Mihály Károlyi - Knowledge

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with mass poverty and inflation, social reforms were introduced: unemployment benefit, tax arrears waivers, a ban on the employment of children under 14, wage increases, a token severance payment for demobilised soldiers, the introduction of an eight-hour working day and the extension of social security. Alongside the democratic establishment, the governments of the Karolyi regime also sought to consolidate internal order, but with little success. Furthermore, the Social Democrats who were Hungary's largest party by far, frequently undercut Károlyi and imposed their decisions on him without taking responsibility for their actions. Károlyi wished to transfer almost all of the rural lands to the peasants. To set an example, he gave all of his own vast family estates to his tenants. But this was the only land transfer that took place; the Social Democrats blocked any measures that might give the control of those lands to the peasantry on the grounds that it was promoting capitalism. In February 1919, the government used police force against two recently formed extremist organisations: it dissolved the dictatorial right-wing government and the Hungarian National Defence League (MOVE) led by Gyula Gömbös, which demanded the armed defence of the historic (pre-World War I) Hungarian borders. After an unemployment demonstration on 20 February 1919, which led to an armed confrontation in front of the Budapest offices of the Népszava newspaper, he imprisoned thirty-two leaders of the Communist Party of Hungary, including their leader, Béla Kun.

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potentially causing disorder, threatening the new government, or prompting Allied intervention. Linder’s much maligned policy was very quickly reversed when Czechoslovak troops occupied several districts claimed by the Prague government in western Hungary on November 9th. As a result, Linder resigned his post as Minister of Defence on November 9th and was replaced with Albert Bartha, who was now faced with the task of reorganizing and re-arming the Hungarian military. In a speech on November 11th, Károlyi announced that the Hungarian army had ceased disarming and was prepared to defend Hungary from the Czech incursion. When Prague sent Gendarmes to occupy several majority Slovak districts in western Hungary, Károlyi followed through on his promise to defend Hungary's borders, mobilizing divisions of repatriated POWs who managed to repel the Czech forces. When a new demarcation line was negotiated, Hungary ceded administration of the areas given to the Prague government, but refused to withdraw its army any further. All through the winter of 1918–19, the

474: 609:. Initially, he remained silent on these feelings, and even read a pro-war declaration from his party. He did this as a result of internal pressure, having faced indignation after refusing to support war loans. In 1915, he volunteered in the 1st Hungarian Hussar Regiment in Budapest after being called for service. Later on, in his memoirs, he regretted having ever reluctantly supported the war due to political pressure. The horrors of the war prompted him to accept isolation to openly oppose the war. From 1916 onward, he openly demanded that the war be ended and peace concluded immediately, even at the price of dissolving the alliance of Germany. Károlyi became part of a small but very active pacifist anti-war maverick faction in the Hungarian parliament. He and his followers withdrew to create their own separate party, which initially had only no more than 20 members. According to Tibor Hajdu, Károlyi's movement soon grew in popularity. 383:

surgery proved to be a sharp turning point; for, after a couple of weeks of recovery, Mihály started to speak quickly, fluently and very elaborately, despite the fact that the family and relatives formerly thought that he was too dumb to speak. His severe developmental disorder was a decisive factor in the development of Karolyi's personality. His struggle to learn to speak and to live a full life after his cleft palate surgery sapped his willpower. As an adult, "iron will, ambition, stubbornness and the security of his immense wealth drove him on his political career." Throughout his life, he has learned three foreign languages at almost native level: English, German and French. His mindset and character were shaped by external influences: including hatred towards the Habsburg dynasty, the traditional

407:. Károlyi bargained with the pilot to board the famous plane and make a flight over Budapest. It was characteristic of the young Károlyi's recklessness that he sat on the frame of the one-seater airplane and clung to the iron bars, making his flight with legs hanging in the air. Being a Francophone, as was the tradition in his family, he spent several years in Paris; he also traveled across the United Kingdom and the United States. As a gambling addict, he was known for his card battles, his losses and for his "dandy" lifestyle in famous casinos across Western Europe. Around the age of 30, the young tycoon started to get serious and subsequently developed an interest in politics and public life. 396:

enthusiasm; he spent his time flagrantly, playing cards, having fun hunting. He lived in French spa towns, attended many international horse races and early automobile races in various European countries. Although his political opponents later sought to denounce his hedonistic lifestyle as a youth, the truth is that Karolyi's youthful life was no different from that of aristocrats of his age. He loved travelling most of all, even going as far as the island of Ceylon, but he also travelled to almost every country in Europe and visited the USA four times. When he was at home, his favourite pastimes were horse riding, polo and hunting, but he also enjoyed playing cards and chess.

1592:"He spent lavishly. He gambled, sat in orgies. People laughed at him. No one took him seriously. His glamorous life and his passion for cards, and later his political activities, consumed vast sums of money. He was surrounded by flatterers. And he believed what the profiteers bent over backwards to tell him." - This is how Cecile Tormay, who saw Karolyi closely as a contemporary, but who regarded him as a political opponent, and who deeply hated him, not without subjectivity, because of their shared social environment, remembers him in her diary. Tormay Cecile. Notes from 1918-1919 414: 1075:, hoped to create an "Eastern Switzerland" by persuading the non-Magyar peoples of Hungary to stay as part of the new Hungarian Republic. Jászi also immediately offered democratic referendums about the disputed borders to minorities, however, the political leaders of those minorities refused the very idea of democratic referendums at the Paris peace conference. Instead the Czech, Serbian, and Romanian political leaders chose to attack Hungary to seize territories. The military and political events changed rapidly and drastically after the Hungarian self-disarmament. 1180: 693: 426: 462: 450: 438: 1443:

Vincze and Zoltán Maruzsa, the president of the István Tisza Society, disagree with this assessment, noting that "The trial differs from the show trials orchestrated by communists during the Cold War era in that, while there were indeed those in the Horthy regime who wished to stage a show trial, ultimately no one was convicted against whom there was no evidence, and Mihály Károlyi himself was ultimately acquitted of the charge of inciting the murder."

556:“The entire note with its firmness and rudeness and the formidable severity of the claims it includes gives the impression, and cannot give any other impression, that the Monarchy wants to settle her account with Serbia. We might say that the Monarchy wants war... Even if the war is victorious, we are going to pay the price with a nation’s greatest treasure, humán life, the life of the young... We are not, we cannot be, enthusiastic about the war.” 57: 730: 1347: 1534: 1219: 697: 1215:

the part of the Allies. The Belgrade Armistice was well received back in Budapest. French recognition of Károlyi's government did not, however, materialize, and it soon became apparent that the French Foreign Office considered the treaty a "dead letter". Moreover, Károlyi's opponents argued that by needlessly seeking a second armistice, Károlyi had worsened Hungary's situation.

701: 699: 695: 694: 700: 621:"I received, day after day, heaps of telegrams and letters in which hundreds of simple people assured me that I had spoken after their own heart, and asked me to persevere. When I travelled from from Parád to Budapest in the middle of July (1917), common soldiers surrounded me at a railway station. One of them addressed me a speech. He called me an apostle of peace." 698: 1414:. They wanted to achieve the disarmament of the Hungarian National Army and the removal of Horthy, even with the help of foreign troops and intervention. However the effect has remained small: Renner and Beneš sent a memorandum to the Western Allied Powers, but the leadership of Entente Powers had already decided that Horthy should remain in power. 710: 391:, his idea of organizing peasants into farming cooperatives. Having unbroken optimistic faith in the rapid development of science and technology, which he thought would solve all problems of humankind, he developed an idealistic devotion to the cause of social justice based on his reading experiences, including the French Encyclopédie and 676:, Károlyi married Countess Katalin Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka, with whom he had three children. As Károlyi's wife was a member of one of Hungary's most powerful families; by the marriage, Károlyi got under the protection of his influential father-in-law. His only son, Adam Károlyi served in the 734: 738: 736: 733: 731: 737: 1553:

in 1975. After the fall of communism his statue was repeatedly covered with red paint by unknown persons. At other times a wire was hung around his neck, a sign was hung on the wire with the inscription "I am responsible for Trianon". The statue was dismantled at dawn on 29 March 2012, as part of the

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army, which fatal decision had militarily enabled the Allies to dismember Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon. In the interpretation of the court verdict, he betrayed Hungary during his leadership. Károlyi was formally declared a persona non grata. Due to procedural and substantive irregularities in the

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gave Károlyi responsibility without much power while giving the Social Democrats power without much responsibility. The war deepened social differences and disparity, since the wealthy social strata not directly involved in the war could continue to live unchanged, i.e. carefree lives, and the wealth

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Far from being at the forefront of politics until 1916, "the public heard far more about his motor car speeding, car accidents and card battles than his speeches in parliament." It was only after the Hungarian public opinion began to become disillusioned with the war that Károlyi began to look like a

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Mihály was raised with great devotion in the castle of his grandmother at Fót, because his politician father, Count Julius Károlyi, had not enough time for Mihály. At the age of 14, his grandmother sent him to a Viennese clinic, where he underwent special surgery to restore his palate and mouth. This

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of 1919. At the same time, throughout Hungary, most cities also renamed their own streets named after him, sometimes in a creative way. In Budapest for example the name of the prominent street in downtown, was changed from "Károlyi Mihály utca" to simply "Károlyi utca", removing the association with

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In 1924, while Károlyi's wife was in the United States she came down with typhoid fever. Károlyi applied for a visa to come to the United States to visit her, but the State Department imposed a gag order, preventing him from giving any political speeches, as the State Department believed him to be a

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witnessed the collapse of the prosecution's case in the trial of Tisza's alleged murderers, he "willingly or unwillingly, necessarily erased - it seems, perhaps forever - the traces leading to the mystery of Tisza's assassination." The only certainty that emerged was that the threads of the plot did

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were now in an untenable position. Although they did not want to accept this French demand, they were in no position to reject it either. On 21 March, Berinkey resigned. Károlyi then announced that only the Social Democrats could form a new government. It was decided that an alliance would be sought

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Many citizens thought that Károlyi could negotiate soft peace terms with the Allies for Hungary. Károlyi headed the Provisional Government from 1 November 1918 until 16 November, when the Hungarian Democratic Republic was proclaimed. Károlyi ruled Hungary through a National Council, transformed into

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foreign policy. Károlyi made contact with British and French Entente diplomats behind the scenes in Switzerland during the war. He argued for peace with the Allies, loosing ties between Austria and Hungary, abolishing the property-based franchise requirements that allowed only 5.8% of the population

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An important milestone in his confrontation with liberal conservatism was when, in June 1912, after the vote on the Defence Act, the parliamentary speaker István Tisza put an end to the opposition's protests with police violence. Opposition members, who had been removed from the chamber, then joined

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He ran in the 1901 and 1905 and 1906 parliamentary elections in the lower house of parliament (House of Representatives) without success; however, as a count, he had a right to participate in the Upper house (House of Magnates) of parliament. In 1910, Károlyi was elected to Parliament as a member of

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and officially sentenced as a traitor by the legal court. Conversely, according to the political left, he was respected as a statesman who recognized that the culpable war policies of the leaders of the Monarchy were leading Hungary into the disaster of World War I, and he attempted, in his own way,

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In his youth, he was a wastrel, but, as he grew older, he became devoted to more serious pursuits. In 1909, he became the President of the OMGE (National Agricultural Society), the main rural organization of the nobility. Initially a supporter of the existing political and social system in Hungary,

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Historians Pölöskei and Tibor Hajdu consider the trial to have been a political fabrication: "trial of the alleged murderers may have been the first modern Hungarian show trial, where the true identification of the killers was the least of their concerns." However, other historians, such as Gábor

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Of the more than forty laws and almost 400 decrees introduced by the Károlyi and Berinkey governments and passed by the National Council, the new electoral law gave the right to vote to all men over 21 and women over 24 who could read and write in any domestic language. General elections under the

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Upon the National Council's seizure of power, Minister of Defence Béla Linder recalled all troops from the front and instructed all Hungarian units to lay down their arms. By Károlyi’s own admission, this order was informed mainly by a fear among Károlyi’s cabinet that soldiers could return armed,

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General Franchet d'Esperey treated the Hungarians with open contempt and imposed a harsher armistice on the defeated nation than the Padua Armistice had. The Belgrade Armistice was nonetheless seen as a victory for Károlyi, as it represented some degree of de facto recognition of his government on

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was all but forced to appoint Károlyi as his Hungarian prime minister. One of Károlyi's first acts was to repudiate the compromise agreement on 31 October, effectively terminating the personal union with Austria and thus officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and state. On the 1st of

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During the War, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly were temporarily banned on the grounds of wartime interests. The Karolyi government reintroduced freedom of the press, freedom of association and freedom of assembly. With the economy on the verge of collapse as a result of the war, and

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In addition, as Hungary had signed an armistice, not a peace treaty, the Allied blockade continued until such time as a peace treaty was signed. Hungary had suffered from food shortages throughout the war and deaths from starvation had become common from 1917 onwards. Furthermore, the country had

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after returning from his long trip to the United States. He was promptly arrested, as a citizen of a belligerent country, despite the fact that Austria-Hungary was not yet at war with the French Republic. Consequently, he was released from prison. Later, he was arrested again for several weeks in

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Eduard Benes sent Mihály Károlyi to Moscow as a Czechoslovak diplomat, as it seemed that the Soviet Red Army was on the verge of victory and would soon occupy Poland. As a diplomat, Károlyi wanted to ensure that the Red Army respected the independence of Transcarpathia and Slovakia. However, the

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on 31 October. In 1918, when the Aster Revolution broke out and it became clear that Mihály Károlyi would become head of government, his half-brother, Count József Károlyi (1884-1934), (chief bailiff of Fejér county, member of parliament), resigned from his post and became the most aggressive

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For the time being, however, Károlyi managed to get the formerly moderate right-wing Hungarian newspaper, the Wiener Magyar Zeitung, to serve his cause; on 5 June, one day after the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty, Károlyi welcomed the economic blockade of Hungary, which was already in a

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novels. Although he was not interested in university lectures, he managed to pass his exams with the help of a tutor and obtained a law degree. At the age of 24, he became an unbridled adult. He wanted to make up for what he had missed as a teenager, throwing himself into the nightlife, with

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In the early years of the Horthy era, between 1921 and 1923, Károlyi was subjected to an officially sanctioned, contrived trial in which he was convicted of high treason and sentenced to the full confiscation of his assets. The judgment held him guilty of high treason due to the unilateral

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of the large entrepreneurs who supplied the war effort could even continue to grow enormously, while the wages of the workers who lived on wages were constantly and significantly devalued. The economic incompetence of the new government which printed more and more money, leading to massive

1299:. Hungary which possessed little coal depended upon German coal imports. Without coal, most had to live without heat in the winter of 1918–19, and the railroad network had gradually ceased to function. The collapse of railroads in their turn caused the collapse of industry and hence mass 1223: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1226: 735: 649:. In 1916 Károlyi broke off with his party, which had found his openly pro-Entente attitude to be too radical and dangerous for a war-time pacifist faction in parliament. Therefore, Károlyi formed a new party, called the United Party of Independence of 1848; generally known as the 1605:"His desperate youth was followed by years of unscrupulous pleasure. During these, his way of life was in blatant contrast to the radical social demands he made in his speeches." Miklós Horthy: "My Memoirs," p. 115. Europe Book Publishing House - Historia Journal, Budapest, 1990 1203:) with the Allies on 3 November 1918. Since Hungary was now independent, some in the Cabinet argued that Hungary needed to sign a new armistice. Against his better judgement, Károlyi agreed to this idea, and had Hungary sign in November 1918, a new armistice with the Allies in 379:. Due to his cleft lip and cleft palate, the young Mihály was often mocked and humiliated during his childhood by his cousins and other relatives of similar age, despite the power and wealth of his family, which influenced his subsequent vanity, ambition and desire for power. 1401:"Words will not win Horthy, he must be crushed by deeds. The terrible thing about brutality is that brutality cannot be defeated without using brutality. Horthy's actions show him to be an enemy of humanity ... so humanity must renounce the tradition of humanity in his face." 1334:. Unbeknowst to Károlyi, the Democratic Socialists and the Communist Party came to the decision that Károlyi should be removed from power. Hours after Berinkey resigned, the newly merged Hungarian Socialist Party announced Károlyi's resignation and the formation of the 517:

In January 1913, Károlyi was challenged to a duel by prime minister István Tisza, after refusing to shake Tisza's hand following a political disagreement. The 34-bout duel with cavalry sabres lasted an hour until Tisza cut Károlyi's arm and the seconds ended the duel.

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and the Czechoslovaks often broke the armistice in order to seize more territory for themselves. After January 1919, Károlyi began to consider the idea of an alliance with Soviet Russia, through Károlyi was opposed to the idea of Communism in Hungary itself.

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to vote and run for office before the war, and giving women the right to vote and hold office. In particular, Károlyi demanded in 1915 that veterans should be granted the right to vote, which won so much popular support that it enraged Prime Minister, Count

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He, who wants a democratic foreign policy, has to become, heart and soul, a democrat also in internal politics. In splitting the party of independence, Károlyi turned against those who proclaimed war but had their own sons exempted from military

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in accordance with U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points by ordering the unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian army, leaving the country defenseless at a time of particular vulnerability. This happened on 2 November 1918, while

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The assessment of his political activities is strikingly contradictory, although there is a general consensus that he was a weak and unsuccessful leader. Beyond this, during the Horthy era, he was identified as one of the main causes of

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forces with the democratic and socialist opposition outside parliament to organise joint people's rallies. At one of the first of these, on 16 June 1912 in Miskolc, Károlyi appeared as a speaker alongside the Civic Radical Democrat

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aristocratic family who had played an important role in Hungarian society since the 17th century. His parents were cousins: his father was Count Gyula (Julius) Károlyi (1837 - 1890), his mother was Countess Georgine Károlyi.

473: 327:(1884–1934), was the head of Fejér County, a member of parliament, and one of the prominent legitimist politicians of the Horthy era. When he learned that Mihály Károlyi had become prime minister as a result of the 1918 783:"I was certainly no adherent of the ancient regime, but it seems doubtful to me whether it is a sign of political shrewdness to beat to death the smartest of the many counts and to make the stupidest one president." 1063:

served as minister of war which made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small military forces of surrounding countries as the Franco-Serbian army, the Czechoslovak and the Romanian army.

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for being a citizen of a belligerent country. However, after promising that he wouldn't fight against the French during the war, he finally got a passport from the Bordeaux authorities. Afterwards he travelled to

1545:, Károlyi was praised as the founder of the first Hungarian republic. Many streets and other public places were named after him, and even a few statues were erected in his honor. The most famous one, sculpted by 331:, Count József Károlyi resigned from his position and became one of the most aggressive critics and opponents of Mihály Károlyi's government, as he considered Mihály intellectually unfit for a leadership role. 1042:

On the 1st of November, his new Hungarian government decided to recall all of the troops, who were conscripted from the territory of Kingdom of Hungary. It became a major blow for the Habsburg's armies on the

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In August 1944, Károlyi, as president of the Hungarian Council in Great Britain, and his colleagues held a meeting to protest against the ongoing genocidal persecution of Hungarian Jews. Throughout the

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During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary lost control over approx. 75% of its former pre-WW1 territories (325 411 km) without armed resistance and was subject to foreign occupation.

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November, Károlyi's new government decided to recall all of the troops, who were conscripted from the territory of Kingdom of Hungary, which was a major blow for the Habsburg's armies on the fronts.

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Károlyi József gróf: Madeirai emlékek; Károlyi József gróf, a politikus – Fejér Megyei Levéltár közleményei 20. (Székesfehérvár, 1996) Károlyi József gróf, a politikus (Erdős Ferenc–Nyáry Zsigmond)

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5110: 732: 5050: 542:“By throwing ourselves entirely into Germany’s arms we have put ourselves in a situation which is called stalemate in chess. We are not in check-mate, but any move by us will mean checkmate.” 1439:

not originate from the National Council led by Mihály Károlyi, and the identities of the killers did not match those specified in the prosecutor's indictment based on the Hüttner testimony.

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to counteract this. These contradictions in his evaluation still continue to resonate among various political factions of Hungarian domestic political life even in the early 21st century.

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The lines would apply until definitive borders could be established. Under the terms of the armistice, Serbian and French troops advanced from the south, taking control of the

1130:. It limited the size of the Hungarian army to six infantry and two cavalry divisions. Demarcation lines defining the territory to remain under Hungarian control were made, and 537:

During his American tour, he sent telegram messages to Budapest for the Magyarország magazine, where he shared his geopolitical opinion about the deepening crisis in Europe.

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and Mihály Károlyi became implacable political enemies following the 1905 elections. Their debates in parliament further increased their mutual personal antagonism with time.

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With this step began Károlyi's break with his own class. In high politics he became isolated, but he gained the trust and affection of simple people. He wrote in his memoirs:

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On 25 October 1918 Károlyi had formed the Hungarian National Council. Károlyi as the most prominent opponent of continued union with Austria, seized power during the

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He was interested in all technical innovations: he enjoyed driving cars and became a passionate collector of race cars and yachts. On one occasion a fellow pilot of

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Mihály Károlyi was born on March 4, 1875, in the Károlyi Palace in the aristocratic palace district of Pest. Károlyi's parents were cousins, and he was born with a

4351: 3038: 3033: 1338:. The liberal president Károlyi was arrested by the new Communist government on the first day. He managed to make his escape and flee to Paris in July 1919. 1288:

and even more impoverishment. Károlyi's failure to improve living conditions or persuade the Allies to lift the blockade led to public criticism of Károlyi.

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at the residence of its creator. By the 21st century however, the view on him has become mixed at best. Many Hungarians blame him for the disintegration of

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ordering Hungarian troops further back into Hungary; it was widely assumed that the military lines would be the new frontiers. Károlyi and Prime Minister

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real alternative to the governing forces. His consistent and firm support for peace in his speeches made him very popular in the last year of the war.

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Károlyi began vigorous propaganda activities against the emerging Horthy regime. Károlyi mainly tried to negotiate with the creators of the hostile

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Menczer, Bela "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919" pages 299–309 Volume XIX, Issue #5, May 1969, History Today Inc: London page 301.

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On 19 January 1919, Károlyi resigned as Prime Minister to concentrate exclusively on his duties as President of the Republic. He appointed

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the opposition Party of Independence, so he could participate in political life as a member of the House of representatives in parliament.

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World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

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and from 1947 to 1949 served as the Hungarian Ambassador to France. In 1949, he resigned in protest over the show trial and execution of

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At the same time, there existed various revolutionary councils, which were dominated by the Social Democrats, which were not unlike the

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still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers when Mihály Károlyi was designated as prime minister of Hungary. However, he took up the case of

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Hungary in the XX. century - Volume I: Politics and Society, Military history, Legislation - II. National Defense and Military Affairs

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Vassady, Bela. "The" Homeland Cause" as Stimulant to Ethnic Unity: The Hungarian-American Response to Károlyi's 1914 American Tour."

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Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Issue 3 of CHSP Hungarian authors series East European monographs

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Minister of Justice: Dénes Berinkey (19 January 1919 to 24 January 1919) later Sándor Nagy Juhász (24 January 1919 to 21 March 1919)

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Károlyi was accused of inciting rebel soldiers to assassinate the former prime minister (and his main political opponent)

1093: 765: 1634: 4558: 4111: 3975: 3625: 3053: 768:, with himself as provisional president. On 11 January 1919 the National Council formally recognized him as president. 2844: 1044: 774:, the Austrian psychologist—who had known the two politicians personally—wrote about the assassination of 437: 299:; 4 March 1875 – 19 March 1955) was a Hungarian politician who served as a leader of the short-lived and unrecognized 2067: 2038:

Magyarország a XX. században - I. Kötet: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás - II. Honvédelem és hadügyek

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Protest of the Transylvanian National Council against the occupation of Transylvania by Romania on 22 December 1918

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and his father soon remarried. His father considered Mihály unsuitable for a more serious career, because of his

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redevelopment of Kossuth Square, and transported to a foundry in Kőbánya, Finally Károlyi's statue was moved to

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President Mihaly Karolyi's speech after the proclamation of the First Hungarian Republic on 16 November 1918

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if possible. Only after Charles's withdrawal from government on 16 November 1918 made Károlyi proclaim the

725:'s pacifist speech for military officers, and declaration of Hungarian self-disarmament on 2 November 1918. 3841: 1393: 792:, who had known Károlyi during his exile in Britain, when reviewing Károlyi's memoirs in 1957 noted that: 4964: 4931: 4833: 4659: 4639: 4106: 3876: 3446: 3412: 3400: 3173: 2591: 2252:"Trianon volt az utolsó csepp - A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt" 2087:"Trianon volt az utolsó csepp - A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt" 3774: 1457:

trial, sharp criticism of the proceedings and verdict was voiced in the British and French parliaments.

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at the beginning of the Aster Revolution. According to historian Ferenc Pölöskei, when Prime Minister

371:, which deeply determined his entire childhood and personality development. His mother died early from 5040: 5035: 4916: 4439: 4192: 4147: 4126: 3935: 3663: 3456: 2891: 1851:

Freud, Sigmund; Ferenczi, Sándor; Brabant, Eva; Falzeder, Ernst; Giampieri-Deutsch, Patrizia (1993).

1594: 897: 868: 846: 151: 72: 3866: 3476: 3466: 3068: 1542: 324: 4599: 4006: 3730: 3551: 3274: 1153: 839: 804: 530:, Károlyi was on his American tour, where he gave lectures at various universities with his friend 256: 4609: 4604: 4361: 4320: 4250: 4245: 4187: 4182: 3737: 3520: 3501: 3356: 3279: 3108: 2259: 986: 2086: 1729: 1668: 1559: 1116: 1097: 1079:

on 5 November 1918, the Serbian army, with the help of the French army, crossed southern borders,

640:: instead he advocated friendship between the peoples and argued against war and supported a pro- 284: 5009: 4974: 4921: 4812: 4719: 4710: 4679: 4629: 4619: 4571: 4492: 4462: 4335: 4330: 4300: 4285: 4197: 4056: 4016: 3821: 3639: 3546: 3496: 3361: 3317: 3138: 3123: 3113: 3061: 2910: 2670: 1173: 1072: 1068: 911: 507: 4518: 2616: 1995:

Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922

932:

Minister Without Portfolio for Nationalities: Oszkár Jászi (1 November 1918 to 19 January 1919)

900:(31 October 1918 to 22 December 1918); Sándor Juhász Nagy (22 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) 387:

of his family, his foster father, the world-view of uncle Sándor Károlyi, his adoration of the

5004: 4979: 4911: 4906: 4807: 4767: 4762: 4734: 4724: 4674: 4664: 4654: 4634: 4497: 4472: 4429: 4371: 4295: 4255: 4157: 4011: 3767: 3761: 3471: 3376: 3371: 3327: 3307: 3216: 3188: 3163: 3133: 3118: 3098: 2941: 2881: 2545: 2493: 2473: 2463: 2443: 2403: 2378: 2353: 2328: 2286: 2230: 2146: 2111: 2046: 2014: 2008: 1973: 1948: 1938: 1914: 1858: 1831: 1788: 1721: 1647: 1504: 1435: 1359: 1326: 952: 944: 861: 753: 316: 191: 99: 2786:, Boulder: East European Quarterly; New York: distributed by Columbia University Press, 1976. 2136: 1993: 1089:

French-Serbian army crossed the Danube river and was poised to enter the Hungarian heartland,

1071:

as the new Minister for National Minorities of Hungary. During their brief periods in power,

838:(9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918); Mihály Károlyi (12 December 1918 to 29 December 1918; 4994: 4838: 4797: 4669: 4624: 4502: 4270: 4260: 4235: 3898: 3756: 3699: 3526: 3418: 3312: 3246: 3234: 3128: 3080: 2968: 748: 400: 328: 123: 4959: 3893: 4586: 3998: 2949: 2834: 2713: 2595: 2521: 2208: 1900: 1817: 1358:. A provisional government was set up by Count Julius Karolyi (brother of Michael), Count 1188: 1105: 789: 677: 661: 606: 599: 527: 404: 376: 220: 56: 5014: 4984: 4949: 4891: 4886: 4876: 4858: 4772: 4389: 4131: 4116: 4096: 4081: 3910: 3831: 3793: 3561: 3541: 3531: 3481: 3381: 3366: 3178: 3153: 2784:

Hungary between Wilson and Lenin: the Hungarian revolution of 1918–1919 and the Big Three

1431: 1377:

On 4 July 1919 Károlyi fled to Austria, later he moved to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

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Additional trouble for the new government occurred over the question of the armistice.

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On 10 April 1919, "Romanian troops began to invade Hungary to forestall reconquest of

5029: 4881: 4843: 4714: 4700: 4566: 4305: 4240: 4230: 4220: 4162: 4121: 4021: 3633: 3556: 3332: 3302: 3075: 2931: 1750:, Nagy-Magyarország (Történelmi Magazin), II. évf., 3. sz., (2010. június), 28–33. o. 1149: 993: 979: 958: 887: 835: 771: 681: 637: 39: 31: 2440:

Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918 and the Big Three

2400:

Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918 and the Big Three

2375:

Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918 and the Big Three

2350:

Hungary Between Wilson and Lenin: The Hungarian Revolution of 1918 and the Big Three

17: 4969: 4434: 1471: 1355: 1300: 1271: 1254: 372: 4787: 4424: 3486: 2739:

Deak, Istvan "The Decline and Fall of Habsburg Hungary, 1914–18" pages 10–30 from

2036: 2840: 2775:

Menczer, Bela "Bela Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919" pages 299–309 from

2199: 2105: 4777: 4729: 4705: 4275: 4265: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4036: 3705: 3406: 3239: 2132: 1411: 1410:, Masaryk and Beneš, as well as with the Austrian Social Democratic Chancellor, 1331: 1017: 392: 347: 2032: 1134:

For their part, the neighboring countries used the so-called "struggle against

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and then returned home. On his way home to the Kingdom of Hungary, he crossed

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Minister for German minority: János Junker (19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919)

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The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, Volume 2: 1914-1919

1496: 1467: 1285: 1245: 1241: 1135: 1023:

Minister for Rusyn minority: Oreszt Szabó (19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919)

587: 491: 2307:

Hungarian Revolutionary Movements of 1918–19 and the History of the Red War

2010:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923

1890:

edited by Ivan Volgyes Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971 page 49.

1555: 886:

Minister of Finance: Mihály Károlyi (31 October 1918 to 25 November 1918);

1418:

Soviet Red Army was unexpectedly defeated by Marshal Pilsudski in August (

1138:", against the capitalist and liberal government of Count Mihály Károlyi. 680:, who crashed due to a technical fault while testing an aircraft over the 342: 1320: 1204: 1055: 957:

Minister of Foreign Affairs: (19 January 1919 to 24 January 1919); later

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and the appointment of Mihály Károlyi as new prime minister of Hungary:

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A Károlyi-kultusz nyomában (történelmi mítosz a hatalom szolgálatában)

1748:

A Károlyi-kultusz nyomában (történelmi mítosz a hatalom szolgálatában)

1168:

the government that consisted of his party in alliance with the large

1112:

back to German territory and Allies to have access to these countries.

2729:

Deak, Istvan. "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918-1919."

1381: 1371: 1276: 1115:

on 13 November, the Romanian army crossed the eastern borders of the

583: 236: 1096:, under which they had to immediately withdraw all German troops in 419:

One of his grandmother's castle complex of Fót, where Mihály grew up

216: 2820:

edited by Ivan Volgyes Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

2816:

Vermes, Gabor "The October Revolution In Hungary" pages 31–60 from

2743:

edited by Ivan Volgyes Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971.

760:

Károlyi would have preferred to keep the monarchy and some link to

632:

In his parliamentary speeches, Károlyi opposed the alliance of the

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on 8 November, the Czechoslovak Army crossed the northern borders,

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Károlyi's statue where it stood on Lajos Kossuth Square, Budapest

2746:

Hajdu, Tibor. "Michael Károlyi and the Revolutions of 1918–19."

1296: 4522: 3939: 3590: 2990: 1487:, Károlyi was in a state of official disgrace in his homeland. 1047:

which accelerated and secured the collapse of Austria-Hungary.

1396:, and the tone of the subsequent articles became even harsher: 925:

Minister Without Portfolio for Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia:

1767:(Történelmi Magazin), II. évf. 3. sz. (2010. jún.); 28–33. o. 1207:

with the Allied Commander in the Balkans, the French General

2045:] (in Hungarian). Vol. 1. Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. 289:

gróf nagykárolyi Károlyi Mihály Ádám György Miklós

1385: 359:

The Károlyi family were an illustrious, extremely wealthy,

656:

In January 1918, Károlyi proclaimed himself a follower of

526:

In 1914, at the time of the assassination of Crown Prince

2779:

Volume XIX, Issue #5, May 1969, History Today Inc: London

2442:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 139–141. 2104:

Severin, Adrian; Gherman, Sabin; Lipcsey, Ildiko (2006).

568:

On August 5, when the war broke out, his ship arrived in

2072:

Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination)

2068:"A belgrádi fegyverszünet megkötése - 1918. november 13" 5116:

Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1945–1947)

2402:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 44–66. 2377:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 82–84. 2138:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law

1886:

Vermes, Gabor "The October Revolution In Hungary" from

2327:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 364. 1622:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 157–158. 490:

Károlyi gradually became more progressive, leaning to

2325:

The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat

2070:[The Belgrade Armistice - 13 November 1918]. 1231:

Károlyi distributing his lands among the peasants in

594:

at a time when Italy had not yet declared war on the

522:

World War I, political campaign for the Allied Powers

281:

Count Mihály Ádám György Miklós Károlyi de Nagykároly

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Chairman of the Hungarian Central Executive Council

2352:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 67. 1156:. Romanian forces were permitted to advance to the 752:political opponent of Mihály Károlyi's government. 262: 252: 242: 226: 206: 201: 185: 173: 160: 147: 129: 117: 105: 93: 70: 47: 5051:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I 2767:Memoirs of Michael Karolyi: faith without illusion 2526:(Károlyi Mihály útja a kisantanttól a Kominternig) 2500:, Rev. Edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 1014. 1380:Finally, in late 1919, Károlyi went into exile in 1295:which had cut Hungary off from supplies of German 36:gróf nagykárolyi Károlyi Mihály Ádám György Miklós 1998:. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34. 1148:and Croatia. Czechoslovak forces took control of 2758:Fighting the World : The Struggle for Peace 2427:. London: Ernest Benn Limited. pp. 115–116. 1710:"Michael Károlyi and the Revolutions of 1918–19" 1673:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1495:In 1946, Károlyi, who by that time had become a 2748:Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1780:Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron 1714:Acta Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 809: 794: 780: 553: 539: 403:flew the plane to Hungary that had crossed the 5111:Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War 605:Károlyi was opposed to the involvement in the 4534: 3951: 3602: 3002: 2760:(New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1925). 1525:, France, on 19 March 1955 at the age of 80. 1426:Charge of inciting the murder of István Tisza 8: 2568:Burgenland az európai politikában, 1918-1921 2107:Romania and Transylvania in the 20th Century 1474:acted as Károlyi's lawyer for these issues. 311:between 16 November 1918 and 21 March 1919. 2646:"Jews from Hungary: New German Obstruction" 1160:. However, on 14 November, Serbia occupied 4541: 4527: 4519: 3958: 3944: 3936: 3609: 3595: 3587: 3009: 2995: 2987: 2853: 2201:The Belgrade Armistice of 13 November 1918 1656:. Archived from the original on 2023-09-14 1510:He wrote two volumes of memoirs in exile; 1319:On 20 March 1919 the French presented the 823:(From 31 October 1918 to 19 January 1919) 143:31 October 1918 – 11 January 1919 55: 44: 2285:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 1824. 1972:. Social Science Monographs. p. 62. 1514:("Against the Entire World") in 1925 and 1172:and the small Civic Radical Party led by 85:16 November 1918 – 21 March 1919 2841:Newspaper clippings about Mihály Károlyi 2803:, Astor Park. Fla., Danubian Press 1971. 2789:Polanyi, Karl. "Count Michael Károlyi." 2258:. Mediaworks Hungary Zrt. Archived from 2135:; Peter, Simone; Högger, Daniel (2012). 2013:. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156. 1291:Making things worse was the creation of 1217: 708: 691: 211:Ádám György Miklós Károlyi de Nagykároly 3967:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Hungary 2541:Exil v Praze a Československu 1918-1938 2225:Király, Béla K.; Pastor, Peter (1988). 1576: 1307:new law were scheduled for April 1919. 918:(31 October 1918 to 12 November 1918); 849:(31 October 1918 to 12 December 1918); 409: 2227:War and Society in East Central Europe 1666: 1633:József Galántai; Mark Goodman (1989). 914:(31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918); 860:(31 October 1918 to 3 November 1918); 834:(31 October 1918 to 9 November 1918); 807:described Károlyi's leadership noting: 307:between 1 and 16 November 1918 and as 27:President of Hungary from 1918 to 1919 2508: 2506: 2213:The Slavonic and East European Review 922:(9 November 1918 to 12 December 1918) 907:(12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) 890:(25 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) 853:(12 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) 842:(29 December 1918 to 19 January 1919) 788:In the same vein, the British writer 7: 2110:. CorvinusPublications. p. 24. 1613: 1611: 1253:been overwhelmed with refugees from 929:(6 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) 896:Minister of Religion and Education: 871:(31 October 1918 to 1 November 1918) 864:(3 November 1918 to 19 January 1919) 563:Magyarország magazine, July 11, 1914 293:Michael Adam George Nicholas Károlyi 2831:Mihály Graf Károlyi von Nagykárolyi 2283:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia 1906:November 1918 The German Revolution 1823:November 1918 The German Revolution 1697:Kozák Erna: Az igazi Károlyi Mihály 1392:difficult situation because of the 1122:on 13 November, Károlyi signed the 1029:Minister of Agrarian land reforms: 549:Magyarország magazine, July 4, 1914 247:National Independence Kossuth Party 2808:Journal of American Ethnic History 2174:, 11 November 1918, archived from 2091:VEOL - Veszprém Vármegye Hírportál 1033:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 1020:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 1013:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 1003:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 996:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 989:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 982:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 975:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 968:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 961:(24 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 941:(19 January 1919 to 21 March 1919) 25: 2791:Slavonic and East European Review 2731:Slavonic and East European Review 2631:THE CABINET: Law and Discretion, 1562:and for the establishment of the 1170:Hungarian Social Democratic Party 467:Károlyi-palota, Budapest downtown 5101:Ambassadors of Hungary to France 3577:indicates interim officeholders. 2959:Provisional President of Hungary 2837: (archived October 27, 2009) 2801:Revolutionary Hungary, 1918–1921 2707:Taking a stand on Kossuth square 2492:Penfield Roberts, "Hungary", in 2313:Budapest 1929. pp. 115–116. 1016:Minister of Welfare and Labour: 903:Minister of Welfare and Labour: 472: 460: 448: 436: 424: 412: 303:from 1918 to 1919. He served as 4550:Ministers of Finance of Hungary 3926:indicates acting officeholders. 2033:"Ország hadsereg nélkül (1918)" 1516:Memoirs: Faith without Illusion 1461:Private life in interwar period 688:Leading the Democratic Republic 598:and was therefore considered a 494:orientation during his career. 2724:References and further reading 2606:Pölöskei Ferenc: I. m. 109. o. 2311:Main Events of the Károlyi Era 1777:Cornelius, Deborah S. (2011). 1636:Hungary in the First World War 1549:, was installed in Budapest's 1315:Downfall of Károlyi government 1092:on 11 November Germany signed 827:Prime minister: Mihály Károlyi 1: 2544:. Pražská edice. p. 84. 2250:Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). 2229:. Columbia University Press. 2085:Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). 1384:and during World War Two, in 893:Minister of Food: Ferenc Nagy 766:Hungarian Democratic Republic 5096:Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery 5086:Finance ministers of Hungary 5081:Foreign ministers of Hungary 1857:. Harvard University Press. 1374:(under French occupation)." 947:to form the new government. 910:Minister Without Portfolio: 88:Acting until 11 January 1919 42:when mentioning individuals. 2899:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2845:20th Century Press Archives 2683:"Éjjel érkeztek Károlyiért" 1620:1913: The Defiant Swan Song 1330:with the Communists led by 1279:in 1917. This situation of 1275:(Councils) that existed in 1052:Hungarian Royal Honvéd army 295:; or in short simple form: 5132: 5076:Prime ministers of Hungary 5046:Anti–World War I activists 3018:Prime ministers of Hungary 2498:An Encyclopedia of History 2031:Szijj, Jolán (1996–2000). 1183:Mihály Károlyi in a speech 971:Minister of the Interior: 867:King's Personal Minister: 845:Minister of the Interior: 389:1848 revolution in Hungary 369:cleft lip and cleft palate 29: 5106:Hungarian revolutionaries 3919: 3618:Heads of state of Hungary 3570: 3024: 2965: 2956: 2938: 2928: 2915: 2907: 2896: 2888: 2878: 2872:Prime Minister of Hungary 2869: 2861: 2856: 2769:(London: J. Cape, 1956). 2587:Károlyi Mihály emlékezete 2472:. ABC-CLIO. p. 867. 2423:Macartney, C. A. (1934). 1618:Cowles, Virginia (1967). 1564:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1452:disarmament of the large 1336:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1193:Armistice of villa Giusti 874:Minister of Agriculture: 634:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 479:Parádsasvár hunting lodge 292: 274: 197: 136: 131:Prime Minister of Hungary 78: 66: 54: 2750:10.3/4 (1964): 351–371. 2733:46.106 (1968): 129–140. 2538:Barvíková, Hana (2005). 1785:Fordham University Press 1209:Louis Franchet d'Esperey 1094:an armistice with Allies 1031:István Szabó de Nagyatád 510:and the social democrat 323:His half-brother, Count 301:First Hungarian Republic 38:. This article uses 30:The native form of this 5056:People from Pest County 2635:, Monday, Nov. 02, 1925 2281:Roberts, P. M. (1929). 2143:Oxford University Press 1968:Romsics, Ignác (2002). 1940:Europe Between the Wars 1911:Oxford University Press 1828:Oxford University Press 1106:Austro-Hungarian Empire 999:Minister of Education: 818: 230:19 March 1955 (aged 80) 2565:Soós, Katalin (1971). 2438:Pastor, Peter (1976). 2398:Pastor, Peter (1976). 2373:Pastor, Peter (1976). 2348:Pastor, Peter (1976). 2323:Lendvai, Paul (2021). 1538: 1404: 1351: 1236: 1184: 1067:Károlyi had appointed 1009:Minister of Commerce: 992:Minister of Religion: 880:Minister of Commerce: 816: 801: 786: 744: 726: 706: 672:On 7 November 1914 in 630: 624: 566: 552: 485:Early political career 351: 288: 5071:Presidents of Hungary 3775:High National Council 2818:Hungary in Revolution 2771:online free to borrow 2741:Hungary in Revolution 2215:January 1970, 48:110. 2207:26 April 2012 at the 1888:Hungary in Revolution 1746:Balogh Gábor (2010): 1536: 1512:Egy egész világ ellen 1398: 1349: 1230: 1182: 1124:Armistice of Belgrade 978:Minister of Finance: 964:Minister of Defense: 856:Minister of Justice: 830:Minister of Defense: 742: 721: 704: 625: 615: 431:Fehérvárcsurgó Castle 385:anti-German sentiment 345: 338:Early life and career 5066:Hungarian socialists 2515:Elnök az előszobában 1687:Galántai (1989) p.59 1447:Charged with treason 73:President of Hungary 18:Count Mihaly Karolyi 4942:Republic of Hungary 4455:Republic of Hungary 3651:Kingdom (1867–1918) 3290:Kingdom (1920–1946) 3091:Kingdom (1867–1918) 2918:Minister of Finance 2810:2.1 (1982): 39-64. 2181:on 23 November 2018 2131:Fassbender, Bardo; 1235:on 23 February 1919 1158:River Maros (Mureș) 1154:Carpathian Ruthenia 668:Marriage and family 455:Füzérradvány Castle 443:Nagymágocs - Palace 4587:Kingdom of Hungary 4559:Revolution of 1848 3999:Kingdom of Hungary 3976:Revolution of 1848 3717:Republic (1919–20) 3626:Revolution of 1848 3267:Republic (1919–20) 3254:Pattantyús-Ábrahám 3054:Revolution of 1848 2857:Political offices 2712:2014-04-08 at the 2617:"Miért viszik el?" 2594:2007-09-29 at the 2520:2014-12-17 at the 2464:Tucker, Spencer C. 2066:Tarján M., Tamás. 1708:Hajdú, T. (1964). 1539: 1352: 1237: 1185: 1117:Kingdom of Hungary 985:Minister of Food: 745: 727: 707: 352: 346:Mihály Károlyi in 112:Office Established 40:Western name order 5023: 5022: 4869:Communist Hungary 4827:Transition period 4818:Reményi-Schneller 4689:Transition period 4516: 4515: 4382:Communist Hungary 4345:Transition period 4316:Keresztes-Fischer 4141:Transition period 3933: 3932: 3809:People's Republic 3749:Kingdom (1920–46) 3584: 3583: 3434:People's Republic 3351:Keresztes-Fischer 3339:Keresztes-Fischer 3034:By length of term 2985: 2984: 2981: 2966:Succeeded by 2954: 2929:Succeeded by 2923: 2892:Tivadar Batthyány 2879:Succeeded by 2799:Szilassy, Sándor 2765:Károlyi, Mihály. 2756:Károlyi, Mihály. 2494:William L. Langer 2236:978-08-80-33137-1 1765:Nagy-Magyarország 1551:Kossuth Lajos tér 1265:Domestic politics 1228: 869:Tivadar Batthyány 847:Tivadar Batthyány 819:Károlyi's cabinet 740: 719: 702: 317:Treaty of Trianon 278: 277: 169: 156: 89: 16:(Redirected from 5123: 5061:Hungarian exiles 4543: 4536: 4529: 4520: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3256: 3249: 3072: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2972: 2945: 2939:Preceded by 2921: 2908:Preceded by 2889:Preceded by 2862:Preceded by 2854: 2717: 2716:, Budapest Times 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2685:. Archived from 2679: 2673: 2671:A HVG tudósítása 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2652:. 22 August 1944 2642: 2636: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2619:. 29 April 2012. 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2535: 2529: 2510: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2320: 2314: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2222: 2216: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2028: 2022: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1774: 1768: 1757: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1720:(3/4): 351–371. 1705: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1641: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1541:During the late 1420:Battle of Warsaw 1229: 951:Prime minister: 937:Berinkey cabinet 840:Sándor Festetics 754:King Charles IV. 749:Aster Revolution 741: 720: 703: 564: 550: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 329:Aster Revolution 294: 257:Katinka Andrássy 202:Personal details 188: 176: 167: 155:(until Nov 1918) 154: 141: 120: 108: 96: 87: 83: 59: 45: 21: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5019: 4936: 4863: 4822: 4744: 4684: 4581: 4553: 4547: 4517: 4512: 4449: 4376: 4340: 4216:Simonyi-Semadam 4202: 4136: 4102:Khuen-Héderváry 4087:Khuen-Héderváry 4077:Khuen-Héderváry 4027:Szőgyény-Marich 3993: 3970: 3964: 3934: 3929: 3915: 3846: 3803: 3786:Second Republic 3780: 3743: 3711: 3692:Soviet Republic 3686: 3668: 3645: 3620: 3615: 3585: 3580: 3566: 3506: 3428: 3392:Second Republic 3386: 3298:Simonyi-Semadam 3284: 3261: 3252: 3244: 3227:Soviet Republic 3221: 3198: 3169:Khuen-Héderváry 3149:Khuen-Héderváry 3085: 3066: 3048: 3020: 3015: 2971: 2962: 2950:King of Hungary 2944: 2934: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2911:Sándor Popovics 2902: 2894: 2884: 2875: 2867: 2835:Wayback Machine 2827: 2793:(1946): 92–97. 2782:Pastor, Peter, 2726: 2721: 2720: 2714:Wayback Machine 2705: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596:Wayback Machine 2584: 2580: 2573:Akadémiai Kiadó 2564: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522:Wayback Machine 2511: 2504: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2262:on 24 June 2021 2249: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209:Wayback Machine 2197: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2153: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2074:(in Hungarian). 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2006: 2002: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1947:. p. 190. 1935:Kitchen, Martin 1933: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1901:Robert Gerwarth 1899: 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1818:Robert Gerwarth 1816: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1665: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1644:Akadémiai Kiadó 1639: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1560:Greater Hungary 1531: 1493: 1480: 1463: 1449: 1428: 1368:Archduke Joseph 1350:Károlyi in 1948 1344: 1317: 1267: 1218: 1191:had signed the 1189:Austria-Hungary 1085:on 10 November 1040: 942: 939: 821: 790:Harold Nicolson 729: 709: 692: 690: 678:Royal Air Force 670: 662:Fourteen Points 619: 618: 607:First World War 600:neutral country 565: 562: 558: 551: 548: 544: 528:Franz Ferdinand 524: 487: 480: 477: 468: 465: 456: 453: 444: 441: 432: 429: 420: 417: 405:English Channel 377:speech disorder 357: 340: 334: 297:Michael Károlyi 269: 267: 243:Political party 231: 221:Austria-Hungary 215: 213: 212: 186: 174: 142: 137: 118: 106: 94: 86: 84: 79: 62: 61:Károlyi in 1919 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091:Károlyi family 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 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3781: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3674:First Republic 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3659:Francis Joseph 3655: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3636: 3630: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3516: 3514: 3512:Third Republic 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3237: 3231: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204:First Republic 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2982: 2967: 2964: 2955: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2882:Dénes Berinkey 2880: 2877: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2838: 2826: 2825:External links 2823: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2804: 2797: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2763: 2754: 2744: 2737: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2699: 2674: 2663: 2637: 2622: 2608: 2599: 2578: 2557: 2550: 2530: 2502: 2485: 2478: 2455: 2448: 2430: 2415: 2408: 2390: 2383: 2365: 2358: 2340: 2333: 2315: 2298: 2291: 2273: 2242: 2235: 2217: 2191: 2158: 2151: 2145:. p. 41. 2123: 2116: 2096: 2077: 2058: 2051: 2023: 2000: 1985: 1978: 1960: 1953: 1926: 1919: 1913:. p. 65. 1892: 1879: 1870: 1863: 1843: 1836: 1830:. p. 65. 1809: 1800: 1793: 1769: 1759:Balogh Gábor: 1752: 1739: 1700: 1689: 1680: 1652: 1646:. p. 59. 1625: 1607: 1598: 1585: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1530: 1527: 1499:, returned to 1492: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1462: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1436:István Bethlen 1427: 1424: 1408:Little Entente 1364:Admiral Horthy 1360:István Bethlen 1343: 1340: 1327:Dénes Berinkey 1316: 1313: 1293:Czechoslovakia 1266: 1263: 1132: 1131: 1120: 1113: 1110:Russian Empire 1102:Ottoman Empire 1090: 1083: 1080: 1039: 1038:Foreign policy 1036: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1001:Zsigmond Kunfi 997: 990: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 953:Dénes Berinkey 945:Dénes Berinkey 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 927:Zsigmond Kunfi 923: 916:Zsigmond Kunfi 908: 905:Zsigmond Kunfi 901: 898:Márton Lovászy 894: 891: 884: 878: 872: 865: 862:Dénes Berinkey 854: 843: 828: 820: 817: 689: 686: 669: 666: 658:Woodrow Wilson 596:Central powers 560: 546: 532:Zsigmond Kunfi 523: 520: 486: 483: 482: 481: 478: 471: 469: 466: 459: 457: 454: 447: 445: 442: 435: 433: 430: 423: 421: 418: 411: 356: 353: 339: 336: 325:József Károlyi 305:prime minister 276: 275: 272: 271: 264: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 228: 224: 223: 210: 208: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 192:Dénes Berinkey 189: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 162: 158: 157: 149: 145: 144: 134: 133: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 109: 103: 102: 100:Dénes Berinkey 97: 95:Prime Minister 91: 90: 76: 75: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 49:Mihály Károlyi 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5128: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 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Batthyány 4127:T. Batthyány 4072:G. Széchényi 4062:M. Széchényi 3989:K. Batthyány 3923: 3903: 3886: 3859: 3773: 3766: 3736: 3729: 3704: 3681: 3638: 3574: 3519: 3411: 3399: 3349: 3337: 3211: 2974: 2973: 2957: 2947: 2946: 2916: 2897: 2870: 2817: 2807: 2800: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2766: 2757: 2747: 2740: 2730: 2702: 2691:. Retrieved 2687:the original 2677: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2650:The Guardian 2649: 2640: 2632: 2625: 2611: 2602: 2586: 2581: 2567: 2560: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2513: 2497: 2488: 2468: 2458: 2439: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2399: 2393: 2374: 2368: 2349: 2343: 2324: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2282: 2276: 2264:. Retrieved 2260:the original 2255: 2245: 2226: 2220: 2212: 2200: 2194: 2183:, retrieved 2176:the original 2167: 2161: 2137: 2133:Peters, Anne 2126: 2106: 2099: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2061: 2042: 2037: 2026: 2009: 2003: 1994: 1992:Dixon J. 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