2364:, and merchants from all over Europe gathered to trade in the warehouses of Amsterdam and other trading cities of Holland. Many Europeans thought of the United Provinces first as "Holland" rather than as the "Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands". A strong impression of "Holland" was planted in the minds of other Europeans, which then was projected back onto the Republic as a whole. Within the provinces themselves, a gradual slow process of cultural expansion took place, leading to a "Hollandification" of the other provinces and a more uniform culture for the whole of the Republic. In the early decades of the uprising, a great number of refugees from Flanders and Brabant settled in the big cities of Holland. They had a
1845:
2222:(1500–58) became the owner in 1506, but in 1515 he left to become king of Spain and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles turned over control to regents (his close relatives), and in practice rule was exercised by mostly French speaking Burgundians he controlled. Holland retained its own governments and court, controlled by the local nobility, and its own traditions and rights ("liberties") dating back centuries. Likewise the numerous cities had their own legal rights and local governments, usually controlled by the merchants, On top of this, however, the Burgundians had imposed an overall government, the Estates General of the Netherlands, with its own officials and courts.
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2286:. Over William of Orange Blum says, "His patience, tolerance, determination, concern for his people, and belief in government by consent held the Dutch together and kept alive their spirit of revolt." The main breakthrough came when Holland, along with Zeeland, was conquered in 1572 and following years by the
1916:
So as not to weaken the protection the county of
Holland offered against the Viking raids, King Henry II decided to let the matter rest, though he did strengthen the position of the Bishop of Utrecht, the nominal feudal lord of the counts of Holland. Nonetheless, Dirk managed to expand his territory
2485:
in the
Netherlands, but also proved to be a good source of fuel. Around 950, small-scale reclamation was started on the enormous bogs in Holland and Utrecht, probably set in motion by the minor nobility. In the 11th century the 'Great Reclamation' started, under the control of the counts of Holland
2036:
he managed to beat a grand coalition of
Hainaut, French and Normandian forces. Being now the count of Flanders he was able to assist his stepson to reclaim the county of Holland. The pair started by taking out their most dangerous adversary. Godfrey IV was killed at night while defecating. Shortly
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several times. Amsterdam grew and in the 15th century became the primary trading port in Europe for grain from the Baltic region. Amsterdam distributed grain to the major cities of
Belgium, Northern France and England. This trade was vital to the people of Holland, because Holland could no longer
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rapidly gained ground in northern Europe, especially in its
Lutheran and Calvinist forms. Protestants in Holland, after initial repression, were tolerated by local authorities. By the 1560s, the Protestant community had become a significant influence in the county, although it clearly formed a
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to suppress a rebellion of his West
Frankish vassals. The West Frankish king was able to do this because the lands and churches he granted to Dirk were outside his jurisdiction; Egmond was just north of possessions which Dirk had received from Gerulf and was a good match. He then founded
2060:, to diminish the power of bishops of Utrecht and from the start of the 12th until the 13th century fight a 150-year-long war against the inhabitants of the area living at the east side of North Holland, also confusingly known as "West-Frisians". It was not until 1289 that Count
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As a result of a promise he had made during the
Frisian rebellion, Dirk III went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When he returned, the northern side of his county had become unsafe, so he travelled south and started granting rights to reclaim lands from nature around present-day
1961:
were taken from Dirk IV. The castle was completely destroyed. However, the emperor suffered heavy losses during his retreat, upon which Dirk's allies openly revolted against the emperor. In 1049 Dirk IV was lured into a trap and killed by assassins hired by the bishops of
1813:
acted as regent. In 1005 Dirk was old enough to rule in his own name, but he still made thankful use of the good connections that his mother had made. According to
Thietmar of Merseburg, a reconciliation with the Frisians was arranged with help from his uncle-in-law, king
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to relinquish the lands he had conquered. However, the emperor was not able to maintain himself in the area and was forced to retreat, after which Dirk IV started to raid and plunder the bishoprics of
Utrecht and Liège. Moreover, Dirk signed treaties with
1985:, Utrecht or Liège. During this war, Floris was ambushed while relaxing too much and in too small a company when he was raiding in the former Teisterbant county, now Utrechtian territory. He was killed by either Utrechtian or Gueldrian troops. His son
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felt it was their duty to defeat
Protestantism, which was considered a heresy by the Catholic Church and a threat to the stability of the whole hierarchical political system. The Catholic Spanish responded with harsh persecution and introduced the
511:
The County of Holland was the first Holy Roman county in the area to reach the level of economic, cultural, military, and technological development it did, having had time to undergo this development before the area became classed as a county.
2203:, had taken control of Holland. Leading noblemen in Holland had invited the duke to conquer Holland, even though he had no historical claim to it. Some historians say that the ruling class in Holland wanted Holland to integrate with the
1804:
was killed in a battle against Frisian land reclaimers who did not want to pay their due to the count. It is unknown where this battle took place but it was probably in the Rijnland or in the Maas estuary. Arnulf's son, count
814:
led a coalition of Babenberg Franks, Hamaland Saxons and Teisterbant Frisians (in cooperation with the bishop of Cologne and the Emperor), which outsmarted Godfrid and the Danes. The chief conspirator in the murder was
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in 1018, the merchants of Tiel effectively pointing out that the emperor was losing tax revenue when he allowed the Tiel merchants to being plundered by Dirk III. It was decided to act against Dirk III. An army led by
2162:
were a series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490. Most of these wars were fought over the title of count, but some have argued that the underlying reason was because of the power struggle of the
1826:) to force the inhabitants to recognize their count. This expedition appears to have been successful since after 1005 no revolts against the count in this southern part of the later county of Holland are known.
2210:
Under the Burgundians, Holland's trade developed rapidly, especially in the areas of shipping and transport. The new rulers defended Dutch trading interests. The fleets of Holland defeated the fleets of the
3687:
914:) and re-conquered Lotharingia. By 925, the Lotharingian nobles accepted his rule and Lotharingia (with the Frisian lands) became a fifth German stem duchy. Henry's power was limited by his vassal,
2024:, on whose support the Emperor could count. Dirk V was only allowed to keep the gouw of Masaland. Through battles in 1071 and 1072, William of Utrecht, with support from the highly competent Duke
2037:
afterwards the formidable bishop William of Utrecht also died. After this Robert I and his stepson Dirk V besieged the new Utrecht/Lotharingian castle at a strategic place at the delta in
668:
developed from that. The vassals, who were generally appointed by the king, strove for a system of inheritance. This informal rule became more widespread and in 877 was legalised in the
858:, who needed strong warlords in the delta region to keep the Danes and other Vikings out. The lands in question included an area outside Gerulf's county, in Teisterbant, which included
1913:, Dirk III himself playing a coordinating role, only to appear from his castle to officially take prisoner the duke of Lower Lorraine, when Godfrey was on the verge of being killed.
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2312:, deposing Philip as Count of Holland and forming a confederation between the seven liberated provinces. From then on, the executive and legislative power would again rest with the
2068:
in 1287 had completely devastated nearly all the lands of the West-Frisians. After this, the county was officially known until 1795 as the county of Holland and West Friesland.
1940:
was assigned to the bishopric in 1040. Though the count of Holland had been reconciled with the emperor, Henry III still decided to punish the count. In 1046 the emperor forced
542:(Floris, Count of Holland). Another early usage of the word is a deed dated 1083 in which Dirk V used the term "Count of Holland" for himself. Holland is probably from the
2028:
of Lower Lorraine, managed to gain actual central control over nearly the entire later county of Holland for the first time. Robert the Frisian and Dirk V had to flee to
3020:
1603:
802:, who became embroiled in the politics of the Frankish empire and was allied with the children of Lothair II. Danish rule ended in 885 with the murder of Godfrid at
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produce enough grain to feed itself. Land drainage had caused the peat of the former wetlands to reduce to a level that was too low for drainage to be maintained.
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2032:. This could have been the end of the Gerulfingian dynasty. Robert the Frisian managed however against some odds to become count of Flanders in 1076 when in the
1981:. It is most likely that this name soon became synonymous with Floris' whole territory. In 1061 a war broke out, in which it is not clear whether it was against
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minority then. In a society dependent on trade, freedom and tolerance were considered essential. Nevertheless, the Catholic rulers Charles V and his successor
878:), Suithardeshaga, the border between the former Frankish counties of Rijnland and Kennemerland. A line of Gerulf's descendants became the Counts of Holland.
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This article is about the State in the Netherlands abolished in 1795. For the administrative county in Lincolnshire, England abolished in 1974, see
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Before the Great Reclamation, the borders between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht were unclear, and there existed a literal
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After the elimination of a large portion of the Danish population, Gerulf controlled a large Frisian part of the later county of Holland. This
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2171:. The Hook faction consisted of a large part of the conservative noblemen. Some of the main figures in this multi-generational conflict were
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The count of Holland was in this period more of a military commander who had to resist Viking raids, and be subject to the authority of the
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centuries. Until at least the second half of the 10th century, Holland's leadership valued secular principles, a contrast to the nearby
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The County of Holland and other nearby territories had a considerable amount of independence from Holy Roman Empire leadership in the
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in 1566, which was the systematic destruction of statues of saints and other Catholic devotional depictions in churches. After 1566
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Holland's influence continued to gradually grow over the next two centuries. The counts of Holland were able to conquer most of
1917:
to the east at the cost of the Bishopric of Utrecht. After the death of Henry II in 1024, Dirk III supported the candidature of
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in an attempt to reconcile with the imperial authorities, so as to keep the lands he had acquired or expand them even further.
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influence on the new dialect of urban Holland (that earlier had more Frisian influences) that in later centuries became the
2328:, the wealthiest nation in the world. The largest cities in the republic were situated in the province of Holland, such as
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covered much of Europe. In much of this empire, an important unit of regional administration (corresponding roughly to a
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was however surprisingly ambushed in a swamp and nearly annihilated by Dirk III Frisian subjects in what was called the
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2053:, who was now forced to return the lands to Dirk V's control. In 1101, the name "Holland" first appears in a deed.
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2509:. However, during the reclamation the counts of Holland managed to expand their influence at the cost of Utrecht.
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in the cities against the ruling nobility. The Cod faction generally consisted of the more progressive cities of
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In the early Middle Ages, large parts of the area covered by the present-day Netherlands were covered by
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and the bishops of Utrecht. Until the 13th century, large amounts of land were reclaimed between the
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Upon the death of a king, the Frankish kingdom was frequently divided among his heirs. The system of
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Floris I managed to expand his territory with a small area within the Rijnland Gouw, an area called
551:, literally "wood land". The counts of Holland generally kept to this single title until 1291, when
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2045:(still existing) joined the Merwede (not existing any more in the form of 1000 years ago). In the
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in 1795. The territory of the County of Holland corresponds roughly with the current provinces of
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was able to bring this long war to an end and subjugate these West Frisians, this only after the
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1990:
1957:. The Emperor responded with a second punitive expedition in which Vlaardingen and the castle at
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and the Muslim states and the disappearance of currency, the economy was more or less reduced to
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2360:. From the great ports of Holland, Hollandic merchants sailed to and from destinations all over
1966:, Liège and Utrecht. Dirk died young, unmarried and childless. He was succeeded by his brother
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When Lothair died in 855, the northern part of Middle Francia was awarded to his second son,
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2270:, more or less by accident became the leader of a revolt that by severe mismanagement by
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German Eagle with an Inescutcheon of the County of Holland (The Knights' Hall, The Hague)
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Former State of the Holy Roman Empire and part of the Habsburg Netherlands (1091–1795)
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and by infighting between the king's sons. After Louis died in 840, his son, Emperor
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raids further undermined centralized government. At the end of the reign of Emperor
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The county covered an area roughly corresponding to the current Dutch provinces of
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were killed or driven out in what must have been a complex, successful conspiracy.
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In Frisia, the situation was complex. Power was in the hands of Rorik's successor,
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17:
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Emperor Conrad II died during a stay in Utrecht in 1039 during the rule of bishop
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often caused internal strife, which made centralized government problematic. The
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2383:. The territory of the former county was divided between the departments of the
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H.G. Koenigsberger, "The Beginnings of the States General of the Netherlands",
1829:
1743:) of a number of lands to count Dirk II. These lands had already been given in
1280:
902:, Holland's oldest monastery. When Charles the Simple was deposed in 923, King
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Oorkondenboek van Holland en Zeeland tot 1299, Deel I – einde 7e eeuw tot 1222
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Nominally, the County of Holland formally came to an end in 1795, when the
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640:. Because of the low volume of trade, the negative trade balance with the
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839:. Gerolf, Godfrid's former envoy to the emperor, demanded lands in the
823:. One of those who profited most from the power vacuum was the Frisian
649:
2559:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
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937:
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1779:(on the Zeelandish island of Schouwen), the area between the rivers
1512:
918:(Duke of Lotharingia), whose power was limited to his own counties.
534:). Before 1101, sources talk about Frisian counts, but in this year
571:. The titles eventually lost their importance, and the last count,
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and around the banks of the Rhine' (the gouw of Westflinge), to
2017:
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and the merchants of Tiel complained against this piracy at the
1873:
1836:, 1114–1157, and his mother Petronella visiting the work on the
1744:
859:
527:
2800:
2016:
donated lands belonging to the county of Holland, 'west of the
870:. It also involved a forest and field between the mouth of the
575:, only mentioned them halfway through his long list of titles.
2478:
2463:
2438:, as well as the northwestern part of the current province of
2316:, which were led by a political figure who held the office of
2191:
and Philip the Good. Perhaps the most well known, however, is
2075:
520:
The oldest sources refer to the not clearly defined county as
1868:
in order to cultivate these lands. He also built a castle at
2657:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806
2618:
The Dutch Republic Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806
1893:, consisting of a fleet with soldiers from the bishops of
772:, died in 911. Although the stem duchies flocked to Duke
559:. This title was also used after Holland was united with
2399:. After 1813, Holland was restored as a province of the
3688:
States and territories established in the 11th century
2207:
economic system and adopt Flemish legal institutions.
2562:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. pp. 35–36.
732:
added the Kingdom of Lotharingia (which included the
2298:
Dam Square with the New Town Hall under Construction
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1949:, duke of Lower Lorraine, as well as the counts of
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2403:. Holland was divided into the present provinces
2308:The States General of the Netherlands signed the
488:and from 1581 onward the leading province of the
2372:of the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium.
1993:became regent. Gertrude remarried in 1063 with
1876:to England to pay toll. The Bishop of Utrecht,
557:Count of Holland and Zeeland, lord of Friesland
546:
1928:, after which his organs were interred in the
1849:Count Willem II of Holland Granting Privileges
1818:, who travelled with an army and a fleet from
893:in 922 in gratitude for Dirk's support in the
3693:States and territories disestablished in 1795
2812:
806:, and all Danes east of the coastal areas of
8:
2262:. Calvinists rebelled. First, there was the
791:Rorik of Dorestad in a 1912 illustration by
776:, Lotharingia chose the Carolingian king of
2110:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
850:was recognised when Gerolf was given lands
843:valley from the emperor to provoke a war.
100:
58:
44:
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3198:
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3053:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
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2786:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2470:, though it did not include the island of
2379:ended the republic and reformed it as the
925:
854:on 4 August 889 by the East Frankish king
117:
36:
2490:in the north, the dunes in the west, the
2146:The County of Holland in the 15th century
2130:Learn how and when to remove this message
2185:William VI, Count of Holland and Hainaut
2005:and a grandson of a former French king,
1751:). This was the area between the rivers
707:in an attempt to resist Viking attacks.
492:, of which it remained a part until the
3048:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
2592:Parliaments, Estates and Representation
2535:
2195:. By the end of the Hook and Cod Wars,
2049:they managed to capture the new bishop
2009:, who also acted as regent for Dirk V.
2779:
2284:Republic of the Seven United Provinces
699:, rewarded the Danish Viking brothers
3663:11th-century establishments in Europe
2688:Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden
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1809:was too young to rule, so his mother
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2631:A Companion to the Reformation World
2605:A Companion to the Reformation World
2314:States of Holland and West Friesland
2108:adding citations to reliable sources
721:Rorik was granted the right to rule
3673:Former polities in the Netherlands
906:of East Francia allied with Count
687:, royal power had weakened by the
652:could be rewarded only with land (
123:The County of Holland around 1350.
25:
3678:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
2764:Geschiedenis van Holland tot 1572
2524:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire
2481:. These bogs limited the size of
2401:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1989:was still a minor, so his mother
3668:1795 disestablishments in Europe
2690:. Haarlem: Fibula-Van Dishoeck.
2556:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
2080:
1675:
1655:
1641:
1624:
1597:
1564:
1543:
1511:
1496:
1472:
1447:
1432:
1402:
1380:
1353:
1333:
1314:
1296:
1279:
1262:
1244:
1225:
1208:
1189:
440:
415:
83:
2707:Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden
2193:Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut
1735:, at the request of his mother
835:in the present-day province of
760:. Lotharingia had considerable
2442:(roughly between the towns of
1822:to the Maas-estuary (probably
1:
3073:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
2644:The European World: A History
2248:During the 16th century, the
2226:Revolt and the Dutch Republic
1082:
1060:
1037:
995:
981:
889:and its possessions to Count
2498:rivers in the south and the
2356:, and the nation's capital,
2234:The Relief of Leiden by the
1701:was shown when in 938 Count
656:or, from the tenth century,
2726:Oorlog om Holland 1000-1375
2423:County of Holland in 1570,
2324:, in the 17th century, the
1997:, a younger brother of the
1722:Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
1604:Princip. of the Netherlands
540:Florentius comes de Hollant
536:Floris II, Count of Holland
3709:
2839:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2022:William, Bishop of Utrecht
1840:, Charles Rochussen, 1881.
1648:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1617:Kingdom of the Netherlands
553:Floris V, Count of Holland
480:and from 1433 part of the
102:"Vigilate Deo confidentes"
29:
3616:
3465:
3366:
3201:
3165:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
3095:
2909:Development urban centers
2835:
2705:Lamberts, J.C.H. (2006).
2686:Block, Dick (1977–1983).
2072:Burgundians and Habsburgs
1932:. His son and successor,
1834:Dirk VI, Count of Holland
1739:, granted the ownership (
1697:The rising status of the
1672:
1670:
1654:
1640:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1563:
1542:
1532:
1529:
1495:
1492:
1471:
1468:
1446:
1431:
1401:
1379:
1243:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1093:
1053:
1030:
1024:
1017:
975:
961:
954:
943:
941:
928:
764:; this became clear when
394:
390:
350:
318:
284:
270:
236:
116:
101:
96:
80:
75:
1503:United States of Belgium
831:(count of Frisia), from
793:Hermanus Willem Koekkoek
555:decided to call himself
484:, from 1482 part of the
111:"Watch, trusting in God"
2762:Beukers, T. de (2002).
2728:. Hilversum: Verloren.
1164:Duchy of Lower Lorraine
584:Francia and Lotharingia
547:
3512:Decorations and medals
2961:Burgundian Netherlands
2724:Graaf, A.C.F. (1970).
2709:. Baarn: HBuitgevers.
2594:(1988) 8#2 pp 101-114.
2454:), and the islands of
2427:
2305:
2250:Protestant Reformation
2245:
2155:
2154:A 1558 map of Holland.
2147:
1860:
1841:
1811:Lutgardis of Luxemburg
1387:Burgundian Netherlands
1157:Kingdom of Lotharingia
795:
768:, East Francia's last
593:
482:Burgundian Netherlands
142:Burgundian Netherlands
59:
45:
3507:Customs and etiquette
2747:. Den Haag: Nijhoff.
2743:Koch, A.C.F. (1970).
2668:Diarmaid MacCulloch,
2603:R. Po-chia Hsia, ed.
2422:
2296:
2274:and his governor the
2233:
2153:
2145:
2047:battle of IJsselmonde
1911:Battle of Vlaardingen
1882:Reichstag of Nijmegen
1853:Caesar van Everdingen
1847:
1832:
1787:Chinnelosara gemerchi
1572:French First Republic
790:
774:Conrad I of Franconia
670:Capitulary of Quierzy
591:
183:Common languages
3542:Orders of knighthood
3175:World Heritage Sites
3078:Coronavirus pandemic
3068:European debt crisis
3041:Dutch Liberation Day
2966:Habsburg Netherlands
2642:Jerome Blum et al,
2616:Jonathan I. Israel,
2104:improve this section
1930:Cathedral of Utrecht
1729:Bishopric of Utrecht
1707:Arnulf I of Flanders
1479:Austrian Netherlands
1409:Habsburg Netherlands
677:partible inheritance
636:) ruled one or more
612:in England) was the
486:Habsburg Netherlands
152:Habsburg Netherlands
46:Comitatus Hollandiae
3683:Seventeen Provinces
3150:Mountains and hills
3001:Batavian Revolution
2981:Spanish Netherlands
2976:Seventeen Provinces
2377:Batavian Revolution
2302:Johannes Lingelbach
2260:Spanish Inquisition
1947:Godfrey the Bearded
1807:Dirk III of Holland
1580:First French Empire
1454:Spanish Netherlands
1417:Seventeen Provinces
912:Reginar of Lorraine
885:gave the church in
856:Arnulf of Carinthia
494:Batavian Revolution
381:Batavian Revolution
356:• Established
76:1091/1190–1431/1795
18:County of Friesland
3401:Telecommunications
3011:Kingdom of Holland
2472:Goeree-Overflakkee
2428:
2425:Jacob van Deventer
2306:
2268:William the Silent
2246:
2156:
2148:
1995:Robert the Frisian
1991:Gertrude of Saxony
1861:
1842:
1662:Kingdom of Belgium
1557:Kingdom of Holland
1102:Carolingian Empire
908:Gilbert of Hainaut
895:Battle of Soissons
883:Charles the Simple
812:Henry of Franconia
796:
782:Charles the Simple
762:self-determination
730:Treaty of Ribemont
695:, who was king of
596:Around 800, under
594:
573:Philip II of Spain
538:, is mentioned as
60:Graafschap Holland
3658:County of Holland
3645:
3644:
3612:
3611:
3452:
3451:
3353:
3352:
3330:Political parties
3266:Foreign relations
3188:
3187:
3058:Same-sex marriage
3006:Batavian Republic
2986:Eighty Years' War
2956:Holy Roman Empire
2607:(2006) pp 118-34
2381:Batavian Republic
2370:standard language
2310:Act of Abjuration
2280:Eighty Years' War
2160:Hook and Cod Wars
2140:
2139:
2132:
2066:St. Lucia's flood
2012:In 1064, Emperor
1999:count of Flanders
1977:("Woodland"), or
1695:
1694:
1691:
1666:
1652:
1636:
1621:
1608:
1584:
1576:
1561:
1554:
1550:Batavian Republic
1523:
1508:
1484:
1459:
1444:
1421:
1413:
1391:
1370:
1350:
1330:
1311:
1293:
1276:
1259:
1241:
1222:
1205:
1168:
1161:
1149:
1138:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1089:
1067:
1044:
1002:
991:Germania Inferior
988:
891:Dirk I of Holland
852:in full ownership
744:of east Francia:
714:, and was called
569:Duchy of Burgundy
565:Bavaria-Straubing
478:Holy Roman Empire
470:County of Holland
466:
465:
452:
451:
448:
447:
436:Batavian Republic
428:
427:
368:Act of Abjuration
314:
305:• 1672–1702
299:
290:• 1433–1440
266:
257:• 1555–1581
251:
167:
157:
147:
137:Holy Roman Empire
41:County of Holland
16:(Redirected from
3700:
3625:
3463:
3434:Public transport
3364:
3199:
3093:
2919:Frankish Kingdom
2882:Migration Period
2821:
2814:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2777:
2758:
2739:
2720:
2701:
2673:
2672:(2005) pp 367-72
2666:
2660:
2659:(1995) pp 361-95
2653:
2647:
2646:(1970) pp 160-61
2640:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2553:
2519:Count of Holland
2326:Dutch Golden Age
2318:Grand Pensionary
2278:turned into the
2213:Hanseatic League
2201:Duke of Burgundy
2135:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2084:
2076:
2051:Conrad of Swabia
2043:Hollandse IJssel
2034:battle of Cassel
1699:House of Holland
1689:
1679:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1601:
1582:
1574:
1570:associated with
1568:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1389:
1384:
1371:
1368:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1212:
1201:
1193:
1166:
1159:
1147:
1136:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1095:Frankish Kingdom
1087:
1084:
1080:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1012:
1000:
997:
993:
986:
983:
979:
972:
965:
947:
926:
904:Henry the Fowler
874:(and presumably
703:and Harald with
642:Byzantine Empire
550:
444:
443:
432:
431:
419:
418:
412:
411:
396:
395:
312:
297:
264:
249:
168:
165:
158:
155:
148:
145:
121:
112:
108:
104:
103:
87:
70:
62:
56:
48:
37:
32:Parts of Holland
21:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3628:
3621:
3608:
3562:Public holidays
3448:
3415:
3349:
3184:
3180:Zuiderzee Works
3082:
3063:Great Recession
2942:Frisian Freedom
2914:Frisian Kingdom
2855:Germanic tribes
2841:
2831:
2825:
2778:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2742:
2736:
2723:
2717:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2670:The Reformation
2667:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2633:(2006) pp 3-36
2628:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2537:
2532:
2515:
2448:Geertruidenberg
2417:
2397:Schelde en Maas
2228:
2197:Philip the Good
2136:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2101:
2085:
2074:
1802:Arnulf of Ghent
1793:) and the gouw
1776:villa Sunnimeri
1731:. In 985, King
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1660:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1602:
1577:
1569:
1555:
1548:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1481:
1477:
1456:
1452:
1441:
1437:
1414:
1407:
1385:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1162:
1146:
1143:
1085:
1079:
1077:Frisian Kingdom
1063:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1010:
998:
989:
984:
970:
968:
963:
957:
945:
929:History of the
924:
766:Louis the Child
685:Louis the Pious
602:Frankish Empire
586:
581:
530:(also known as
518:
441:
416:
386:18 January 1795
383:
370:
357:
306:
291:
258:
243:
242:• 880–896
222:Feudal monarchy
211:
209:Catholic Church
197:
193:
189:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
124:
110:
109:
106:
92:
91:
88:
71:
64:
57:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Cultural icons
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3444:Road transport
3441:
3439:Rail transport
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Prime Minister
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Municipalities
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Climate change
3213:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3120:Extreme points
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3026:United Kingdom
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Dutch Republic
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2944:
2931:
2929:Lower Lorraine
2926:
2924:Middle Francia
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2884:
2879:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830: articles
2826:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2740:
2734:
2721:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2568:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2416:
2413:
2322:Dutch Republic
2227:
2224:
2138:
2137:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2073:
2070:
1891:Lower Lorraine
1870:Silva Meriwido
1800:In 993, count
1693:
1692:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1638:
1637:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1562:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1445:
1439:Dutch Republic
1429:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1351:
1331:
1294:
1277:
1242:
1223:
1206:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1134:Middle Francia
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1090:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1052:
1045:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
977:Gallia Belgica
974:
960:
953:
950:
949:
942:
940:
934:
933:
923:
922:Imperial State
920:
829:comes Fresonum
697:Middle Francia
585:
582:
580:
577:
526:, west of the
517:
514:
490:Dutch Republic
464:
463:
458:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
438:
429:
426:
425:
423:Lower Lorraine
420:
408:
407:
402:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
334:
333:Historical era
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:
316:
315:
307:
304:
301:
300:
292:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
267:
259:
256:
253:
252:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
213:Dutch Reformed
206:
202:
201:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
162:Dutch Republic
130:
126:
125:
122:
114:
113:
94:
93:
89:
82:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
43:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3705:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Republicanism
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
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3264:
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3259:
3257:
3254:
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3249:
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3227:
3224:
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3219:
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3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
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3191:
3181:
3178:
3176:
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3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Flood control
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
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3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Nazi invasion
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Incorporation
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
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2979:
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2866:
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2840:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2773:90-6550-682-9
2769:
2766:. Hilversum.
2765:
2760:
2756:
2754:90-247-0403-0
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2735:90-6550-807-4
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2716:90-5574-474-3
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2697:90-228-3800-5
2693:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2620:(1995) p. 104
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:90-6109-440-2
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2550:
2548:
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2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:no-man's land
2503:
2502:in the east.
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:North Brabant
2437:
2436:South Holland
2433:
2432:North Holland
2426:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2409:South Holland
2406:
2405:North Holland
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
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2327:
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2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2243:
2242:Otto van Veen
2239:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2123:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2089:This section
2087:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
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1778:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1758:
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1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
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1704:
1700:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1669:
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1649:
1644:
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1600:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1567:
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1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
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1491:
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1480:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1440:
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1427:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1254:
1247:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1056:
1055:Salian Franks
1051:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:Salian Franks
1008:
1006:
1005:
992:
978:
973:
966:
959:
952:
951:
948:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:Low Countries
927:
921:
919:
917:
913:
910:(son of Duke
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:fait accompli
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
789:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:Low Countries
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:. The king's
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
583:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:
515:
513:
509:
507:
503:
502:South Holland
499:
498:North Holland
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
462:
459:
457:Today part of
455:
439:
437:
434:
433:
430:
424:
421:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
372:
369:
359:
346:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
317:
311:
308:
296:
293:
279:
277:
269:
263:
260:
248:
245:
231:
229:
221:
217:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
163:
153:
143:
138:
134:
131:
127:
120:
115:
99:
95:
86:
79:
74:
68:
61:
54:
47:
38:
33:
19:
3587:Coat of arms
3557:Prostitution
3470:Architecture
3411:Trade unions
3391:Polder model
3376:Central bank
3345:Water boards
3271:Human rights
3261:Homelessness
3231:Demographics
3221:Constitution
3031:World War II
3021:Principality
2937:
2837:Part of the
2794:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2706:
2687:
2680:Bibliography
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2558:
2504:
2476:
2456:Terschelling
2429:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2307:
2297:
2276:Duke of Alva
2247:
2240:in 1574, by
2235:
2218:
2209:
2157:
2126:
2117:
2102:Please help
2090:
2055:
2041:, where the
2011:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1923:
1915:
1869:
1862:
1848:
1838:Egmond Abbey
1799:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1233:Bishopric of
1214:
1031:
900:Egmond Abbey
880:
847:
845:
828:
817:Everard Saxo
797:
778:West Francia
742:stem duchies
738:East Francia
727:
723:Kennemerland
720:
709:
689:flood of 838
674:
657:
653:
637:
629:
623:
613:
595:
556:
539:
521:
519:
510:
469:
467:
405:Succeeded by
404:
399:
373:26 July 1581
360:11th century
195:Middle Dutch
160:part of the
150:part of the
140:part of the
98:Motto:
97:
90:Coat of arms
3604:Terminology
3552:Pornography
3293:Enforcement
3283:Immigration
3256:Health care
3236:Drug policy
3115:Earthquakes
3110:Delta Works
2971:Renaissance
2877:Cananefates
2828:Netherlands
2483:arable land
2288:Watergeuzen
2039:IJsselmonde
1866:Vlaardingen
1857:Pieter Post
1824:Vlaardingen
1620:(1815–1830)
1607:(1813–1815)
1583:(1804–1815)
1575:(1795–1804)
1560:(1806–1810)
1553:(1795–1806)
1483:(1714–1795)
1458:(1556–1714)
1443:(1581–1795)
1412:(1482–1795)
1390:(1384–1482)
1369:(1059–1443)
1310:(1071–1432)
1275:(1046–1543)
1258:(1183–1430)
1032:unpopulated
819:, count of
808:West Frisia
770:Carolingian
716:Lotharingia
628:(Latin). A
598:Charlemagne
532:West Frisia
506:Netherlands
461:Netherlands
400:Preceded by
341:Renaissance
337:Middle Ages
323:Legislature
310:William III
276:Stadtholder
187:Old Frisian
166:(1581–1795)
156:(1482–1581)
146:(1433–1482)
3652:Categories
3527:Literature
3517:Irreligion
3325:Parliament
3251:Euthanasia
3226:Corruption
2996:Golden Age
2629:Hsia, ed.
2530:References
2444:Willemstad
2264:iconoclasm
2173:William IV
2120:April 2024
2026:Godfrey IV
2003:Baldwin VI
1938:Oversticht
1887:Godfrey II
1782:Medemelaka
1749:beneficium
1522:(1789–'91)
1420:after 1543
1348:(980–1794)
1328:(981–1421)
1292:(862–1384)
1240:(695–1456)
1221:(880–1432)
1160:(855– 959)
1086: 6th
1064: 5th
1041: 5th
999: 5th
985: 5th
876:Bennebroek
712:Lothair II
654:beneficium
567:, and the
262:Phillip II
219:Government
3522:Languages
3421:Transport
3371:AEX index
3315:Provinces
3298:Law Firms
3246:Elections
3241:Education
3170:Volcanoes
3130:Gas field
3088:Geography
2860:Roman Era
2782:cite book
2500:Old Rhine
2479:peat bogs
2468:Schokland
2452:Werkendam
2415:Geography
2411:in 1840.
2358:The Hague
2350:Dordrecht
2334:Rotterdam
2330:Amsterdam
2272:Philip II
2255:Philip II
2181:William V
2165:bourgeois
2091:does not
2007:Robert II
1959:Rijnsburg
1934:Henry III
1919:Conrad II
1737:Theophanu
1321:County of
1303:County of
1286:County of
1215:County of
1137:(843–855)
1115:(511–687)
1112:Austrasia
1105:(800–843)
1098:(481–843)
872:Old Rhine
837:Friesland
804:Herispijk
746:Franconia
693:Lothair I
666:feudalism
548:holt lant
544:Old Dutch
516:Etymology
205:Religion
191:Old Dutch
177:The Hague
3632:Category
3567:Religion
3480:Cannabis
3396:Taxation
3386:Euronext
3340:Military
3206:Abortion
3194:Politics
2951:Guelders
2934:Flanders
2900:Dorestad
2891:Frisians
2655:Israel,
2578:52849131
2513:See also
2460:Vlieland
2366:Frankish
2177:Margaret
2062:Floris V
2014:Henry IV
1975:Holtland
1968:Floris I
1951:Flanders
1889:Duke of
1878:Adalbold
1816:Henry II
1771:Masaland
1741:proprium
1733:Otto III
1682:Gr D. of
1631:Gr D. L.
1578:part of
1518:R. Liège
1360:Duchy of
1342:of Liège
1340:P.-Bish.
1288:Flanders
1271:Guelders
1269:Duchy of
1251:Duchy of
1204:century)
1202:(11–16th
971:Tubantes
833:Westergo
821:Hamaland
756:and the
728:The 880
725:in 862.
662:usufruct
620:Frankish
561:Hainault
3623:Outline
3577:Symbols
3490:Cuisine
3458:Culture
3429:Cycling
3406:Tourism
3359:Economy
3305:Monarch
3211:Cabinet
3155:Regions
3145:Mammals
3135:Islands
2947:Brabant
2938:Holland
2904:Utrecht
2869:Chamavi
2847:History
2354:Haarlem
2342:Alkmaar
2304:, 1656.
2220:Charles
2205:Flemish
2169:Holland
2112:removed
2097:sources
2058:Zeeland
1983:Brabant
1979:Holland
1955:Hainaut
1942:Dirk IV
1926:Bernold
1903:Cambrai
1899:Cologne
1895:Utrecht
1859:, 1654.
1820:Utrecht
1791:Kinheim
1769:called
1703:Dirk II
1690:(1890–)
1665:(1830–)
1651:(1839–)
1635:(1815–)
1611:
1592:
1589:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1493:
1469:
1462:
1425:
1377:
1305:Hainaut
1253:Brabant
1236:Utrecht
1217:Holland
1198:Freedom
1196:Frisian
1144:Francia
980:(55 BC–
964:Chamavi
958:nefates
916:Gilbert
864:Aalburg
841:Moselle
800:Godfrid
754:Bavaria
650:vassals
579:History
504:in the
476:of the
379:•
366:•
298:(first)
250:(first)
173:Capital
135:of the
107:(Latin)
3637:Portal
3582:Anthem
3547:People
3485:Cinema
3381:Energy
3160:Rivers
3105:Cities
2895:Franks
2887:Saxons
2873:Batavi
2865:Frisii
2770:
2751:
2732:
2713:
2694:
2576:
2566:
2488:IJ bay
2395:, and
2385:Amstel
2362:Europe
2338:Leiden
2237:Geuzen
1987:Dirk V
1684:Luxem-
1507:(1790)
1362:Luxem-
1176:Frisia
1167:(959–)
1148:(843–)
1049:Saxons
1019:Batavi
946:Belgae
938:Frisii
887:Egmond
825:Gerolf
758:Swabia
752:, the
750:Saxony
748:, the
705:Frisia
681:Viking
664:, and
660:) and
658:feodum
646:barter
610:county
600:, the
523:Frisia
472:was a
345:Modern
327:States
313:(last)
280:
265:(last)
247:Gerolf
232:
129:Status
105:
63:
49:
3572:Sport
3537:Music
3532:Media
3140:Lakes
3100:Birds
2393:Texel
2346:Delft
2300:, by
2030:Ghent
1907:Liège
1795:Texla
1762:Hisla
1753:Loira
1686:bourg
1364:bourg
1323:Namur
1088:–734)
1059:(4th–
1036:(4th–
956:Cana–
881:King
736:) to
701:Rorik
634:count
630:comes
625:pagus
622:) or
606:shire
474:state
228:Count
199:Dutch
133:State
67:Dutch
53:Latin
3597:Lion
3592:Flag
3495:Wine
3276:LGBT
2788:link
2768:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2574:OCLC
2564:ISBN
2496:Waal
2494:and
2466:and
2450:and
2434:and
2407:and
2389:Delf
2189:John
2158:The
2095:any
2093:cite
2018:Vlie
1964:Metz
1953:and
1905:and
1874:Tiel
1855:and
1785:and
1767:gouw
1759:and
1757:Lier
1745:loan
1718:11th
1716:and
1714:10th
1142:West
994:(83–
868:Asch
866:and
860:Tiel
638:gaue
528:Vlie
500:and
468:The
295:Hugo
3475:Art
3288:Law
2492:Lek
2464:Urk
2106:by
1851:by
1773:),
1765:(a
1755:or
1709:.
987:AD)
718:.
615:gau
608:or
3654::
2949:,
2940:,
2936:,
2902:,
2893:,
2889:,
2875:,
2871:,
2867:,
2784:}}
2780:{{
2572:.
2538:^
2474:.
2462:,
2458:,
2446:,
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2387:,
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2348:,
2344:,
2340:,
2336:,
2332:,
2199:,
2187:,
2183:,
2179:,
2175:,
2001:,
1970:.
1901:,
1897:,
1797:.
1724:.
1422:)
1083:c.
1061:c.
1038:c.
996:c.
982:c.
862:,
827:,
784:.
780:,
672:.
563:,
508:.
343:,
339:,
2820:e
2813:t
2806:v
2790:)
2776:.
2757:.
2738:.
2719:.
2700:.
2580:.
2244:.
2133:)
2127:(
2122:)
2118:(
2114:.
2100:.
1789:(
1747:(
1415:(
1100:—
1081:(
1066:)
1043:)
1001:)
967:,
632:(
618:(
69:)
65:(
55:)
51:(
34:.
20:)
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