33:
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unclear. These microorganisms live primarily in the mesoglea and lining of the cnidarian's gastrovascular system, bolstering oxygen production, and remain with the jellyfish for the rest of their lifespans. The polyps also undergo asexual reproduction to create more polyps; parts of each polyp will eventually metamorphose into ephyrae, which range between 1.7 and 4.2 mm in diameter. Young medusa take 8–10 weeks to reach an initial diameter of 3 cm, and then will grow by approximately 3–4 cm per week until reaching their final adult size. Gradually, the medusa develop with an average final diameter of approximately 35 cm.
42:
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cnidarians, often leading to severe damage. This harm is a mild setback for jellyfish that have not yet finished growing, and when they are able to regenerate the injured anatomy, it often grows back asymmetrically. Older fried egg jellyfish are distinguished by their physical deterioration; their mesoglea are often delicate with a visibly broken exumbrella and their coloration fades significantly.
376:
s diet likely consists of only three to four main taxa of microplankton. The jellyfish takes in these tiny organisms through its mouth arms, from where they travel to its stomach. The interconnectedness of the
Mediterranean jelly and its surrounding waters allows for an easy flow of plankton into its
298:
are the most common jellyfish of their entire order in the
Mediterranean Sea. They experience an annual life cycle marked by summer population blooms, which is likely an adaptive result of the strong seasonal changes in their Mediterranean environment. Their phases of development are quite similar to
282:
can reach 40 cm (16 in) in diameter, but is usually less than 17 cm (6.7 in) wide. This jellyfish's sting has very little or no effect on humans; however, it can cause allergies in more sensitive people. These allergies usually involve itching and scratching in the stung area. The
347:
hosts in its body are paramount to the jellyfish's prosperity. These mutualistic microorganisms are also known as zooxanthellae, originating from the dinoflagellate phylum, and they commonly engage in symbiotic relationships with many types of jellyfish. While the cnidarian hosts provide shelter for
397:
have been studied due to their specified cytotoxicity in regards to certain breast cancer cells, which is made possible due to the organism's efficient intercellular gap junction communication. While further studies have been proposed to further research jellies' cytotoxicity in targeting breast
389:
is an interference with human recreational and financial activities. The usual water-related activities of tourism, in addition to more commercial activities such as fishing, are often disrupted due to the sheer number of jellyfish in the waters. This often results in the removal of thousands of
314:
Planulae use their small cilia to propel them through the water, eventually settling on a hard sediment on which they develop into their polyp form. The scyphistomae acquire their photosynthetic algae symbionts during their preliminary development phase, although the mechanism for this is still
329:
become increasingly damaged, mainly in the central dome of their top umbrella area. While the leading cause of medusa damage is wave-driven and wind-driven abrasion, the next most prominent modes of injury are anthropogenic. Motor boats and fishing nets are prominent causes of injury for these
368:
primarily consume minuscule aquatic organisms, often a mixture of phytoplankton and zooplankton. They do not demonstrate a very high feeding diversity on the taxonomic level; it has been recorded that anywhere between 69% and 82% of their diet consists of organisms associated with the genus
356:
with energy for usage and storage. Fatty acids, for example, are the primary macromolecules for energy storage in cnidarians, and are obtained mainly from their carbon-fixing symbionts. This mutualistic relationship is so crucial to the
Mediterranean jellyfish's growth and survival that the
310:
s four main stages of growth include the swimming larvae known as planulae; younger, sessile polyps called scyphistomae; the undeveloped young adult intermediates known as ephyrae; and the adult jellyfish forms, called medusas. In a given year, planulae are present from August to
November,
398:
cancer, there still is not much investigation on the topic. Since a main objective in cancer research is to create treatments that selectively kill malignant cells while leaving healthy ones intact,
322:
are internally fertilized with sperm from the mouth arm appendages of their male counterparts, and after a gestation period, eventually release large numbers of planulae into the water.
607:
Cortés-Lara, Sara; Urdiain, Mercedes; Mora-Ruiz, Merit; Prieto, Laura & Rosselló-Móra, Ramon (2015). "Prokaryotic microbiota in the digestive cavity of the jellyfish
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bifurcates near its base and branches several times. In addition to some larger appendages, there are many short, club-shaped ones that bear disk-like ends.
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768:
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807:
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cnidarian's smooth, elevated central dome is surrounded by a gutter-like ring. Its marginal lappets are elongated and subrectangular. Each
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scyphistomae are present perennially, ephyrae can be seen from May to August, and medusa are prominent from July to
November.
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Spiroplasma. These prokaryotes have also been found in the diets of several other jellyfish species. Furthermore, the
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Mediterranean jellies from the waters by coastal officials in the summers by fishing boats or large nets.
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preliminary step of premature medusa formation will not initiate without the presence of zooxanthellae.
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Another possibility raised by the prevalence of jellyfish, however, is their usefulness to humankind.
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Sexual reproduction between adult medusas typically occurs between August and
October. Female
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Leone, Antonella; Lecci, Raffaella; Durante, Miriana & Piraino, Stefano (2013).
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modulates gap junction intercellular communication in human cell cultures"
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may become a model organism for the treatment of those human ailments.
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Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
465:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) – life history of a stationary population".
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in return use their photosynthetic abilities to provide the
691:
385:One of the main issues created by annual blooms of
590:"Generalized life cycle of scyphozoan jellyfishes"
668:in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece during summer 2012
343:The endosymbiotic, photosynthetic algae that
8:
49:Two examples of the species (upper from the
541:"Extract from the zooxanthellate jellyfish
679:
247:of the phylum Cnidaria, also known as the
40:
31:
20:
596:. University of California, Merced. 2007.
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646:"Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778)"
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494:"Synopsis of the Medusae of the World"
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7:
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613:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
479:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00359.x
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334:Relationships with microorganisms
924:Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
432:World Register of Marine Species
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919:Fauna of the Mediterranean Sea
259:. It is commonly found in the
1:
461:Kikinger, Reinhard (1992). "
625:10.1016/j.syapm.2015.07.001
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225:Péron & Lesueur, 1810
929:Animals described in 1778
648:. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
510:10.1017/S0025315400007347
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63:Scientific classification
61:
48:
39:
30:
23:
53:, Italy, lower from the
722:Cotylorhiza_tuberculata
693:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
673:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
609:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
543:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
463:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
422:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
400:Cotylhoriza tuberculata
280:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
249:Mediterranean jellyfish
236:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
172:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
25:Cotylorhiza tuberculata
675:on Sealife Collection
492:Kramp, P. L. (1961).
348:these symbionts, the
214:Cassiopea canariensis
325:With age, the adult
299:that of their other
16:Species of jellyfish
257:fried egg jellyfish
253:Mediterranean jelly
209:Delle Chiaje, 1823
206:Cassiopea borbonica
154:C. tuberculata
562:10.3390/md11051728
198:Medusa tuberculata
901:
900:
860:Open Tree of Life
685:Taxon identifiers
642:Reclos, George J.
381:Effects on humans
261:Mediterranean Sea
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222:Cephea polychroma
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555:(5): 1728–1762.
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512:. Archived from
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661:C. tuberculata
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653:External links
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619:(7): 494–500.
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594:The Scyphozoan
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473:(4): 333–362.
467:Marine Ecology
444:
424:(Macri, 1778)"
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395:C. tuberculata
387:C. tuberculata
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371:C. tuberculata
366:C. tuberculata
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354:C. tuberculata
345:C. tuberculata
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327:C. tuberculata
320:C. tuberculata
305:C. tuberculata
303:counterparts.
296:C. tuberculata
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549:Marine Drugs
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518:. Retrieved
514:the original
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435:. Retrieved
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269:Adriatic Sea
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120:Rhizostomeae
57:, Sardinia)
55:Sant'Antioco
24:
18:
873:SeaLifeBase
782:iNaturalist
437:14 February
291:Development
275:Description
141:Cotylorhiza
908:Categories
671:Photos of
636:References
520:2008-01-13
265:Aegean Sea
51:Ionian Sea
914:Cepheidae
659:Video of
504:: 7–382.
406:Footnotes
339:Symbiosis
301:jellyfish
285:mouth arm
245:jellyfish
148:Species:
130:Cepheidae
110:Scyphozoa
86:Kingdom:
80:Eukaryota
800:10901095
708:Q2004162
702:Wikidata
644:(2006):
189:Synonyms
126:Family:
100:Cnidaria
96:Phylum:
90:Animalia
76:Domain:
774:2264578
572:3707171
361:Feeding
241:species
182:, 1778)
136:Genus:
116:Order:
106:Class:
891:135297
852:135297
839:264741
826:323337
787:324852
735:650436
569:
267:, and
886:WoRMS
878:44759
865:55723
813:51792
795:IRMNG
761:55297
756:EUNIS
428:WoRMS
374:'
308:'
255:, or
239:is a
180:Macri
847:OBIS
821:NCBI
808:ITIS
769:GBIF
748:YZCR
730:BOLD
664:, a
439:2020
743:CoL
717:ADW
621:doi
611:".
567:PMC
557:doi
506:doi
475:doi
243:of
910::
888::
875::
862::
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836::
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771::
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732::
719::
704::
617:38
615:.
592:.
581:^
565:.
553:11
551:.
547:.
529:^
502:40
500:.
496:.
471:13
469:.
447:^
430:.
426:.
271:.
263:,
251:,
627:.
623::
575:.
559::
523:.
508::
481:.
477::
441:.
420:"
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
