Australian raven - Knowledge (XXG)

1423: 1506:), and devote a substantial amount of time to look for nests and eggs to eat. They have also been known to take golf balls from fairways, possibly mistaking them for eggs. Ravens use their bill rather than their feet to explore or turn items on the ground (rocks or sticks) over or hold or snatch food while flying. They have also been recorded using fence posts as anvils to bash snails against before eating them. Australian ravens most often eat food where they find it unless taking food back for nestlings. Occasionally they have been observed caching carrion or a killed animal in a hole nearby to store it. They can pack shredded meat in their mouth under their tongue. Australian ravens have adapted well to eating food scraps in urban areas, such as school playgrounds, rubbish tips, bins outside supermarkets or restaurants, abattoirs, piggeries and farmyards. In one isolated study, they were observed feeding on nectar from eucalypt flowers. Australian ravens sometimes forage in 1150:/)) with the last note drawn out. It uses this call to communicate with other Australian ravens in the area. When giving this call, the species has a horizontal posture, holding its head forward and body parallel to the ground, while perched on a prominent position. It ruffles its hackles and lowers its tail, and sometimes holds its beak open between calls. In contrast, the little raven and forest raven hold their bodies in an upright posture. This call becomes louder if trespassers encroach upon the Australian raven's territory. The five Australian species are very difficult to tell apart, with the call being the easiest way to do so, although the drawing-out of the final note—long held to be solely recorded for the Australian raven—has been recorded for the other species and is hence not diagnostic. 1021: 1319:

birds of prey, foxes or even people. They generally mate for life, though occasionally one male has been found to be mated with two females in adjacent territories. If the female dies, the male Australian raven maintains the territory and finds another mate, while if the male bird is lost, the female abandons the territory. No courtship behaviour has been observed, and species that mate for life often lack elaborate courting displays. Once they begin breeding at three years of age, they live another four to five years on average. During this time they produce two surviving young each year on average. The longest-lived Australian raven recorded is an adult (of at least 3 years of age) that was banded and recaptured alive 12 years and 5 months later.

1130:. The bill is shorter and shallower; its base can be pinkish and the tip can be light grey. The plumage is more ruffled and softer in appearance, lacks the glossy highlights and often having a brown tinge. The bare skin on the throat is pink in birds that have recently left the nest. Eye colour varies with age, gradually lightening from juvenile to adult. Nestlings up to four months old have blue-grey irises, juveniles aged from four to fifteen months have dark brown irises, and immature birds have hazel irises with an inner blue rim around each pupil until age two years and ten months. Immature birds older than one year develop hackles, while some pink remains in the gape until the bird is two or three years of age. 1614:. Research in the 1950s and 60s showed that 64% of Australian ravens perished in their first year of life. Immature birds are most at risk of dying. The Australian raven is a peaceful bird, showing no aggression toward humans or other birds without reason. However, the Australian raven is frequently blamed for the loss of young lambs. Scientific observation in the country's southeast showed that the killing of healthy lambs was rare, but that sick animals were predisposed to being attacked. Australian ravens mostly eat faeces (often from the lamb's anus), afterbirth or stillborn lambs. Newborn lamb faeces is nutritious, containing around 21–44% protein, 9–37% fat and 10–30% carbohydrate. It has the consistency of 1332:

this is unusual for a bird species with a wide range and has postulated that breeding is initiated by day length. Rarely, breeding can take place in May, June or October. Australian ravens generally nest in tall trees, never near to the ground as some species do. The nest also functions as a lookout post and so tall or emergent trees are selected. The ravens occasionally nest on buildings, telegraph poles, or tall windmills which allow the species to occupy areas lacking in tall trees. Windmills may have assisted the spread of the species in North Queensland and the Northern Territory. The highest recorded corvid nest in Australia was found atop the

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bases are not normally visible when observing birds in the field, but can sometimes be seen on a windy day if the feathers are ruffled. Unlike the other four species, the Australian raven has a bare patch of skin under and extending to beside, the bill. This can be hard to discern in the field. The three species of raven are more heavily set with a broader chest than the two crow species, with the forest raven the stockiest of all. Relative size of species is only useful when two species can be seen side by side, as the overlap in size is large and the difference in size small.

1360: in) thick, into the tree fork to make a platform. Thinner sticks and rootlets are used to make the bowl before the bowl is lined with feathers. Both birds build the nest, with the female taking over the lining of the nest while the male brings her material. New nests are built each year generally, as the re-use of old ones might spread disease or parasites—nests become caked with faeces as the nestlings grow and the parents cannot keep up with its removal. Furthermore, old nests often disintegrate within twelve months due to their exposed locations. The female develops a 1072: 936:. The Australian raven is also somewhat closely related to the Torresian and little crow, although not as closely related as it is to the other raven species. Initial single gene genetic analysis of the genus using mitochondrial DNA showed the three raven species to belong to one lineage and the two crows to another. The genetic separation between species is small and there was a suggestion the little raven may be nested within the Australian raven, though the authors conceded more genetic work was needed. Subsequent multigene analysis using 1092: 1253:

more open areas. Similarly, in inland Australia it can share a range with the little crow, as the two do not appear to compete. However, the ranges of similar-sized forest raven and Torresian crow only narrowly overlap with the Australian raven as all three compete with each other. In central and western regions, Australian ravens and Torresian crows vie for the scattered uncommon trees and outcrops, and only one or the other are found there. It co-occurs with the forest raven in northeastern New South Wales from

1063: 954:. As the climate became cooler and drier, the aridity of central Australia split them entirely. Furthermore, the eastern birds diverged into nomadic little ravens and, in forested refuges, forest ravens. As the climate eventually became warmer, the western birds spread eastwards and almost outcompeted forest ravens on mainland Australia. Rowley noted that the western subspecies of the Australian raven had features intermediate between the eastern subspecies of Australian and little ravens. 42: 1083: 999:. It is less specialised in its habitat, as it does not share its distribution with the little raven, and does not appear to correlate with the range of sheep. The western subspecies has a slightly lower-pitched call than that of the eastern subspecies, with similarities to calls of the little raven. Of smaller size overall, it has a more slender bill and shorter hackles. There is otherwise no difference in plumage. Intermediate birds are found in the 112: 258: 87: 958: 1494:). Most mammals are eaten as carrion, as many species are too large for the raven to kill, though young rabbits are a frequent prey item. Australian ravens drink water frequently, up to ten times a day in hot weather. Birds have been observed dunking pieces of meat in water before eating them, as well as doing the same with hard biscuits to make them soggy and soft. 1414:

with the parents for three to four months after that. They follow their parents and beg for food for the first month outside the nest but are feeding themselves by the third month. Young birds are often attacked when they enter neighbouring territories, and melees ensue as their parents try to defend them and herd them back.

425:. The Australian raven is territorial, with pairs generally bonding for life. Breeding takes place between July and September, with almost no variation across its range. The nest is a bowl-shaped structure of sticks sited high in a tree, or occasionally in a man-made structure such as a windmill or other building. 349:. Measuring 46–53 centimetres (18–21 in) in length, it has an all-black plumage, beak and mouth, as well as strong, greyish-black legs and feet. The upperparts of its body are glossy, with a purple-blue, greenish sheen; its black feathers have grey bases. The Australian raven is distinguished from the 1050:

appearance. The upper third of the upper mandible, including the nares and nasal groove, is covered with bristles, which can be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. The heavy-set beak is tipped with a slight hook, and is longer than the bird's head. The wings are long and broad, with the longest of its ten

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at the same time. Their eyes begin opening at 5 to 6 days of age and are fully open by 11 to 12 days, by which time their feathers begin emerging. At 14 days, their primary feathers begin emerging, and they are fully feathered by 35–36 days old. They leave the nest at 40–45 days of age, and stay

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of the eggs is done solely by the female over roughly 20 days. Incubation is intermittent initially, becoming constant by the time the third or fourth egg is laid. Only one brood is raised per year, though a second clutch may be laid if the first clutch is lost early in the season. Late clutches

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with rounded tips, while the other four species of Australian corvids have bifurcate tips, though this can be difficult to see in the field. The hackles are also longer than those of the other four species; when they are raised (such as when the bird is calling), they give the bird an unusual bearded

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Australian ravens begin breeding once they are three years old. Breeding season is from July to September, with no substantial difference in timing across its range around the country despite it inhabiting a range of diverse climates and habitats across 19 degrees of latitude. Rowley has pointed out

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Australian ravens generally walk when moving around on the ground, though do hop when hurrying. They preen themselves frequently, particularly when roosting in the middle of the day. They also engage in allopreening, where birds will preen each other's head and neck. This takes place particularly in

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infection as these bacteria are present on raven bills. Ravens bring some benefits to agricultural areas as they clean away carrion and eat insects that are potentially damaging to crops. In areas of Western Australia, the species is classified as a Declared Pest of Agriculture under the provisions

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and often sticks to the lamb's hindquarters or tail. The raven bites a sleeping lamb's tail, holding on and walking behind it when it wakes up. A healthy lamb would respond by running away or butting the bird, but a sick one might not respond and be attacked further as it alerts the bird that it is

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forest, and farmland adjacent to trees. It is also found in heath and mangroves. In areas where it occurs with the little raven, namely over much of central New South Wales, Victoria and into South Australia, the Australian raven is restricted to more forested areas while the latter species prefers

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Measuring 46–53 cm (18–21 in) in length with a 100 cm (39 in) wingspan and weighing around the 650 g (1.43 lb), the Australian raven is Australia's largest species of corvid. The adult Australian raven is an all black-bird with a black beak, mouth and tongue and sturdy

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Difficulties in distinguishing Australian corvids has hampered understanding of seasonal movements. The Australian raven is thought to be largely sedentary, with most movement of over 16 km (9.9 mi) due to flocks of non-breeding subadult birds. Juvenile birds leave their parents and join

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Nests are generally large and untidy, consisting of a bowl or platform of sticks lined with grasses, barks, and feathers that can be up to 5 cm (2.0 in) thick. As they are relatively heavy, they are built on larger forks in trees rather than out in the canopy. Building the nest is often

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A single breeding pair and their brood can occupy a territory of up to around 120 hectares (300 acres) and remains there year-round, though groups of ravens may enter this area to forage. Australian ravens will defend their territory by chasing, dive-bombing and occasionally striking the backs of

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The Australian raven can be distinguished from the two species of crow occurring in Australia by the grey base of the feathers, which is white in the latter species. The demarcation between pale and black regions on the feather is gradual in the ravens and sharply delineated in the crows. Feather

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Australian ravens are intelligent birds, and like many other corvids have innovative methods of seeking out food. Foraging takes place in the early morning or late afternoon; birds rest in the hotter part of the day. Food is taken mainly from the ground, birds either finding objects while flying

1177:: a pair often makes a low murmuring sound when preening each other while roosting, and members of a flock carry on with a quiet chattering while at rest. Birds make a call and answer sequence if temporarily out of sight of one another while foraging. Birds in flocks make a single high-pitched 1302: 940:

by Jønsson and colleagues in 2012 showed the eastern and western subspecies of the Australian raven to form two clades, almost as genetically distinct as the forest and little raven are to each other. This led the authors to propose that the subspecies be recognised as separate species.

1154: 674:, though did not appear until the 1920s. Southern crow was considered by the RAOU before Australian raven was adopted as the official name for the species in 1926. The term "crow" is colloquially applied to any or all species of Australian corvid. The Australian raven was called 1364:—a patch of bare skin on the bird's underparts that reddens and becomes much more extensive from around three weeks before the first egg is laid. The skin itself is oedematous and wrinkled, and does not get re-feathered until December after the breeding season has finished. 60: 3232: 976:, the nominate or eastern subspecies, is found across most of eastern Australia. Its range is also highly correlated with the presence of sheep. This is thought to be because of the frequency of dead animals, which can be an important source of food. Ornithologist 1437:

The Australian raven is omnivorous, though eats more meat than smaller corvids. Its diet in summer contains a high proportion of insects, while more plant items are eaten in autumn. Flesh makes up over half its diet in winter. Invertebrates commonly eaten include

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The preferred habitat of the Australian raven includes open woodlands and transitional zones, in addition to cities and towns; it has adapted well to human settlements and other urban environments, and is a commonly sighted bird in several major cities, including

1523:—given the name raven circovirus or RaCV—was isolated from an Australian raven suffering from feather lesions in 2006. It has affinities with canary circovirus (CaCV) and pigeon circovirus (PiCV). Its clinical significance is unknown. A species of 61: 2017: 980:

held that the eastern subspecies was expanding eastwards before European colonisation, and that this suggested it was of younger origin than the western subspecies, which appears static. The advent of agriculture facilitated further

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had described the south-seas raven in 1781, with loose throat feathers and being found in "the Friendly Isles" in the South Seas, but did not give it a binomial name. The place is thought to be Tonga. Gmelin gave it the name

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feeder, the Australian raven eats a wide variety of plant and animal material, from fruits and seeds to lizards, chicks of other bird species, and small mammals; they will also scour waste bins and disposal sites for human

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Ian Rowley proposed that the common ancestor of the five species diverged into a tropical crow and temperate raven sometime after entering Australia from the north, which molecular evidence indicates occurred in the early

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with any of the other four species of Australian corvids. Sometimes they are aggressive with little ravens if both are at a food source and drive them off, though not if the smaller species greatly outnumber the larger.

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flocks when they are four or five months old. Smaller flocks of 8–30 birds stay within an area of around 260 square kilometres, while larger flocks of up to 300 birds may travel hundreds of kilometres seeking food.

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epoch around 4 million years ago. The raven diverged into the ancestor of the forest and little ravens in the east and Australian raven in the west, this split occurring around 2 million years ago in the early

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Their lofty locations makes monitoring of Australian raven nests difficult. A clutch can comprise up to six eggs, though usually four or five are laid, with five being the most common number. Measuring 45 by 30 mm

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autumn, winter and spring, and is important in pair bonding. Either member may initiate it, generally by landing near the other bird, shuffling next to its mate, then bending its head forward and presenting its nape.

1422: 1045:. The plumage is glossy with a blue-purple to a blue-green sheen, greenish over the ear coverts, depending on the light. The underparts are not glossy. The Australian raven has throat feathers (hackles) that are 1306: 1396: in), eggs are pale green or bluish-green and splotched with darker olive, brown and blackish markings. Eggs are quite variable, and thus which Australian corvid laid them cannot be reliably identified. 1303: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1409:; that is, they are born helpless, naked and blind, and remain in the nest for an extended period. They have pink skin until 5 days of age, when feathers under the skin turn it grey. They lose their 1160: 2029: 659:

checklist listed three species (Australian raven, Torresian crow and little crow), with the little raven recognised as a fourth species in 1967 and forest raven in 1970. Stresemann described

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The Australian raven can be found in a wide range of natural and modified habitats. It requires available water and trees (or buildings) to roost in or perch on. Preferred habitats include

1158: 3411: 655:, as he believed there was intergradation between all characteristics such as iris colour, colour of feather bases and plumage. This was hotly disputed by Mathews. The official 5659: 3310: 5790: 1582:) has been recorded killing adults; other birds of prey are seen as threats, yet there is no evidence they have successfully preyed on the ravens. The introduced 369:

and young birds have brown, dark irises until about fifteen months of age, at which point their irises become hazel-coloured, with an inner blue rim around each

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have poor survival rates, possibly due to chicks getting dehydrated on hot days as the year progresses or being eaten by wedge-tailed eagles. The chicks are

1995:"Das Stiftungsfest der naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Osterlandes in Altenburg, am 5 Julius 1843, und Etwas über die Vögel Griechenlands und Australiens" 1304: 1610:

Australian ravens sometimes die by being shot or poisoned—generally by farmers. Despite their fondness for roadkill, fewer ravens are hit by vehicles than

1851:"A Description of the Australian Birds in the Collection of the Linnean Society; with an Attempt at Arranging them According to their Natural Affinities" 1157: 2071:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis /Caroli a Linné

5633: 1054:(usually the seventh but occasionally the eighth) almost reaching the end of the tail when the bird is at rest. The tail is rounded or wedge-shaped. 5672: 2413: 1173:

The volume, pitch, tempo and order of notes can be changed depending on the message the Australian raven intends to convey. There is a variety of

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n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Australian raven (Corvus coronoides) (Passeriformes: Corvidae) (Linnaeus, 1758) in Western Australia".

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time-consuming initially as the birds try (and often fail) to wedge sticks, which are 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long and 0.6–1.2 cm (

3425: 3355: 2924: 2328: 2231: 1902: 1630:, meaning that shooting on private land in rural areas is legal, although should be considered only after other options have been exhausted. 2028:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from 5780: 2756: 1590:) competes with the Australian raven for carrion and can drive it off. It may also kill young birds that it catches on the ground. The 1181:

while flying over another territory as a transit call to signify they are just passing through. An Australian raven will give a longer

449:, and have been blamed for the killing of lambs; however, this is an exceedingly rare occurrence, as the ravens are likely seeking the 3477: 530: 2656: 2945:

Rowley, Ian; Braithwaite, L.W.; Chapman, Graeme S. (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. III. Breeding seasons".

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in central Queensland. It is found throughout New South Wales, though is uncommon in the northeast of the state. It is rare in the

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in 1943 from a single specimen, now thought to have been an unusual Australian raven or an Australian raven/Torresian crow hybrid.

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Aboriginal mythology: An A–Z Spanning the History of the Australian Aboriginal People from the Earliest Legends to the Present Day

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overhead or by walking along and looking. However, they occasionally feed in trees—Australian ravens forage eucalypt foliage for

1109: 1648: 1254: 1147: 1143: 604:, calling it the north-western crow and recording its range as northwestern Australia. In the same work he listed the raven as 670:(IOC). Alternative names sometimes seen include southern raven, southern crow and Kelly, the last thought to have alluded to 5677: 512:) of Europe, though they noted it was larger with a longer bill. They did not give it a common name. The location where the 2991:

Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. IV. Nesting and the rearing of young to independence".

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Lambing takes place in late winter, with stillbirth rates around 20%, so there is a supply of carrion around farming areas.

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von Brandenstein; Carl Georg (1977). "Aboriginal Ecological Order in the South-West of Australia – Meaning and Examples".

1684: 3321: 1507: 567: 5571: 5519: 3629: 1994: 1739: 1206: 442: 1707:, "the Watcher" and was wily and unpredictable. Noongar people were socially divided into two moieties or kinships: 5703: 2247: 1884: 1696:. Legends relating to Crow have been observed in various Aboriginal language groups and cultures across Australia. 5107: 5098: 3868: 1257:

northwards. The Australian raven has adapted very well to human habitation in some cities and is the most common

504:/είδος "shape" or "form". The two naturalists regarded the Australian raven as very similar in appearance to the 592:

in 1912, naming it the southwestern crow and noting that it was smaller than the nominate subspecies. He called

3808: 1217:, being replaced there by the little raven. It occurs across Victoria and eastern South Australia, through the 111: 50: 5034: 4054: 1762:

Rowley and colleagues recorded iris colour changes of all five Australian corvid species raised in captivity.

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Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. II. Social Organization and Behaviour".

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was isolated from this species, its only known host. Tick infestation is rare in the Australian raven, with

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from ewes that may have recently given birth. Additionally, ravens aid in environmental "cleanup"—much like

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The Australian raven's closest relatives are the other two species of raven occurring in Australia: the

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Mathews, Gregory M. (1911). "Alterations in the Nomenclature of "Handbook of the Birds of Australia"".

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on other continents—by helping rid the area of potentially dangerous pathogens which could deploy on

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Rowley, Ian; Vestjens, W.J.M. (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. V. Food".

5664: 5724: 5690: 5594: 5254: 5200: 5164: 5052: 5043: 4693: 4557: 4469: 4382: 4319: 4310: 4111: 4101: 3583: 3463: 3421: 3351: 3205: 3158: 2920: 2394: 2324: 2227: 2211:. Vol. 15 (XV ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 261. 1898: 1611: 1535: 1194: 1105: 1062: 915: 5729: 5350: 5272: 5209: 5140: 5025: 4666: 4602: 4373: 3698: 3380: 3277: 3197: 3148: 3101: 3049: 3000: 2954: 2912: 2879: 2760: 2702: 2464: 2455:

Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. VI. Why five species?".

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Haring, Elisabeth; Däubl, Barbara; Pinsker, Wilhelm; Kryukov, Alexey; Gamauf, Anita (2012).

2384: 2374: 2301: 2187: 2150: 2119: 1975: 1862: 1819: 1499: 1397: 1238: 1202: 1201:), but it is rarer and more scattered in the north, with isolated sightings in Cape York at 648: 608:, with a type specimen from Gosford and listing its range as New South Wales. He listed the 482: 378: 297: 226: 5550: 1478:

are rarely eaten. Australian ravens have been reported killing birds of such size as young

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lumped all Australian corvids plus other species as far as India into a single species,

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corrected this in 1912 after re-examining the type specimen, clarifying the species as

513: 362: 2795: 2074:. Vol. v. 1, pt. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 365. 1082: 596:

the eastern crow, listing its range as New South Wales, and described what is now the

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farm animals (or other deceased mammals and birds), even scavenging newborn mammalian

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Juveniles resemble adults, but lack throat hackles, and sometimes have a pink fleshy

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Rowley, Ian (1971). "Movements and longevity of ravens in south-eastern Australia".

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as a junior homonym—in 1788, Gmelin had used the same binomial name to describe the

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recognised two species, but recorded that the feather bases of the type specimen of

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in South Australia westwards into Western Australia where its northern limits are

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Liu, Dandan; Brice, Belinda; Elliot, Aileen; Ryan, Una; Yang, Rongchang (2019). "

644:—to preserve the stability of the name. This has been followed by later authors. 59: 17: 5646: 5491: 5308: 5191: 5085: 5070: 4974: 4795: 4584: 4566: 4532: 4514: 4460: 4222: 3644: 1621: 1459: 1451: 1361: 1285:. Its large range, abundance and increasing population mean it is classified as 1249: 1210: 1046: 1034: 951: 937: 433: 5482: 3201: 5737: 5426: 5236: 5155: 5122: 5003: 4956: 4947: 4711: 4496: 4442: 3957: 3611: 3523: 3517: 3153: 3132: 1549:

flies have been recorded yet little-researched, and an infestation by the fly

1520: 1406: 977: 957: 535: 517: 462: 438: 429: 394: 1466:), which are important in feeding nestlings. Australian ravens sometimes eat 489:'s early notes on the species from the Sydney district. Its specific epithet 5368: 5323: 5299: 5263: 5182: 4900: 4777: 4768: 4720: 4364: 2379: 2251: 1688: 1656: 1475: 1463: 1447: 1443: 1410: 1402: 1333: 1274: 1008: 992: 671: 397:

are recognised, which differ slightly in their vocalisations, and are quite

366: 346: 336: 163: 123: 3209: 3162: 2418:(Aves: Passeriformes: Corvidae) – a first survey based on museum specimens" 2398: 441:, such as various produce, meats, seafood, eggs, etc. The ravens living in 3441: 2155: 1193:

The Australian raven is common throughout eastern Australia, and southern

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with a downward inflection to signify its return to the nest to its mate.

5716: 5476: 5131: 4875: 4813: 4086: 3915: 3841: 3545: 3505: 3499: 3487: 2414:"Genetic divergences and intraspecific variation in corvids of the genus 1525: 1427: 1282: 1278: 1262: 1258: 1245: 946: 546:'s 1788 name, which predated Vigors and Horsfield's description. In 1877 422: 418: 410: 339: 173: 143: 3392: 5638: 5532: 4823: 4019: 3601: 3282: 3265: 3053: 3004: 2958: 2883: 2706: 2468: 1979: 1700: 1615: 1583: 1566:) preys on adult, nestling, and fledgling Australian ravens, while the 458: 454: 354: 3320:. Perth, Western Australia: West Australian Government. Archived from 3105: 4260: 4158: 3780: 3565: 3410:

Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, S. J., eds. (2006).

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Changes in eye colour. Clockwise from upper left: Juvenile with dark

1025: 406: 183: 133: 5651: 5612: 5453: 3446: 1850: 1474:) from the edges of dams. Unusually for a ground-feeding omnivore, 5607: 3084:

Richardson, K.C. (1988). "Are Australian Corvids Nectarivorous?".

1479: 1421: 1300: 1270: 1152: 1019: 956: 466: 414: 370: 5625: 1281:

it is replaced by the little raven, and by the Torresian crow in

4250: 3511: 2355:"Brains, tools, innovation and biogeography in crows and ravens" 2353:

Jønsson, Knud A.; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Irestedt, Martin (2012).

2102:

Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert (1912). "The Crows of Australia".

1127: 679: 666:"Australian raven" has been designated the official name by the 342: 153: 5457: 4872: 4083: 3542: 3459: 3309:

Department of Environment and Conservation (12 December 2007).

1116:. Maturing bird with white irises with slight blue ring, Nowra. 4993: 4937: 3905: 1795: 1793: 1197:(the populations being connected by a narrow strip across the 1138:

The territorial call of the Australian raven is a slow, high

373:, this lasting until they are roughly 2.5 to 3 years of age. 357:, which are prominent in mature birds. Older individuals and 3133:"Identification of a novel circovirus in Australian ravens ( 3131:

Stewart, Meredith E.; Perry, Ross; Raidal, Shane R. (2006).

353:, and other related corvids, by its long chest feathers, or 2425:

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

1703:

people of southwestern Australia, the Australian raven was

2252:"Crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise" 2016:

Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010).

528:

in 1845, later determined to be this species. In his 1865

3067: 3065: 3063: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2819: 2817: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 381:

described the Australian raven in 1827, its species name

365:, while the younger birds' eyes display blue inner rims; 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 574:(raven, and incorporating little and forest ravens) and 516:

was collected is not recorded, but thought to be in the

3413:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds

624:

Gould to be preoccupied; French-American ornithologist

3266:"An evaluation of predation by 'crows' on young lambs" 1225:

into Western Australia, across the state north to the

987:, the western subspecies, occurs from the head of the 1628:

Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976

1041:

is long, and the feet large and strong. It has white

1849:

Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827).

538:

recognised only one species of corvid in Australia,

5466: 5417: 5321: 5153: 5120: 5083: 5001: 4991: 4945: 4935: 4898: 4889: 4821: 4812: 4258: 4248: 4166: 4155: 4109: 4100: 4045: 4036: 4010: 3955: 3913: 3903: 3839: 3788: 3777: 3751: 3720: 3642: 3609: 3600: 3563: 3556: 2624: 2622: 1825:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706033A94047450.en 3420:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 2919:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 384. 2057:. Vol. 1. London: Benj. White. p. 369. 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 1229:. It is found on some offshore islands such as 542:, which he called the white-eyed crow. He used 3035: 3033: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2450: 2448: 2446: 1619:vulnerable. Wounded lambs can also succumb to 3471: 2323:. Canberra, ACT: self-published. p. 53. 2226:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. p. 609. 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1855:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 634:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 8: 2139:"A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia" 1844: 1842: 477:The Australian raven was first described by 3259: 3257: 2759:. Rottnest Island Authority. Archived from 2205:Vaurie, Charles (1962). Mayr, Ernst (ed.). 2091:. Vol. v.1. London: self. p. 475. 70:An audio recording of an Australian raven. 5454: 4998: 4942: 4895: 4886: 4869: 4818: 4255: 4163: 4106: 4097: 4080: 4042: 3910: 3785: 3606: 3560: 3553: 3539: 3478: 3464: 3456: 3318:Department of Agriculture and Food website 256: 85: 57: 40: 31: 3281: 3152: 2388: 2378: 2224:Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines 2154: 1823: 1715:, or members of the Australian raven and 2907: 2905: 1169:) produces an amusing variety of sounds. 3296: 3118: 3071: 3024: 2896: 2852: 2840: 2823: 2781: 2743: 2726: 2613: 2596: 2584: 2565: 2542: 2525: 2504: 2492: 2222:Schodde, Richard; Mason, I. J. (1999). 1930: 1789: 1732: 1112:, Sydney. Adult with all-white irises, 1033:black or grey-black legs and feet. The 2917:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs 1640:Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology) 873:Australian raven (western subspecies) 860:Australian raven (eastern subspecies) 5791:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors 3449:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 3311:"Fauna Note No. 16: Australian Raven" 2659:from the original on 1 September 2007 2258:. International Ornithologists' Union 1450:(which ravens behead before eating), 385:highlighting its similarity with the 7: 3442:An Australian Raven call (two birds) 3350:. London: Thorsons. pp. 35–36. 2279:"Popular Names for Australian Birds" 1310:Rush Creek, SE Queensland, Australia 1209:, and becoming more common south of 965:, Perth, WA, showing smaller hackles 620:in 1911 as the name after declaring 5766:IUCN Red List least concern species 1811:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 853: 807: 800: 729: 722: 714: 707: 668:International Ornithologists' Union 616:as subspecies. Mathews had erected 566:) the "raven". Scottish naturalist 3385:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1977.tb01286.x 2088:Handbook to The birds of Australia 1867:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x 1687:, the other being the more sombre 701:Evolution of Australasian corvids 531:Handbook to the Birds of Australia 493:"crow-shaped" is derived from the 27:Passerine bird native to Australia 25: 3447:Explore Species: Australian Raven 2068:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). 1683:) and was regarded as one of two 588:described the western subspecies 2437:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00664.x 2208:Check-list of Birds of the World 1993:Brehm, Christian Ludwig (1845). 1966:(Aves: Corvidae) in Australia". 1090: 1081: 1070: 1061: 110: 2250:; Donsker, David, eds. (2021). 1962:Rowley, Ian (1970). "The Genus 1800:BirdLife International (2016). 1144:near-open front unrounded vowel 969:Two subspecies are recognised: 1108:. Immature with hazel irises, 1: 3630:Black racket-tailed treepie ( 2022:Vigors & Horsfield, 1827" 1893:(Abridged ed.). Oxford: 2256:World Bird List Version 11.2 2137:Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). 2020:Corvus coronoides coronoides 1663:and ancestral being. In the 1574:) also takes nestlings, and 1426:Australian raven scavenging 1167:Corvus coronoides coronoides 997:mulga-eucalypt boundary line 568:William Robert Ogilvie-Grant 485:in 1827, when they reported 5108:White-throated Magpie-jay ( 5099:Black-throated magpie-jay ( 3869:Yellow-billed blue magpie ( 2794:Birdlife Australia (2014). 2054:A General Synopsis of Birds 2026:Australian Faunal Directory 1037:is fully feathered and the 5807: 5781:Endemic birds of Australia 3809:Indochinese green magpie ( 3202:10.1007/s00436-019-06378-8 2757:"Birds of Rottnest Island" 2651:Australian Museum Online. 1637: 1555:was recorded in one nest. 1462:(especially of the family 1237:. It is a rare vagrant to 1028:. Shows bare skin on neck. 636:(ICZN) Code and discarded 445:are often associated with 4885: 4868: 4096: 4079: 3552: 3538: 3494: 3486:Extant species of family 3154:10.1080/03079450600597345 1598:) has been recorded as a 1596:Scythrops novaehollandiae 1205:, Windmill Creek and the 871: 858: 851: 827: 812: 805: 798: 773: 749: 734: 727: 720: 712: 694:Evolution and systematics 271: 264: 255: 239: 234: 212: 205: 107:Scientific classification 105: 83: 74: 69: 56: 48: 39: 34: 3860:Red-billed blue magpie ( 3761:Ratchet-tailed treepie ( 2359:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2277:Alexander, W.B. (1933). 1818:: e.T22706033A94047450. 1606:Relationship with humans 1189:Distribution and habitat 632:under Article 24 of the 594:C. coronoides coronoides 51:Kurnell, New South Wales 5786:Birds described in 1827 5035:Woodhouse's scrub jay ( 4730:Hispaniolan palm crow ( 4055:Stresemann's bushcrow ( 3878:Sri Lanka blue magpie ( 3690:White-bellied treepie ( 3270:CSIRO Wildlife Research 3250:(subscription required) 3137:) with feather disease" 3042:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2993:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2947:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2872:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2695:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2457:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2380:10.1186/1471-2148-12-72 1968:CSIRO Wildlife Research 1895:Oxford University Press 1890:A Greek-English Lexicon 1747:in the 13th edition of 1552:Passeromyia longicornis 1515:Parasites and predators 600:as another subspecies, 544:Johann Friedrich Gmelin 479:Nicholas Aylward Vigors 375:Nicholas Aylward Vigors 5333:Silvery-throated jay ( 5017:California scrub jay ( 4594:Eastern carrion crow ( 4187:Yellow-billed magpie ( 3989:Turkestan ground jay ( 3980:Mongolian ground jay ( 3818:Bornean green magpie ( 3739:Bornean black magpie ( 3730:Malayan black magpie ( 2319:Troy, Jakelin (1993). 1572:Hieraaetus morphnoides 1484:Eolophus roseicapillus 1434: 1311: 1170: 1029: 989:Great Australian Bight 966: 548:Richard Bowdler Sharpe 522:Christian Ludwig Brehm 5174:Purplish-backed jay ( 4919:Azure-winged magpie ( 4479:Eastern jungle crow ( 4434:Slender-billed crow ( 4338:New Caledonian crow ( 4232:Black-rumped magpie ( 4178:Black-billed magpie ( 3971:Xinjiang ground jay ( 3887:White-winged magpie ( 3800:Common green magpie ( 3681:Black-faced treepie ( 3418:Boatbill to Starlings 3190:Parasitology Research 2156:10.5962/bhl.part.1694 2051:Latham, John (1781). 1881:Liddell, Henry George 1634:In Indigenous culture 1592:channel-billed cuckoo 1542:Amblyomma triguttatum 1425: 1309: 1164: 1023: 960: 647:German ornithologist 602:C. coronoides cecilae 554:were white. He named 5405:White-collared jay ( 5387:Black-throated jay ( 5360:White-throated jay ( 5342:Black-collared jay ( 4787:Thick-billed raven ( 4760:White-necked raven ( 4612:Brown-necked raven ( 4488:Indian jungle crow ( 4139:Kashmir nutcracker ( 4130:Clark's nutcracker ( 4121:Spotted nutcracker ( 3998:Iranian ground jay ( 3851:Taiwan blue magpie ( 3827:Javan green magpie ( 3264:Rowley, Ian (1969). 3239:on 17 September 2007 3186:Isospora coronoideae 2802:. Birdlife Australia 2629:Birds in Backyards. 2143:Novitates Zoologicae 2085:Gould, John (1865). 1721:Cacatua tenuirostris 1508:mixed-species flocks 1114:University of Sydney 796:raven ancestor 5255:Bushy-crested jay ( 5201:Plush-crested jay ( 5165:Black-chested jay ( 5053:Transvolcanic jay ( 5044:Florida scrub jay ( 4694:White-necked crow ( 4558:Mesopotamian crow ( 4470:Large-billed crow ( 4383:White-billed crow ( 4320:Bougainville crow ( 4311:Brown-headed crow ( 3584:Red-billed chough ( 3098:1988EmuAO..88..122R 2371:2012BMCEE..12...72J 2321:The Sydney language 2298:1933EmuAO..33..110A 2184:1911EmuAO..10..317M 2116:1912EmuAO..12...44. 1717:long-billed corella 1545:recorded. Lice and 1529:—given the name of 1011:in South Australia. 718:crow ancestor 686:inhabitants of the 500:/κορόνη "crow" and 473:Taxonomy and naming 77:Conservation status 5559:BirdLife-Australia 5351:Azure-hooded jay ( 5273:White-tailed jay ( 5210:Curl-crested jay ( 5026:Island scrub jay ( 4667:Chihuahuan raven ( 4603:Fan-tailed raven ( 4374:Long-billed crow ( 4293:Australian raven ( 3699:Sumatran treepie ( 3346:Mudrooroo (1994). 3283:10.1071/CWR9690153 3054:10.1071/CWR9730131 3005:10.1071/CWR9730091 2959:10.1071/CWR9730067 2884:10.1071/CWR9710049 2800:Birds in Backyards 2707:10.1071/CWR9730025 2653:"Crows and Ravens" 2631:"Australian Raven" 2469:10.1071/CWR9730157 2032:on 4 November 2014 1980:10.1071/CWR9700027 1612:Australian magpies 1560:wedge-tailed eagle 1435: 1432:wedge-tailed eagle 1312: 1171: 1030: 967: 558:as the "crow" and 198:C. coronoides 5753: 5752: 5743:Corvus-coronoides 5725:Open Tree of Life 5525:Corvus_coronoides 5512:Corvus_coronoides 5498:Corvus coronoides 5468:Corvus coronoides 5460:Taxon identifiers 5451: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5246:Azure-naped jay ( 5228:White-naped jay ( 4987: 4986: 4931: 4930: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4808: 4807: 4703:Cuban palm crow ( 4696:C. leucognaphalus 4676:Tamaulipas crow ( 4660:C. brachyrhynchos 4244: 4243: 4205:Oriental magpie ( 4196:Eurasian magpie ( 4151: 4150: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4032: 4031: 3934:Lanceolated jay ( 3899: 3898: 3862:U. erythrorhyncha 3773: 3772: 3663:Bornean treepie ( 3654:Andaman treepie ( 3596: 3595: 3427:978-0-19-553996-7 3357:978-1-85538-306-7 3233:"Predatory Birds" 3135:Corvus coronoides 3106:10.1071/MU9880122 2926:978-0-646-42798-0 2913:Beruldsen, Gordon 2330:978-0-646-11015-8 2233:978-0-643-10293-4 1904:978-0-19-910207-5 1804:Corvus coronoides 1727:Explanatory notes 1536:Ixodes holocyclus 1500:Christmas beetles 1472:Cherax destructor 1307: 1195:Western Australia 1162: 1106:Hyde Park, Sydney 926: 925: 918:based on Jønsson 916:Phylogenetic tree 909: 908: 900: 899: 891: 890: 882: 881: 840: 839: 786: 785: 762: 761: 443:eastern Australia 332:Corvus coronoides 323: 322: 318: 311: 301: 294:Corvus difficilis 291: 281: 216:Corvus coronoides 100: 63: 35:Australian raven 18:Corvus coronoides 16:(Redirected from 5798: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5732: 5720: 5719: 5707: 5706: 5694: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5668: 5667: 5655: 5654: 5642: 5641: 5629: 5628: 5616: 5615: 5603: 5602: 5590: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5567: 5566: 5564:australian-raven 5554: 5553: 5541: 5540: 5538:1D45897E674A6EAE 5528: 5527: 5515: 5514: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5455: 5429:G. cyanocephalus 5291:Violaceous jay ( 5257:C. melanocyaneus 5092: 5062:Unicolored jay ( 5010: 4999: 4943: 4910:Iberian magpie ( 4896: 4887: 4880: 4870: 4819: 4789:C. crassirostris 4756: 4752:Tropical African 4654: 4650:Central American 4629: 4554: 4472:C. macrorhynchos 4430: 4400: 4347:Torresian crow ( 4313:C. fuscicapillus 4280: 4256: 4214:Maghreb magpie ( 4164: 4141:N. multipunctata 4123:N. caryocatactes 4107: 4098: 4091: 4081: 4043: 3964: 3911: 3786: 3708:Rufous treepie ( 3621:Hooded treepie ( 3607: 3561: 3554: 3540: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3457: 3431: 3397: 3396: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3326: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3235:. Archived from 3228: 3222: 3221: 3196:(8): 2399–2408. 3181: 3175: 3174: 3156: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3058: 3057: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3009: 3008: 2988: 2963: 2962: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2796:"Torresian Crow" 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2730: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2690: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2626: 2617: 2611: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2569: 2563: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2473: 2472: 2452: 2441: 2440: 2422: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2382: 2350: 2335: 2334: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2306:10.1071/MU933110 2283: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2192:10.1071/MU910317 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2124:10.1071/MU912044 2099: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1959: 1934: 1928: 1909: 1908: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1797: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1745:Corvus australis 1737: 1723:) respectively. 1685:moiety ancestors 1671:he was known as 1492:Sturnus vulgaris 1395: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1308: 1239:Lord Howe Island 1163: 1142:(similar to the 1094: 1085: 1074: 1065: 1052:primary feathers 1007:and vicinity of 974:C. c. coronoides 854: 808: 801: 730: 723: 715: 708: 698: 697: 649:Erwin Stresemann 622:Corvus australis 564:Corone australis 540:Corvus australis 483:Thomas Horsfield 379:Thomas Horsfield 327:Australian raven 316: 314:Corone australis 306: 304:Corvus australis 296: 286: 276: 260: 243:C. c. coronoides 218: 115: 114: 94: 89: 88: 65: 64: 44: 32: 21: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5741: 5736: 5728: 5723: 5715: 5712:Observation.org 5710: 5702: 5697: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5671: 5663: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5585: 5583: 5575: 5570: 5562: 5557: 5549: 5544: 5536: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5510: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5462: 5452: 5435: 5413: 5396:Turquoise jay ( 5378:Beautiful jay ( 5317: 5284:C. sanblasianus 5212:C. cristatellus 5149: 5141:Steller's jay ( 5116: 5090: 5089: 5079: 5046:A. coerulescens 5008: 5007: 4983: 4977:P. internigrans 4927: 4891: 4881: 4878: 4852: 4843:Western jackdaw 4833:Daurian jackdaw 4804: 4749: 4739:Sinaloan crow ( 4685:Jamaican crow ( 4669:C. cryptoleucus 4658:American crow ( 4643: 4622: 4543: 4506:Collared crow ( 4481:C. levaillantii 4423: 4404:Hawaiian crow ( 4393: 4340:C. moneduloides 4302:Bismarck crow ( 4269: 4240: 4157: 4147: 4092: 4089: 4063: 4038: 4028: 4006: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3895: 3871:U. flavirostris 3835: 3779: 3769: 3747: 3716: 3638: 3592: 3575:Alpine chough ( 3548: 3534: 3490: 3484: 3453: 3438: 3428: 3416:. Vol. 7: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3263: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3141:Avian Pathology 3130: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3061: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3012: 2990: 2989: 2966: 2944: 2943: 2934: 2927: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2869: 2868: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2763:on 14 June 2012 2755: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2733: 2725: 2714: 2692: 2691: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2572: 2564: 2549: 2541: 2532: 2524: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2476: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2352: 2351: 2338: 2331: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1961: 1960: 1937: 1929: 1912: 1905: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1750:Systema naturae 1738: 1734: 1729: 1642: 1636: 1608: 1517: 1420: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1329: 1301: 1299: 1235:Kangaroo Island 1231:Rottnest Island 1223:Nullarbor Plain 1215:Australian Alps 1199:Nullarbor Plain 1191: 1153: 1136: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1110:Centennial Park 1097: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1018: 985:C. c. perplexus 910: 901: 892: 883: 841: 787: 763: 696: 606:Corvus marianae 598:Australian crow 586:Gregory Mathews 475: 401:, genetically. 351:Australian crow 312: 302: 292: 284:Corvus marianae 282: 248:C. c. perplexus 230: 220: 214: 201: 109: 101: 90: 86: 79: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5804: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5734: 5721: 5708: 5695: 5682: 5669: 5656: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5604: 5591: 5581: 5568: 5555: 5542: 5529: 5516: 5503: 5488: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407:C. viridicyana 5402: 5393: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5335:C. argentigula 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5311:C. yucatanicus 5306: 5297: 5288: 5282:San Blas jay ( 5279: 5270: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5219:Purplish jay ( 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5055:A. ultramarina 5050: 5041: 5037:A. woodhouseii 5032: 5023: 5019:A. californica 5013: 5011: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4966:Siberian jay ( 4963: 4953: 4951: 4940: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4893: 4883: 4882: 4873: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4829: 4827: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4746: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4700: 4691: 4687:C. jamaicensis 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4640: 4639: 4633:Common raven ( 4630: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4576:Carrion crow ( 4573: 4564: 4555: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4524:Banggai crow ( 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4452:Palawan crow ( 4449: 4440: 4431: 4426:Tropical Asian 4420: 4419: 4413:Mariana crow ( 4410: 4406:C. hawaiiensis 4401: 4396:Pacific island 4390: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4356:Forest raven ( 4353: 4344: 4335: 4329:Little raven ( 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4266: 4264: 4253: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4234:P. bottanensis 4229: 4220: 4216:P. mauritanica 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4094: 4093: 4084: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4057:Z. stresemanni 4051: 4049: 4047:Zavattariornis 4040: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3940: 3936:G. lanceolatus 3931: 3925:Eurasian jay ( 3921: 3919: 3908: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3736: 3732:P. leucopterus 3726: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3701:D. occipitalis 3696: 3692:D. leucogastra 3687: 3678: 3672:Grey treepie ( 3669: 3665:D. cinerascens 3660: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3586:P. pyrrhocorax 3581: 3571: 3569: 3558: 3550: 3549: 3543: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3436:External links 3434: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3363: 3356: 3338: 3301: 3299:, p. 702. 3289: 3253: 3223: 3176: 3123: 3121:, p. 700. 3111: 3092:(2): 122–123. 3076: 3074:, p. 701. 3059: 3029: 3027:, p. 710. 3010: 2964: 2932: 2925: 2901: 2899:, p. 707. 2889: 2857: 2855:, p. 708. 2845: 2843:, p. 699. 2828: 2826:, p. 698. 2813: 2786: 2784:, p. 695. 2774: 2748: 2746:, p. 697. 2731: 2729:, p. 696. 2712: 2670: 2643: 2618: 2616:, p. 694. 2601: 2599:, p. 693. 2589: 2587:, p. 711. 2570: 2568:, p. 691. 2547: 2545:, p. 713. 2530: 2528:, p. 712. 2509: 2507:, p. 714. 2497: 2495:, p. 692. 2474: 2442: 2404: 2336: 2329: 2311: 2269: 2239: 2232: 2214: 2197: 2162: 2129: 2094: 2077: 2060: 2043: 2008: 1985: 1935: 1933:, p. 690. 1910: 1903: 1872: 1838: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1709:waardarng-maat 1644:In Australian 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1607: 1604: 1600:brood parasite 1531:I. coronoideae 1516: 1513: 1419: 1416: 1328: 1325: 1298: 1295: 1227:Wooramel River 1219:Eyre Peninsula 1207:Mitchell River 1190: 1187: 1135: 1132: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1001:Eyre Peninsula 982: 924: 923: 912: 911: 907: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 852: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 838: 837: 834: 833: 826: 823: 822: 819: 818: 811: 806: 804: 799: 797: 793: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 779: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 760: 759: 756: 755: 752:torresian crow 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 713: 711: 706: 703: 702: 695: 692: 672:the Kelly Gang 626:Charles Vaurie 580:Torresian crow 526:Corvus affinis 474: 471: 355:throat hackles 321: 320: 274:Corvus affinis 269: 268: 262: 261: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 237: 236: 232: 231: 221: 210: 209: 203: 202: 195: 193: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 103: 102: 84: 81: 80: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5803: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5309:Yucatan jay ( 5307: 5305: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5275:C. mystacalis 5271: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5230:C. cyanopogon 5226: 5224: 5222: 5221:C. cyanomelas 5217: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5192:Cayenne jay ( 5190: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5091:(Magpie-Jays) 5088: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5073:A. wollweberi 5071:Mexican jay ( 5069: 5067: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4975:Sichuan jay ( 4973: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4959:P. canadensis 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4796:Somali crow ( 4794: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4762:C. albicollis 4758: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4723:C. ossifragus 4719: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:C. ruficollis 4610: 4608: 4606: 4605:C. rhipidurus 4601: 4599: 4597: 4596:C. orientalis 4592: 4590: 4588: 4587:C. frugilegus 4583: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4567:Hooded crow ( 4565: 4563: 4561: 4560:C. capellanus 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:North African 4547: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533:Violet crow ( 4531: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4515:Piping crow ( 4513: 4511: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4490:C. culminatus 4486: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4461:Flores crow ( 4459: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4445:C. samarensis 4441: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4358:C. tasmanicus 4354: 4352: 4350: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4295:C. coronoides 4291: 4289: 4287: 4284:Little crow ( 4282: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4223:Asir magpie ( 4221: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4132:N. columbiana 4128: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3982:P. hendersoni 3978: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3963:(Ground jays) 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3943:Lidth's jay ( 3941: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3927:G. glandarius 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3889:U. whiteheadi 3885: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3829:C. thalassina 3825: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3530:Passeriformes 3527: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379:(3): 169–86. 3378: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3327:on 2014-11-29 3323: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3279: 3276:(2): 153–79. 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3048:(1): 131–55. 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2999:(1): 91–129. 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2463:(1): 157–69. 2462: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2431:(3): 230–46. 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2292:(2): 110–11. 2291: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2209: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2178:(5): 317–26. 2177: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2001:(in German). 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1885:Scott, Robert 1882: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1733: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:marrnetj-maat 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:Vulpes vulpes 1585: 1581: 1580:Ninox strenua 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1504:Anoplognathus 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1365: 1363: 1337: 1335: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1291:IUCN Red List 1288: 1287:Least Concern 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Port Stephens 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:contact calls 1168: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134:Vocalisations 1133: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1005:Gawler Ranges 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983: 979: 975: 972: 971: 970: 964: 959: 955: 953: 948: 942: 939: 935: 931: 921: 917: 914: 913: 905: 904: 896: 895: 887: 886: 878: 877: 874: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 856: 855: 849: 848: 845: 844: 836: 835: 832: 831: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 810: 809: 803: 802: 795: 794: 791: 790: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 767: 766: 758: 757: 754: 753: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 737:bismarck crow 732: 731: 725: 724: 717: 716: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 699: 693: 691: 689: 685: 681: 678:by the local 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 661:C. difficilis 658: 654: 653:C. coronoides 650: 645: 643: 642:black nunbird 639: 635: 631: 630:first reviser 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 581: 577: 573: 572:C. coronoides 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:C. coronoides 553: 552:C. coronoides 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:type specimen 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 472: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 435: 434:opportunistic 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 341: 338: 334: 333: 328: 319: 315: 309: 305: 299: 295: 289: 285: 279: 275: 270: 267: 263: 259: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 233: 228: 224: 219: 217: 211: 208: 207:Binomial name 204: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164:Passeriformes 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 108: 104: 98: 93: 92:Least Concern 82: 78: 73: 68: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5467: 5428: 5427:Pinyon jay ( 5418: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5362:C. mirabilis 5361: 5353:C. cucullata 5352: 5344:C. armillata 5343: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5301: 5293:C. violaceus 5292: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5248:C. heilprini 5247: 5238: 5237:Tufted jay ( 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5185:C. caeruleus 5184: 5175: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5100: 5084: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5028:A. insularis 5027: 5018: 5009:(Scrub jays) 5002: 4976: 4968:P. infaustus 4967: 4958: 4957:Canada jay ( 4946: 4920: 4911: 4899: 4890:Azure-winged 4846: 4837:C. dauuricus 4836: 4822: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4712:Cuban crow ( 4704: 4695: 4686: 4678:C. imparatus 4677: 4668: 4659: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4634: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4535:C. violaceus 4534: 4525: 4516: 4508:C. torquatus 4507: 4499:C. splendens 4498: 4497:House crow ( 4489: 4480: 4471: 4463:C. florensis 4462: 4453: 4444: 4443:Small crow ( 4435: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4405: 4395: 4394: 4385:C. woodfordi 4384: 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4304:C. insularis 4303: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4259: 4233: 4225:P. asirensis 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4167: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4110: 4056: 4046: 4037:Stresemann's 4021: 4011: 3999: 3990: 3981: 3973:P. biddulphi 3972: 3956: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3914: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3819: 3811:C. hypoleuca 3810: 3802:C. chinensis 3801: 3789: 3762: 3752: 3741:P. aterrimus 3740: 3731: 3721: 3710:D. vagabunda 3709: 3700: 3691: 3683:D. frontalis 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3623:C. cucullata 3622: 3610: 3585: 3576: 3564: 3522:Superorder: 3452: 3417: 3412: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3347: 3341: 3329:. 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Retrieved 1815: 1809: 1803: 1767: 1758: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665:Kulin nation 1661:culture hero 1643: 1627: 1620: 1609: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1576:powerful owl 1571: 1568:little eagle 1564:Aquila audax 1563: 1557: 1550: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1471: 1460:caterpillars 1452:grasshoppers 1436: 1366: 1338: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1286: 1243: 1192: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1139: 1137: 1125: 1121: 1031: 984: 973: 968: 962: 943: 934:forest raven 930:little raven 927: 919: 872: 859: 830:forest raven 828: 815:little raven 813: 774: 750: 735: 688:Sydney Basin 675: 665: 660: 652: 646: 638:C. australis 637: 621: 617: 614:forest raven 610:little raven 605: 601: 593: 589: 584: 575: 571: 563: 560:C. australis 559: 555: 551: 539: 529: 525: 509: 506:carrion crow 501: 497: 490: 487:George Caley 476: 427: 403: 390: 387:carrion crow 382: 331: 330: 326: 324: 313: 303: 293: 283: 273: 272: 247: 242: 215: 213: 197: 196: 184: 29: 5647:iNaturalist 5492:Wikispecies 5419:Gymnorhinus 5369:Dwarf jay ( 5300:Green jay ( 5264:Brown jay ( 5203:C. chrysops 5183:Azure jay ( 5176:C. beecheii 5143:C. stelleri 5134:C. cristata 5064:A. unicolor 4879:(continued) 4847:C. monedula 4780:C. capensis 4778:Cape crow ( 4769:Pied crow ( 4741:C. sinaloae 4732:C. palmarum 4721:Fish crow ( 4526:C. unicolor 4454:C. pusillus 4365:Grey crow ( 4286:C. bennetti 4189:P. nuttalli 4180:P. hudsonia 4102:Nutcrackers 4090:(continued) 4012:Ptilostomus 3853:U. caerulea 3820:C. jefferyi 3763:T. temnurus 3722:Platysmurus 3674:D. formosae 3645:Dendrocitta 3577:P. graculus 3566:Pyrrhocorax 3404:Cited texts 3331:13 November 2767:25 November 2248:Gill, Frank 1831:12 November 1740:John Latham 1667:in central 1622:Clostridium 1547:hippoboscid 1362:brood patch 1336:in Sydney. 1250:sclerophyll 1248:-dominated 1211:Rockhampton 1140:ah-ah-aaaah 1016:Description 961:Subspecies 952:Pleistocene 938:nuclear DNA 776:little crow 618:C. marianae 447:sheep farms 361:have white 235:Subspecies 5760:Categories 5738:Xeno-canto 5398:C. turcosa 5380:C. pulchra 5239:C. dickeyi 5194:C. cayanus 5167:C. affinis 5156:Cyanocorax 5132:Blue jay ( 5123:Cyanocitta 5110:C. formosa 5101:C. colliei 5004:Aphelocoma 4992:New World 4948:Perisoreus 4798:C. edithae 4714:C. nasicus 4705:C. minutus 4517:C. typicus 4415:C. kubaryi 4376:C. validus 4367:C. tristis 4331:C. mellori 4276:Melanesian 4272:Australian 4207:P. sericea 4000:P. pleskei 3991:P. panderi 3904:Old World 3656:D. bayleyi 3612:Crypsirina 3524:Neognathae 3518:Neornithes 3516:Subclass: 2806:18 October 2262:26 October 2036:4 November 1779:References 1646:Aboriginal 1521:circovirus 1476:earthworms 1448:centipedes 1444:millipedes 1407:nidicolous 1398:Incubation 1047:lanceolate 978:Ian Rowley 576:C. cecilae 536:John Gould 524:described 520:district. 518:Parramatta 491:coronoides 451:afterbirth 439:food waste 430:omnivorous 395:subspecies 383:coronoides 367:hatchlings 345:native to 298:Stresemann 5389:C. pumilo 5324:Cyanolyca 5086:Calocitta 4921:C. cyanus 4901:Cyanopica 4625:Holarctic 4578:C. corone 4569:C. cornix 4156:Holarctic 4112:Nucifraga 4020:Piapiac ( 3945:G. lidthi 3880:U. ornata 3498:Kingdom: 3243:12 August 3218:195193276 2663:12 August 2636:12 August 2365:(1): 72. 2018:"Species 2005:: 323–58. 1784:Citations 1689:eaglehawk 1657:trickster 1649:mythology 1488:starlings 1464:Noctuidae 1411:egg tooth 1403:altricial 1334:AWA Tower 1297:Behaviour 1275:Melbourne 1165:A raven ( 1024:Adult in 1009:Lake Eyre 993:Shark Bay 963:perplexus 628:acted as 590:perplexus 510:C. corone 463:stillborn 399:divergent 391:C. corone 359:subadults 347:Australia 337:passerine 227:Horsfield 192:Species: 130:Kingdom: 124:Eukaryota 5691:22706033 5665:10862008 5626:45518685 5551:22706033 5546:BirdLife 5483:Q1584072 5477:Wikidata 5266:C. morio 4912:C. cooki 4876:Corvidae 4814:Jackdaws 4771:C. albus 4635:C. corax 4546:Eurasian 4322:C. meeki 4087:Corvidae 4039:bushcrow 3916:Garrulus 3842:Urocissa 3778:Oriental 3753:Temnurus 3632:C. temia 3602:Treepies 3546:Corvidae 3506:Chordata 3504:Phylum: 3500:Animalia 3488:Corvidae 3393:40330292 3210:31222390 3171:21073432 3163:16595298 2915:(2003). 2657:Archived 2399:22642364 1887:(1980). 1753:in 1788. 1669:Victoria 1526:Isospora 1428:roadkill 1327:Breeding 1283:Brisbane 1279:Adelaide 1263:Canberra 1246:eucalypt 995:and the 947:Pliocene 455:vultures 423:Brisbane 419:Adelaide 411:Canberra 317:(Gmelin) 266:Synonyms 174:Corvidae 170:Family: 144:Chordata 140:Phylum: 134:Animalia 120:Domain: 97:IUCN 3.1 5639:2482524 5613:ausrav1 5587:ausrav1 5533:Avibase 5371:C. nana 5302:C. ynca 4892:magpies 4874:Family 4824:Coloeus 4754:species 4652:species 4627:species 4552:species 4436:C. enca 4428:species 4398:species 4349:C. orru 4278:species 4198:P. pica 4159:magpies 4085:Family 4022:P. afer 3958:Podoces 3781:magpies 3557:Choughs 3544:Family 3528:Order: 3510:Class: 3373:Oceania 3094:Bibcode 2390:3480872 2367:Bibcode 2294:Bibcode 2180:Bibcode 2112:Bibcode 1705:Waardar 1701:Noongar 1699:To the 1626:of the 1616:treacle 1584:red fox 1468:yabbies 1456:cicadas 1440:spiders 1430:with a 1418:Feeding 1391:⁄ 1377:⁄ 1355:⁄ 1345:⁄ 1289:on the 981:spread. 459:carrion 393:). Two 335:) is a 288:Mathews 180:Genus: 160:Order: 150:Class: 95: ( 5776:Ravens 5771:Corvus 5730:808257 5704:108826 5678:559495 4585:Rook ( 4261:Corvus 3424: 3391: 3354: 3216: 3208: 3169: 3161: 2923: 2416:Corvus 2397: 2387: 2327: 2230: 1964:Corvus 1901: 1693:Bunjil 1675:(also 1486:) and 1480:galahs 1267:Sydney 1259:corvid 1146:(IPA:/ 1102:irises 1043:irises 1039:tarsus 1026:Sydney 920:et al. 498:corone 467:faeces 407:Sydney 363:irises 340:corvid 310:, 1788 308:Gmelin 300:, 1943 290:, 1911 280:, 1845 229:, 1827 225:& 223:Vigors 185:Corvus 5717:75446 5660:IRMNG 5608:eBird 5584:BOW: 5577:53146 4936:Grey 4646:North 4251:crows 4249:True 3791:Cissa 3389:JSTOR 3325:(PDF) 3314:(PDF) 3214:S2CID 3167:S2CID 2421:(PDF) 2282:(PDF) 1681:Waang 1655:is a 1273:; in 1271:Perth 1035:tibia 922:2012 684:Darug 676:wugan 502:eidos 495:Greek 415:Perth 371:pupil 278:Brehm 49:Near 5699:NCBI 5686:IUCN 5673:ITIS 5652:8040 5634:GBIF 5600:YNHK 5572:BOLD 4994:jays 4938:jays 4648:and 4548:and 4274:and 4169:Pica 3906:jays 3512:Aves 3422:ISBN 3352:ISBN 3333:2014 3245:2007 3206:PMID 3159:PMID 2921:ISBN 2808:2014 2769:2011 2665:2007 2638:2007 2395:PMID 2325:ISBN 2264:2021 2228:ISBN 2038:2014 1999:Isis 1899:ISBN 1833:2021 1816:2016 1711:and 1677:Wahn 1653:Crow 1558:The 1539:and 1458:and 1405:and 1277:and 1269:and 1233:and 1221:and 1203:Coen 1128:gape 932:and 682:and 680:Eora 657:RAOU 612:and 562:(as 481:and 432:and 421:and 377:and 343:bird 325:The 154:Aves 5621:EoL 5595:CoL 5520:AFD 5507:ADW 3381:doi 3278:doi 3198:doi 3194:118 3149:doi 3102:doi 3086:Emu 3050:doi 3001:doi 2955:doi 2880:doi 2703:doi 2465:doi 2433:doi 2385:PMC 2375:doi 2302:doi 2286:Emu 2188:doi 2172:Emu 2151:doi 2120:doi 2104:Emu 1976:doi 1863:doi 1820:doi 1679:or 1673:Waa 1382:by 1261:in 1183:caa 1179:caa 582:). 469:. 428:An 5762:: 5740:: 5727:: 5714:: 5701:: 5688:: 5675:: 5662:: 5649:: 5636:: 5623:: 5610:: 5597:: 5574:: 5561:: 5548:: 5535:: 5522:: 5509:: 5494:: 5479:: 3387:. 3377:47 3375:. 3316:. 3274:14 3272:. 3268:. 3256:^ 3212:. 3204:. 3192:. 3165:. 3157:. 3145:35 3143:. 3139:. 3100:. 3090:88 3088:. 3062:^ 3046:18 3044:. 3032:^ 3013:^ 2997:18 2995:. 2967:^ 2951:18 2949:. 2935:^ 2904:^ 2876:16 2874:. 2860:^ 2831:^ 2816:^ 2798:. 2734:^ 2715:^ 2699:18 2697:. 2673:^ 2655:. 2621:^ 2604:^ 2573:^ 2550:^ 2533:^ 2512:^ 2477:^ 2461:18 2459:. 2445:^ 2429:50 2427:. 2423:. 2393:. 2383:. 2373:. 2363:12 2361:. 2357:. 2339:^ 2300:. 2290:33 2288:. 2284:. 2254:. 2186:. 2176:10 2174:. 2147:18 2145:. 2141:. 2118:. 2108:12 2106:. 2024:. 1997:. 1972:15 1970:. 1938:^ 1913:^ 1897:. 1883:; 1859:15 1857:. 1853:. 1841:^ 1814:. 1808:. 1792:^ 1659:, 1651:, 1602:. 1519:A 1454:, 1446:, 1442:, 1293:. 1265:, 1241:. 1104:, 1003:, 690:. 534:, 461:, 417:, 413:, 409:, 5431:) 5409:) 5400:) 5391:) 5382:) 5373:) 5364:) 5355:) 5346:) 5337:) 5313:) 5304:) 5295:) 5286:) 5277:) 5268:) 5259:) 5250:) 5241:) 5232:) 5223:) 5214:) 5205:) 5196:) 5187:) 5178:) 5169:) 5145:) 5136:) 5112:) 5103:) 5075:) 5066:) 5057:) 5048:) 5039:) 5030:) 5021:) 4979:) 4970:) 4961:) 4923:) 4914:) 4849:) 4845:( 4839:) 4835:( 4800:) 4791:) 4782:) 4773:) 4764:) 4743:) 4734:) 4725:) 4716:) 4707:) 4698:) 4689:) 4680:) 4671:) 4662:) 4637:) 4616:) 4607:) 4598:) 4589:) 4580:) 4571:) 4562:) 4537:) 4528:) 4519:) 4510:) 4501:) 4492:) 4483:) 4474:) 4465:) 4456:) 4447:) 4438:) 4417:) 4408:) 4387:) 4378:) 4369:) 4360:) 4351:) 4342:) 4333:) 4324:) 4315:) 4306:) 4297:) 4288:) 4236:) 4227:) 4218:) 4209:) 4200:) 4191:) 4182:) 4143:) 4134:) 4125:) 4059:) 4024:) 4002:) 3993:) 3984:) 3975:) 3947:) 3938:) 3929:) 3891:) 3882:) 3873:) 3864:) 3855:) 3831:) 3822:) 3813:) 3804:) 3765:) 3743:) 3734:) 3712:) 3703:) 3694:) 3685:) 3676:) 3667:) 3658:) 3634:) 3625:) 3588:) 3579:) 3479:e 3472:t 3465:v 3430:. 3395:. 3383:: 3360:. 3335:. 3286:. 3280:: 3247:. 3220:. 3200:: 3173:. 3151:: 3108:. 3104:: 3096:: 3056:. 3052:: 3007:. 3003:: 2961:. 2957:: 2929:. 2886:. 2882:: 2810:. 2771:. 2709:. 2705:: 2667:. 2640:. 2471:. 2467:: 2439:. 2435:: 2401:. 2377:: 2369:: 2333:. 2308:. 2304:: 2296:: 2266:. 2236:. 2194:. 2190:: 2182:: 2159:. 2153:: 2126:. 2122:: 2114:: 2040:. 2003:5 1982:. 1978:: 1907:. 1869:. 1865:: 1835:. 1822:: 1806:" 1802:" 1719:( 1594:( 1586:( 1578:( 1570:( 1562:( 1502:( 1490:( 1482:( 1470:( 1393:4 1389:1 1386:+ 1384:1 1379:4 1375:3 1372:+ 1370:1 1368:( 1357:2 1353:1 1350:– 1347:4 1343:1 1148:æ 578:( 508:( 389:( 329:( 99:) 20:)

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