Cotton Mather - Knowledge (XXG)

509:. Her daughter Katherine, wife of Nathan Howell, became a widow shortly after Lydia married Mather and she came to live with the newly married couple. Also living in the Mather household at that time were Mather's children Abigal (21), Hannah (18), Elizabeth (11), and Samuel (9). Initially, Mather wrote in his journal how lovely he found his wife and how much he enjoyed their discussions about scripture. Within a few years of their marriage, Lydia was subject to rages which left Mather humiliated and depressed. They clashed over Mather's piety and his mishandling of Nathan Howell's estate. He began to call her deranged. She left him for ten days, returning when she learned that Mather's son Increase was lost at sea. Lydia nursed him through illnesses, the last of which lasted five weeks and ended with his death on February 15, 1728. Of the children that Mather had with Abigail and Elizabeth, the only children to survive him were Hannah and Samuel. He did not have any children with Lydia. 1333:

smallpox inoculation was "a medical experiment of consequence," one not to be undertaken lightly. He believed that not all learned individuals were qualified to doctor others, and while ministers took on several roles in the early years of the colony, including that of caring for the sick, they were now expected to stay out of state and civil affairs. Douglass felt that inoculation caused more deaths than it prevented. The only reason Mather had had success in it, he said, was because Mather had used it on children, who are naturally more resilient. Douglass vowed to always speak out against "the wickedness of spreading infection". Speak out he did: "The battle between these two prestigious adversaries lasted far longer than the epidemic itself, and the literature accompanying the controversy was both vast and venomous."

1371:

in discovering of it to a miserable World; and humbly look up to His Good Providence (as we do in the use of any other Medicine) It may seem strange, that any wise Christian cannot answer it. And how strangely do Men that call themselves Physicians betray their Anatomy, and their Philosophy, as well as their Divinity in their invectives against this Practice?" The Puritan minister began to embrace the sentiment that smallpox was an inevitability for anyone, both the good and the wicked, yet God had provided them with the means to save themselves. Mather reported that, from his view, "none that have used it ever died of the Small Pox, tho at the same time, it were so malignant, that at least half the People died, that were infected With it in the Common way."

805: 2077: 169: 788:, requested that Cotton Mather accompany him to Salem, but Mather refused due to his ill health. Instead, Mather wrote a long letter to Richards in which he gave his advice on the impending trials. In that letter, Mather states that witches guilty of the most grievous crimes should be executed, but that witches convicted of lesser offenses deserve more lenient punishment. He also wrote that the identification and conviction of all witches should be undertaken with the greatest caution and warned against the use of 479: 1256:, who tried the procedure on his youngest son and two slaves—one grown and one a boy. All recovered in about a week. Boylston inoculated seven more people by mid-July. The epidemic peaked in October 1721, with 411 deaths; by February 26, 1722, Boston was again free from smallpox. The total number of cases since April 1721 came to 5,889, with 844 deaths—more than three-quarters of all the deaths in Boston during 1721. Meanwhile, Boylston had inoculated 287 people, with six resulting deaths. 1163: 4677: 1350:, with being proper church members and good caring neighbors. The apparent contradiction between harming or murdering a neighbor through inoculation and the Sixth Commandment—"thou shalt not kill"—seemed insoluble and hence stood as one of the main objections against the procedure. Williams maintained that because the subject of inoculation could not be found in the Bible, it was not the will of God, and therefore "unlawful." He explained that inoculation violated 1342:

discerned in nature as well as in revelation." Nevertheless, Williams questioned whether the smallpox "is not one of the strange works of God; and whether inoculation of it be not a fighting with the most High." He also asked his readers if the smallpox epidemic may have been given to them by God as "punishment for sin," and warned that attempting to shield themselves from God's fury (via inoculation), would only serve to "provoke him more".

2063: 849: 367: 762: 591:

Country Adjacent", which justified that uprising by a list of grievances that the declaration attributed to the deposed officials. The authorship of that document is uncertain: it was not signed by Mather or any other clergymen, and Puritans frowned upon the clergy being seen to play too direct and personal a hand in political affairs. That day, Mather probably read the Declaration to a crowd gathered in front of the

1708: 831:

claimed that the witches "have associated themselves to do no less a thing than to destroy the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ, in these parts of the World." Although he did not intervene in any of the trials, there are some testimonies that Mather was present at the executions that were carried out in Salem on August 19. According to his Mather's contemporary critic Robert Calef, the crowd was disturbed by

2035: 823:. In that document, Mather criticized the court's reliance on spectral evidence and recommended that it adopt a more cautious procedure. However, he ended the document with a statement defending the continued prosecution of witchcraft according to the "Direction given by the Laws of God, and the wholesome Statues of the English Nation". Robert Calef would later criticize Mather's intervention in 1839:, originally published anonymously in London in 1697. Despite being one of Mather's best-known works, some have openly criticized it, labeling it as hard to follow and understand, and poorly paced and organized. However, other critics have praised Mather's work, citing it as one of the best efforts at properly documenting the establishment of America and growth of the people. 1068:

repeal the Massachusetts Charter. With the Mathers' support, Dudley was appointed governor by the Crown and returned to Boston in 1702. Contrary to the promises that he had made to the Mathers, Governor Dudley proved a divisive and high-handed executive, reserving his patronage for a small circle composed of transatlantic merchants, Anglicans, and religious liberals such as

4696: 359: 1835:, considered Mather's greatest work, was published in 1702, when he was 39. The book includes several biographies of saints and describes the process of the New England settlement. In this context "saints" does not refer to the canonized saints of the Catholic church, but to those Puritan divines about whom Mather is writing. It comprises seven total books, including 45: 1309:, stated that there were only two laws of physick (medicine): sympathy and antipathy. In his estimation, inoculation was neither a sympathy toward a wound or a disease, or an antipathy toward one, but the creation of one. For this reason, its practice violated the natural laws of medicine, transforming health care practitioners into those who harm rather than heal. 1592:. After a number of black people carried out arson attacks in Boston in 1723, Mather asked the outraged white Bostonians whether the black population had been "always treated according to the Rules of Humanity? Are they treated as those, that are of one Blood with us, and those who have Immortal Souls in them, and are not mere Beasts of Burden?" 1354:, because if one neighbor voluntarily infected another with disease, he was not doing unto others as he would have done to him. With the Bible as the Puritans' source for all decision-making, lack of scriptural evidence concerned many, and Williams vocally scorned Mather for not being able to reference an inoculation edict directly from the Bible. 1244:

many residents fled to outlying rural settlements. The combination of exodus, quarantine, and outside traders' fears disrupted business in the capital of the Bay Colony for weeks. Guards were stationed at the House of Representatives to keep Bostonians from entering without special permission. The death toll reached 101 in September, and the

1367:, did not slow the spread of the disease. As news rolled in from town to town and correspondence arrived from overseas, reports of horrific stories of suffering and loss due to smallpox stirred mass panic among the people. "By circa 1700, smallpox had become among the most devastating of epidemic diseases circulating in the Atlantic world." 1116:, since his congregation in Boston was much larger than the Harvard student body, which at the time counted only a few dozen. Instructed by a committee of the Massachusetts General Assembly that the president of Harvard had to reside in Cambridge and preach to the students in person, Increase resigned in 1701 and was replaced by the Rev. 1150:, who had repented publicly for his role in the Salem witch trials). When Sewall turned it down, Mather once again hoped that he might get the appointment. Instead, the fellows offered it to one of its own number, the Rev. Benjamin Coleman, an old rival of Mather. When Coleman refused it, the presidency went finally to the Rev. 4009:, The History of What the Goodness of God has done for the Captives, lately delivered out of Barbary): —«Many, many died under the hardhips some of them for a whole prenticeship of years , and one here for nineteen years altogether There was now and then a wretched Christian who renounced Christianity and embraced Mahometism» 819:, the thrice-married owner of an unlicensed tavern, was hanged after being convicted and sentenced by the Court of Oyer and Terminer, based largely on spectral evidence. A group of twelve Puritan ministers issued a statement, drawn up by Cotton Mather and presented to Governor Phips and his council a few days later, entitled 898:, "Robert Calef tied a tin can to Cotton Mather which has rattled and banged through the pages of superficial and popular historians". Intellectual historian Reiner Smolinski, an expert on the writings of Cotton Mather, found it "deplorable that Mather's reputation is still overshadowed by the specter of Salem witchcraft." 2049: 1375:

relationships. Although many were initially wary of the concept, it was because people were able to witness the procedure's consistently positive results, within their own community of ordinary citizens, that it became widely utilized and supported. One important change in the practice after 1721 was regulated

690:, based on his study of events surrounding the affliction of the children of a Boston mason named John Goodwin. Those afflictions had begun after Goodwin's eldest daughter confronted a washerwoman whom she suspected of stealing some of the family's linen. In response to this, the washerwoman's mother, 1698:

In his conversations with William Fly and his crew Mather scolded them: "You have something within you, that will compell you to confess, That the Things which you have done, are most Unreasonable and Abominable. The Robberies and Piracies, you have committed, you can say nothing to Justify them. …

1420:

First: my Friend planted a Row of Indian corn that was Coloured Red and Blue; the rest of the Field being planted with corn of the yellow, which is the most usual color. To the Windward side, this Red and Blue Row, so infected Three or Four whole Rows, as to communicate the same Colour unto them; and

1370:

Mather strongly challenged the perception that inoculation was against the will of God and argued the procedure was not outside of Puritan principles. He wrote that "whether a Christian may not employ this Medicine (let the matter of it be what it will) and humbly give Thanks to God's good Providence

1345:

Puritans found meaning in affliction, and they did not yet know why God was showing them disfavor through smallpox. Not to address their errant ways before attempting a cure could set them back in their "errand". Many Puritans believed that creating a wound and inserting poison was doing violence and

465:

and assumed full responsibilities as co-pastor of the church. Father and son continued to share responsibility for the care of the congregation until the death of Increase in 1723. Cotton would die less than five years after his father, and was therefore throughout most of his career in the shadow of

1587:

slaves humanely and instruct them in Christianity with a view to promoting their salvation. Mather received black members of his congregation in his home and he paid a schoolteacher to instruct local black people in reading. Mather consistently held that black Africans were "of one Blood" with the

1243:

arrived from the West Indies carrying smallpox on board. Despite attempts to protect the town through quarantine, nine known cases of smallpox appeared in Boston by May 27, and by mid-June, the disease was spreading at an alarming rate. As a new wave of smallpox hit the area and continued to spread,

1111:

in 1684, first as acting president (1684–1686), later with the title of "rector" (1686–1692, during much of which period he was away from Massachusetts, pleading the Puritans' case before the Royal Court in London), and finally with the full title of president (1692–1701). Increase was unwilling to

830:

On August 4, Cotton Mather preached a sermon before his North Church congregation on the text of Revelation 12:12: "Woe to the Inhabitants of the Earth, and of the Sea; for the Devil is come down unto you, having great Wrath; because he knoweth, that he hath but a short time." In the sermon, Mather

547:

as governor of that new Dominion. This was a direct attack upon the Puritan religious and social orders that the Mathers represented, as well as upon the local autonomy of Massachusetts. The colonists were particularly outraged when Andros declared that all grants of land made in the name of the old

1264:

Boylston and Mather's inoculation crusade "raised a horrid Clamour" among the people of Boston. Both Boylston and Mather were "Object of their Fury; their furious Obloquies and Invectives", which Mather acknowledges in his diary. Boston's Selectmen, consulting a doctor who claimed that the practice

885:

The last major events in Mather's involvement with witchcraft were his interactions with Mercy Short in December 1692 and Margaret Rule in September 1693. Mather appears to have remained convinced that genuine witches had been executed in Salem and he never publicly expressed regrets over his role

881:

did little to appease the growing clamor against the Salem witch trials. At around the same time that the book began to circulate in manuscript form, Governor Phips decided to restrict greatly the use of spectral evidence, thus raising a high barrier against further convictions. The Court of Oyer

713:. In his book, Mather argued that since there are witches and devils, there are "immortal souls". He also claimed that witches appear spectrally as themselves. He opposed any natural explanations for the fits, believed that people who confessed to using witchcraft were sane, and warned against all 497:

Abigail died of smallpox in 1702, having previously suffered a miscarriage. He married widow Elizabeth Hubbard in 1703. Like his first marriage, he was happily married to a very religious and emotionally stable woman. They had six children. Elizabeth, the couple's newborn twins, and a two-year-old

469:

When Increase Mather became president of Harvard in 1692, he exercised considerable influence on the politics of the Massachusetts colony. Despite Cotton's efforts, he never became quite as influential as his father. One of the most public displays of their strained relationship emerged during the

1463:

in 1662. During the controversies surrounding Mather's smallpox inoculation campaign of 1721, his adversaries questioned that credential on the grounds that Mather's name did not figure in the published lists of the Society's members. At the time, the Society responded that those published lists

1341:

Generally, Puritan pastors favored the inoculation experiments. Increase Mather, Cotton's father, was joined by prominent pastors Benjamin Colman and William Cooper in openly propagating the use of inoculations. "One of the classic assumptions of the Puritan mind was that the will of God was to be

1067:

Although the Mathers (to whom he was related by marriage), continued to resent Dudley's role in the Andros administration, they eventually came around to the view that Dudley would now be preferable as governor to the available alternatives, at a time when the English Parliament was threatening to

1059:

was a highly controversial figure, as he had participated actively in the government of Sir Edmund Andros in 1686–1689. Dudley was among those arrested in the revolt of 1689, and was later called to London to answer the charges against him brought by a committee of the colonists. However, Dudley

590:

According to some sources, Cotton Mather escaped a second attempted arrest on April 18, 1689, the same day that the people of Boston took up arms against Andros. The young Mather may have authored, in whole or in part, the "Declaration of the Gentlemen, Merchants, and Inhabitants of Boston and the

701:

Before her execution, Glover warned that her death would not bring relief to the Goodwin children, as she was not the one responsible for their torments. Indeed, after Glover was hanged the children's afflictions increased. Mather documented these events and attempted to de-possess the "Haunted

843:

Mr. Cotton Mather, being mounted upon a Horse, addressed himself to the People, partly to declare that was no ordained Minister, partly to possess the People of his guilt, saying that the devil often had been transformed into the Angel of Light. And this did somewhat appease the People, and the

1332:

argument against inoculation, stressing the importance of reason over passion and urging the public to be pragmatic in their choices. In addition, he demanded that ministers leave the practice of medicine to physicians, and not meddle in areas where they lacked expertise. According to Douglass,

1202:

Smallpox was a serious threat in colonial America, most devastating to Native Americans, but also to Anglo-American settlers. New England suffered smallpox epidemics in 1677, 1689–90, and 1702. It was highly contagious, and mortality could reach as high as 30 percent. Boston had been plagued by

916:

title, the work is written in English. Mather began working on it towards the end of 1693 and it was finally published in London in 1702. The work incorporates information that Mather put together from a variety of sources, such as letters, diaries, sermons, Harvard College records, personal

1468:

discovered that, although Mather had been duly nominated in 1713, approved by the council, and informed by Waller of his election at that time, due to an oversight the nomination had not in fact been voted upon by the full assembly of fellows or the vote had not been recorded. After Woodward

1289:). Public discourse ranged in tone from organized arguments by John Williams from Boston, who posted that "several arguments proving that inoculating the smallpox is not contained in the law of Physick, either natural or divine, and therefore unlawful", to those put forth in a pamphlet by Dr. 1374:

While Mather was experimenting with the procedure, prominent Puritan pastors Benjamin Colman and William Cooper expressed public and theological support for them. The practice of smallpox inoculation was eventually accepted by the general population due to first-hand experiences and personal

1494:

that he hoped would assist people who were unable to procure the services of a physician, but which went unpublished in Mather's lifetime. This was the only comprehensive medical work written in colonial English-speaking America. Although much of what Mather included in that manual were

646:, the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and chief judge of the Salem witch trials. Mather's book constitutes the most detailed written defense of the conduct of those trials. Mather's role in drumming up and sustaining the witch hysteria behind those proceedings was denounced by 860:

As public discontent with the witch trials grew in the summer of 1692, threatening civil unrest, the conservative Cotton Mather felt compelled to defend the responsible authorities. On September 2, 1692, after eleven people had been executed as witches, Cotton Mather wrote a

698:. Interrogated by the magistrates, she admitted that she tormented her enemies by stroking certain images or dolls with her finger wetted with spittle. After she was sentenced to death for witchcraft, Mather visited her in prison and interrogated her through an interpreter. 441:

that he would struggle to overcome throughout the rest of his life. Bullied by the older students and fearing that his stutter would make him unsuitable as a preacher, Cotton withdrew temporarily from the college, continuing his education at home. He also took an interest in

635:

of 1692–1693. As a consequence of those trials, nineteen people were executed by hanging for practicing witchcraft and one was pressed to death for refusing to enter a plea before the court. Although Mather had no official role in the legal proceedings, he wrote the book

757:

in 1692, Cotton Mather was incapacitated by a serious illness, which he attributed to overwork. He suggested that the afflicted girls be separated and offered to take six of them into his home, as he had done previously with Martha Goodwin. That offer was not accepted.

583:. Cotton Mather, then aged twenty-six, was one of the Puritan ministers who guided resistance in Boston to Andros's regime. Early in 1689, Randolph had a warrant issued for Cotton Mather's arrest on a charge of "scandalous libel", but the warrant was overruled by 3993:

letter written to a group of New England sailors captured in the 1680s and 90s, he expresses the determination of the community to exhaust all means to bring them home offers encouragement to the enslaved men "your slavery to the monsters of Africa will be but

673:(1693). Still, there is now a general agreement that his beliefs were very typical of the period, that he acted as a moderating force in the context of the trials, and that he never directly participated in the proceedings. He advised the judges against using 1387:

Although Mather and Boylston were able to demonstrate the efficacy of the practice, the debate over inoculation would continue even beyond the epidemic of 1721–22. After overcoming considerable difficulty and achieving notable success, Boylston traveled to

1575:

wherein he lamented the death of many of the American slaves, the length of their captivity — which he described as between 7 and 19 years, — the harsh conditions of their bondage, and celebrated their refusal to convert to Islam, unlike others who did.

1248:, powerless to stop it, "severely limited the length of time funeral bells could toll." As one response, legislators delegated a thousand pounds from the treasury to help the people who, under these conditions, could no longer support their families. 1127:, who had the support of Governor Dudley. The Mathers disapproved of the increasing independence and liberalism of the Harvard faculty, which they regarded as laxity. Cotton Mather came to see the Collegiate School, which had moved in 1716 from 796:, spectral evidence had been admissible in witchcraft trials for a century before the events in Salem, and it would remain admissible until 1712. There was, however, debate among experts as to how much weight should be given to such testimonies. 1554:

who performed domestic chores. Surviving records indicate that, over the course of his lifetime, Mather owned at least three, and probably more, slaves. Like the vast majority of Christians at the time, but unlike his political rival Judge

882:

and Terminer was dismissed on October 29. A new court convened in January 1693 to hear the remaining cases, almost all of which ended in acquittal. In May, Governor Phips issued a general pardon, bringing the witch trials to an end.

728:

Mr Cotton Mather, was the most active and forward of any Minister in the Country in those matters, taking home one of the Children, and managing such Intreagues with that Child, and after printing such an account of the whole, in his

618:. Rather than restoring the old Puritan rule, the Charter of 1691 mandated religious toleration for all non-Catholics and established a government led by a Crown-appointed governor. The first governor under the new charter was Sir 1362:

With the smallpox epidemic catching speed and racking up a staggering death toll, a solution to the crisis was becoming more urgently needed by the day. The use of quarantine and various other efforts, such as balancing the body's

694:, verbally insulted the Goodwin girl, who soon began to suffer from hysterical fits that later began to afflict also the three other Goodwin children. Glover was an Irish Catholic widow who could understand English but spoke only 912:(which may be translated as "The Glorious Works of Christ in America"), subtitled "The ecclesiastical history of New England, from its first planting in the year 1620 unto the year of Our Lord 1698. In seven books." Despite the 1297:(1721), on the qualifications of inoculation's proponents. (Douglass was exceptional at the time for holding a medical degree from Europe.) At the extreme, in November 1721, someone hurled a lighted grenade into Mather's home. 1251:

On June 6, 1721, Mather sent an abstract of reports on inoculation by Timonius and Jacobus Pylarinus to local physicians, urging them to consult about the matter. He received no response. Next, Mather pleaded his case to Dr.

1178:) was developed possibly in 8th-century India or 10th-century China and by the 17th-century had reached Turkey. It was also practiced in western Africa, but it is not known when it started there. Inoculation or, rather, 702:

Children" by prayer and fasting. He also took in the eldest Goodwin child, Martha, into his own home, where she lived for several weeks. Eventually, the afflictions ceased and Martha was admitted into Mather's church.

1815:

Mather's first published sermon, printed in 1686, concerned the execution of James Morgan, convicted of murder. Thirteen years later, Mather published the sermon in a compilation, along with other similar works, called

1039:. According to Silverman, the project "looks forward to Mather's becoming probably the most influential spokesman in New England for a rationalized, scientized Christianity." Mather could not find a publisher for the 426:. Cotton Mather was therefore born into one of the most influential and intellectually distinguished families in colonial New England and seemed destined to follow his father and grandfathers into the Puritan clergy. 1611:, from whom Mather first learned about smallpox inoculation, had been purchased for him as a gift by his congregation in 1706. Despite his efforts, Mather was unable to convert Onesimus to Christianity and finally 1421:

part of ye Fifth and some of ye Sixth. But to the Leeward Side, no less than Seven or Eight Rows, had ye same Colour communicated unto them; and some small Impressions were made on those that were yet further off.

630:

Cotton Mather's reputation, in his own day as well as in the historiography and popular culture of subsequent generations, has been very adversely affected by his association with the events surrounding the

972:. Genuinely Anglo-American in outlook, the book projects a New England which is ultimately an enlarged version of Cotton Mather himself, a pious citizen of "The Metropolis of the whole English America". 602:, and other officials who had been deposed and arrested in the Boston revolt were summoned to London to answer the complaints against them. The administration of Massachusetts was temporarily assumed by 1194:

in England was discussing the practice of inoculation, and the smallpox epidemic in 1713 spurred further interest. It was not until 1721, however, that England recorded its first case of inoculation.

1087:. Outmaneuvered by Dudley, this political rivalry left Mather increasingly isolated at a time when Massachusetts society was steadily moving away from the Puritan tradition that Mather represented. 3708:

Apparently Cooper, also a minister, wrote this in cooperation with Colman because nearly the same response to the objections to inoculation is published under Colman's name as the last chapter to

1273:

published writers who opposed the practice. The editorial stance was that the Boston populace feared that inoculation spread, rather than prevented, the disease; however, some historians, notably

3704:

A Letter from a Friend in the Country, Attempting a Solution of the Scruples and Objections of a Conscientious or Religious Nature, Commonly Made Against the New Way of Receiving the Small Pox

741:

Similar views, on Mather's responsibility for the climate of hysteria over witchcraft that led to the Salem trials, were repeated by later commentators, such as the politician and historian

1083:(1702–1713), Cotton Mather preached and published against Governor Dudley, whom Mather accused of corruption and misgovernment. Mather sought unsuccessfully to have Dudley replaced by Sir 865:

congratulating him on "extinguishing of as wonderful a piece of devilism as has been seen in the world". As the opposition to the witch trials was bringing them to a halt, Mather wrote

548:

Massachusetts Bay Company were invalid, forcing them to apply and pay for new royal patents on land that they already occupied or face eviction. In April 1687, Increase Mather sailed to

6262: 6232: 1203:

smallpox outbreaks in 1690 and 1702. During this era, public authorities in Massachusetts dealt with the threat primarily by means of quarantine. Incoming ships were quarantined in

2401: 1571:, consoling them, and expressing hope that “your slavery to the monsters of Africa will be but short.” On the return of some survivors of African slavery in 1703, Mather published 3518: 6292: 677:

and offered recommendations to proceed with caution lest innocent people come to harm. In the end, Mather's role in the witchcraft episode was thus ambivalent and conflicted.

6277: 6242: 1539: 3339: 335:, which elected him as a fellow in 1713. Mather's promotion of inoculation against smallpox caused violent controversy in Boston during the outbreak of 1721. Scientist and 267:(1693), attracted intense controversy in his own day and has negatively affected his historical reputation. As a historian of colonial New England, Mather is noted for his 6327: 6367: 394:, both of them prominent Puritan ministers who had played major roles in the establishment and growth of the Massachusetts colony. Richard Mather was a graduate of the 6337: 6317: 792:(i.e., testimony that the specter of the accused had tormented a victim) on the grounds that devils could assume the form of innocent and even virtuous people. Under 1699:

It is a most hideous Article in the Heap of Guilt lying on you, that an Horrible Murder is charged upon you; There is a cry of Blood going up to Heaven against you."

1522:

In his later years, Mather also promoted the professionalization of scientific research in America. He presented a Boston tradesman named Grafton Feveryear with the

1464:

included only members who had been inducted in person and who were therefore entitled to vote in the Society's yearly elections. In May 1723, Mather's correspondent

1459:, informed Mather that he had been elected as a fellow of the Society. Mather was the eighth colonial American to join that learned body, with the first having been 1595:

Mather advocated the Christianization of black slaves both on religious grounds and as tending to make them more patient and faithful servants of their masters. In

669:

unlike some other ministers never called for an end to the trials, and he afterwards wrote New England's official defense of the court's proceedings, the infamous

342:, who as a young Bostonian had opposed the old Puritan order represented by Mather and participated in the anti-inoculation campaign, later described Mather's book 1853:, the first systematic book on science published in America. Mather attempted to show how Newtonian science and religion were in harmony. It was in part based on 1146:

Cotton Mather sought the presidency of Harvard again after Leverett's death in 1724, but the fellows offered the position to the Rev. Joseph Sewall (son of Judge

4806: 446:

and considered the possibility of pursuing a career as a physician rather than as a religious minister. Cotton eventually returned to Harvard and received his

4627:

Smolinski, Reiner (2006). "Authority and Interpretation: Cotton Mather's Response to the European Spinozists". In Williamson, Arthur; MacInnes, Allan (eds.).

6287: 1019:

in light of "all of the Learning in the World". Mather, who continued to work on it for many years, sought to incorporate into his reading of Scripture the

777:, appointed a special "Court of Oyer and Terminer" to try the cases of witchcraft in Salem. The chief judge of that court was Phips's lieutenant governor, 6302: 6252: 6247: 6217: 433:, in 1674. Aged only eleven and a half, he is the youngest student ever admitted to that institution. At around this time, Cotton began to be afflicted by 5641: 5636: 906:

Cotton Mather was an extremely prolific writer, producing 388 different books and pamphlets during his lifetime. His most widely distributed work was

6342: 862: 470:

Salem witch trials, which Increase Mather reportedly did not support. Cotton did surpass his father's output as a writer, producing nearly 400 works.

4801: 1096: 532: 524: 6332: 937:, the incumbent governor of Massachusetts at the time that Mather began writing), plus dozens of brief biographical sketches, including those of 6382: 6267: 6222: 5135: 2884:(2012). "Biblia Americana: America's First Bible Commentary: A Synoptic Commentary on the Old and New Testaments: Volume 1, Genesis (review)". 662: 483: 228: 1534:, a Harvard graduate and member of Mather's church, who travelled to London and collaborated with the Royal Society's curator of experiments, 6357: 6297: 6257: 6227: 5200: 4589: 4552: 4198: 2384: 2348: 1722:

Cotton Mather was twice widowed, and only two of his 15 children survived him. He died on the day after his 65th birthday and was buried on

1218:. Mather was fascinated by the idea. By July 1716, he had read an endorsement of inoculation by Dr Emanuel Timonius of Constantinople in the 543:, without an elected legislature and under a governor who would serve at the pleasure of the Crown. Later that year, the King appointed Sir 336: 3177:. Science and Civilization in China. Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 154. 6377: 5451: 5421: 5411: 4091: 3499: 1306: 1139:

to make a charitable gift sufficient to ensure the school's survival. It was also Mather who suggested that the school change its name to

292:

as an intellectual bulwark of Puritanism in New England. He corresponded extensively with European intellectuals and received an honorary

276:

Personally and intellectually committed to the waning social and religious orders in New England, Cotton Mather unsuccessfully sought the

4055: 1235:

By 1721, a whole generation of young Bostonians was vulnerable and memories of the last epidemic's horrors had by and large disappeared.

6322: 6307: 6030: 5965: 5386: 552:, where he remained for the next four years, pleading with the Court for what he regarded as the interests of the Massachusetts colony. 5065: 3283:

Gronim, Sara Stidstone (2006). "Imagining Inoculation: Smallpox, the Body, and Social Relations of Healing in the Eighteenth Century".

6272: 6237: 6181: 6118: 5990: 5536: 5401: 5396: 5255: 4849: 4796: 4434: 3986: 1190:), to bring about a manageable and recoverable infection that would provide later immunity. By the beginning of the 18th century, the 1135:, as a better vehicle for preserving the Puritan orthodoxy in New England. In 1718, Cotton convinced Boston-born British businessman 785: 6282: 6015: 6005: 5606: 5501: 5496: 4617: 4533: 4482: 4415: 3904: 3246: 3157: 2865: 2711: 2596: 2176: 2136: 778: 4547:(edited, with an introduction and annotations). Vol. 1: Genesis. Grand Rapids and Tuebingen: Baker Academic and Mohr Siebeck. 4325: 5165: 1232:

in London, that he planned to press Boston's doctors to adopt the practice of inoculation should smallpox reach the colony again.

6387: 6312: 6010: 5929: 5771: 5676: 5320: 5155: 3346: 827:

as "perfectly ambidexter, giving a great or greater encouragement to proceed in those dark methods, than cautions against them."

5285: 1691:; having been convicted of piracy, they were jailed alongside "Mary Glover the Irish Catholic witch," daughter of witch "Goody" 6402: 6362: 5651: 5406: 4775: 4216:

Colonialism and the Revolutionary Period (Beginning–1800): American Literature in its Historical, Cultural, and Social Contexts

3188: 1943:, which lyricist Rennie Sparks found intriguing because of what she called its "madness brimming under the surface of things." 1108: 277: 5859: 5854: 5656: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5376: 5350: 5175: 5150: 5040: 6407: 5556: 5416: 2525: 1939: 1754: 966:(to which it has been compared), its effort to rejoin provincial America to the mainstream of English culture recalls rather 661:

More recently historians have tended to downplay Mather's role in the events at Salem. According to Jan Stievermann, of the

638: 263: 6171: 6123: 5869: 5826: 5821: 5806: 5801: 5766: 5751: 5616: 5576: 5521: 5426: 5140: 4994: 5874: 5776: 5721: 5486: 5305: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5205: 5105: 1499:

now regarded as unscientific or superstitious, some of them are still valid, including smallpox inoculation and the use of

1047:

under the direction of Reiner Smolinski and Jan Stievermann. As of 2023, seven of the ten volumes have appeared in print.

6186: 6166: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5816: 5716: 5701: 5611: 5506: 5371: 5290: 5245: 5075: 5035: 4966: 4385: 3921: 1723: 1712: 1236: 774: 765:

Holograph copy of Cotton Mather's letter of advice to John Richards concerning the impending trials at Salem, May 31, 1692

615: 579:. News of the events in London greatly emboldened the opposition in Boston to Governor Andros, finally precipitating the 285: 97: 86: 6161: 5831: 5761: 5736: 5646: 5546: 5446: 5355: 5325: 5315: 5280: 5210: 5180: 5080: 5070: 5055: 5050: 5045: 4901: 3018: 2403:

Genealogical Notes: Or Contributions to the Family History of Some of the First Settlers of Connecticut and Massachusetts

6397: 6352: 6151: 5811: 5711: 5696: 5666: 5600: 5596: 5541: 5456: 5436: 5431: 5391: 5265: 5260: 5230: 5225: 5195: 5115: 5110: 5095: 4961: 2040: 1325: 1290: 6103: 6098: 5914: 5909: 5796: 5741: 5681: 5551: 5531: 5516: 5511: 5335: 5160: 5125: 5100: 1567:. Concerned about the New England sailors enslaved in Africa since the 1680s and 1690s, in 1698 Mather wrote them his 894:

in 1700, bitterly attacking Cotton Mather over his role in the events of 1692. In the words of 20th-century historian

781:. Stoughton had close ties to the Mathers and had been recommended as Governor Phips's lieutenant by Increase Mather. 168: 5849: 5671: 5581: 5491: 5300: 5295: 5275: 5185: 5145: 5120: 5090: 5085: 4235: 2523:

Werking, Richard H. (January 19, 1972). ""Reformation is Our Only Preservation": Cotton Mather and Salem Witchcraft".

1999: 1535: 1456: 922: 918: 556: 245:

A major intellectual and public figure in English-speaking colonial America, Cotton Mather helped lead the successful

181: 34: 6176: 5781: 5731: 5726: 5591: 5441: 494:, on May 4, 1686, when Cotton was twenty-three and Abigail was not quite sixteen years old. They had eight children. 5756: 5746: 5691: 5526: 5130: 3779: 3754: 1637:

The Converted Sinner… A Sermon Preached in Boston, May 31, 1724, In the Hearing and at the Desire of certain Pirates

1043:, which remained in manuscript form during his lifetime. It is currently being edited in ten volumes, published by 5934: 4885: 2920: 1831: 1465: 1225: 1220: 1100: 908: 269: 1987:, a 2023 young adult novel by Kellie O'Neill, the character "Vivienne Mathers" is a descendant of Cotton Mathers. 1738:

Mather was a prolific writer and industrious in having his works printed, including a vast number of his sermons.

804: 4926: 4864: 4701: 1959: 1641:

A Brief Discourse occasioned by a Tragical Spectacle of a Number of Miserables under Sentence of Death for Piracy

1460: 1128: 1124: 1073: 1061: 853: 839:, of which witches were commonly believed to be incapable. Calef claimed that, after Burroughs had been hanged, 643: 1995: 1481: 1282: 1113: 606:, whose rule proved weak and contentious. In 1691, the government of King William and Queen Mary issued a new 592: 535:

and commissioned Randolph to reorganize the colonial government. James's intention was to curb Massachusetts's

430: 375: 71: 1655:; Cotton Mather in turn preached at the trials and sometimes executions of pirate Captains (or the crews of) 1312:

As with most colonists, Williams' Puritan beliefs were enmeshed in every aspect of his life, and he used the

1688: 1680: 1672: 1269: 930: 540: 399: 4142: 461:

After completing his education, Cotton joined his father's church as assistant pastor. In 1685, Cotton was

6392: 6372: 6347: 4569: 2716:

The Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, History and Biography of America

1859: 1676: 1563:, although he did publicly denounce what he regarded as the illegal and inhuman aspects of the burgeoning 1508: 1485: 1132: 754: 576: 419: 403: 216: 5014: 4854: 2337:

Garraty, John Arthur; Carnes, Mark C. (Mark Christopher); American Council of Learned Societies (1990).

2090: 1716: 1530:

observations in New England, which he communicated to the Royal Society in 1727. Mather also sponsored

1490: 1477: 1445: 1104: 1064:, Dudley began enlisting support in London to procure appointment as the new governor of Massachusetts. 1060:

was able to pursue a successful political career in Britain. Upon the death in 1701 of acting governor

1020: 993: 607: 568: 478: 407: 391: 304: 297: 235: 231: 149: 4946: 3263: 418:

fame). This was one of the two principal Congregationalist churches in the city, the other being the

219:, who wrote extensively on theological, historical, and scientific subjects. After being educated at 6212: 6207: 5030: 4921: 4577: 4041:"Strangers in the House of God: Cotton Mather, Onesimus, and an Experiment in Christian Slaveholding" 3821:

Stearns, Raymond Phineas (April 1951). "Colonial fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661-1788".

2082: 2068: 1921: 1660: 1608: 1564: 1496: 1441: 1211: 895: 714: 395: 328: 4371:

Starnes, T. (n.d.). Complete Marvel reading order | Marvel Comics in order. Marvel Comics in Order.

1162: 1123:

Cotton Mather sought the presidency of Harvard, but in 1708 the fellows instead appointed a layman,

6146: 5381: 4768: 4360: 1976: 1933: 1573:

The History of What the Goodness of God has done for the Captives, lately delivered out of Barbary,

1512: 1433: 1080: 655: 564: 528: 491: 254: 127: 2234: 4829: 4784: 4307: 4299: 4260: 4252: 3892: 3838: 3576: 3308: 3219: 2901: 2881: 2677: 2542: 2505: 2497: 1151: 981: 632: 580: 572: 536: 518: 293: 258: 246: 220: 108: 2587:

Stievermann, Jan (2011). "General Introduction". In Smolinski, Reiner; Stievermann, Jan (eds.).

2219:

Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Volume III

2003: 720:

Mather's contemporary Robert Calef would later accuse Mather of laying the groundwork, with his

4324:

Salem Witch Museum. (2023, May 3). Cotton Mather: Villain, bystander, or somewhere in between?

4040: 2203:

McNamara, R. (2019). Cotton mather, Puritan clergyman and early American scientist. ThoughtCo.

1469:

informed the Society of the situation, the members proceeded to elect Mather by a formal vote.

5706: 5626: 5220: 4665: 4647: 4643: 4613: 4585: 4548: 4529: 4478: 4430: 4411: 4194: 4087: 3982: 3977:

Cotton Mather (2012). "A Pastoral Letter to the Captives in Africa". In Claudio, Vicki (ed.).

3900: 3584: 3504:

Several Arguments Proving That Inoculating the Smallpox is Not Contained in the Law of Physick

3457: 3300: 3242: 3153: 2861: 2592: 2380: 2344: 2310: 2274: 2172: 2132: 2124: 2019: 1971: 1727: 1584: 1437: 1286: 949: 789: 709:

attracted attention on both sides of the Atlantic, including from the eminent English Puritan

674: 454:

degree in 1681, the same year his father became Harvard President. At Harvard, Cotton studied

339: 324: 4171: 4083:

At the Point of a Cutlass: The Pirate Capture, Bold Escape, and Lonely Exile of Philip Ashton

1265:

caused many deaths and only spread the infection, forbade Boylston from performing it again.

238:, where he preached for the rest of his life. He has been referred to as the "first American 6082: 5960: 5879: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5345: 5270: 4906: 4681: 4291: 4244: 3830: 3758: 3568: 3447: 3439: 3292: 3269: 3211: 2893: 2669: 2534: 2489: 2302: 2164: 2054: 1865: 1409: 1347: 1253: 836: 832: 742: 603: 506: 447: 411: 308: 188: 112: 4637: 4563: 4108: 2589:

Cotton Mather and Biblia Americana: America's First Bible Commentary. Essays in Reappraisal

848: 6128: 6035: 5995: 5924: 5919: 5791: 5786: 5060: 4989: 4941: 4824: 3559:

Van de Wetering, Maxine (March 1985). "A Reconsideration of the Inoculation Controversy".

1951: 1928: 1542:

at Harvard, and may well have been the first American to practice science professionally.

1531: 1516: 1430: 1351: 1229: 1140: 997: 611: 560: 438: 379: 289: 224: 138: 3265:

God Have Mercy on This House: Being a Brief Chronicle of Smallpox in Colonial New England

4528:. Electronic Texts in American Studies. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press. 2860:; Washington, DC: American University Press; Christian College Consortium. p. 202. 2718:. Second series. Vol. VI, no. 3. Morrisania, NY: Henry B. Dawson. p. 140. 1783: 1767: 1440:

of plant classification. Mather may also have been the first to develop the concept of

1295:

The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favour of Inoculation of the Small Pox

288:, whom Mather attempted unsuccessfully to drive out of power. Mather championed the new 5985: 5955: 5476: 5340: 5004: 4971: 4951: 4844: 4839: 4761: 3546:

The Abuses and Scandals of Some Late Pamphlets in Favor of Inoculation of the Small Pox

3452: 3427: 3189:"West Africans and the history of smallpox inoculation: Q&A with Elise A. Mitchell" 2850: 1991: 1909: 1664: 1652: 1600: 1472:

Mather's enthusiasm for experimental science was strongly influenced by his reading of

1214:, one of Mather's slaves, explained to Mather how he had been inoculated as a child in 1117: 1069: 968: 960:, its attempt to put American on the cultural map, recall such later American works as 942: 816: 710: 695: 451: 387: 154: 116: 2374: 1707: 761: 6201: 6156: 6000: 5889: 5884: 5686: 5631: 4999: 4956: 4931: 4869: 4859: 4834: 4408:

History of the United States of America, From the Discovery of the American Continent

4311: 4264: 4188: 3842: 2509: 2235:"Research Guides: Harvard Presidents & Inaugurations: List of Harvard presidents" 2217: 1897: 1881: 1798: 1556: 1452: 1413: 1393: 1204: 1191: 1147: 1084: 1056: 1028: 989: 938: 934: 835:'s eloquent declarations of innocence from the scaffold and by his recitation of the 770: 734: 619: 599: 584: 544: 423: 332: 281: 250: 3312: 2681: 2338: 976:

Silverman argues that, although Mather glorifies New England's Puritan past, in the

366: 6045: 6040: 6020: 5970: 5864: 5586: 5481: 5330: 5310: 5190: 5009: 4916: 4336: 3762: 3202:

Blake, John B (December 1952). "The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721–1722".

1904:

character named Cotton Mather with alias name, 'Witch-Slayer', that is an enemy of

1901: 1854: 1684: 1668: 1560: 1473: 1317: 1274: 1044: 1036: 887: 647: 25: 4671:

Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather by Charles Wentworth Upham at Project Gutenberg

4661: 4348: 3239:

The Fever of 1721: the Epidemic that Revolutionized Medicine and American Politics

2204: 1515:, while recommending hygiene, physical exercise, temperate diet, and avoidance of 1346:

therefore was antithetical to the healing art. They grappled with adhering to the

4125: 4081: 3712:

A Narrative of the Method and Success of Inoculating the Small Pox in New England

1758:(1692) his second major book, also on witchcraft, sent to London in October, 1692 6061: 6025: 5975: 5661: 5621: 5170: 1656: 1612: 1527: 1179: 1175: 1171: 793: 415: 316: 312: 239: 4753: 2259:

Hovey, Kenneth Alan (2009). "Cotton Mather: 1663–1728". In Lauter, Paul (ed.).

2034: 1207:, and any smallpox patients in town were held under guard or in a "pesthouse". 6113: 6108: 6077: 5980: 5215: 4738: 4248: 2030: 2014: 1905: 1870: 1692: 1376: 1278: 1136: 1011:

In 1693 Mather also began work on a grand intellectual project that he titled

1005: 691: 523:

On May 14, 1686, ten days after Cotton Mather's marriage to Abigail Phillips,

462: 434: 4747: 4335:

Congregational Library & Archives. (n.d.). Get Connected. Retrieved from

3443: 3428:"Making the right decision: Benjamin Franklin's son dies of smallpox in 1736" 2551:

this Boston minister, who managed not to attend a single witch trial at Salem

1627:. He produced a number of pamphlets and sermons concerning piracy, including 490:

Cotton Mather married Abigail Phillips, daughter of Colonel John Phillips of

4229:

Halttunen, Karen (1978). "Cotton Mather and the Meaning of Suffering in the

1877: 1523: 1245: 1024: 985: 962: 358: 3834: 3588: 3461: 3304: 2314: 1015:, which sought to provide a commentary and interpretation of the Christian 44: 4295: 3296: 2897: 2493: 2306: 1408:("Indian corn") to conduct one of the first recorded experiments on plant 4690: 4523: 3340:"Onesimus (fl. 1706–1717), slave and medical pioneer, was born in the..." 2857: 2852:

The American Pietism of Cotton Mather: Origins of American Evangelicalism

2673: 1001: 952:, an expert on early American literature and Cotton Mather's biographer, 929:

includes about fifty biographies of eminent New Englanders (ranging from

443: 374:

Cotton Mather was born in 1663 in the city of Boston, the capital of the

320: 4725: 4712: 4670: 4303: 4280:"East-West Fiction as World Literature: The "Hayy" Problem Reconfigured" 4279: 4256: 2905: 2501: 2480:

Griffin, Edward M. (2015). "A Singular Man: Cotton Mather Reappraised".

1775: 4451:

Bercovitch, Sacvan (1972). "Cotton Mather". In Emerson, Everett (ed.).

2546: 1604: 1551: 1329: 1187: 1183: 1032: 499: 212: 4187:

Mather, Cotton (2008). "Pillars of Salt". In Schechter, Harold (ed.).

3580: 3223: 1550:

Cotton Mather's household included both free servants and a number of

869:, a defense of the trials that carried Stoughton's official approval. 5939: 4727:

The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather: An Edition of "Triparadisus"

4525:

The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather: An Edition of 'Triparadisus'

3519:"The Fight Over Inoculation During the 1721 Boston Smallpox Epidemic" 1624: 1589: 1504: 1500: 1389: 1364: 1215: 549: 455: 67: 4686: 4517:. Collections. Vol. vii–viii. Massachusetts Historical Society. 4359:

Marvel Team-Up (1972) #41 | Comic Issues | Marvel. (1976, January).

2538: 2222:. Cambridge: Charles William Sever, University Bookstore. p. 8. 1990:

Mather is mentioned in several of the New England horror stories of

1623:

Throughout his career Mather was also keen to minister to convicted

724:, for the witchcraft hysteria that gripped Salem three years later: 571:

deposed James and gave the Crown jointly to his Protestant daughter

4706: 4372: 3572: 3215: 3019:"Cotton Mather, Biblia Americana; America's First Bible Commentary" 2293:

Hostetter, Margaret Kendrick (April 5, 2012). "What We Don't See".

2171:. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 175. 1912:' issue #41, and appears in the subsequent issues until issue #45. 1785:

Corderius Americanus: A Discourse on the Good Education of Children

1588:

rest of mankind and that blacks and whites would meet as equals in

1396:

in 1726, with Mather formally receiving the honor two years prior.

3897:

The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728

2263:. Vol. A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 531–32. 1706: 1645:

Useful Remarks. An Essay upon Remarkables in the Way of Wicked Men

1405: 1321: 1313: 1161: 1016: 913: 847: 803: 760: 477: 365: 357: 307:

in America, Cotton Mather carried out original research on plant

4462:

An Historical Account of the Small-pox Inoculated in New England

4361:

https://www.marvel.com/comics/issue/19661/marvel_team-up_1972_41

1651:. His father Increase had preached at the trial of Dutch pirate 4757: 3374:

A Destroying Angel: The Conquest of Smallpox in Colonial Boston

1837:

Pietas in Patriam: The life of His Excellency Sir William Phips

1392:

in 1725, where he published his results and was elected to the

1324:

said: "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick."

933:, the first Puritan missionary to the Native Americans, to Sir 4731: 4719: 688:

Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions

203: 4494:

The First American Evangelical: A Short Life of Cotton Mather

2660:

Ronan, John (2012). "'Young Goodman Brown' and the Mathers".

2379:. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co. pp. 20–25. 2111:

The First American Evangelical: A Short Life of Cotton Mather

1583:(1706), Mather insisted that slaveholders should treat their 4629:

Shaping the Stuart World, 1603–1714: The Atlantic Connection

4019: 4017: 4015: 3948: 3946: 733:, as conduced much to the kindling of those Flames, that in 402:. Increase Mather was a graduate of Harvard College and the 4386:"Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family" 3792: 3790: 3788: 2819: 2817: 2768: 2766: 429:

Cotton entered Harvard College, in the neighboring town of

200: 3753:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2753: 2751: 2749: 1633:

Instructions to the Living, from the Condition of the Dead

658:

called Mather "the chief agent of the mischief" at Salem.

331:. He dispatched many reports on scientific matters to the 4347:

Cotton Mather Powers, Enemies, History | Marvel. (n.d.).

1182:, involved infecting a person via a cut in the skin with 610:. This charter united the Massachusetts Bay Colony with 197: 2343:. New York : Oxford University Press. p. 682. 1750:(1689) his first full book, on the subject of witchcraft 1186:

from a patient with a relatively mild case of smallpox (

992:

Christianity that included, in addition to Mather's own

917:

conversations, and the manuscript histories composed by

559:

to King James in June 1688, which could have cemented a

4543:——— (2010). Smolinski, Reiner (ed.). 4522:——— (1995). Smolinski, Reiner (ed.). 4471:

Reinventing Cotton Mather in the American Renaissance:

3385: 3383: 2376:

More Colonial women : 25 pioneers of early America

563:

dynasty in the English throne, triggered the so-called

527:

disembarked in Boston bearing letters patent from King

4176:(1st ed.). London: Thomas Parkhurst. OL23316799M. 1540:

Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy

1476:'s work. Mather was a significant popularizer of the 1305:

Several opponents of smallpox inoculation, among them

984:

of the old Puritan settlers, reflecting Mather's more

1412:. He described the results in a letter to his friend 1277:, have argued that this position was a result of the 622:, who was a member of the Mathers' church in Boston. 1484:

in some of his sermons. He also argued against the

1436:, an observation that later became the basis of the 6137: 6091: 6070: 6054: 5948: 5840: 5364: 5023: 4980: 4894: 4878: 4815: 3899:. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1869:, by the 12th-century Islamic philosopher Abu Bakr 1526:that Feveryear used to make the first quantitative 1429:(1712–1724) collection, Mather also announced that 1099:from 1690 to 1702, and at various times sat on its 1055:In Massachusetts at the start of the 18th century, 194: 191: 161: 145: 134: 123: 104: 93: 78: 60: 23: 4130:. Cambridge MA: J. Wilson and Son. pp. 32–44. 2849: 2131:. New York: Welcome Rain Publishers. p. 222. 890:, an otherwise obscure Boston merchant, published 406:, and served as the minister of Boston's original 737:'s time threatened the devouring of this Country. 642:, which appeared in 1693 with the endorsement of 4601:Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M—y W—y M—e 4337:https://www.congregationallibrary.org/node/32893 2919:Mather, Cotton (1998). Smolinksi, Reiner (ed.). 1174:(as distinguished from to the later practice of 6263:18th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 6233:17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 4349:https://www.marvel.com/characters/cotton-mather 4048:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 3724: 2205:https://www.thoughtco.com/cotton-mather-4687706 1418: 954: 841: 726: 667: 211:; February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a 4582:Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America 3241:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 87. 1629:Faithful Warnings to prevent Fearful Judgments 4769: 1488:of life and compiled a medical manual titled 539:by incorporating the colony it into a larger 8: 3152:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 140. 2288: 2286: 1937:is named in reference to Mather's 1693 book 1404:In 1716, Mather used different varieties of 1166:painting of Cotton Mather by Richard L. Gunn 988:and cosmopolitan embrace of a Transatlantic 753:When the accusations of witchcraft arose in 261:of 1692–1693, which he defended in the book 6293:American Calvinist and Reformed theologians 4639:Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather, A Reply 4455:. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 3474: 3376:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 24–29. 3262:Aronson, Stanley M; Newman, Lucile (2002). 2710:Upham, Charles Wentworth (September 1869). 1603:that a Christian could not enslave another 654:, published in 1700. In the 19th century, 253:, the governor of New England appointed by 6278:18th-century New England Puritan ministers 6243:17th-century New England Puritan ministers 4776: 4762: 4754: 4453:Major Writers of Early American Literature 3517:Niederhuber, Matthew (December 31, 2014). 2475: 2473: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 1224:. Mather then declared, in a letter to Dr 1112:move permanently to the Harvard campus in 323:contagion, which he learned about from an 43: 20: 4477:. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 4023: 3964: 3952: 3937: 3922:"Cotton Mather's Relationship to Science" 3879: 3867: 3855: 3808: 3796: 3451: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2835: 2823: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2757: 2740: 2728: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2574: 2562: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2279:. State Street Trust Co. 1912. p. 8. 2191: 2151: 1980:is called ″1692 Cotton Mather Newsreel″. 1695:at whose trial Mather had also preached. 1507:. Mather also outlined an early form of 350:(1710) as a major influence on his life. 280:. After 1702, Cotton Mather clashed with 257:. Mather's subsequent involvement in the 6368:History of religion in the United States 3653: 3641: 3629: 3531: 3150:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History 2017:portrays Cotton Mather in the TV series 784:Another of the judges in the new court, 533:Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company 6338:Christianity in the early modern period 6318:Slave owners from the Thirteen Colonies 4034: 4032: 4006: 2101: 1599:, Mather argued against the opinion of 626:Involvement with the Salem witch trials 466:the respected and formidable Increase. 4603:. London: T. Becket and P.A. de Hondt. 4384:Bahn, Christopher (February 8, 2006). 4157: 3775: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3619:. Harvard University Press. p. 5. 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2261:Heath Anthology of American Literature 1863:(1690). Mather took inspiration from 663:Heidelberg Center for American Studies 505:On July 5, 1715, Mather married widow 498:daughter, Jerusha, all succumbed to a 410:(not to be confused with the Anglican 6328:Burials at Copp's Hill Burying Ground 4584:. University of Massachusetts Press. 3751:The Beginnings of Plant Hybridization 3486: 3413: 3389: 3359: 3325: 1103:. His father Increase had succeeded 717:due to their diabolical connections. 7: 4855:Nathanial (or Nathaniel) Saltonstall 3736: 3706:. Boston: S. Kneeland. pp. 6–7. 3401: 2925:Electronic Texts in American Studies 2921:"The Wonders of the Invisible World" 2712:"Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather" 1538:. Greenwood later became the first 6288:Alumni of the University of Glasgow 4610:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather 4513:——— (1911–1912). 4410:. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 3285:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2699:. London: Nath Hillar. p. 152. 2697:More Wonders of the Invisible World 2295:The New England Journal of Medicine 2129:The Life and Times of Cotton Mather 1958:a December 15, 1975 episode of the 1880:was later translated by his cousin 1239:on April 22 of that year, when HMS 902:Historical and theological writings 892:More Wonders of the Invisible World 852:Letter from Cotton Mather to Judge 652:More Wonders of the Invisible World 6303:American people of English descent 6253:18th-century American philosophers 6248:18th-century American male writers 6218:17th-century American philosophers 5356:Frances Wycom or Wycome or Wycombe 5201:Samuel and Ruth Perley (or Pearly) 4911:convicted of witchcraft and hanged 4714:The Wonders of the Invisible World 4631:. Leyden: Brill. pp. 175–203. 4061:from the original on July 29, 2015 3548:. Boston: J. Franklin. p. 11. 3191:. Royal Society. October 20, 2020. 2927:. University of Nebraska - Lincoln 1985:Burned: A Daughters of Salem Novel 1619:Sermons against pirates and piracy 1091:Relationship with Harvard and Yale 980:he also attempts to transcend the 773:, governor of the newly chartered 398:and John Cotton a graduate of the 14: 6124:Infant child of Elizabeth Scargen 6114:Mercy, infant child of Sarah Good 6078:Mercy, infant child of Sarah Good 4636:Upham, Charles Wentworth (1869). 4475:in Hawthorne, Stowe, and Stoddard 4427:A Pastoral Letter to the Captives 4190:True Crime: An American Anthology 3979:A Pastoral Letter to the Captives 3345:. Harvard College. Archived from 2373:Waldrup, Carole Chandler (2004). 2276:Forty of Boston's Historic Houses 2023:, which aired from 2014 to 2017. 1158:Advocacy for smallpox inoculation 1143:after it accepted that donation. 811:, written in Cotton Mather's hand 6343:Clergy in the Salem witch trials 5351:Daniel Wycom or Wicom or Wycombe 4694: 4373:https://cmro.travis-starnes.com/ 4218:. New York: DWJ. pp. 23–24. 4144:The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea 3021:. Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG 2075: 2061: 2047: 2033: 1649:The Vial Poured Out Upon the Sea 749:Preparation for the Salem trials 187: 167: 5817:Mary Whittredge (or Witheridge) 4707:Mather's influential commentary 4678:Works by or about Cotton Mather 4469:Felker, Christopher D. (1993). 3372:Winslow, Ola Elizabeth (1974). 1876:Mather's short treatise on the 1569:Pastoral Letter to the Captives 825:The Return of Several Ministers 821:The Return of Several Ministers 809:The Return of Several Ministers 6333:Calvinist and Reformed writers 5246:Jonathan (or Johnathan) Putnam 4740:A Puritan Father's Lesson Plan 4737:Cotton Mather's "~Resolved~", 4599:Montagu, Mary Wortley (1763). 4496:. Eerdmans. pp. xiv, 162. 4406:Bancroft, George (1874–1878). 3617:Religion and the American Mind 2591:. Baker Academic. p. 14. 2526:The William and Mary Quarterly 1940:Wonders of the Invisible World 1755:Wonders of the Invisible World 1607:Christian. The African slave 1451:In 1713, the Secretary of the 867:Wonders of the Invisible World 671:Wonders of the Invisible World 639:Wonders of the Invisible World 450:degree in 1678, followed by a 386:Cotton. His grandfathers were 264:Wonders of the Invisible World 1: 6383:People from North End, Boston 6268:18th-century Christian clergy 6223:17th-century American writers 4278:Aravamudan, Srinivas (2014). 4080:Flemming, Gregory N. (2014). 3920:Hudson, James Daniel (2008). 2848:Lovelace, Richard F. (1979). 2216:Sibley, John Langdon (1885). 1444:, which later would underpin 1316:to state his case. He quoted 1281:positions of editor-in-chief 1051:Conflict with Governor Dudley 775:Province of Massachusetts Bay 616:Province of Massachusetts Bay 337:United States Founding Father 286:Province of Massachusetts Bay 278:presidency of Harvard College 87:Province of Massachusetts Bay 50: 16:Puritan clergyman (1663–1728) 6358:Fellows of the Royal Society 6298:American Evangelical writers 6258:18th-century apocalypticists 6228:17th-century apocalypticists 5066:John Bly Sr. and Rebecca Bly 4748:"The Story of Margaret Rule" 4572:Special Collections Library. 4425:Claudio, Vicki, ed. (2012). 4124:Edmonds, John Henry (1918). 2041:Reformed Christianity portal 1546:Slavery and racial attitudes 705:The publication of Mather's 6378:People from colonial Boston 4693:(public domain audiobooks) 4612:. Welcome Rain Publishers. 4608:Silverman, Kenneth (2001). 4236:Journal of American Studies 3927:. Georgia State University. 3148:Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). 2400:Goodwin, Nathaniel (1856). 2340:American National Biography 2169:Benjamin Franklin's Science 1536:John Theophilus Desaguliers 598:In July, Andros, Randolph, 575:and her husband, the Dutch 82:February 13, 1728 (aged 65) 6424: 6323:Boston Latin School alumni 6308:American religious writers 4473:Magnalia Christi Americana 4460:Boylston, Zabdiel (1726). 4284:Eighteenth-Century Studies 4231:Magnalia Christi Americana 4173:Magnalia Christi Americana 4113:. New York: Burt Franklin. 3544:Douglass, William (1722). 2239:guides.library.harvard.edu 1910:1976 comic 'Marvel Team-Up 1908:. He first appears in the 1849:In 1721, Mather published 1832:Magnalia Christi Americana 1825:Magnalia Christi Americana 1769:Magnalia Christi Americana 1724:Copp's Hill Burying Ground 1221:Philosophical Transactions 909:Magnalia Christi Americana 686:In 1689, Mather published 516: 270:Magnalia Christi Americana 98:Copp's Hill Burying Ground 6273:18th-century evangelicals 6238:17th-century male writers 5607:Elizabeth Hutchinson Hart 4792: 4562:Mather, Increase (1692). 4249:10.1017/s0021875800006460 3710:Colman, Benjamin (1722). 3561:The New England Quarterly 3338:Niven, Steven J. (2013). 3204:The New England Quarterly 2886:Early American Literature 2662:The New England Quarterly 2482:Early American Literature 1960:CBS Radio Mystery Theater 1851:The Christian Philosopher 1844:The Christian Philosopher 1800:The Christian Philosopher 1703:Death and place of burial 1461:John Winthrop the Younger 1170:The practice of smallpox 1097:fellow of Harvard College 956:If the epic ambitions of 863:letter to Judge Stoughton 769:In May of that year, Sir 682:Prelude: The Goodwin case 319:as a means of preventing 311:. He also researched the 215:clergyman and author in 166: 42: 6283:Accusers in witch trials 6167:Phillip and Mary English 4702:Cotton Mather's writings 4086:. Lebanon NH: ForeEdge. 3702:Cooper, William (1721). 3444:10.1136/qshc.2007.023465 3173:Needham, Joseph (2000). 2154:, pp. 253–254, 357. 1996:The Picture in the House 1679:. He also ministered to 1482:Copernican heliocentrism 1478:new scientific knowledge 1114:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1023:and theories, including 1021:new scientific knowledge 577:Prince William of Orange 376:Massachusetts Bay Colony 354:Early life and education 305:new experimental science 72:Massachusetts Bay Colony 6388:Philosophers of science 6313:American sermon writers 5166:Margaret Wilkins Knight 4170:Mather, Cotton (1702). 4141:Mather, Cotton (1726). 3823:Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond 3763:2027/mdp.39015011424788 3749:Zirkle, Conway (1935). 1924:is named after Mather. 1777:The Negro Christianized 1597:The Negro Christianized 1581:The Negro Christianized 1270:The New-England Courant 1072:, Benjamin Colman, and 541:Dominion of New England 400:University of Cambridge 370:John Cotton (1585–1652) 333:Royal Society of London 232:Old North Meeting House 223:, he joined his father 6403:Yale University people 6363:Harvard College alumni 5772:Mary Harrington Taylor 5677:Joan Penney (or Penny) 5672:Robert and Sarah Pease 5652:Jane Lilly (or Lillie) 5532:Daniel and Lydia Eames 5156:Thomas and Mary Jacobs 4687:Works by Cotton Mather 4662:Works by Cotton Mather 4570:University of Virginia 4506:A Family, Well-Ordered 4492:Kennedy, Rick (2015). 4464:. London: S. Chandler. 4214:Meyers, Karen (2006). 4193:. Library of America. 4110:The Pirates' Who's Who 4107:Gosse, Philip (1924). 3835:10.1098/rsnr.1951.0017 3615:Heimert, Alan (1966). 3506:. Boston: J. Franklin. 3349:on September 10, 2015. 3237:Coss, Stephen (2016). 2695:Calef, Robert (1700). 2109:Kennedy, Rick (2015). 1970:One of the stories in 1860:The Christian Virtuoso 1719: 1559:, Mather was never an 1486:spontaneous generation 1455:of London, naturalist 1423: 1167: 1133:New Haven, Connecticut 974: 857: 846: 812: 800:Response to the trials 766: 739: 679: 487: 404:Trinity College Dublin 371: 363: 284:, the governor of the 157:(paternal grandfather) 152:(maternal grandfather) 6408:Vaccination advocates 5637:Elizabeth Johnson Sr. 5286:Timothy Swan or Swann 4981:Politicians, writers, 4578:Monaghan, E. Jennifer 4296:10.1353/ecs.2014.0001 4147:. Boston: N. Belknap. 4039:Koo, Kathryn (2007). 3521:. Harvard University. 3297:10.1353/bhm.2006.0057 2898:10.1353/eal.2012.0002 2494:10.1353/eal.2015.0029 2307:10.1056/NEJMra1111421 2091:Charles Colcock Jones 1748:Memorable Providences 1717:Boston, Massachusetts 1710: 1491:The Angel of Bethesda 1400:Other scientific work 1165: 1120:as acting president. 851: 807: 764: 745:in the 19th century. 731:Memorable Providences 722:Memorable Providences 707:Memorable Providences 608:Massachusetts Charter 481: 369: 361: 298:University of Glasgow 236:Boston, Massachusetts 5567:Abigail Faulkner Sr. 5562:Abigail Faulkner Jr. 5442:John Busse (or Buss) 5365:Accused but survived 4127:Captain Thomas Pound 3739:, pp. 269, 277. 3727:, p. 66, n. 55. 3725:Van de Wetering 1985 3680:, p. 25, n. 15. 3603:The New England Soul 3432:Qual Saf Health Care 2674:10.1162/tneq_a_00186 2083:North America portal 2069:United States portal 1954:portrayed Mather in 1713:Copp's Hill Cemetery 1565:Atlantic slave trade 1513:psychogenic diseases 1358:Inoculation defended 1293:of Boston, entitled 1109:president of Harvard 1095:Cotton Mather was a 1006:low church Anglicans 982:religious separatism 896:Samuel Eliot Morison 537:religious separatism 396:University of Oxford 327:slave who he owned, 217:colonial New England 6398:Writers from Boston 6353:Early modern period 5949:Executed by hanging 5537:Rebecca Blake Eames 5151:Nathaniel Ingersoll 4807:Cultural depictions 4709:, collegiateway.org 4565:Cases of Conscience 4429:. Exagorazo Press. 3981:. Exagorazo Press. 3940:, pp. 406–410. 3893:Middlekauff, Robert 3870:, pp. 356–357. 3811:, pp. 253–254. 3477:, pp. 11, 628. 3042:, pp. 203–204. 2972:, pp. 165–166. 2960:, pp. 156–166. 2882:Robert, Middlekauff 2787:, pp. 100–101. 2577:, pp. 130–135. 2565:, pp. 111–118. 2233:Driscoll, Timothy. 1977:Revenge of the Lawn 1934:Last Days of Wonder 1711:The Mather tomb in 856:, September 2, 1692 844:Executions went on. 656:Nathaniel Hawthorne 565:Glorious Revolution 529:James II of England 486:, Boston, 1688–1718 382:and his wife Maria 227:as minister of the 5860:William Barker Sr. 5855:William Barker Jr. 5787:Margaret Toothaker 5472:Bethiah Carter Sr. 5467:Bethiah Carter Jr. 5462:Thomas Carrier Jr. 5377:Nehemiah Abbot Jr. 5176:Abigail Martin Jr. 5041:William Barker Sr. 4983:and public figures 4870:Waitstill Winthrop 4830:Bartholomew Gedney 4785:Salem witch trials 4314:– via JSTOR. 3362:, pp. 490–91. 3114:, p. 298–299. 2125:Silverman, Kenneth 1956:Burn, Witch, Burn, 1888:In popular culture 1720: 1446:Mendelian genetics 1434:reproduce sexually 1337:Puritan resistance 1301:Medical opposition 1260:Inoculation debate 1168: 1152:Benjamin Wadsworth 1101:Board of Overseers 1079:In the context of 994:Congregationalists 886:in those events. 858: 815:On June 10, 1692, 813: 767: 633:Salem witch trials 581:1689 Boston revolt 519:1689 Boston revolt 502:epidemic in 1713. 488: 458:and the sciences. 372: 364: 303:A promoter of the 294:Doctor of Divinity 259:Salem witch trials 6195: 6194: 6182:George Jacobs Jr. 6172:Edward Farrington 5991:George Jacobs Sr. 5807:Hezekiah Usher II 5802:Mary Lovett Tyler 5767:Sarah Clapp Swift 5752:Elizabeth Scargen 5707:Elizabeth Proctor 5627:Deliverance Hobbs 5577:Elizabeth Fosdick 5557:Thomas Farrar Sr. 5522:Mehitable Downing 5417:Dudley Bradstreet 5402:Edward Bishop III 5141:Joseph Hutchinson 5136:Elizabeth Hubbard 4947:William Milbourne 4912: 4865:William Stoughton 4666:Project Gutenberg 4648:Project Gutenberg 4644:Morrisania, Bronx 4591:978-1-55849-581-4 4554:978-0-8010-3900-3 4200:978-1-59853-031-5 3426:Best, M. (2007). 2731:, pp. 97–98. 2386:978-0-7864-1839-8 2350:978-0-19-520635-7 2301:(14): 1328–1334. 2165:Cohen, I. Bernard 1972:Richard Brautigan 1442:genetic dominance 1427:Curiosa Americana 1287:Benjamin Franklin 1237:Smallpox returned 1198:Early New England 1062:William Stoughton 950:Kenneth Silverman 854:William Stoughton 790:spectral evidence 779:William Stoughton 715:magical practices 675:spectral evidence 644:William Stoughton 593:Boston Town House 531:that revoked the 348:Essays to Do Good 340:Benjamin Franklin 229:Congregationalist 175: 174: 64:February 12, 1663 6415: 6083:John Proctor III 6055:Pressed to death 6011:Mary Ayer Parker 5961:George Burroughs 5880:Deliverance Dane 5875:Sarah Churchwell 5870:Mary Bridges Jr. 5841:Confessed and/or 5827:Sarah Wilson Sr. 5822:Sarah Wilson Jr. 5777:Margaret Thacher 5722:Sarah Davis Rice 5617:Sarah Hawkes Jr. 5597:Sarah Noyes Hale 5572:Dorothy Faulkner 5487:Elizabeth Colson 5427:Mary Bridges Sr. 5346:Abigail Williams 5306:Jonathan Walcott 5271:Susannah Sheldon 5251:Nathaniel Putnam 5206:Samuel Pickworth 5106:Ralph Farnum Sr. 4910: 4907:George Burroughs 4778: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4746:Cotton Mather's 4698: 4697: 4682:Internet Archive 4651: 4632: 4623: 4604: 4595: 4573: 4558: 4545:Biblia Americana 4539: 4518: 4509: 4497: 4488: 4465: 4456: 4440: 4421: 4394: 4393: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4093:978-1-61168562-6 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4060: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4021: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3783: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3707: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3475:Mather 1911–1912 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3270:Brown University 3259: 3253: 3252: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3175:Part 6, Medicine 3170: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2856:. Grand Rapids, 2855: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2657: 2651: 2650:, p. 86–87. 2645: 2639: 2638:, p. 85–86. 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2370: 2355: 2354: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2290: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2055:Biography portal 2052: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2037: 1866:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 1804: 1431:flowering plants 1348:Ten Commandments 1328:proposed a more 1326:William Douglass 1291:William Douglass 1254:Zabdiel Boylston 1081:Queen Anne's War 1041:Biblia Americana 1013:Biblia Americana 923:William Bradford 833:George Burroughs 743:Charles W. Upham 604:Simon Bradstreet 507:Lydia Lee George 482:Mather lived on 448:Bachelor of Arts 412:Old North Church 325:African-American 296:degree from the 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 184: 171: 141:and Maria Cotton 55: 52: 47: 37: 21: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6187:Ephraim Stevens 6139: 6133: 6129:Roger Toothaker 6087: 6066: 6050: 6036:Samuel Wardwell 5996:Susannah Martin 5944: 5895:Margaret Jacobs 5842: 5836: 5717:William Proctor 5702:Margaret Prince 5687:Lady Mary Phips 5642:Stephen Johnson 5612:Margaret Hawkes 5507:Elizabeth Dicer 5452:Richard Carrier 5422:John Bradstreet 5412:Anne Bradstreet 5360: 5291:Christian Trask 5241:John Putnam Sr. 5236:John Putnam Jr. 5076:Thomas Chandler 5061:Elizabeth Booth 5036:Ebenezer Babson 5019: 4990:Thomas Danforth 4982: 4976: 4967:Samuel Phillips 4942:Increase Mather 4890: 4874: 4825:Jonathan Corwin 4818:court officials 4817: 4816:Magistrates and 4811: 4788: 4782: 4695: 4658: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4512: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4447: 4445:Further reading 4437: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3989: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3967:, p. 451n. 3963: 3959: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3786: 3774: 3770: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3596: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3381: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3343:Hutchins Center 3337: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2868: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2539:10.2307/1921147 2522: 2521: 2517: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2358: 2351: 2336: 2335: 2322: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2012: 2004:Pickman's Model 1968: 1952:Howard da Silva 1949: 1929:Handsome Family 1918: 1895: 1890: 1847: 1828: 1818:Pillars of Salt 1813: 1810:Pillars of Salt 1797: 1762:Pillars of Salt 1736: 1705: 1621: 1548: 1532:Isaac Greenwood 1517:tobacco smoking 1503:juice to treat 1438:Linnaean system 1402: 1385: 1360: 1352:The Golden Rule 1339: 1303: 1262: 1230:Gresham College 1200: 1160: 1093: 1053: 919:William Hubbard 904: 875: 802: 751: 684: 628: 612:Plymouth Colony 555:The birth of a 525:Edward Randolph 521: 515: 476: 439:speech disorder 422:established by 380:Increase Mather 356: 221:Harvard College 190: 186: 180: 153: 139:Increase Mather 109:Harvard College 89: 83: 74: 65: 56: 53: 38: 33: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Elizabeth Cary 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6140:otherwise fled 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6092:Died in prison 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6071:Born in prison 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6031:Margaret Scott 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Elizabeth Howe 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:Martha Carrier 5963: 5958: 5956:Bridget Bishop 5952: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5925:Sarah Wardwell 5922: 5920:Mercy Wardwell 5917: 5912: 5907: 5905:Mary Lacey Sr. 5902: 5900:Mary Lacey Jr. 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5843:accused others 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5832:Edward Wooland 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5792:Mary Toothaker 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5737:Susanna Rootes 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5647:Rebecca Jacobs 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5547:Martha Emerson 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:Rachel Clinton 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447:Andrew Carrier 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5387:Abigail Barker 5384: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5341:Samuel Wilkins 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Joseph Whipple 5323: 5318: 5316:Richard Walker 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5281:Martha Sprague 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5221:Ann Putnam Sr. 5218: 5216:Ann Putnam Jr. 5213: 5211:Thomas Preston 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Jeremiah Neale 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5081:Nathaniel Coit 5078: 5073: 5071:Thomas Boreman 5068: 5063: 5058: 5056:James Best Sr. 5053: 5051:James Best Jr. 5048: 5046:Thomas Barnard 5043: 5038: 5033: 5031:Benjamin Abbot 5027: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5005:Thomas Brattle 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4972:Samuel Willard 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4952:Nicholas Noyes 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4927:John Higginson 4924: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4902:Thomas Barnard 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4886:William Griggs 4882: 4880: 4879:Town physician 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4845:George Herrick 4842: 4840:Joseph Herrick 4837: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4750:, bartleby.com 4744: 4743:, neprimer.com 4735: 4723: 4716:(1693 edition) 4710: 4704: 4699: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4657: 4656:External links 4654: 4653: 4652: 4633: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4574: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4534: 4519: 4510: 4502:Mather, Cotton 4498: 4489: 4483: 4466: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436:978-1441417930 4435: 4422: 4416: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4376: 4364: 4352: 4340: 4328: 4317: 4290:(2): 195–231. 4270: 4243:(3): 311–329. 4221: 4206: 4199: 4179: 4162: 4150: 4133: 4116: 4099: 4092: 4072: 4028: 4026:, p. 264. 4024:Silverman 2002 4011: 3998: 3988:978-1441417930 3987: 3969: 3965:Silverman 2002 3957: 3955:, p. 406. 3953:Silverman 2002 3942: 3938:Silverman 2002 3930: 3912: 3905: 3884: 3882:, p. 357. 3880:Silverman 2002 3872: 3868:Silverman 2002 3860: 3858:, p. 356. 3856:Silverman 2002 3848: 3829:(2): 178–246. 3813: 3809:Silverman 2002 3801: 3799:, p. 253. 3797:Silverman 2002 3784: 3768: 3741: 3729: 3717: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3668:, p. 248. 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3607: 3594: 3573:10.2307/365262 3551: 3536: 3524: 3509: 3500:Williams, John 3491: 3489:, p. 493. 3479: 3467: 3418: 3416:, p. 496. 3406: 3404:, p. 178. 3394: 3392:, p. 495. 3379: 3364: 3352: 3330: 3328:, p. 489. 3318: 3275: 3254: 3247: 3229: 3216:10.2307/362582 3194: 3180: 3165: 3158: 3140: 3138:, p. 391. 3136:Silverman 2002 3128: 3126:, p. 385. 3124:Silverman 2002 3116: 3112:Silverman 2002 3104: 3102:, p. 216. 3100:Silverman 2002 3092: 3090:, p. 178. 3088:Silverman 2002 3080: 3078:, p. 221. 3076:Silverman 2002 3068: 3066:, p. 207. 3064:Silverman 2002 3056: 3054:, p. 205. 3052:Silverman 2002 3044: 3040:Silverman 2002 3032: 3010: 3008:, p. 168. 3006:Silverman 2002 2998: 2996:, p. 166. 2994:Silverman 2002 2986: 2984:, p. 161. 2982:Silverman 2002 2974: 2970:Silverman 2002 2962: 2958:Silverman 2002 2950: 2948:, p. 197. 2946:Silverman 2002 2938: 2911: 2892:(1): 228–233. 2873: 2866: 2840: 2838:, p. 114. 2836:Silverman 2002 2828: 2826:, p. 111. 2824:Silverman 2002 2813: 2811:, p. 108. 2809:Silverman 2002 2801: 2799:, p. 107. 2797:Silverman 2002 2789: 2785:Silverman 2002 2777: 2775:, p. 100. 2773:Silverman 2002 2762: 2758:Silverman 2002 2745: 2743:, p. 101. 2741:Silverman 2002 2733: 2729:Silverman 2002 2721: 2702: 2687: 2668:(2): 264–265. 2652: 2648:Silverman 2002 2640: 2636:Silverman 2002 2628: 2624:Silverman 2002 2616: 2612:Silverman 2002 2604: 2597: 2579: 2575:Silverman 2002 2567: 2563:Silverman 2002 2555: 2533:(2): 281–290. 2515: 2488:(2): 475–494. 2469: 2465:Silverman 2002 2457: 2453:Silverman 2002 2445: 2441:Silverman 2002 2433: 2429:Silverman 2002 2421: 2417:Silverman 2002 2409: 2392: 2385: 2356: 2349: 2320: 2282: 2266: 2251: 2225: 2208: 2196: 2192:Silverman 2002 2184: 2177: 2156: 2152:Silverman 2002 2144: 2137: 2116: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2072: 2058: 2044: 2028: 2025: 2011: 2008: 1992:H.P. Lovecraft 1974:′s collection 1967: 1964: 1948: 1945: 1931:'s 2006 album 1920:The rock band 1917: 1914: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1846: 1841: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1759: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1735: 1732: 1726:, in Boston's 1704: 1701: 1689:William Coward 1681:Thomas Hawkins 1673:Charles Harris 1665:Samuel Bellamy 1653:Peter Roderigo 1620: 1617: 1601:Richard Baxter 1547: 1544: 1528:meteorological 1511:and discussed 1457:Richard Waller 1401: 1398: 1384: 1381: 1379:of inoculees. 1359: 1356: 1338: 1335: 1302: 1299: 1285:(a brother of 1283:James Franklin 1261: 1258: 1199: 1196: 1159: 1156: 1118:Samuel Willard 1092: 1089: 1070:Thomas Brattle 1052: 1049: 969:The Waste Land 943:Hannah Swarton 903: 900: 874: 871: 817:Bridget Bishop 801: 798: 750: 747: 711:Richard Baxter 683: 680: 627: 624: 561:Roman Catholic 517:Main article: 514: 513:Revolt of 1689 511: 484:Hanover Street 475: 472: 452:Master of Arts 388:Richard Mather 378:, to the Rev. 362:Richard Mather 355: 352: 247:revolt of 1689 173: 172: 164: 163: 159: 158: 155:Richard Mather 147: 143: 142: 136: 132: 131: 125: 121: 120: 106: 102: 101: 95: 91: 90: 84: 80: 76: 75: 66: 62: 58: 57: 48: 40: 39: 32: 29: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Witch hunters 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Mather family 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6348:Demonologists 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Mary Bradbury 6155: 6153: 6152:Daniel Andrew 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119:Sarah Osborne 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6001:Rebecca Nurse 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Abigail Hobbs 5888: 5886: 5885:Rebecca Eames 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Rachel Vinson 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762:Abigail Somes 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Sarah Proctor 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Susannah Post 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5667:Sarah Murrell 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:William Hobbs 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5542:Esther Elwell 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5457:Sarah Carrier 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:Sarah Buckley 5435: 5433: 5432:Sarah Bridges 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Edward Bishop 5395: 5393: 5392:Katerina Biss 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:Margaret Rule 5264: 5262: 5261:Nicholas Rist 5259: 5257: 5256:Thomas Putnam 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231:Hannah Putnam 5229: 5227: 5226:Edward Putnam 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196:Edward Payson 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Joseph Fowler 5114: 5112: 5111:Hannah Foster 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Joseph Draper 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 5000:William Phips 4998: 4996: 4995:James Russell 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Edward Payson 4960: 4958: 4957:Samuel Parris 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4937:Cotton Mather 4935: 4933: 4932:Deodat Lawson 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Samuel Sewall 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:John Richards 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:John Hathorne 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4619:1-56649-206-8 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4535:0-8203-1519-2 4531: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4484:1-55553-187-3 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4417:0-665-61404-7 4413: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4166: 4163: 4160:, p. 40. 4159: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4076: 4073: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3906:0-520-21930-9 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3656:, p. 14. 3655: 3654:Williams 1721 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642:Williams 1721 3638: 3635: 3631: 3630:Williams 1721 3626: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3534:, p. 13. 3533: 3532:Williams 1721 3528: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438:(6): 478–80. 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3272:News Service. 3271: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3248:9781476783086 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3210:(4): 489–90. 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3159:0-226-35168-8 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2867:0-8028-1750-5 2863: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760:, p. 98. 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2629: 2626:, p. 84. 2625: 2620: 2617: 2614:, p. 83. 2613: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2598:9780801039690 2594: 2590: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467:, p. 74. 2466: 2461: 2458: 2455:, p. 71. 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443:, p. 69. 2442: 2437: 2434: 2431:, p. 68. 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419:, p. 65. 2418: 2413: 2410: 2406:. F.A. Brown. 2405: 2404: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2194:, p. 15. 2193: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2178:0-674-06659-6 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138:1-56649-206-8 2134: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2073: 2070: 2059: 2056: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 2000:The Unnamable 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1922:Cotton Mather 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898:Marvel Comics 1892: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1882:Josiah Cotton 1879: 1878:Lord's Supper 1874: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:John Phillips 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1615:him in 1716. 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:Samuel Sewall 1553: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:folk remedies 1493: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1480:and promoted 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1466:John Woodward 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:Royal Society 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1414:James Petiver 1411: 1410:hybridization 1407: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1394:Royal Society 1391: 1383:The aftermath 1382: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1343: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1307:John Williams 1300: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226:John Woodward 1223: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1205:Boston Harbor 1197: 1195: 1193: 1192:Royal Society 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1164: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148:Samuel Sewall 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:John Leverett 1121: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1085:Charles Hobby 1082: 1077: 1075: 1074:John Leverett 1071: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1057:Joseph Dudley 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:heliocentrism 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 998:Presbyterians 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 973: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 953: 951: 948:According to 946: 944: 940: 939:Hannah Duston 936: 935:William Phips 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 911: 910: 901: 899: 897: 893: 889: 883: 880: 872: 870: 868: 864: 855: 850: 845: 840: 838: 837:Lord's Prayer 834: 828: 826: 822: 818: 810: 806: 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 786:John Richards 782: 780: 776: 772: 771:William Phips 763: 759: 756: 755:Salem Village 748: 746: 744: 738: 736: 732: 725: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 699: 697: 693: 689: 681: 678: 676: 672: 666: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640: 634: 625: 623: 621: 620:William Phips 617: 614:into the new 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:Joseph Dudley 596: 594: 588: 586: 585:Wait Winthrop 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 546: 545:Edmund Andros 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 512: 510: 508: 503: 501: 495: 493: 485: 480: 474:Personal life 473: 471: 467: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 432: 427: 425: 424:John Winthrop 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 368: 360: 353: 351: 349: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 309:hybridization 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Joseph Dudley 279: 274: 272: 271: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255:King James II 252: 251:Edmund Andros 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 208: 183: 179: 178:Cotton Mather 170: 165: 160: 156: 151: 148: 144: 140: 137: 133: 129: 126: 124:Occupation(s) 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 99: 96: 94:Resting place 92: 88: 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 46: 41: 36: 30:Cotton Mather 27: 22: 19: 6104:Lydia Dustin 6099:John Durrant 6046:John Willard 6041:Sarah Wildes 6021:Ann Pudeator 6016:John Proctor 6006:Alice Parker 5971:Martha Corey 5915:Martha Tyler 5910:Joanna Tyler 5865:Sarah Bibber 5797:Hannah Tyler 5742:Abigail Rowe 5682:Sarah Phelps 5657:Mary Marston 5587:Dorothy Good 5552:Joseph Emons 5517:Ann Dolliver 5512:Rebecca Dike 5497:Francis Dane 5482:Sarah Cloyce 5372:Arthur Abbot 5336:John Wilkins 5331:Bray Wilkins 5311:Mary Walcott 5191:Betty Parris 5161:Henry Kinney 5126:Mary Herrick 5101:John Emerson 5015:Thomas Maule 5010:Robert Calef 4936: 4917:Francis Dane 4739: 4726: 4713: 4638: 4628: 4609: 4600: 4581: 4564: 4544: 4524: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4426: 4407: 4389: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4320: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4189: 4182: 4172: 4165: 4153: 4143: 4136: 4126: 4119: 4109: 4102: 4082: 4075: 4063:. Retrieved 4051: 4047: 4007:Claudio 2012 4001: 3992: 3978: 3972: 3960: 3933: 3915: 3896: 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3804: 3771: 3750: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3692:, p. 2. 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3644:, p. 2. 3637: 3632:, p. 4. 3625: 3616: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3567:(1): 46–67. 3564: 3560: 3554: 3545: 3539: 3527: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3373: 3367: 3355: 3347:the original 3342: 3333: 3321: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3264: 3257: 3238: 3232: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3149: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023:. Retrieved 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2931:November 19, 2929:. Retrieved 2924: 2914: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2851: 2843: 2831: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2736: 2724: 2715: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2588: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2550: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2485: 2481: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2402: 2395: 2375: 2339: 2298: 2294: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2244:September 5, 2242:. Retrieved 2238: 2228: 2218: 2211: 2199: 2187: 2168: 2159: 2147: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2104: 2018: 2013: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1969: 1955: 1950: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1902:supervillain 1896: 1875: 1864: 1858: 1855:Robert Boyle 1850: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1799: 1791: 1784: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1721: 1697: 1685:Thomas Pound 1669:William Kidd 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1596: 1594: 1580: 1579:In his book 1578: 1572: 1568: 1561:abolitionist 1549: 1521: 1489: 1474:Robert Boyle 1471: 1450: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1403: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1344: 1340: 1318:Matthew 9:12 1311: 1304: 1294: 1275:H. W. Brands 1268: 1267: 1263: 1250: 1240: 1234: 1219: 1209: 1201: 1169: 1145: 1141:Yale College 1122: 1094: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1045:Mohr Siebeck 1040: 1037:Newtonianism 1012: 1010: 977: 975: 967: 961: 957: 955: 947: 926: 907: 905: 891: 888:Robert Calef 884: 878: 876: 866: 859: 842: 829: 824: 820: 814: 808: 783: 768: 752: 740: 730: 727: 721: 719: 706: 704: 700: 687: 685: 670: 668: 660: 651: 650:in his book 648:Robert Calef 637: 629: 597: 589: 554: 522: 504: 496: 489: 468: 460: 428: 420:First Church 408:North Church 383: 373: 347: 343: 302: 290:Yale College 275: 268: 262: 249:against Sir 244: 177: 176: 26:The Reverend 18: 6213:1728 deaths 6208:1663 births 6062:Giles Corey 6026:Wilmot Redd 5976:Mary Eastey 5930:Mary Warren 5850:Mary Barker 5662:Sarah Morey 5622:Dorcas Hoar 5582:Eunice Frye 5492:Mary Colson 5321:Mary Warren 5301:Moses Tyler 5296:Peter Tufts 5276:Mercy Short 5186:Sarah Nurse 5171:Mercy Lewis 5146:John Indian 5121:Mary Fuller 5091:John DeRich 5086:Mary Daniel 4158:Sibley 1885 4065:January 30, 4054:: 143–175. 3776:Zirkle 1935 3690:Mather 1721 3678:Mather 1721 3666:Gronim 2006 2113:. Eerdmans. 1994:, such as " 1900:features a 1893:Comic books 1661:John Quelch 1657:William Fly 1509:germ theory 1180:variolation 1176:vaccination 1172:inoculation 1105:John Rogers 873:Post-trials 794:English law 735:Sir William 492:Charlestown 416:Paul Revere 392:John Cotton 317:inoculation 313:variolation 240:Evangelical 150:John Cotton 54: 1700 6202:Categories 6177:Mary Green 6147:John Alden 6138:Escaped or 6109:Ann Foster 5981:Sarah Good 5782:Job Tookey 5732:Sarah Root 5727:Sarah Rist 5592:Mary Green 5502:Phoebe Day 5407:Mary Black 5382:John Alden 3778:, p. 3487:Blake 1952 3414:Blake 1952 3390:Blake 1952 3360:Blake 1952 3326:Blake 1952 3291:(2): 248. 2097:References 2015:Seth Gabel 2010:Television 1966:Literature 1906:Spider-Man 1871:Ibn Tufail 1792:Bonifacius 1693:Ann Glover 1613:manumitted 1377:quarantine 1279:contrarian 1137:Elihu Yale 990:Protestant 986:ecumenical 931:John Eliot 692:Ann Glover 569:Parliament 435:stuttering 344:Bonifacius 315:method of 5757:Ann Sears 5747:Mary Rowe 5692:Mary Post 5601:John Hale 5599:(wife of 5527:Mary Dyer 5131:John Howe 4922:John Hale 4787:(1692–93) 4504:(2001) . 4390:A.V. Club 4312:170518926 4265:143931940 3843:145506021 3737:Coss 2016 3402:Coss 2016 3025:March 18, 2510:160540639 2127:(2002) . 1728:North End 1524:barometer 1246:Selectmen 1210:In 1716, 1025:geography 963:Moby-Dick 877:Mather's 567:in which 557:male heir 431:Cambridge 300:in 1710. 162:Signature 146:Relatives 135:Parent(s) 105:Education 5024:Accusers 4797:Timeline 4691:LibriVox 4580:(2007). 4304:24690362 4257:27553427 4056:Archived 3895:(1999). 3605:, p. 102 3589:11619681 3502:(1721). 3462:18055894 3313:42010940 3305:16809863 2906:41705651 2682:57566201 2502:24476797 2315:22475596 2167:(1990). 2027:See also 1609:Onesimus 1605:baptized 1241:Seahorse 1212:Onesimus 1129:Saybrook 1002:Baptists 978:Magnalia 958:Magnalia 927:Magnalia 463:ordained 444:medicine 329:Onesimus 321:smallpox 273:(1702). 225:Increase 130:, writer 128:Minister 115:, 1678; 100:, Boston 85:Boston, 49:Mather, 4734:format) 4722:format) 4680:at the 4400:Sources 3601:Stout, 3453:2653186 2547:1921147 2002:" and " 1803:. 1721. 1625:pirates 1425:In his 1330:secular 1320:, when 1188:variola 1184:exudate 1033:atomism 996:, also 925:. The 879:Wonders 500:measles 213:Puritan 119:, 1681) 5940:Tituba 4895:Clergy 4802:People 4616: 4588: 4551: 4532: 4481: 4433: 4414: 4310: 4302: 4263: 4255: 4197: 4090: 3994:short" 3985: 3903: 3841: 3587: 3581:365262 3579: 3460: 3450: 3311: 3303: 3245: 3224:362582 3222: 3156: 2904: 2864: 2680: 2595: 2545: 2508: 2500: 2383: 2347: 2313: 2175: 2135: 1794:(1710) 1788:(1708) 1780:(1706) 1772:(1702) 1764:(1699) 1687:, and 1675:, and 1590:Heaven 1552:slaves 1505:scurvy 1501:citrus 1390:London 1365:humors 1216:Africa 1035:, and 1004:, and 696:Gaelic 550:London 456:Hebrew 68:Boston 5935:Candy 4515:Diary 4308:S2CID 4300:JSTOR 4261:S2CID 4253:JSTOR 4059:(PDF) 4044:(PDF) 3925:(PDF) 3839:S2CID 3577:JSTOR 3309:S2CID 3220:JSTOR 2902:JSTOR 2678:S2CID 2543:JSTOR 2506:S2CID 2498:JSTOR 2020:Salem 1947:Radio 1916:Music 1742:Major 1734:Works 1585:black 1406:maize 1322:Jesus 1314:Bible 1017:Bible 914:Latin 346:, or 4614:ISBN 4586:ISBN 4549:ISBN 4530:ISBN 4479:ISBN 4431:ISBN 4412:ISBN 4195:ISBN 4088:ISBN 4067:2022 3983:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3585:PMID 3458:PMID 3301:PMID 3243:ISBN 3154:ISBN 3027:2023 2933:2023 2862:ISBN 2593:ISBN 2381:ISBN 2345:ISBN 2311:PMID 2246:2023 2173:ISBN 2133:ISBN 1998:," " 1927:The 1647:and 941:and 921:and 573:Mary 437:, a 390:and 79:Died 61:Born 4732:PDF 4720:PDF 4689:at 4664:at 4292:doi 4245:doi 4233:". 4052:117 3831:doi 3780:105 3759:hdl 3755:104 3569:doi 3448:PMC 3440:doi 3293:doi 3212:doi 2894:doi 2670:doi 2535:doi 2490:doi 2303:doi 2299:366 2006:." 1983:In 1857:'s 1715:in 1228:of 1131:to 1107:as 414:of 384:née 242:". 234:in 182:FRS 35:FRS 6204:: 4646:: 4642:. 4568:. 4388:. 4306:. 4298:. 4288:42 4286:. 4282:. 4259:. 4251:. 4241:12 4239:. 4050:. 4046:. 4031:^ 4014:^ 3991:. 3945:^ 3837:. 3825:. 3787:^ 3757:. 3583:. 3575:. 3565:58 3563:. 3456:. 3446:. 3436:16 3434:. 3430:. 3382:^ 3307:. 3299:. 3289:80 3287:. 3268:. 3218:. 3208:25 3206:. 2923:. 2900:. 2890:47 2888:. 2858:MC 2816:^ 2765:^ 2748:^ 2714:. 2676:. 2666:85 2664:. 2549:. 2541:. 2531:29 2529:. 2504:. 2496:. 2486:50 2484:. 2472:^ 2359:^ 2323:^ 2309:. 2297:. 2285:^ 2237:. 1962:. 1884:. 1873:. 1820:. 1730:. 1683:, 1671:, 1667:, 1663:, 1659:, 1643:; 1639:; 1635:; 1631:; 1519:. 1448:. 1416:: 1154:. 1076:. 1031:, 1027:, 1008:. 1000:, 945:. 665:, 595:. 587:. 204:ər 117:MA 113:AB 70:, 51:c. 5603:) 4913:) 4909:( 4777:e 4770:t 4763:v 4730:( 4718:( 4650:. 4622:. 4594:. 4557:. 4538:. 4508:. 4487:. 4439:. 4420:. 4392:. 4294:: 4267:. 4247:: 4203:. 4096:. 4069:. 4005:( 3909:. 3845:. 3833:: 3827:8 3782:. 3765:. 3761:: 3714:. 3591:. 3571:: 3464:. 3442:: 3315:. 3295:: 3251:. 3226:. 3214:: 3162:. 3029:. 2935:. 2908:. 2896:: 2870:. 2684:. 2672:: 2601:. 2537:: 2512:. 2492:: 2389:. 2353:. 2317:. 2305:: 2248:. 2181:. 2141:. 207:/ 201:ð 198:æ 195:m 192:ˈ 189:/ 185:( 111:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index