the influence of the weather.
903:, never stopped rusting, and eventually large holes appeared in the structure. This was a major factor in the decision to demolish it just 25 years after construction. The same thing can happen in environments laden with sea salt. Hawaii's
67:
882:
Using weathering steel in construction presents several challenges. Ensuring that weld-points weather at the same rate as the other materials may require special welding techniques or material. Weathering steel is not
1751:
895:. Weathering steel is sensitive to humid subtropical climates, and in such environments it is possible that the protective patina may not stabilize but instead continue to corrode. For example, the former
418:
The layer protecting the surface develops and regenerates continuously when subjected to the influence of the weather. In other words, the steel is allowed to rust in order to form the protective coating.
392:
at milepost 37.02. This overpass is believed to be the first highway structure application of weathering steel. Other states including Iowa, Ohio, and
Michigan followed soon after. Those were followed by
870:
School of
Architecture was completed on its campus. The use of weathering steel helped the futuristic shapes of the facade fit in well with its much older surroundings and in 2015 it was awarded the
1619:
1331:
328:
The history of weathering steels began in the US in 1910s, when steels alloyed with different amounts of copper were exposed to the elements; the research continued into the 1920s and
1209:
866:
says of the material: "While it can look suspiciously unfinished to the casual observer, it has many fans in the world of art and architecture." In 2015, a new building for the
887:
in itself: if water is allowed to accumulate on the surface of the steel, it will experience a higher corrosion rate, so provision for drainage must be made. According to the
1802:
1302:
1502:
1274:
2308:
1594:
374:
1623:
847:
for
Illinois Central Railroad. The use of weathering steel was seen as a cost-cutting move in comparison with the contemporary railcar standard of
1795:
370:
342:
decided to commercialize the results of their studies and patented a steel with exceptional mechanical resistance, primarily for use in railroad
622:
52:
Texture of a sheet of Cor-Ten after being exposed to the elements for 5 years. The rust can form unevenly based on the composition of the metal.
1764:
753:
2270:
575:
A588 has a yield strength of at least 50 ksi (340 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for all rolled
1335:
855:
will not form in time to prevent corrosion over a localized area of attack such as a small paint failure. These cars were retired by 2016.
1474:
397:
Footbridge in the United
Kingdom in 1967. Since then, the practice of using weathering steel in bridges has expanded to many countries.
907:, built in 1975, is one example of this. Weathering steel's normal surface weathering can also lead to rust stains on nearby surfaces.
1788:
1755:
1237:
317:
standards group. Newer ASTM grades are A588 (COR-TEN B) and A606 for thin sheet. All of the alloys are in common production and use.
867:
833:
320:
The surface oxidation generally takes six months to develop, but surface treatments can accelerate this to as little as one hour.
2288:
1698:
775:
380:
669:
Weathering steel is popularly used in outdoor sculptures for its distressed antique appearance. One example is the large
2344:
2298:
2278:
2070:
1032:
2231:
1449:
1425:
749:
35:
2107:
1363:
2334:
2329:
2303:
2155:
757:
734:
592:
563:
299:
2246:
2044:
738:
1672:
147:
1549:
1524:
2293:
2283:
2170:
1832:
1646:
674:
2185:
2117:
2102:
2094:
2060:
922:
745:
142:
42:
1140:
1927:
1924:
844:
555:
258:
2256:
2220:
2175:
2065:
2039:
967:
764:
359:
1575:
828:
580:
least 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 63 ksi (430 MPa).
542:
The mechanical properties of weathering steels depend on which alloy and how thick the material is.
2349:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2160:
2150:
2034:
2013:
1900:
1867:
650:
389:
862:, made up of 12,000 pre-weathered steel panels engineered by ASI Limited & SHoP Construction.
286:
on the name COR-TEN. The name COR-TEN refers to the two distinguishing properties of this type of
1930:
1827:
1479:
926:
892:
871:
725:
394:
314:
84:
884:
307:
1774:
1944:
1249:
1192:
1177:
1122:
787:
707:
272:
which were developed to eliminate the need for painting by forming a stable external layer of
1450:"Corten B Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel"
1426:"Corten A Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel"
813:
made from weathering steel using the four-letter word ahava (אהבה, "love" in Hebrew) for the
677:
Courthouse in
Chicago, which is also constructed of weathering steel. Other examples include
2029:
2008:
1158:
1114:
1106:
971:
946:
934:
930:
914:
807:
779:
720:
697:
634:
366:
295:
193:
31:
2339:
2236:
1989:
1959:
1893:
1090:
Morcillo, Manuel; Díaz, Iván; Chico, Belén; Cano, H.; de la Fuente, Daniel (1 June 2014).
938:
859:
848:
712:
670:
630:
615:
607:
188:
992:
1723:
2140:
2122:
1998:
1994:
1940:
910:
799:
688:
683:
678:
588:
551:
239:
183:
163:
113:
75:
1015:"Weathering Steel: A Guide to Corten and the A/B Equivalents, Origins & Standards"
644:
2323:
2084:
1873:
904:
896:
822:
814:
791:
783:
702:
655:
559:
303:
1014:
335:
it was discovered that phosphorus content also helps with the corrosion resistance.
2198:
2193:
1920:
1916:
768:
244:
234:
173:
168:
122:
1357:
1414:. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction. p. Chapter 1, page 1–5.
1110:
313:
The original COR-TEN received the standard designation A242 (COR-TEN A) from the
2241:
2145:
2002:
1968:
269:
178:
1091:
974:; ancient metal monuments with some characteristics similar to weathering steel
794:
and Jørgen
Vesterholt, are clad in weathering steel, earning them the nickname
365:
Railroad passenger cars were also being built with Cor-Ten, albeit painted, by
2130:
1973:
1883:
1092:"Weathering steels: From empirical development to scientific design. A review"
954:
950:
744:
It is also used in bridge and other large structural applications such as the
446:
406:
347:
343:
339:
279:
203:
137:
99:
1253:
1126:
1038:
2251:
2165:
1936:
1888:
1845:
1780:
1059:
840:
818:
767:
as well as visible sheet piling along recently widened sections of London's
730:
659:
603:
441:
291:
283:
229:
224:
219:
94:
89:
17:
48:
2135:
1877:
1863:
1855:
774:
The first use of weathering steel for architectural applications was the
716:
611:
466:
456:
127:
104:
1550:"Photos of the South Shore Line in the Dunes region of Northern Indiana"
1211:
Performance of
Weathering Steel in Highway Bridges: A Third Phase Report
763:
It is very widely used in marine transportation, in the construction of
1385:
1118:
900:
436:
423:
Weathering steel grade chemical composition (excl. iron) by weight (%)
132:
1528:
852:
803:
663:
576:
471:
461:
451:
431:
1159:"History Of Corten Steel Sculptures - History Of Corten Sculptures"
27:
Steel alloys designed so that surface rust inhibits further rusting
1815:
909:
827:
643:
621:
602:
596:
587:
379:
355:
287:
59:
47:
1760:
Note: wrapping of piers was later found not to be cost-effective.
1553:
1412:
Manual of Steel
Construction, 8th Edition Second Revised Printing
1359:
COR-TEN – Weather & Corrosion
Resistant Steel: Technical Data
1811:
888:
273:
1784:
1576:"Barclays Center | 2012-12-16 | Architectural Record"
821:, Israel. In Denmark, all masts for supporting the catenary on
351:
1699:"Donor Wrote Corson to Demand 'Old Rusty' Repairs Be Secret"
1303:"Weathering Steel in Bridge Replacement of Rail Overbridges"
1758:(4464 KB). Contains recommended details to avoid staining.
1620:"KTH arkitekturskolan – vinnare Kasper Salin-priset 2015"
1238:"Weathering Steel Bridges / A 1994 Review of Performance"
1144:
30:"Corten" redirects here. For the commune in Moldova, see
942:
galvanizing in 1974, less than two years after opening.
373:
from 1936, continuing through commuter coaches for the
1075:
The Corten+ treatment products form a rust in one hour
937:, did not achieve the predicted surface finish on its
306:) in 2003, it still sells COR-TEN branded material in
1217:. American Iron and Steel Institute. 1995. p. 5
825:
are made of weathering steel for aesthetic reasons.
2269:
2184:
2116:
2093:
2083:
2053:
2022:
1982:
1967:
1909:
1854:
1841:
858:Weathering steel was used to build the exterior of
388:In 1964, the Moorestown Interchange was built over
298:. Although USS sold its discrete plate business to
1503:"Feilden Clegg Bradley's Leeds complex completed"
1276:Historic Context for Louisiana Bridges, 1971-1985
1085:
1083:
891:, lack of drainage is what ultimately led to the
832:Building for School of Architecture, part of the
786:, and completed in 1964. The main buildings of
415:copper is the most important alloying element.
1796:
1595:"Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty"
1475:"Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty"
754:Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA)
8:
673:sculpture, which stands in the plaza of the
264:and sometimes written without the hyphen as
41:"A 606" redirects here. For other uses, see
1752:Report on Weathering Steel in TxDOT Bridges
1386:"Structural, Carbon & HSLA Steel Plate"
2090:
1979:
1851:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1301:Ticaric, Peter; Steele, John; Lie, Felix.
1282:. Mead & Hunt. October 2020. p. 8
839:Weathering steel was used in 1971 for the
55:
782:. The building was designed by architect
1332:"Metal Building Materials and Corrosion"
1310:8 Th Australian Small Bridges Conference
798:(Danish for "rusty fortress"). In 1977,
421:
1673:"'Old Rusty' Design Hikes Upkeep Costs"
1647:"Stadium rust to get $ 12.4M treatment"
1473:Elizabeth A. Harris (August 27, 2012).
1204:
1202:
984:
211:
155:
112:
74:
58:
1671:Olmstead, Elizabeth (2 October 1973).
1190:“Railroad News and Editorial Comment,”
1622:. Sveriges Arkitekter. Archived from
1175:“The Sunbeams are Hustlers,” page 38
7:
1593:Harris, Elizabeth (27 August 2012).
1501:Ruth Bloomfeld (November 11, 2009).
1366:from the original on 20 January 2010
1236:Nickerson, Robert L (October 1994).
1525:"Shipping Container Homes Globally"
1330:Armstrong, Robert (14 April 2014).
1756:Texas Department of Transportation
893:Collapse of the Fern Hollow Bridge
25:
1141:"Opificium: più luce non si può!"
1037:, 31 October 2003, archived from
868:KTH Royal Institute of Technology
834:KTH Royal Institute of Technology
34:. For the village in Turkey, see
1958:
1334:. Absolute Steel. Archived from
925:, a social sciences building on
752:(1980), and the creation of the
711:sculpture in Manhattan, NY; the
66:
1777:from Colorado and London (2020)
1552:. people.ku.edu. Archived from
790:(built 1971–1976), designed by
340:United States Steel Corporation
1697:Sennet, Charles (8 May 1974).
1645:Arakawa, Lynda (11 May 2007).
550:The original A242 alloy has a
384:Moorestown Interchange in 2015
360:intermodal shipping containers
1:
1828:History of ferrous metallurgy
1724:"Learn About Cor-Ten / F.A.Q"
776:John Deere World Headquarters
701:sculpture; numerous works by
354:, other mineral products and
329:
2071:Argon oxygen decarburization
1765:A Primer on Weathering Steel
1111:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.03.006
695:sculptures and his original
346:, for the handling of heavy
2232:Differential heat treatment
1580:www.architecturalrecord.com
843:electric cars built by the
257:, often referred to by the
2366:
1064:Corten+ | Rust accelerator
993:"Trademarks and Ownership"
556:kilopounds per square inch
212:Other iron-based materials
40:
29:
2207:
2156:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
1956:
1823:
748:, the second span of the
564:ultimate tensile strength
300:International Steel Group
2247:Post weld heat treatment
951:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
739:Leeds Beckett University
610:by J. Sobrino, PEDELTA,
148:Widmanstätten structures
1833:List of steel producers
310:plate and sheet forms.
2061:Electro-slag remelting
1196:magazine, January 1950
1181:magazine, January 1950
917:
836:
750:Newburgh–Beacon Bridge
746:New River Gorge Bridge
666:
638:
619:
600:
385:
350:including coal, metal
53:
2271:Production by country
1703:The Cornell Daily Sun
1677:The Cornell Daily Sun
1390:A new vision of steel
1163:allsteelsculpture.com
953:, was constructed by
913:
845:St. Louis Car Company
831:
765:intermodal containers
647:
625:
606:
591:
383:
259:genericised trademark
51:
2257:Superplastic forming
2176:Quench polish quench
2066:Vacuum arc remelting
2045:Basic oxygen process
2040:Electric arc furnace
1392:. Chapel Steel. 1987
968:Iron pillar of Delhi
823:electrified railways
284:registered trademark
2345:Sculpture materials
2212:Cryogenic treatment
2035:Open hearth furnace
2023:Primary (Post-1850)
2014:Cementation process
1901:Direct reduced iron
1651:Honolulu Advertiser
1454:www.csteelindia.com
1430:www.csteelindia.com
1338:on 29 November 2020
1041:on 28 December 2007
899:, built in 1972 in
648:Weathering steel –
424:
390:New Jersey Turnpike
143:Tempered martensite
1983:Primary (Pre-1850)
1599:The New York Times
1556:on 15 October 2010
1480:The New York Times
933:, a small city in
929:'s main campus in
927:Cornell University
918:
872:Kasper Salin Prize
864:The New York Times
837:
735:Broadcasting Tower
726:Angel of the North
667:
639:
620:
601:
593:Broadcasting Tower
422:
395:University of York
386:
362:and bulk storage.
315:ASTM International
54:
36:Çörten, Altınyayla
2317:
2316:
2265:
2264:
2079:
2078:
1954:
1953:
1945:Induction furnace
1626:on 1 January 2024
1099:Corrosion Science
788:Odense University
540:
539:
252:
251:
16:(Redirected from
2357:
2335:Structural steel
2330:Weathering steel
2091:
2030:Bessemer process
1980:
1962:
1852:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1775:Weathering Steel
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1527:. Archived from
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:. bdonline.co.uk
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1143:. Archived from
1137:
1131:
1130:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
989:
972:Dhar iron pillar
947:U.S. Steel Tower
935:Upstate New York
915:U.S. Steel Tower
780:Moline, Illinois
635:Louvain-la-Neuve
599:, United Kingdom
425:
375:Rock Island Line
371:Southern Pacific
367:Pullman-Standard
334:
331:
296:tensile strength
280:U.S. Steel (USS)
268:, is a group of
255:Weathering steel
199:Weathering steel
194:High-speed steel
70:
56:
32:Corten, Taraclia
21:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2261:
2237:Decarburization
2203:
2180:
2121:
2112:
2075:
2049:
2018:
1990:Pattern welding
1971:
1963:
1950:
1905:
1894:Anthracite iron
1843:
1842:Iron production
1837:
1819:
1809:
1771:magazine (2005)
1748:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
991:
990:
986:
981:
964:
939:Bethlehem Steel
880:
860:Barclays Center
849:stainless steel
806:version of the
713:Barclays Center
671:Chicago Picasso
662:office estate,
641:
631:Mauro Staccioli
608:Abetxuko Bridge
586:
573:
548:
403:
332:
326:
294:resistance and
189:Stainless steel
114:Microstructures
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2141:Carbonitriding
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2123:Case-hardening
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2085:Heat treatment
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:Tatara furnace
2006:
1999:Damascus steel
1995:Crucible steel
1992:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1941:Cupola furnace
1934:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1871:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1741:
1740:
1715:
1689:
1663:
1637:
1611:
1585:
1567:
1541:
1516:
1493:
1465:
1441:
1417:
1403:
1377:
1349:
1322:
1293:
1266:
1228:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1150:
1147:on 2008-09-07.
1132:
1079:
1051:
1034:Plate Products
1024:
1021:. 4 July 2016.
1006:
983:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
963:
960:
879:
876:
817:Art Garden in
800:Robert Indiana
689:Robert Indiana
684:Broken Obelisk
679:Barnett Newman
585:
582:
572:
569:
552:yield strength
547:
544:
538:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
402:
399:
325:
322:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
240:Malleable iron
237:
232:
227:
222:
214:
213:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
184:Maraging steel
181:
176:
171:
166:
164:Crucible steel
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
117:
116:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
79:
78:
72:
71:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2309:United States
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Precipitation
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2108:Short circuit
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1925:Reverberatory
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:Blast furnace
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1531:on 2009-05-29
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1251:
1248:(11): 49–50.
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
994:
988:
985:
978:
973:
969:
966:
965:
961:
959:
956:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
916:
912:
908:
906:
905:Aloha Stadium
902:
898:
897:Omni Coliseum
894:
890:
886:
878:Disadvantages
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
815:Israel Museum
812:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Knud Holscher
789:
785:
784:Eero Saarinen
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
703:Richard Serra
700:
699:
694:
690:
687:; several of
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
665:
661:
657:
656:Richard Serra
653:
652:
646:
642:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
594:
590:
583:
581:
578:
570:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
503:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
427:
426:
420:
416:
412:
409:
408:
400:
398:
396:
391:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
323:
321:
318:
316:
311:
309:
305:
304:ArcelorMittal
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:COR-TEN steel
260:
256:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:
111:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
50:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2199:Martempering
2194:Austempering
2103:Low hydrogen
1921:Finery forge
1917:Wrought iron
1768:
1759:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1705:. Ithaca, NY
1702:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1679:. Ithaca, NY
1676:
1666:
1656:25 September
1654:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1614:
1604:27 September
1602:. Retrieved
1598:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1560:24 September
1558:. Retrieved
1554:the original
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:the original
1519:
1509:24 September
1507:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:10 September
1484:. Retrieved
1478:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1396:24 September
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1368:, retrieved
1358:
1352:
1342:25 September
1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1275:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1245:
1242:Public Works
1241:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1145:the original
1135:
1102:
1098:
1074:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1060:"Corten+ US"
1054:
1043:, retrieved
1039:the original
1033:
1027:
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
987:
944:
919:
881:
863:
857:
838:
808:
795:
773:
769:M25 motorway
762:
743:
724:
706:
696:
692:
682:
675:Daley Center
668:
649:
640:
626:
574:
549:
541:
417:
413:
405:
404:
387:
364:
338:In 1933 the
337:
327:
319:
312:
278:
270:steel alloys
266:corten steel
265:
261:
254:
253:
245:Wrought iron
235:Ductile iron
198:
174:Spring steel
169:Carbon steel
18:Corten Steel
2242:Forming gas
2146:Carburizing
2003:Wootz steel
1969:Steelmaking
1868:sponge iron
1630:16 February
1286:1 September
1221:1 September
1119:10261/94988
1069:20 November
344:hopper cars
333: 1926
179:Alloy steel
123:Spheroidite
2350:U.S. Steel
2324:Categories
2299:Luxembourg
2279:Bangladesh
2221:Deflashing
2131:Ausforming
1974:Steel mill
1884:Cold blast
1876:(produces
1866:(produces
1818:production
1733:17 October
1728:Corten.Com
1709:2015-03-29
1683:2015-03-29
1535:2009-05-24
1459:2017-08-10
1435:2017-08-10
1370:13 January
1045:13 January
979:References
955:U.S. Steel
885:rust-proof
802:created a
796:Rustenborg
654:(1987) by
558:(340
407:Weathering
401:Properties
348:bulk loads
308:strip-mill
282:holds the
230:White iron
204:Tool steel
138:Ledeburite
100:Martensite
2252:Quenching
2226:Hardening
2216:Deburring
2186:Tempering
2166:Nitriding
2161:Induction
2151:Cryogenic
2118:Hardening
2095:Annealing
2054:Secondary
1937:Cast iron
1910:Secondary
1889:Hot blast
1846:Ironworks
1769:STRUCTURE
1754:from the
1315:31 August
1259:31 August
1254:0033-3840
1127:0010-938X
923:Uris Hall
841:Highliner
819:Jerusalem
811:sculpture
731:Gateshead
660:Broadgate
637:, Belgium
571:ASTM A588
546:ASTM A242
533:0.02–0.10
530:0.25–0.40
527:0.40–0.65
518:0.80–1.25
515:0.30–0.50
509:ASTM A588
499:0.25–0.55
496:0.50–1.25
490:0.01–0.20
487:0.20–0.50
484:0.25–0.75
478:ASTM A242
377:in 1949.
292:corrosion
225:Gray iron
220:Cast iron
95:Cementite
90:Austenite
2136:Boriding
1928:Puddling
1878:pig iron
1864:Bloomery
1856:Smelting
1364:archived
1105:: 6–31.
1019:AZoM.com
962:See also
721:New York
717:Brooklyn
612:Abetxuko
369:for the
128:Pearlite
105:Graphite
2304:Nigeria
2087:methods
1931:Furnace
999:13 June
901:Atlanta
693:Numbers
658:in the
651:Fulcrum
618:, Spain
616:Vitoria
324:History
156:Classes
133:Bainite
85:Ferrite
2340:Steels
1252:
1193:Trains
1178:Trains
1125:
931:Ithaca
853:patina
804:Hebrew
733:; and
723:; the
705:; the
664:London
627:Anneau
577:shapes
562:) and
554:of 50
76:Phases
60:Steels
2294:Italy
2289:India
2284:China
1939:(via
1919:(via
1816:steel
1767:from
1306:(PDF)
1280:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
995:. USS
708:Alamo
597:Leeds
536:0.40
524:0.030
521:0.030
504:0.65
493:0.030
428:Grade
356:grain
302:(now
288:steel
43:A-606
1923:or
1814:and
1812:Iron
1735:2014
1658:2014
1632:2024
1606:2013
1562:2010
1511:2010
1488:2012
1398:2010
1372:2010
1344:2014
1317:2022
1288:2022
1261:2022
1250:ISSN
1223:2022
1123:ISSN
1071:2021
1047:2010
1001:2017
970:and
945:The
889:NTSB
809:Love
758:MONA
756:and
698:Love
584:Uses
512:0.16
481:0.12
352:ores
274:rust
1943:or
1246:125
1115:hdl
1107:doi
949:in
778:in
737:at
691:'s
681:'s
629:by
560:MPa
2326::
2120:/
2001:,
1880:)
1726:.
1701:.
1675:.
1649:.
1597:.
1578:.
1477:.
1452:.
1428:.
1388:.
1362:,
1308:.
1244:.
1240:.
1201:^
1161:.
1121:.
1113:.
1103:83
1101:.
1097:.
1082:^
1073:.
1062:.
1017:.
874:.
771:.
760:.
741:.
729:,
719:,
715:,
633:,
614:,
595:,
472:Ni
462:Cu
457:Cr
442:Mn
437:Si
330:c.
290::
276:.
2228:)
2214:(
2005:)
1997:(
1976:)
1972:(
1947:)
1933:)
1870:)
1848:)
1844:(
1804:e
1797:t
1790:v
1737:.
1712:.
1686:.
1660:.
1634:.
1608:.
1582:.
1564:.
1538:.
1513:.
1490:.
1462:.
1438:.
1400:.
1374:.
1346:.
1319:.
1290:.
1263:.
1225:.
1165:.
1129:.
1117::
1109::
1003:.
467:V
452:S
447:P
432:C
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
