392:
575:, but generally transcortin binds glucocorticoids (including cortisol, cortisone, deoxycortisone, and aldosterone) with high affinity and prevents this inhibition. Tonic inhibition of corticotropes requires high concentrations of glucocorticoids, exceeding CBG capacity. This causes ACTH secretion to be vulnerable to inhibition in patients taking glucocorticoids for medical purposes such as treatment of autoimmune disease or as an anti-transplant-rejection medication.
596:; this is the cause for roughly two-thirds of those diagnosed with Cushing's disease. It is also possible that this disease can result from production of ACTH in a non-pituitary tumor, known as ectopic production, or the adrenal glands can overproduce cortisol due to an adrenal tumor. This overproduction of ACTH causes an increase in cortisol levels due to increased glucocorticoid synthesis in the adrenal cortex resulting in several associated symptoms.
642:, which is defined as the underproduction of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex. If the corticotropes underproduce ACTH this can result in secondary adrenal insufficiency, causing the adrenal glands to underproduce cortisol. This can be caused by tumors of the anterior pituitary or hypothalamus, inflammation, or surgery. This ultimately results in the underproduction of cortisol, which has many detrimental symptoms.
209:
252:
in the corticotrope. These peptide hormones are stored within vesicles in the corticotropic cells and are released in response to CRH stimulation from the hypothalamus. These vesicles then leave the anterior pituitary and travel throughout the body via the bloodstream to reach their target tissues.
236:. POMC undergoes differential cleavage into various peptide hormones depending on the cell it is synthesized in; it also varies based on species. POMC in the corticotropes of humans is proteolytically cleaved by
494:
to the anterior pituitary, where it binds to G protein-coupled receptors on the corticotropic cell membrane and stimulates cAMP production. The effects of CRH on pituitary corticotropes are potentiated by
1163:"Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) in humans. In vivo bioassay of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH"
503:, causing the synthesis of POMC and eventual cleavage to ACTH and β-lipotropin. These peptide hormones are then released into the bloodstream, where they circulate and act on target tissues.
499:(AVP); AVP is a weak inducer of ACTH production on its own, but has a strong synergistic effect on ACTH production when CRH is also bound to the receptor. These signaling hormones act via
707:
172:(CRH) and make up 15–20% of the cells in the anterior pituitary. The release of ACTH from the corticotropic cells is controlled by CRH, which is formed in the cell bodies of
1589:
547:, which serve an important role in regulating the salt balance of the blood. Glucocorticoids released by the adrenal cortex inhibit production of CRH and ACTH, forming a
1147:
1019:
794:
444:
395:
Corticotropes located in the anterior pituitary are stimulated by the hypothalamus to release ACTH, which then travels via the bloodstream to the adrenal cortex.
106:
405:
1986:
813:"Proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the ACTH/melanocortin precursor, is secreted by human epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes and stimulates melanogenesis"
419:, in response to corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) release from the hypothalamus. CRH is a 41-amino-acid peptide hormone that is secreted by the
2012:
424:
330:
249:
177:
1582:
532:
296:
1981:
292:
511:
ACTH released from the corticotropes binds to G protein-coupled receptors in the adrenal cortex, where it stimulates the production of
871:
1575:
1557:
1497:
1444:
1368:
1335:
1294:
1227:
1123:
1091:
995:
921:
770:
420:
173:
487:
of CRH. This process is repressed by glucocorticoids; this inhibitory feedback helps maintain homeostasis of the stress response.
113:
169:
588:
Corticotropic cells can have detrimental effects on the body if they express too much or too little ACTH. One such example is
464:
165:
57:
939:"Effect of corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide on pancreatic exocrine function in isolated rat pancreatic lobules"
101:
811:
Rousseau K, Kauser S, Pritchard LE, Warhurst A, Oliver RL, Slominski A, Wei ET, Thody AJ, Tobin DJ, White A (June 2007).
1910:
571:
that inhibits transcription of ACTH via a negative glucocorticoid recognition element (GRE) that binds cortisol on POMC
273:
157:
61:
1771:
460:
592:, which can result from overproduction of ACTH in the corticotropes due to pituitary tumors known as corticotroph
491:
375:
185:
560:
89:
77:
1743:
1654:
692:
484:
1766:
639:
391:
237:
212:
POMC is broken down into several peptide hormones via proteolytic cleavage in the corticotropic cells.
94:
2007:
1969:
1959:
635:
589:
153:
1242:
Arai K, Chrousos GP (January 1995). "Syndromes of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid resistance".
1748:
1701:
1693:
500:
480:
1634:
1616:
1507:
1454:
1267:
1141:
1013:
788:
672:
149:
46:
224:
via enzyme activity. In addition to synthesis in the corticotropes, POMC is also synthesized in
1892:
1758:
1671:
1644:
1553:
1493:
1440:
1400:
1364:
1331:
1300:
1290:
1259:
1223:
1192:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1056:
1001:
991:
968:
917:
877:
867:
844:
776:
766:
743:
697:
682:
593:
548:
540:
220:
POMC in response to the release of CRH from the hypothalamus. POMC is cleaved into several
1943:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1683:
1676:
1649:
1599:
1545:
1485:
1432:
1392:
1356:
1323:
1251:
1215:
1182:
1174:
1079:
1046:
958:
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909:
834:
824:
735:
702:
687:
568:
472:
468:
453:
409:
352:
197:
1826:
1818:
1711:
1706:
1624:
1607:
1519:
1466:
677:
416:
348:
241:
229:
221:
1875:
1790:
1721:
1639:
1629:
1549:
1489:
1436:
1360:
1219:
1083:
1051:
1034:
839:
812:
512:
370:
357:
310:
278:
193:
189:
145:
1187:
1162:
963:
938:
2001:
1880:
1870:
1781:
1661:
1327:
1255:
606:
520:
439:
1383:
Bertagna X, Guignat L, Groussin L, Bertherat J (October 2009). "Cushing's disease".
1271:
459:
Forskolin and PACAP regulate the synthesis of CRH in the hypothalamus by binding to
1964:
1930:
1920:
1858:
652:
623:
615:
536:
340:
181:
1567:
739:
726:
Yeung CM, Chan CB, Leung PS, Cheng CH (2006). "Cells of the anterior pituitary".
82:
1938:
1853:
657:
564:
544:
528:
496:
323:
225:
1396:
1915:
1900:
413:
302:
233:
161:
142:
65:
1540:
Levy MJ, Howlett TA (2014), "Hypothalamic, pituitary and adrenal disorders",
1304:
1133:
1005:
881:
780:
17:
1905:
1716:
1318:
Pecoraro N, Dallman MF (2009). "Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) Axis".
434:
404:
Corticotropic cells serve an important role within the feedback loop of the
362:
1404:
1060:
848:
747:
1351:
Tanase CP, Ogrezeanu I, Badiu C (2012), "Pituitary Tumor
Classification",
1263:
1196:
972:
829:
1976:
1848:
524:
516:
335:
288:
245:
119:
27:
Basophilic cell in anterior pituitary that produces pro-opiomelanocortin
1735:
539:
synthesis. It also serves as a secondary stimulus for the synthesis of
315:
217:
1178:
954:
1385:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
319:
937:
Marshall JB, Kapcala LP, Manning LD, McCullough AJ (November 1984).
913:
1865:
1840:
1035:"Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management"
523:
and, through signal transduction, increases levels of cholesterol
306:
216:
The primary function of the corticotropic cells is to produce the
184:
and passes to the corticotropes in the anterior pituitary via the
476:
1571:
208:
1161:
Salata RA, Jarrett DB, Verbalis JG, Robinson AG (March 1988).
572:
430:
Stimuli for the release of CRH from the hypothalamus include:
728:
1210:
Soto-Rivera CL, Majzoub JA (2017), "Adrenocorticotrophin",
490:
Once released by the hypothalamus, CRH travels through the
1033:
Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD (March 2010).
531:
across the mitochondrial membrane, cholesterol binding to
1427:
Barthel A, Willenberg HS, Gruber M, Bornstein SR (2016).
1480:
Barthel A, Willenberg HS, Gruber M, Bornstei SR (2016).
412:
response. Corticotropes produce and release ACTH, a 39
638:
in some instances. Addison's disease is characterized
1542:
244:. In rats, however, the ACTH is further cleaved into
1952:
1929:
1891:
1839:
1817:
1789:
1780:
1757:
1734:
1692:
1615:
1606:
1074:Takahashi A (2016). "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone".
708:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
100:
88:
76:
71:
52:
42:
37:
32:
763:Human physiology, biochemistry and basic medicine
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
806:
804:
387:Role in the Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Axis
445:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
1583:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
634:Corticotropic cells can also be the cause of
188:. Adrenocorticotropin hormone stimulates the
8:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
990:. London, United Kingdom. pp. 573–644.
866:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 1139–1141.
1987:List of human endocrine organs and actions
1786:
1612:
1590:
1576:
1568:
1146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1353:Molecular Pathology of Pituitary Adenomas
1186:
1050:
962:
838:
828:
475:pathway, which results in the binding of
390:
255:
207:
718:
645:Symptoms of Addison's disease include:
599:Symptoms of Cushing's disease include:
1515:
1505:
1462:
1452:
1139:
1011:
904:Nussey SS, Whitehead SA (2001-06-15).
786:
117:
29:
1167:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
943:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
477:cAMP response element binding protein
168:(MSH). These cells are stimulated by
7:
1287:Molecular and cellular endocrinology
1484:. Elsevier. pp. 1763–1774.e4.
1431:. Elsevier. pp. 1763–1774.e4.
467:within the cells via the action of
196:and plays an important role in the
156:(POMC) which undergoes cleavage to
1550:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5140-1.00018-3
1490:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00102-5
1437:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00102-5
1361:10.1016/b978-0-12-415830-6.00001-9
1220:10.1016/B978-0-12-804169-7.00003-9
1084:10.1016/B978-0-12-801028-0.00135-5
603:Fatty deposits in the neck or back
421:parvocellular neurosecretory cells
174:parvocellular neurosecretory cells
25:
1114:Kageyama K, Suda T (2010-07-07).
1078:. Elsevier. pp. 118–e16A–2.
1328:10.1016/b978-008045046-9.00474-5
463:and stimulating and increase in
114:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2013:Peptide hormone secreting cells
1289:. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
567:(CBG, or transcortin). GR is a
565:corticosteroid-binding globulin
170:corticotropin releasing hormone
1544:, Elsevier, pp. 349–372,
406:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
166:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
58:melanocyte-stimulating hormone
1:
765:. Amsterdam. pp. 69–77.
555:Inhibition of ACTH production
423:, which are found within the
343:, stimulates insulin release
1322:. Elsevier. pp. 65–74.
1320:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
1256:10.1016/0039-128x(94)00007-y
1214:, Elsevier, pp. 47–83,
1118:. London. pp. 301–317.
864:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
740:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.02.012
1355:, Elsevier, pp. 1–18,
1285:Bittar E, Bittar N (1997).
986:Blanco G, Blanco A (2017).
761:Cole LA, Kramer PR (2016).
461:G protein-coupled receptors
257:Hormones Derived from POMC
62:adrenocorticotropic hormone
2029:
1397:10.1016/j.beem.2009.06.001
365:, fatty acid mobilization
492:hypophyseal portal system
376:Peripheral Nervous System
283:Glucocorticoid synthesis
232:of the hypothalamus, and
186:hypophyseal portal system
112:
862:Day R, Squire L (2009).
561:glucocorticoid receptors
1655:Somatomammotrophic cell
629:
583:
521:melanocortin 2 receptor
425:paraventricular nucleus
178:paraventricular nucleus
1039:Hawaii Medical Journal
693:Somatomammotropic cell
620:Weakened immune system
559:Corticotropes contain
396:
238:proprotein convertases
213:
1482:Adrenal Insufficiency
1429:Adrenal Insufficiency
1116:Vitamins and Hormones
830:10.1096/fj.06-7398com
640:adrenal insufficiency
519:). ACTH binds to the
471:. This activates the
427:of the hypothalamus.
394:
211:
1970:Organ of Zuckerkandl
1960:Enteroendocrine cell
1076:Handbook of Hormones
988:Medical biochemistry
535:and, an increase in
479:(CREB) onto the CRH
341:Insulin secretagogue
154:pro-opiomelanocortin
1749:Parafollicular cell
579:Associated diseases
527:, the transport of
501:signal transduction
483:region and induces
408:(HPA) axis and the
258:
158:adrenocorticotropin
131:Corticotropic cells
1893:Islets of pancreas
1667:Corticotropic cell
673:Neuroendocrinology
541:mineralocorticoids
397:
318:of hair and skin,
256:
214:
150:anterior pituitary
95:H3.08.02.2.00009
47:Anterior pituitary
33:Corticotropic cell
1995:
1994:
1835:
1834:
1759:Parathyroid gland
1730:
1729:
1672:Gonadotropic cell
1645:Somatotropic cell
1179:10.1172/JCI113382
955:10.1172/JCI111608
698:Gonadotropic cell
683:Somatotropic cell
636:Addison's disease
630:Addison's Disease
590:Cushing's disease
584:Cushing's Disease
549:negative feedback
469:adenylate cyclase
454:Circadian rhythms
384:
383:
226:melanotroph cells
128:
127:
123:
16:(Redirected from
2020:
1944:Corpora arenacea
1809:Zona reticularis
1804:Zona fasciculata
1799:Zona glomerulosa
1787:
1684:Chromophobe cell
1677:Thyrotropic cell
1613:
1600:endocrine system
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1585:
1578:
1569:
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1537:
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808:
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723:
703:Thyrotropic cell
688:Lactotropic cell
569:nuclear receptor
473:protein kinase A
450:Stress or trauma
380:Pain management
259:
222:peptide hormones
120:edit on Wikidata
30:
21:
2028:
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1996:
1991:
1948:
1925:
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1827:Chromaffin cell
1813:
1776:
1753:
1744:Follicular cell
1726:
1707:Median eminence
1688:
1625:Pars intermedia
1608:Pituitary gland
1602:
1598:Anatomy of the
1596:
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1560:
1539:
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678:Pituitary gland
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513:glucocorticoids
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417:peptide hormone
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311:Exocrine Glands
230:arcuate nucleus
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194:glucocorticoids
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1630:Pars tuberalis
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978:
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914:10.1201/b15306
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873:978-0080450469
872:
854:
823:(8): 1844–56.
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281:
279:Adrenal cortex
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240:into ACTH and
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190:adrenal cortex
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56:Production of
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1871:Theca interna
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1782:Adrenal gland
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1662:Basophil cell
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1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Pars distalis
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
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1573:
1570:
1561:
1559:9780702051401
1555:
1551:
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1530:
1526:
1521:
1509:
1501:
1499:9780323189071
1495:
1491:
1487:
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1476:
1473:
1468:
1456:
1448:
1446:9780323189071
1442:
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1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:(5): 607–23.
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1370:9780124158306
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
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1337:9780080450469
1333:
1329:
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1269:
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1231:
1229:9780128041697
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:The Pituitary
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:(3): 766–74.
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:9780123815323
1121:
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1110:
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1106:
1104:
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1093:9780128010280
1089:
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1067:
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1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:9780128035870
993:
989:
982:
979:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
949:(5): 1886–9.
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
923:9780429205958
919:
915:
911:
908:. CRC Press.
907:
906:Endocrinology
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
888:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
858:
855:
850:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
817:FASEB Journal
814:
807:
805:
801:
796:
790:
782:
778:
774:
772:9780128037171
768:
764:
757:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:(9): 1441–9.
733:
729:
722:
719:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
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671:
670:
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661:
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656:
654:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
641:
637:
625:
622:
619:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:Stretch marks
605:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
591:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
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530:
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502:
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493:
488:
486:
485:transcription
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
441:
440:Interleukin-6
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:
411:
407:
399:
393:
386:
379:
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364:
361:
359:
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332:
329:
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321:
317:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
298:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:Main Targets
264:
261:
260:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:(β-LPH), and
163:
159:
155:
152:that produce
151:
147:
144:
140:
139:corticotrophs
136:
135:corticotropes
132:
121:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Corticotropes
1931:Pineal gland
1921:Epsilon cell
1859:Sertoli cell
1772:Oxyphil cell
1702:Pars nervosa
1666:
1541:
1481:
1475:
1428:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1352:
1346:
1319:
1313:
1286:
1280:
1250:(1): 173–9.
1247:
1243:
1237:
1211:
1205:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1115:
1075:
1069:
1042:
1038:
1028:
987:
981:
946:
942:
932:
905:
863:
857:
820:
816:
762:
756:
731:
727:
721:
662:Irritability
653:Hypoglycemia
644:
633:
624:Hypertension
616:Osteoporosis
598:
587:
558:
537:pregnenolone
510:
489:
458:
429:
403:
353:Îł-lipotropin
349:β-lipotropin
316:Pigmentation
301:Skin Cells (
242:β-lipotropin
215:
182:hypothalamus
162:β-lipotropin
138:
134:
130:
129:
2008:Human cells
1982:Development
1965:Paraganglia
1939:Pinealocyte
1854:Leydig cell
1516:|work=
1463:|work=
1045:(3): 70–1.
658:Hypotension
649:Weight loss
545:aldosterone
529:cholesterol
515:(primarily
497:vasopressin
400:Stimulation
371:β-endorphin
324:homeostasis
303:Melanocytes
262:Hormone(s)
234:melanocytes
192:to release
176:within the
72:Identifiers
64:(ACTH) and
2002:Categories
1916:Delta cell
1901:Alpha cell
1767:Chief cell
714:References
563:(GRs) and
414:amino acid
218:prohormone
200:response.
143:basophilic
66:lipotropin
1906:Beta cell
1717:Pituicyte
1694:Posterior
1518:ignored (
1508:cite book
1465:ignored (
1455:cite book
1305:162130720
1142:cite book
1134:688618093
1014:cite book
1006:985609626
882:237029015
789:cite book
781:924207881
435:Forskolin
363:Lipolysis
322:, weight
1977:Placenta
1849:Testicle
1617:Anterior
1405:19945026
1272:45225758
1244:Steroids
1061:20397507
849:17317724
748:16621669
667:See also
609:(striae)
594:adenomas
543:such as
525:esterase
517:cortisol
507:Function
481:promoter
336:Pancreas
268:Effects
204:Function
160:(ACTH),
53:Function
43:Location
1911:PP cell
1819:Medulla
1736:Thyroid
1264:7792808
1197:2830315
1052:3104618
973:6209301
840:2253185
612:Fatigue
533:P450SCC
447:(PACAP)
320:satiety
180:of the
148:in the
83:D052680
38:Details
1841:Gonads
1791:Cortex
1556:
1496:
1443:
1403:
1367:
1334:
1303:
1293:
1270:
1262:
1226:
1195:
1188:442524
1185:
1132:
1122:
1090:
1059:
1049:
1004:
994:
971:
964:425369
961:
920:
880:
870:
847:
837:
779:
769:
746:
551:loop.
410:stress
228:, the
198:stress
141:) are
1953:Other
1866:Ovary
1712:Stalk
1268:S2CID
307:Brain
297:Îł-MSH
293:β-MSH
289:α-MSH
246:α-MSH
146:cells
118:[
107:83098
1554:ISBN
1520:help
1494:ISBN
1467:help
1441:ISBN
1401:PMID
1365:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1301:OCLC
1291:ISBN
1260:PMID
1224:ISBN
1193:PMID
1148:link
1130:OCLC
1120:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1057:PMID
1020:link
1002:OCLC
992:ISBN
969:PMID
918:ISBN
878:OCLC
868:ISBN
845:PMID
795:link
777:OCLC
767:ISBN
744:PMID
465:cAMP
331:CLIP
274:ACTH
250:CLIP
248:and
78:MeSH
1546:doi
1486:doi
1433:doi
1393:doi
1357:doi
1324:doi
1252:doi
1216:doi
1183:PMC
1175:doi
1080:doi
1047:PMC
959:PMC
951:doi
910:doi
835:PMC
825:doi
736:doi
573:DNA
305:),
137:or
133:, (
102:FMA
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