239:
1544:
1247:
1200:
1272:
984:
687:
271:
1853:
1256:
179:
816:
699:
2151:'s portrait in place of Queen Elizabeth II, while "Bank of England" is replaced by "Banksy of England". The artist's original intent was to throw them off a building, but after some of the notes were dropped at a festival, he discovered that they could pass for legal tender and changed his mind. As of 2012, Banksy is still in possession of all one hundred million pounds' worth of the currency.
1800:
77:
36:
3936:
2163:(LAX). The sculpture was discovered in Brooklyn two-and-a-half years later by Jessica Reed, a graphic designer and coin collector, who noticed it while paying for groceries at a local store. Reed eventually communicated with Daws' Seattle art dealer, the Greg Kucera Gallery, and Daws confirmed that she had discovered the Counterfeit Penny sculpture.
2059:, a near-legendary bandit, operating in the United States along the Mississippi River in the mid-nineteenth century. Convicted for his crimes in the Circuit Court of Madison County, Tennessee, Murrell was incarcerated in the Tennessee State Penitentiary, modeled after the Auburn penal system, from 1834 to 1844.
1350:
In 2009, new tests were discovered that could be used on U.S. Federal
Reserve Notes to ensure that the bills are authentic. These tests are done using intrinsic fluorescence lifetime. This allows for the detection of counterfeit money because of the significance in difference of fluorescence lifetime
1098:
banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002. In 2003, 551,287 fake euro notes and 26,191 bogus euro coins were removed from EU circulation. In 2004, French police seized fake €10 and €20 notes worth a total of around €1.8 million from two laboratories and estimated that 145,000 notes
928:
claimed that as much as half of the US currency in circulation was counterfeit. By the 1830s, American newspapers began listing instructions for identifying counterfeits. Because currency was issued by individual banks, there were approximately 5,400 types of counterfeit bills in the US by the 1860s.
912:
In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Irish immigrants to London were particularly associated with the spending (uttering) of counterfeit money, while locals were more likely to participate in the safer and more profitable forms of currency crime, which could take place behind locked
1152:
in 1988) and could be easily detected by scrunching up the note or tearing it. Additionally, the clear window within the notes was also an easy way to identify fake versions, as the "window appears to have been cut out with two clear plastic pieces stuck together with stars placed in the middle to
1519:
issue. After problems with this bill were discovered and addressed, in 1992, a problem-free $ 5 note was issued. In 1996 Australia became the first country to have a full series of circulating polymer banknotes. On 3 May 1999, the
Reserve Bank of New Zealand started circulating polymer banknotes
1073:
and forced them to forge
British pounds and American dollars. The quality of the counterfeiting was very good, and it was almost impossible to distinguish between the real and fake bills. The Nazis were unable to carry out planned aerial drops of the counterfeits over Britain, so most notes were
963:
was heavily counterfeited by private interests on the Union side, often without the sanction of the Union government in
Washington. The Confederacy's access to modern printing technology was limited, while many Northern-made imitations were printed on high-quality banknote paper procured through
2124:
Money art is a subject related to counterfeiting that incorporates currency designs or themes. Some of these works of art are similar enough to actual bills that their legality is in question. While a counterfeit is made with deceptive intent, money art is not; however, the law may or may not
1033:
while attempting to disseminate forged French 1000-franc bills which had been produced in
Hungary. Subsequent investigations uncovered evidence that plot had received widespread support in Hungarian and German nationalist circles including the patronage of high ranking military and civilian
1250:
Proof banknote, 10 pounds, Knaresborough Old Bank, 1800s. Details, like the decorative frame and image of
Knaresborough Castle as well as figures of Fortune and Plenty at left and right on this note, were intended to prevent forged notes from being made. On display at the British Museum in
2014:
was the leader of the Cragg Vale
Coiners of rural 18th-century England. Producing fake gold coins, he was eventually captured and hanged at Tyburn near York on April 28, 1770, and buried in the village of Heptonstall, W Yorks. His brother, Isaac, escaped the authorities and lived until
3598:
238:
1237:
At the same time, in countries where paper money is a small fraction of the total money in circulation, the macroeconomic effects of counterfeiting of currency may not be significant. The microeconomic effects, such as confidence in the currency, however, may be large.
3356:
2007:
was an
English-born architect transported to Australia in 1814 as a convict for the crime of forgery, where he rose as a prominent planner of public buildings. He later posthumously became probably the only forger to be depicted on a banknote, the Australian $
770:, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. Another form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. During World War II, the Nazis
2158:
hired metalsmiths to make a mold of a 1970 U.S. penny and cast it in 18-karat gold. He then hired another metalsmith to copper-plate it, after which it looked like an ordinary penny. On March 28, 2007, Daws intentionally put the "penny" in circulation at
795:; a decrease in the acceptability of paper money; and losses, when traders are not reimbursed for counterfeit money detected by banks, even if it is confiscated. Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised
1190:
them with various offences under the Crimes (Currency) Act 1981. The police said that while
Australian notes are hard to counterfeit, featuring many security features, they nonetheless urged people to take a close look each time they spend cash.
3595:
1543:
1165:
in circulation has more than doubled from the previous year, and more than 33,000 fake notes were removed from circulation. The officials believe this likely a fraction of the number of fake currencies currently flooding through in
3353:
944:. The counterfeiters for the British were known as "shovers", presumably for the ability to "shove" the fake currency into circulation. Two of the most well-known shovers for the British during the Revolutionary War were
1039:
1484:
postage stamp, also used on savings cards for paying television licences and telephone bills, was invalidated and replaced by another design at a few days' notice, because of widespread counterfeiting. Later, the £20
1453:
The redesigned $ 100 bill was unveiled on April 21, 2010, and the
Federal Reserve Board was to begin issuing the new bill on February 10, 2011, but the release was delayed due to printing problems until October 2013.
997:
A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. An example of this is the Portuguese Bank Note Crisis of 1925, when the British banknote printers
861:
When paper money was introduced in China in the 13th century, wood from mulberry trees was used to make money. To control access to the paper, guards were stationed around mulberry forests, while counterfeiters were
1330:
technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to copy currency easily. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new, more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as
3413:
3832:
2422:
987:
Crudely counterfeited 100,000 Russian ruble note, made by pasting two extra zeroes cut from a 1,000 ruble note onto another. Note how the final zero up top overlaps the word Билет (banknote) at the top.
1867:
was the late-18th-century and early-19th-century counterfeiter and river pirate, who is believed to be Little Harpe's associate and partner in the murder of notorious outlaw leader Samuel Mason in 1803
3189:
1233:
A decrease in the acceptability (satisfactoriness) of money—payees may demand electronic transfers of real money or payment in another currency (or even payment in precious metals such as gold).
1034:
officials. Twenty-four of the conspirators were tried in Budapest in May 1926. Most received light sentences in what is believed to have been a deliberate cover up by Hungarian Prime Minister
3499:
2912:
1311:, shake coins in a bag, and collect the resulting dust. Since this technique removes a smaller amount, it is primarily used on the most valuable coins, such as gold. In early paper money in
924:
and others often bore the phrase "to counterfeit is death". Counterfeiting nevertheless became so prevalent by the early nineteenth century that contemporary accounts like those from author
746:
is currency produced outside of the legal sanction of a state or government, usually in a deliberate attempt to imitate that currency and so as to deceive its recipient. Producing or using
3911:
3853:'They are Exactly as Bank Notes are': Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797 - 1821, Jack Mockford, University of Hertfordshire, 2014,
2821:
2943:
2873:
1246:
1006:
notes equivalent in value to 0.88% of the Portuguese nominal Gross Domestic Product, with identical serial numbers to existing banknotes, in response to a fraud perpetrated by
3474:
3126:
2789:
2187:
characters printed on them but otherwise had the color and feel of real notes, and the Chinese characters can be disguised when the note is folded. They had been sold through
3751:
1873:
was an 18th-century counterfeiter both before and after the American Revolution in Virginia and the Carolinas before the war, and later in Kentucky and Illinois afterward.
1121:
have sometimes been erroneously flagged as counterfeits in the United States when they have, in fact, been genuine. Due to the fact that these banknotes carry significant
2631:
3889:
3164:
932:
Nations have used counterfeiting as a means of warfare. The idea is to overflow the enemy's economy with fake banknotes so that the real value of the money plummets.
3824:
1461:
using colors but recently reversed its decision after learning some counterfeiters were bleaching the ink off the bills and printing them as $ 100 bills. The new
2310:
3445:
3027:
2759:
952:
took a personal interest in their case and even called for them to be tortured to discover further information. They were eventually hanged for their crimes.
1019:
1347:
have been modified by their manufacturers to obstruct manipulation of scanned images of banknotes. There also exist patches to counteract these measures.
2021:, also known as Hologram Tam, a Scottish master counterfeiter regarded as one of the most skillful in Europe with regard to banknote security holograms.
3185:
2999:
1535:
in case widespread counterfeiting were to take place; this was discontinued in the mid-1990's with the introduction of the eighth series of banknotes.
2136:, referred to as 'skit notes'. (The term 'skit note' has been used since around the mid-19th century. Prior to that, the term 'flash note' was used.)
2031:, was possibly the longest uncaught counterfeiter in history. For ten or more years, he eluded government authorities while he printed and spent fake
1473:
are seen by most counterfeiters as having too low a value to counterfeit, and so they have not been redesigned as frequently as higher denominations.
897:" David Hartley, who was executed by hanging in 1770. The extreme forms of punishment were meted out because counterfeiting was regarded as a form of
3536:
2112:
1043:
3496:
2904:
758:, and is illegal in all jurisdictions of the world. The business of counterfeiting money is nearly as old as money itself: plated copies (known as
1215:
Companies are not being reimbursed for counterfeits. This has led to companies losing buying power. As such, there is a reduction in the value of
858:
is an ancient type of counterfeit coin, in which a base metal core has been plated with a precious metal to resemble its solid metal counterpart.
3335:
2334:
1182:
in recent months. The officers have been called out to more than 35 businesses over the past two months in connection to counterfeit $ 50 notes.
3908:
1524:
Limited. The technology developed is now used in 24 countries. As of 2009, Note Printing Australia was printing polymer notes for 18 countries.
2851:
1489:
Series B banknote was rapidly replaced because of what the Finance Minister described as "the involuntary privatization of banknote printing".
2813:
1889:
who escaped to Nauvoo, Illinois, was a bounty hunter and amateur detective who posed as a counterfeiter to apprehend the murderers of Colonel
964:
extralegal means. As a result, counterfeit Southern notes were often equal or even superior in quality compared to genuine Confederate money.
3289:
2742:
1442:
1366:
1157:". Police also revealed that fake notes had been seized in June 2013 in Melbourne's eastern and western suburbs. According to the Australian
730:
2935:
2171:
In May 2017, Australian currency training notes (used in-house by Chinese banks in the training of bank tellers) were circulated briefly in
242:
A counterfeit United States series 1974 $ 100 bill, over-stamped with "Contrefaçon" on both sides. On display at the British Museum, London.
356:
351:
1271:
2499:
787:
Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society include a reduction in the value of real money; an increase in prices (
3673:
2881:
2215:
2129:
was an American artist best known for his hand-drawn, one-sided copies of US banknotes, which he sold for the face value of the note.
1908:
1817:
1516:
1199:
1133:
1118:
1088:
992:
94:
49:
3776:
3438:"Art. 453 codice penale 2020 - Falsificazione di monete, spendita e introduzione nello Stato, previo concerto, di monete falsificate"
3243:
3808:
3652:
3521:
3466:
3134:
2782:
2735:
2579:
2554:
2529:
2160:
1911:
who went from altering five-pound note engraving plates to publishing the first map of the new United States created by an American.
1839:
1148:. Police spokespersons explained to the public in media reports that the currency notes were printed on paper (Australia introduced
225:
160:
63:
3886:
3265:
2106:
2038:
1942:
1398:
1380:
1260:
1114:
1070:
824:
3755:
1339:, and color-shifting inks whose colors changed depending on the angle of the light, and the use of design features such as the "
141:
3384:
3055:
2628:"Estados Unidos e Rio Grande - Negócios no Século XIX - Despachos dos Cônsules Norte-Americanos no Rio Grande do Sul 1829/1941"
2230:
1409:
1373:
3798:
2973:
2627:
1106:
has noted a substantial reduction in the quantity of forged U.S. currency, as counterfeiters turn their attention towards the
113:
3156:
2362:
2085:
counterfeiters whose criminal activities took place over a 50-year period from Colonial Connecticut to the Illinois frontier.
1821:
1458:
1431:
1391:
1295:(marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off. This detects the
361:
329:
98:
2696:
Petruccelli, David (2016). "Banknotes from the Underground: Counterfeiting and the International Order in Interwar Europe".
1870:
1497:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1420:
1387:
421:
380:
346:
336:
120:
3857:
3405:
3214:
1129:
1103:
1018:, was compromised by the insertion of "1" on the print order, before the authorized value of stamps to be produced (see
490:
3940:
3627:
2284:
191:
2306:
886:
885:
couple Thomas and Anne Rogers were convicted on 15 October 1690 for "Clipping 40 pieces of Silver". Thomas Rogers was
515:
448:
399:
341:
2011:
1083:
because of their high quality, and likeness to the real US dollar. The sources of such supernotes are disputed, with
3619:
3437:
1951:, who by the end of 1925 had managed to introduce escudo banknotes worth £1,007,963 at 1925 exchange rates into the
3956:
3873:
3693:
3020:
2755:
2172:
1994:
1974:
1319:
in the bill. Since the patterns found in a leaf were unique and complex, they were nearly impossible to reproduce.
937:
835:
127:
1810:
87:
3077:
2176:
2092:
2072:
1958:
1508:
1183:
1158:
960:
791:) as a result of an increase in money being circulated in the economy—an unauthorized artificial increase in the
723:
483:
463:
983:
784:
banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002, but considerably less than that of the US dollar.
780:
because of their high quality and imitation of the real US dollar. There has been significant counterfeiting of
933:
109:
1859:
on the first Australian 10 dollar note, perhaps the only convicted forger in the world depicted on a banknote
3160:
2995:
2255:
1894:
1521:
1486:
917:
807:(marked with parallel grooves) edges are used to show that none of the valuable metal has been scraped off.
443:
280:
2065:
of France (1268–1314) caused riots and was known as "the counterfeiter king" for emitting coinage that was
1091:
is estimated to be less than $ 3 per $ 10,000, with less than $ 3 per $ 100,000 being difficult to detect.
3961:
3606:
3364:
3297:
2210:
1312:
1284:
1062:
796:
610:
200:
55:
1125:
and are sought after by collectors, counterfeit examples have surfaced on eBay via unscrupulous sellers.
2730:
Malkin, Lawrence "Krueger's Men: The Secret Nazi Counterfeit Plot and the Prisoners of Block 19" (2006)
2056:
874:
478:
453:
3547:
3332:
2338:
2075:(died 1787), prolific English counterfeiter and swindler who defrauded the Bank of England of £200,000
1592:
Maximum life imprisonment; minimum 3 years' imprisonment, with an accessory fine of 50,000 to 500,000
3966:
3089:
2783:"Estimating the Volume of Counterfeit U.S. Currency in Circulation Worldwide: Data and Extrapolation"
2046:
1768:
1355:
1340:
1167:
1141:
716:
250:
2843:
1203:
Anti-counterfeit money sign and examples of counterfeit notes received by a noodle shop in Kunming,
815:
3286:
2062:
1962:
1528:
1477:
433:
385:
3971:
3301:
2713:
2678:
2427:
2205:
2096:
1876:
1753:
Maximum life imprisonment in extreme cases; minimum 5 years' imprisonment, with a possible fine
1424:
1226:) due to more money getting circulated in the economy—an unauthorized artificial increase in the
1058:
956:
941:
925:
882:
830:
Counterfeiting is sufficiently prevalent throughout history that it has been called "the world's
771:
691:
579:
392:
317:
2069:
compared to the standards that had been prevalent during the half-century previous to his reign.
270:
1852:
134:
3804:
3107:
2738:
2731:
2575:
2550:
2525:
2495:
2180:
1998:
1980:
1966:
1934:
1747:
1446:
1186:
have charged two persons alleging to have produced $ 16,465 notes of counterfeit currency and
1162:
1035:
1003:
999:
971:
coins manufactured in the United States were seized from several ships with American flags in
949:
921:
468:
438:
428:
3734:
Reid, Melanie (3 October 2007). "Hologram Tam's banknote scam could have spooked the banks".
3097:
2705:
2668:
2472:
2462:
2240:
2220:
2184:
2024:
2004:
1990:
1970:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1890:
1856:
1737:
1624:
1569:
1512:
1413:
1149:
1145:
1140:
in July 2013. As of July 12, 2013, 40 reports had been made between the northern suburbs of
945:
890:
838:". Coinage of money began in the region of Lydia around 600 B.C. Before the introduction of
547:
532:
458:
413:
2132:
Parodies of banknotes, often produced for humorous, satirical or promotional purposes, are
1178:
have warned people to keep an eye out for fake $ 50 notes, which is circulating throughout
3919:
3915:
3861:
3784:
3697:
3602:
3525:
3503:
3360:
3339:
3293:
2245:
2088:
2078:
1694:
1684:
1664:
1576:
1465:(the design of which was revealed in late 2005) entered circulation on March 2, 2006. The
1435:
1344:
1187:
893:. Evidence supplied by an informant led to the arrest of the last of the English Coiners "
870:
567:
510:
3648:
3518:
1879:, a British counterfeiter of more than £2.5 million in fake money, was sentenced in 2005.
1704:
854:". Precious metals collected in this way could be used to produce counterfeit coinage. A
3672:
Fraudulent creation or alteration of United States currency is an offense punishable by
3093:
2451:"How Criminal were the Irish? Bias in the Detection of London Currency Crime, 1797-1821"
1335:, multi-colored bills, embedded devices such as strips, raised printing, microprinting,
1255:
178:
2260:
2191:, with the disclaimer of not being for circulation. China also has an equivalent $ 50 (
2148:
2144:
2126:
2042:
1948:
1778:
1758:
1402:
1307:
1283:
Traditionally, anti-counterfeiting measures involved including fine detail with raised
1007:
902:
820:
670:
542:
525:
520:
473:
368:
3235:
1500:
to combat counterfeiting, as he was recognised better than the generic designs on the
3950:
3893:
3376:
3314:
2717:
2522:
A Nation of Counterfeiters: Capitalists, Con Men, and the Making of the United States
2250:
2225:
2133:
2082:
2018:
1882:
1449:'s portrait and more colors; along with the inclusion of the new "3D security ribbon"
1301:
863:
851:
375:
3051:
2965:
2386:
Young, Michael. "Learn about the world of counterfeiting from one who lived there."
1287:
printing on bills which would allow non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins,
948:
and John Blair. They were caught with 10,000 dollars in counterfeits when arrested.
842:, the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure
766:, which are thought to be among the first Western coins. Before the introduction of
17:
3273:
2102:
1864:
1644:
1593:
1564:
1227:
1175:
1050:
1026:
792:
703:
591:
586:
537:
2467:
2450:
2366:
2115:, imprisoned in 2007 for counterfeiting the United States one-hundred-dollar bill.
1315:, one creative means of deterring counterfeiters was to print the impression of a
3677:
3210:
3078:"Detection of counterfeit U.S. paper money using intrinsic fluorescence lifetime"
2192:
1799:
1532:
1481:
1264:
1122:
1084:
1079:
1030:
776:
747:
658:
624:
258:
76:
1773:
Maximum 20 years' imprisonment, with a possible accessory fine; minimum a fine
1763:
Maximum 10 years' imprisonment, with a possible accessory fine; minimum a fine
1010:. Similarly, in 1929 the issue of postage stamps celebrating the millennium of
799:
printing on bills which allows non-experts to easily spot forgeries. On coins,
27:
Imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of a state or government
3854:
2066:
2028:
1900:
1654:
1493:
1480:
twice resulted in sudden changes in official documents: in November 1984, the
855:
759:
641:
2709:
2657:"Hungarian Counterfeit Francs: A Case of Post-World War I Political Sabotage"
1955:
economy, which was equivalent to 0.88% of Portugal's nominal GDP at the time.
1279:, showing magnifying glass for inspection of detail and lit up security strip
3736:
2280:
2155:
1552:
1336:
1327:
1223:
1137:
906:
839:
788:
767:
598:
3825:"Anti-Brexit parody banknotes are added to the British Museum's collection"
3111:
2423:"Funny money: How counterfeiting led to a major overhaul of Canada's money"
3935:
3800:
Interacting with Print: Elements of Reading in the Era of Print Saturation
2032:
1937:, a convicted kidnapper, rapist, and suspected serial killer, was sent to
850:. A common practice was to "shave" the edges of a coin. This is known as "
3102:
2574:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 157–158.
1952:
1586:
1501:
1332:
1323:
1179:
913:
doors. These include producing the false money and selling it wholesale.
617:
605:
322:
305:
292:
3690:
1362:
1990 Microprinting and a security thread are introduced on U.S. currency
2682:
2572:
Other People's Money: How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic
2549:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–60.
2547:
Other People's Money: How Banking Worked in the Early American Republic
2050:
1984:
1886:
1824: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1730:
If coins: maximum 2 years' imprisonment, minimum 240 days' imprisonment
1725:
If bills: maximum 12 years' imprisonment, minimum 3 years' imprisonment
1211:
Some of the ill-effects that counterfeit money has on society include:
1040:
International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency
1015:
1011:
898:
878:
755:
3909:
Chinese bank's 'Australian training money' used as genuine $ 100 notes
2477:
819:
American 18th–19th century iron counterfeit coin mold for making fake
3709:
Section 26(3) of the Penal Code Act, Chapter 87 of the Laws of Zambia
2140:
1938:
1548:
1204:
972:
968:
847:
646:
2673:
2656:
2630:. Porto Alegre: Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do RS. p. 60.
1719:
Varies on the type of money counterfeited based on bills and coins.
1606:
2936:"Fake $ 50 notes circulating throughout Canberra, ACT police warn"
2235:
1987:(1259–1286). The king's nickname refers to "clipping" of the coin.
1851:
1542:
1511:
released the world's first long-lasting and counterfeit-resistant
1270:
1254:
1245:
1198:
1054:
982:
814:
763:
751:
665:
651:
634:
629:
237:
1305:(paring off) of the rim of the coin. However, it does not detect
2905:"Australia flooded with fake $ 50 notes so good they fool banks"
2188:
1714:
1674:
1634:
1614:
1600:
1343:" which disables modern photocopiers. Software programs such as
1316:
1276:
1154:
1107:
1095:
843:
781:
574:
300:
1555:
banknote from 1803, stating that counterfeiters will be hanged.
1793:
1709:
Maximum 25 years' imprisonment; minimum 5 years' imprisonment
1699:
Maximum 12 years' imprisonment; minimum 6 years' imprisonment
1669:
Maximum 12 years' imprisonment; minimum 2 years' imprisonment
1171:
1066:
172:
70:
29:
3317:[People's Republic of China Criminal Law Amendment].
2613:
A Financial History of the United States, By Jerry W. Markham
2195:) "training money", that has previously appeared in the USA.
1993:
was a British Loyalist American counterfeiter and spy in the
774:. Today, some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called
3752:"Dine' Pride :: View topic - Bismarck Counterfeit Case"
3620:"Penal Act of Offenses Against National Currency: Article 3"
3157:"Series C (1992/96 – 2000) Famous Irish Historical Figures"
2179:
of notes being offered and taken as real money. The $ 100 (
1689:
Maximum 10 years' imprisonment in serious cases, or a fine
3723:. Glebe, N.S.W.: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales.
2099:. His activities began or became known in early July 1862.
1077:
Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called
2524:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: University Press. p. 6.
1679:
Maximum 9 years' imprisonment, with a fine up to €67,000
1649:
Maximum life imprisonment; minimum 3 years' imprisonment
3624:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China
1639:
Maximum 12 years' imprisonment and a fine up to €3,098
1161:
figures, during 2014–15, the number of counterfeit $ 50
1961:
was a counterfeiter, hunter, and soldier who served in
1094:
There has been a rapid growth in the counterfeiting of
1087:
being vocally accused by US authorities. The amount of
196:
3266:"Polymer Banknotes Printed by Note Printing Australia"
1029:
came to light, when three people were arrested in the
3127:"These New $ 100 Bills Are Going to Be Huge Overseas"
2599:
Counterfeiting In Colonial America, By Kenneth Scott
3887:
Brooklyn Woman Finds Counterfeit Penny Made of Gold
2756:"Distributing Counterfeit Currency: An Act of War?"
2329:
2327:
1539:
Penalties by country for creating counterfeit money
869:In the 13th century, Mastro Adamo was mentioned by
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3300:, RSC 1985, c C-46, makes counterfeiting money an
2626:Rio Grande do Sul, Assembleia Legislativa (1998).
2357:
2355:
2307:"Counterfeiting statistics for several currencies"
3026:. Parliamentary office of Science and Tech., UK.
2490:
2488:
1358:, anti-counterfeiting milestones are as follows:
3467:"Counterfeit 500-yen coins circulating in Tokai"
1783:Maximum life imprisonment, with a possible fine
3379:[German Criminal Code, Paragraph 146].
2781:Ruth Judson and Richard Porter (1 March 2010).
1605:Maximum 30 years' imprisonment, with a fine of
1457:The Treasury had made no plans to redesign the
1136:notes was released into the Australian city of
1074:disposed of and not recovered until the 1950s.
3333:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
2903:The Sydney Morning Herald (28 February 2016).
2001:had taken a personalised interest in his case.
2593:
2591:
1042:in April 1929 and formalized the role of the
1038:. The affair facilitated the adoption of the
724:
8:
3626:. Ministry of Justice (Taiwan). 2011-06-29.
3559:Philippine Republic Act No. 9105, Section 11
2105:, imprisoned in 2001 for counterfeiting the
1973:, for the Patriot American side, during the
1927:, a British counterfeiter, was convicted by
1102:In the early years of the 21st century, the
1020:Postage stamps and postal history of Iceland
3855:https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/handle/2299/15308#
3803:. University of Chicago Press. 2019-02-08.
3440:[Italian Penal Code, Article 453].
1742:Maximum 7 years' imprisonment, with a fine
1659:Maximum life imprisonment; minimum 2 years
1322:In the late twentieth century, advances in
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1558:
772:forged British pounds and American dollars
731:
717:
245:
3186:"Plastic banknotes - Australia Innovates"
3101:
2672:
2476:
2466:
2045:in 1789 and was the last woman to suffer
1840:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1383:gets a new design with a larger portrait
1376:gets a new design with a larger portrait
1369:gets a new design with a larger portrait
1044:International Criminal Police Commission
3477:from the original on September 15, 2020
3088:(24). Opticsinfobase.org: 22054–22061.
2966:"Had a close look at your cash lately?"
2363:"Counterfeit Money, Who Takes the Hit?"
2272:
1885:, an alleged counterfeiter in northern
1492:In the 1990s, the portrait of Chairman
1394:get a new design with a larger portrait
1057:attempted to implement a similar plan (
257:
3872:Interview with Banksy from the Movie "
3719:Broadbent, James; Hughes, Joy (1997).
2996:"Money, Fake Money, & Sound Money"
1531:had a reserve series of notes for the
1445:gets a new design with no oval around
1434:gets a new design with no oval around
1423:gets a new design with no oval around
1412:gets a new design with no oval around
1401:gets a new design with no oval around
1267:as a safeguard against counterfeiting.
975:. The practice appeared to end after.
877:, punished with capital punishment by
3885:8. Lee, Jennifer. (November 4, 2009)
3649:"Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981"
2915:from the original on 28 February 2016
2844:"How to Authenticate Older Banknotes"
2335:"Counterfeiting of American Currency"
1997:. He was hanged for his crimes after
873:as a counterfeiter of the Florentine
7:
3835:from the original on August 22, 2019
3586:Portuguese penalty code, article 263
3577:Portuguese penalty code, article 262
3246:from the original on 15 January 2021
2976:from the original on 7 February 2017
2403:Van Riper, Frank. "Counterfeiting."
2287:from the original on 13 October 2018
2281:"A Case for the World's Oldest Coin"
1822:adding citations to reliable sources
1476:In the 1980s, counterfeiting in the
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2309:. Itsamoneything.com. 9 June 2012.
2175:, with seven cases reported by the
2091:, the first known counterfeiter of
1496:was placed on the banknotes of the
3700:, Chapter 87 of the Laws of Zambia
3052:"Photoshop CS5: Photoshop and CDS"
2762:from the original on April 2, 2015
2365:. William F Hummel. Archived from
2216:Counterfeit banknote detection pen
1351:when compared to authentic money.
1089:counterfeit United States currency
993:Counterfeit United States currency
25:
3188:. Powerhouse Museum. 1993-10-28.
2874:"Police warn on counterfeit cash"
2754:Holton, Chuck (August 29, 2010).
2161:Los Angeles International Airport
1275:Bill inspection device in use in
1099:had already entered circulation.
190:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:This article has multiple issues.
3934:
3125:Mark Glassman (8 October 2013).
2946:from the original on 2 June 2016
2814:"This Is NOT a Counterfeit Bill"
2107:Canadian one-hundred-dollar bill
2081:, a multi-generational group of
1798:
1071:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
1027:high-profile counterfeit scandal
697:
685:
269:
177:
75:
34:
3754:. Dinepride.com. Archived from
3655:from the original on 2015-10-12
3630:from the original on 2019-12-16
3568:Polish penalty code article 310
3448:from the original on 2020-06-27
3419:from the original on 2016-08-20
3387:from the original on 2020-05-23
3217:from the original on 2013-08-06
3192:from the original on 2012-03-20
3167:from the original on 2021-06-19
3133:. Bloomberg L.P. Archived from
3076:Chia, TH and Levene MJ (2009).
3058:from the original on 2010-06-02
3033:from the original on 2016-10-25
3002:from the original on 2018-11-08
2872:Thomas O'Byrne (11 July 2013).
2854:from the original on 2019-04-11
2824:from the original on 2019-04-11
2795:from the original on 2012-10-19
2698:Journal of Contemporary History
2634:from the original on 2016-01-10
2502:from the original on 2012-05-24
2313:from the original on 2014-09-13
2231:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2125:differentiate between the two.
1809:needs additional citations for
1629:Maximum 14 years' imprisonment
1619:Maximum 15 years' imprisonment
1581:Maximum 14 years' imprisonment
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3550:of the Norwegian Criminal Code
3236:"Guardian™: Facts and Figures"
1893:and infiltrate the Midwestern
1517:special Bicentennial $ 10 note
1:
2468:10.1080/03058034.2016.1270876
2035:in his New York neighborhood.
1113:As a result of their rarity,
3783:. April 2005. Archived from
3213:. Rbnz.govt.nz. 1999-05-03.
2449:Crymble, Adam (2017-02-09).
2337:. p. 13. Archived from
1931:and hanged on 16 March 1699.
1589:, People's Republic of China
1242:Anti-counterfeiting measures
1174:states. On 31 May 2016, the
1104:United States Secret Service
909:rather than a simple crime.
887:hanged, drawn, and quartered
2644:(in English and Portuguese)
2570:Murphy, Sharon Ann (2017).
2545:Murphy, Sharon Ann (2017).
1513:polymer (plastic) banknotes
1438:'s portrait and more colors
1427:'s portrait and more colors
1416:'s portrait and more colors
1405:'s portrait and more colors
940:to reduce the value of the
3988:
3874:Exit Through the Gift Shop
3721:Francis Greenway Architect
3381:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
3211:"New Zealand's bank notes"
2173:Darwin, Northern Territory
1995:American Revolutionary War
1498:People's Republic of China
990:
938:American Revolutionary War
3406:"Hong Kong e-Legislation"
3377:"§ 146 StGB - Einzelnorm"
2177:Northern Territory Police
2154:In 2006, American artist
2073:Charles Price (Old Patch)
1509:Reserve Bank of Australia
1184:Australian Federal Police
961:Confederate States dollar
3537:Dutch penal code title X
2934:ABC News (31 May 2016).
2710:10.1177/0022009415577003
2409:Academic Search Premier.
1259:The security strip of a
203:may contain suggestions.
188:may need to be rewritten
3410:www.elegislation.gov.hk
3270:Note Printing Australia
3161:Central Bank of Ireland
3021:"Counterfeit Banknotes"
2256:Triad (organized crime)
2143:is known for making 10-
1941:for counterfeiting the
1895:Banditti of the Prairie
1522:Note Printing Australia
1487:Central Bank of Ireland
1128:A batch of counterfeit
918:Colonial paper currency
916:Similarly, in America,
611:Commemorative banknotes
2520:Mihm, Stephen (2007).
2498:. Librarycompany.org.
2392:Newspaper Source Plus.
2211:Copyright infringement
1860:
1790:Notable counterfeiters
1556:
1313:Colonial North America
1280:
1268:
1252:
1208:
988:
889:while Anne Rogers was
827:
821:Spanish milled dollars
692:Numismatics portal
330:Circulating currencies
243:
3740:. London. p. 13.
3319:chinalawtranslate.com
3131:BloombergBusinessweek
2848:blog.fraudfighter.com
2820:. 21 September 2012.
2407:250.7 (1978): 42-44.
2405:Saturday Evening Post
1917:, a counterfeiter in
1855:
1546:
1274:
1258:
1249:
1202:
991:Further information:
986:
967:In 1834, counterfeit
818:
762:) have been found of
422:Historical currencies
263:the study of currency
241:
3943:at Wikimedia Commons
3548:Sections 367 and 368
3321:. September 1, 2015.
3103:10.1364/OE.17.022054
2972:. 2 September 2016.
2884:on 10 September 2014
2655:Klay, Andor (1974).
2388:Dallas Morning News,
2127:J. S. G. Boggs
2063:King Philip the Fair
2047:execution by burning
2012:"King" David Hartley
1905:American colonialist
1818:improve this article
1341:EURion constellation
1222:Increase in prices (
936:did this during the
393:Fictional currencies
95:improve this article
18:Counterfeit currency
3831:. August 10, 2019.
3777:"History Unwrapped"
3689:Section 348 of the
3331:Article 170 of the
3094:2009OExpr..1722054C
2496:"Counterfeit notes"
2390:(TX) 15 July 2009:
2147:notes that feature
1963:George Rogers Clark
1750:(Republic of China)
1560:
1529:Swiss National Bank
1478:Republic of Ireland
1119:silver certificates
1025:In December 1925 a
1014:'s parliament, the
750:money is a form of
580:Commemorative coins
491:Medieval currencies
400:Proposed currencies
110:"Counterfeit money"
3914:2017-05-09 at the
3860:2019-12-24 at the
3696:2016-09-19 at the
3601:2017-10-31 at the
3524:2016-09-13 at the
3502:2016-09-19 at the
3473:. August 7, 2012.
3359:2019-12-28 at the
3338:2016-08-29 at the
3302:indictable offence
3292:2016-09-04 at the
3137:on October 8, 2013
2788:. Chicagofed.org.
2455:The London Journal
2428:The Globe and Mail
2206:3D printed firearm
2139:The street artist
2097:American Civil War
1877:Anatasios Arnaouti
1861:
1570:Criminal penalties
1559:
1557:
1425:Alexander Hamilton
1281:
1269:
1253:
1209:
1195:Effects on society
1059:Operation Bernhard
989:
957:American Civil War
942:Continental Dollar
828:
244:
3957:Counterfeit money
3941:Counterfeit money
3939:Media related to
3876:", around 0:37:00
3315:"中华人民共和国刑法修正案（九）"
3276:on 26 April 2009.
2970:AFP Facebook page
2818:finance.yahoo.com
2743:978-0-316-05700-4
2421:Grant Robertson.
2411:Web. 8 Dec. 2012.
2394:Web. 8 Dec. 2012.
2181:Australian dollar
2093:Confederate money
1999:George Washington
1981:Eric "Klipping" V
1975:Revolutionary War
1935:Mike DeBardeleben
1850:
1849:
1842:
1787:
1786:
1447:Benjamin Franklin
1163:currency detected
1150:polymer banknotes
1065:. The Nazis took
1004:Banco de Portugal
1000:Waterlow and Sons
950:George Washington
922:Benjamin Franklin
864:punished by death
836:oldest profession
825:U.S. half dollars
744:Counterfeit money
741:
740:
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
192:quality standards
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3979:
3938:
3923:
3918:, Tom Maddocks,
3906:
3900:
3883:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3787:on May 12, 2008.
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3701:
3687:
3681:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3616:
3610:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3305:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:. Archived from
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2880:. Archived from
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2842:Cho, Stephanie.
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2751:
2745:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2412:
2401:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2277:
2241:Money laundering
2221:Digital currency
2185:Chinese language
2039:Catherine Murphy
2027:, documented in
2025:Emerich Juettner
2005:Francis Greenway
1991:David Farnsworth
1971:Illinois country
1929:Sir Isaac Newton
1925:William Chaloner
1919:colonial America
1915:Mary Butterworth
1891:George Davenport
1857:Francis Greenway
1845:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1802:
1794:
1561:
1414:Ulysses S. Grant
1123:numismatic value
946:David Farnsworth
733:
726:
719:
704:Money portal
702:
701:
700:
690:
689:
688:
414:History of money
369:Local currencies
273:
264:
246:
231:
224:
213:
210:
204:
181:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3926:
3920:ABC News Online
3916:Wayback Machine
3907:
3903:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3867:
3862:Wayback Machine
3852:
3848:
3838:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3781:American Vision
3775:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3698:Wayback Machine
3688:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:Wayback Machine
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3526:Wayback Machine
3517:Article 252 of
3515:(in Portuguese)
3514:
3513:
3509:
3504:Wayback Machine
3495:Article 207 of
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3361:Wayback Machine
3350:
3349:
3345:
3340:Wayback Machine
3330:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3294:Wayback Machine
3285:
3281:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3218:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2729:
2725:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2674:10.2307/2495329
2654:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2246:Organized crime
2201:
2169:
2122:
2113:Arthur Williams
2089:Samuel C. Upham
2079:Sturdivant Gang
2057:John A. Murrell
2041:, convicted of
1969:to capture the
1846:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1815:
1803:
1792:
1721:
1541:
1436:Abraham Lincoln
1345:Adobe Photoshop
1244:
1197:
1069:artists to the
995:
981:
871:Dante Alighieri
813:
737:
708:
698:
696:
686:
684:
676:
675:
568:Coin collecting
563:
562:
553:
552:
506:
505:
496:
495:
417:
416:
405:
404:
296:
295:
262:
261:
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
208:
205:
195:
182:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3930:
3929:External links
3927:
3925:
3924:
3901:
3897:New York Times
3892:2013-11-21 at
3878:
3865:
3846:
3816:
3809:
3790:
3768:
3743:
3726:
3711:
3702:
3691:Penal Code Act
3682:
3674:18 U.S.C.
3665:
3640:
3611:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3540:
3529:
3507:
3488:
3458:
3429:
3397:
3368:
3343:
3324:
3306:
3279:
3257:
3227:
3202:
3177:
3148:
3117:
3082:Optics Express
3068:
3043:
3012:
2987:
2957:
2926:
2895:
2864:
2834:
2805:
2773:
2746:
2723:
2704:(3): 507–530.
2688:
2667:(1): 107–113.
2647:
2618:
2604:
2601:. p. 258.
2587:
2580:
2562:
2555:
2537:
2530:
2512:
2484:
2441:
2413:
2396:
2379:
2351:
2323:
2298:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2261:World currency
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2168:
2167:Training money
2165:
2149:Princess Diana
2134:fantasy issues
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1988:
1983:, the king of
1978:
1956:
1949:Alves dos Reis
1946:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1848:
1847:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:United Kingdom
1755:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1540:
1537:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1403:Andrew Jackson
1395:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1261:U.S. $ 20 bill
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1220:
1196:
1193:
1155:Southern Cross
1153:replicate the
1061:) against the
1036:István Bethlen
1008:Alves dos Reis
980:
977:
812:
809:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
707:
706:
694:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
662:
661:
655:
654:
649:
644:
638:
637:
632:
627:
621:
620:
614:
613:
608:
602:
601:
595:
594:
589:
583:
582:
577:
571:
570:
564:
560:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
528:
523:
518:
513:
507:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
424:
418:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
396:
395:
389:
388:
383:
378:
372:
371:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
333:
332:
326:
325:
320:
314:
313:
308:
303:
297:
291:
290:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
275:
274:
266:
265:
255:
254:
234:
233:
216:
215:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3984:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Money forgery
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:archive.today
3891:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3810:9780226469287
3806:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3758:on 2012-02-22
3757:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3609:(Chapter 224)
3608:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3354:Article 442-1
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:Criminal Code
3295:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:0-316-05700-2
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:Slavic Review
2658:
2651:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2615:. p. 66.
2614:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2581:9781421421759
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2556:9781421421759
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2531:9780674026575
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2369:on 2007-06-16
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2341:on 2007-06-14
2340:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Russian mafia
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Fantasy issue
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:Thomas McAnea
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:Edward Bonney
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:Philip Alston
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1807:This section
1805:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:United States
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:U.S. currency
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
985:
978:
976:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:Great Britain
930:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
822:
817:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
712:
711:
705:
695:
693:
683:
682:
680:
679:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
657:
656:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
588:
587:Bullion coins
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
557:
556:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
500:
499:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
415:
409:
408:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Company scrip
374:
373:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
358:
357:South America
355:
353:
352:North America
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
294:
288:
287:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
272:
268:
267:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
240:
230:
227:
212:
202:
198:
193:
189:
186:This article
184:
180:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3922:, 2017-05-09
3904:
3896:
3881:
3868:
3849:
3837:. Retrieved
3828:
3819:
3799:
3793:
3785:the original
3780:
3771:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3746:
3735:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3685:
3668:
3657:. Retrieved
3643:
3632:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3555:
3543:
3532:
3510:
3497:Criminal Act
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3450:. Retrieved
3441:
3432:
3421:. Retrieved
3409:
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3380:
3371:
3346:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3282:
3274:the original
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3239:
3230:
3219:. Retrieved
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3130:
3120:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3015:
3004:. Retrieved
2990:
2978:. Retrieved
2969:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:the original
2877:
2867:
2856:. Retrieved
2847:
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2797:. Retrieved
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2749:
2726:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2636:. Retrieved
2621:
2612:
2607:
2598:
2571:
2565:
2546:
2540:
2521:
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2458:
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2426:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2343:. Retrieved
2339:the original
2315:. Retrieved
2301:
2289:. Retrieved
2275:
2183:) notes had
2170:
2153:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2103:Wesley Weber
1865:Peter Alston
1836:
1827:
1816:Please help
1811:verification
1808:
1720:
1655:Korea, South
1594:Chinese Yuan
1565:Jurisdiction
1526:
1507:In 1988 the
1506:
1491:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1353:
1349:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1263:glows under
1236:
1228:money supply
1216:
1210:
1127:
1112:
1101:
1093:
1080:Superdollars
1078:
1076:
1051:World War II
1048:
1024:
996:
966:
954:
931:
915:
911:
901:against the
894:
868:
860:
831:
829:
804:
800:
793:money supply
786:
777:Superdollars
775:
764:Lydian coins
743:
742:
625:Credit cards
386:Time dollars
310:
222:
206:
197:You can help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3967:Numismatics
3596:Section 231
3471:Japan Today
3442:Brocardi.it
3351:(in French)
3141:11 November
2980:8 September
2919:28 February
2193:U.S. dollar
2095:during the
1695:Philippines
1675:Netherlands
1533:Swiss franc
1520:printed by
1265:black light
1085:North Korea
1031:Netherlands
955:During the
920:printed by
891:burnt alive
840:paper money
768:paper money
748:counterfeit
659:Scripophily
259:Numismatics
209:August 2019
3951:Categories
3839:August 22,
3762:2012-10-18
3678:§ 471
3659:2016-09-13
3634:2016-09-07
3607:Penal Code
3519:Penal Code
3452:2020-06-26
3423:2020-10-20
3391:2020-06-03
3365:Penal Code
3240:CCL Secure
3221:2012-10-18
3196:2012-10-18
3171:2020-10-20
3062:2012-10-18
3037:2017-06-16
3006:2018-11-07
2940:abc.net.au
2909:smh.com.au
2858:2019-04-11
2828:2019-04-11
2799:2012-10-18
2638:2013-02-19
2506:2012-10-18
2478:2299/19710
2434:3 December
2373:2007-06-12
2345:2007-06-12
2317:2014-09-21
2291:29 January
2268:References
2029:Mister 880
1953:Portuguese
1909:republican
1901:Abel Buell
1494:Mao Zedong
1443:$ 100 bill
1367:$ 100 bill
1337:watermarks
1176:ACT police
1142:Heidelberg
561:Collection
504:Production
434:Achaemenid
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3972:Deception
3737:The Times
3481:April 19,
3250:8 October
3054:. Adobe.
2766:March 25,
2718:156881357
2461:: 36–52.
2156:Jack Daws
2120:Money art
2033:$ 1 bills
1959:John Duff
1943:$ 20 bill
1830:July 2013
1738:Singapore
1625:Hong Kong
1553:Riksdaler
1463:$ 10 bill
1421:$ 10 bill
1410:$ 50 bill
1399:$ 20 bill
1388:$ 10 bill
1381:$ 20 bill
1374:$ 50 bill
1333:holograms
1328:photocopy
1224:inflation
1138:Melbourne
1002:produced
979:Instances
926:John Neal
789:inflation
606:Banknotes
599:Notaphily
533:Hammering
516:Designers
439:Byzantine
306:Banknotes
201:talk page
151:July 2013
56:talk page
3912:Archived
3890:Archived
3858:Archived
3833:Archived
3694:Archived
3653:Archived
3628:Archived
3599:Archived
3522:Archived
3500:Archived
3475:Archived
3446:Archived
3414:Archived
3385:Archived
3357:Archived
3336:Archived
3290:Archived
3244:Archived
3215:Archived
3190:Archived
3165:Archived
3112:19997451
3056:Archived
3028:Archived
3000:Archived
2974:Archived
2944:Archived
2913:Archived
2852:Archived
2822:Archived
2790:Archived
2760:Archived
2632:Archived
2500:Archived
2311:Archived
2285:Archived
2199:See also
2083:American
1967:campaign
1715:Portugal
1609:450,000
1502:renminbi
1471:$ 2 bill
1467:$ 1 bill
1459:$ 5 bill
1432:$ 5 bill
1392:$ 5 bill
1324:computer
1308:sweating
1302:clipping
1285:intaglio
1207:, China.
1180:Canberra
1168:Victoria
852:clipping
797:intaglio
760:Fourrées
618:Exonumia
469:Japanese
449:Filipino
429:Aksumite
293:Currency
281:Glossary
251:a series
249:Part of
3363:of the
3296:of the
3090:Bibcode
2888:12 July
2878:The Age
2758:. CBN.
2683:2495329
2067:debased
2051:England
2043:coining
1985:Denmark
1887:Indiana
1615:Germany
1549:Swedish
1515:with a
1504:notes.
1297:shaving
1188:charged
1049:During
1016:Althing
1012:Iceland
899:treason
883:English
879:hanging
875:fiorino
856:fourrée
811:History
756:forgery
647:Cheques
592:Grading
526:Milling
521:Coining
484:Tibetan
464:Italian
444:Chinese
362:Oceania
311:Forgery
135:scholar
3807:
3676:
3110:
2950:31 May
2741:
2734:
2716:
2681:
2578:
2553:
2528:
2141:Banksy
1939:prison
1779:Zambia
1748:Taiwan
1705:Poland
1685:Norway
1601:France
1577:Canada
1293:reeded
1289:milled
1251:London
1219:money.
1205:Yunnan
1146:Epping
1134:A$ 100
1067:Jewish
1063:Allies
1053:, the
973:Brazil
969:copper
959:, the
881:. The
848:silver
832:second
805:reeded
801:milled
666:Stocks
652:Scrips
642:Tokens
635:Medals
630:Jetons
548:Errors
543:Metals
459:Indian
347:Europe
337:Africa
199:. The
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3829:Dazed
3417:(PDF)
3287:S 449
3031:(PDF)
3024:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2786:(PDF)
2714:S2CID
2679:JSTOR
2236:Money
2145:pound
2015:1815.
1903:, an
1665:Macau
1645:Japan
1635:Italy
1587:China
1441:2010
1430:2008
1419:2006
1408:2004
1397:2003
1386:2000
1379:1998
1372:1997
1365:1996
1130:A$ 50
1055:Nazis
907:Crown
903:State
752:fraud
671:Bonds
575:Coins
474:Roman
454:Greek
301:Coins
142:JSTOR
128:books
3841:2019
3805:ISBN
3483:2020
3252:2020
3143:2013
3108:PMID
2982:2016
2952:2016
2921:2016
2890:2013
2768:2013
2739:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2436:2011
2293:2013
2189:eBay
1907:and
1527:The
1469:and
1390:and
1354:For
1326:and
1317:leaf
1277:Peru
1217:real
1170:and
1144:and
1132:and
1117:and
1115:gold
1108:euro
1096:euro
895:King
844:gold
823:and
782:Euro
538:Cast
511:Mint
479:Thai
381:LETS
342:Asia
318:List
114:news
3605:of
3098:doi
2706:doi
2669:doi
2473:hdl
2463:doi
2049:in
2008:10.
1965:'s
1820:by
1551:10
1299:or
1291:or
1172:NSW
1159:RBA
1022:).
905:or
846:or
803:or
754:or
323:ISO
97:by
3953::
3827:.
3779:.
3651:.
3622:.
3469:.
3444:.
3412:.
3408:.
3383:.
3268:.
3242:.
3238:.
3163:.
3159:.
3129:.
3106:.
3096:.
3086:17
3084:.
3080:.
2998:.
2968:.
2942:.
2938:.
2911:.
2907:.
2876:.
2850:.
2846:.
2816:.
2712:.
2702:51
2700:.
2677:.
2665:33
2663:.
2659:.
2590:^
2487:^
2471:.
2459:43
2457:.
2453:.
2425:.
2354:^
2326:^
2283:.
1547:A
1482:£1
1110:.
1046:.
866:.
253:on
59:.
3899:.
3843:.
3813:.
3765:.
3680:.
3662:.
3637:.
3485:.
3455:.
3426:.
3394:.
3304:.
3254:.
3224:.
3199:.
3174:.
3145:.
3114:.
3100::
3092::
3065:.
3040:.
3009:.
2984:.
2954:.
2923:.
2892:.
2861:.
2831:.
2802:.
2770:.
2720:.
2708::
2685:.
2671::
2641:.
2584:.
2559:.
2534:.
2509:.
2481:.
2475::
2465::
2438:.
2376:.
2348:.
2320:.
2295:.
2109:.
2053:.
1977:.
1945:.
1921:.
1897:.
1843:)
1837:(
1832:)
1828:(
1814:.
1607:€
1230:.
834:-
732:e
725:t
718:v
229:)
223:(
211:)
207:(
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
