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1569:), and even through personal hand-held devices into nearly every corner of the world. This has both changed the nature of the physical nature of the debating environment into a digital and virtual one, and in a non-literal sense into a series of ever-changing and highly varied configuration and collection of spaces determined by where each debate participant happens to be located. This may also have the added effect of drawing others into the debate, whether as passive observers or active participants, unwittingly, uninvited, or by active invitation of a single participant. For those meetings or debates who remain grounded in a structured location, such as a conference room or legislative chamber who connect to one or several remote participants via video-conferencing, the configuration of the room may be re-focused onto the video screen and away from those in the room.
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side-by-side in a fan-shape with the focus being the moderator's table (or audience). If there is an audience present, the moderator is normally positioned to the side or with back to the audience (or cameras), or sometimes positioned between the debating participants, especially if there are more than two participants. In the case when the moderator is not between the participants, as a rule, there are more than 2 and rarely more than approximately 15 participants. More than this typically involves a formally debating body or organization, such as a legislative body, which usually meets in a designated place or chamber, often purpose-built for this function.
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956:" (court, council, board, or other officials) and the public. The panel members may debate or engage in discourse amongst themselves, particularly in a council of elected officials, but that is not normally the main portion of discourse. The more linear the seating arrangement is, the less supportive of it is for discourse. City Council chamber are less likely to use a linear configuration whereas
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others are restricted to seeing only those across from them. Circular, square, or elliptical tables facilitate more equal status between those seated, as well as less obstructed lines of sight. A circular gathering with three participants provides the only non-oppositional configuration of more than two persons that allows equal line of sight (all 120 degrees apart).
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Interpersonal communication involves both visual and aural senses. Faces are important sources of both visual and aural information (e.g., facial expressions and voices); and a person's means of receiving such information (namely the eyes and ears) are most effective when able to face their focus of
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whereby the communication is unidirectional without active interaction or debate. Response is limited to applause or speakers coming onto the stage, from the audience or backstage, to provide a subsequent presentation to the audience. Given the scale and format, there is little opportunity for any
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of parliamentary debating chambers, such as in the
Parliaments of the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other former British colonies. In this configuration, on one side of the aisle is the government and the other the opposition. This supports oppositional or divided groupings, from which
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is where the debate participants engage: the stage, panel or council table, or the presentation station. The audience is separate, even if the lines between participants and audience are not always distinct. The positioning of the debating participants is normally oppositional (to each other) or
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Its form allows for presentation by a single person, or small group, to speak or present to all members of the chamber on a face-to-face basis from a podium (or similar element) at the focal point of the room. The primary hierarchy of position is largely distance from the podium, and is not in a
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form as one that would symbolize and foster unity, in contrast to the "impression of parliamentary fragmentation" of the
British configuration. This configuration was soon emulated in other parts of Europe and in the United States Congress, the Capitol Building being designed by French architect
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The smaller the group and setting, the greater the equity of participants and sight lines. Conversely, the more participants that are present, the greater is the disparity of sight lines between those sitting immediately adjacent and those more directly across, whose position in turn becomes more
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These effects can be observed in debate chambers, meeting rooms, and at dining or restaurant tables. For instance, with a long rectangular table, those seated at the "head" or "end" of the table are in a position of dominance; they can see everybody, and normally everybody can see them, but the
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The geometry of seating position can further support or determine a sense of opposition/confrontation, hierarchy/dominance, or collaboration/equality. Factors such as angle/rotation, proximity/distance, median/termini, and height/incline must all be considered. The more directly two parties are
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The introduction of regular live television broadcasts of legislative chambers, which began with the
Canadian House of Commons in 1977, has influenced debate and extended the audience well beyond the physical location of the debate chamber. More recently this has developed into direct two-way
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There are several common configurations of seating used in debate chambers: auditorium, rectangular, fan-shaped, circular, and hybrids. The shapes of the room vary and do not necessarily reflect or match the seat configurations. The architectural design of the chamber can shape the style of
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Whether outdoors or in an enclosed space or chamber, such as a cave, it is likely that the earliest designated places for group discourse or debate occurred around a fire, for light, heat, or protection from predators. Throughout recorded history there have been a variety of places and spaces
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positioned across from one another, the more likely their relationship will be one of opposition to each other; the less direct, or more "side-by-side" these positions are, the less likely such an opposing relationship becomes, but also the less effective it will be at fostering collaboration.
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and colonies. Each person speaking is nominally directing his or her comments towards the speaker, but they do so facing the opposing members with their own group facing the same way they are. Without having one's own side turn around, it is not possible to face all members of the chamber
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recognized this when he insisted the
British House of Commons be rebuilt (after wartime bombing) in a similar size and configuration as the prior chamber, to maintain the intimate and adversarial style of debate which he believed was responsible for creating the British form of government.
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of
England in 1066. These were convened at certain times of the year when church leaders and wealthy landowners were invited to discuss the affairs of the country with the king (of England, Normandy, and France). In the 13th century this developed into the
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position of support or opposition. This position gives pride of place to the podium, is not inherently partisan, and if each member of the group is given the chance to address the group, everyone has a (theoretically) equal position.
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Hybrid style: Australia's House of
Representatives seating plan. The speaker's chair is at the left, the Government is to the Speaker's right (party seats in blue), the Official Opposition to the Speaker's left (party seats in
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Common folklore speaks of the aisle between the government and the opposition sides as being "two sword lengths", or "two sword lengths plus an inch", apart, although there is no record of this being a criterion.
1139:) at the other. Another hybrid form is one that is rectangular, but not bi-furcated; the overall arrangement is rectangular, as is each of the three seat groupings. For example, in both the lower house of the
454:, was intended to provide more deliberative oversight on legislation and was to represent the States (equally). Each was created and its chambers designed before political parties were well established.
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Debating can happen almost anywhere. Whether informal or structured as a discourse between select individuals or small groups with an audience, debates often occur with an audience. The debate does not
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1037:) seating configuration comprises two opposing rows of seats or benches facing towards a central aisle which bisects the room. At one end is commonly found a chair, throne, or podium for a
274:, which varied from small amphitheaters to a variety of buildings, including ones that could accommodate over 5,000 people. These assemblies were also held in amphitheater-like, open air
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legislative model that would form the template of many newly emergent republics around the world. The form adopted involved two legislative bodies, each with its own chamber. The
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debating: a semicircular design may promote discussion for the purpose of reaching a consensus, while an arrangement with two opposing sides may promote adversarial debating.
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1147:, the seating arrangement is a series of straight rows all facing inward in three groupings, two on either side of a central aisle and one at the end facing the podium.
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The names given to debating places or spaces may refer to an activity, such as assembly or debating; it may refer to the persons performing that activity, such as
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on conscious and subconscious levels. For example, disagreements over the shape of a negotiation table delayed the
Vietnam War peace talks for almost a year.
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A hybrid of the bifurcated and semi-circular seating configurations combines a central aisle with a curved end at one end facing the focal point (e.g.
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and non-indigenous peoples in
Northern Canada, Great Britain, and Polynesia. Most are for bodies that do not involve formal political parties.
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or semi-circular seating configuration originated in late 18th century France when the post-revolutionary leaders selected the
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Fan-shaped: National
Assembly of France seating plan. The president of the assembly's dias is at the bottom (not shown)
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282:, also translated as council house, assembly house, and senate house, was a building in ancient Greece which housed the
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Circular seating configurations for places of discourse have been envisioned as early as the 12th
Century story of the
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Since the early 1990s, several debating chambers have been constructed that support, or were designed to support,
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which voted by division, by a senator seating himself on one side of the chamber or the other to indicate a vote.
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meaning "appointed time", later "meeting" or "assembly". A thing was historically the governing assembly of a
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The first official debating model that emerged (centuries later) after the fall of the Roman Empire was the
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involve the audience as they are not participants - they may even be remote, watching on television. The
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964:(where there is more than one judge in a sitting) frequently sit in a straight or nearly straight line.
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Seating plan of the Chamber of the House of Commons of Canada (the speaker's chair is to the left)
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simultaneously. In the British Parliament, the traditional method of recorded voting is called "
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movements in architecture, including literal use of the symbology of the ancient democracy.
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US House of Representatives with the President addressing a joint session of Congress
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1439:-style discourse and government. These include legislative assembly facilities for
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designated for similar purposes. An early gathering for assembly purposes was the
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form of seating (and chamber) is a large audience facing a stage, often with a
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FT Essential Guide to Negotiations ePub eBook: How to achieve win-win outcomes
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emerged in the 19th century the two-party political system in the UK, and its
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19th century painting depicting a meeting of North American indigenous people.
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294:, the earliest recorded debating chamber was for the deliberative body of the
190:. When used for legislative purposes, a debate chamber may also be known as a
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Parliaments around the world: what can architecture teach us about democracy?
170:. Debate chambers are used in governmental and educational bodies, such as a
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719:: used in many countries since the time of Ancient Rome, where the Senate (
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Encyclopædia Britannica, National Assembly - Historical French parliament
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596:. Used in reference to many historical European assemblies, such as the
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371:, a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes (or
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1243:. This adoption of the ancient Greek theater form coincided with the
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configuration of seating is one that fosters interaction between the "
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society, made up of the free people of the community presided over by
518:; or it may refer to both, such as Senate (derived from the Latin for
198:, or similar term. Some countries, such as New Zealand, use the term
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186:, either for formal proceedings or for informal discourse, such as a
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as a formal name for the room that houses the national legislature.
446:, was intended to provide representation based on population. The
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interest directly. Thus, communication is best facilitated through
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1759:, Scandinavian Journal of Design History, vol. 15, 2005, pp. 8-39
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1059:, one each for the "Ayes" and "Noes". (This is derived from the
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674:
648:
612:. The term is also used in reference to the modern-day Japanese
526:). Some examples of the more common names for debating spaces:
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derived from old Norse for "appointed time" or "assembly". The
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emerged to perform similar advisory functions to the monarch.
36:
1055:" is by members placing themselves in separate rooms called
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that claims to have the longest continuous existence is the
334:. In Europe, similar models to parliament emerged, termed
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Churchill and the Commons Chamber - UK Parliament webpage
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In the 14th century, the king of France established the
1687:"Could we fix democracy if we moved the seats around?"
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Chamber of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
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UN Security Council, Relationships and Collaboration
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Circular conference table with multiple participants
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The Council Chambers in the UN Building in New York
728:) was an assembly of elders (the term derives from
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1466:Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
1424:, a body formed during and immediately after the
1798:History of CPAC, Canadian Public Affairs Channel
1565:communication in small and large meeting rooms (
1607:. New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 2016-04-11
411:. These bodies met in a variety of palaces, a
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1810:Parliament of Canada, Broadcasting Services
1122:Chamber of the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha
1707:UK House of Commons chamber, UK Parliament
1550:Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
1474:National Parliament of the Solomon Islands
322:. These were later consolidated into the
1786:Nisga'a Lisims Government - Building Tour
1774:- Government of the Northwest Territories
817:Westminster style parliamentary debate:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1729:Capitol Hill Neoclassical Architecture,
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27:Room for people to discuss and debate
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1327:United Nations General Assembly Hall
1158:Australia's House of Representatives
1141:Czech Republic's Chamber of Deputies
869:Long table with oppositional seating
166:is a room for people to discuss and
65:adding citations to reliable sources
833:Square table with four participants
711:, meaning "gathering" or "meeting".
634:in various Scandinavian languages (
616:. Cognate terms include the German
857:Face to face with two participants
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1535:Nisga'a Lisims Government Chamber
1162:National Assembly of South Africa
1143:and in the Palace of Assembly at
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1643:, Chapter 6. Pearson UK, 2013.
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1450:United Nations Security Council
1422:United Nations Security Council
652:: Russian, meaning "consider".
360:. In 19th century Russia, the
52:needs additional citations for
1618:Contract Pricing Finance Guide
758:. Modern day cognates include
305:, or Great Council, after the
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1772:What is Consensus Government?
1605:Guide to the debating chamber
1509:City Hall, London (Southwark)
1357:Chamber of Deputies of Brazil
1274:Brazilian Chamber of Deputies
1262:U.S. House of Representatives
444:U.S. House of Representatives
426:In the late 18th century the
385:National Constituent Assembly
1082:Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha
984:Seattle City Council chamber
149:City Central Office Building
1826:The Shape of Debate to Come
899:. The model is similar to
493:Catania Greek-Roman theater
230:interpersonal communication
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1418:Knights of the Round Table
1258:France's National Assembly
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1074:House of Commons of Canada
268:Ecclesia of ancient Athens
238:"face-to-face" interaction
29:
1458:Wilp Si A'yuukhl Nisga'a)
1426:world's greatest conflict
1211:Czech Chamber of Deputies
1020:Informal panel discussion
1731:Architect of the Capitol
1491:Debating Chamber of the
1400:Debating chamber of the
1355:Debating chamber of the
1053:division of the assembly
930:Great Hall of the People
555:House of Representatives
428:United States of America
143:A debate chamber of the
30:Not to be confused with
1812:. Retrieved 2016-04-12
1800:. Retrieved 2016-04-14
1788:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1776:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1745:. Retrieved 2016-04-14
1733:. Retrieved 2016-04-14
1709:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1676:. Retrieved 2016-04-14
1664:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1652:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1629:. Retrieved 2016-04-11
1468:, meeting halls of the
996:High Court of Australia
793:", and the name of the
514:in Ireland), lords, or
397:Council of Five Hundred
224:Psychology and geometry
145:City Council of Tampere
1761:. Retrieved 2016-04-14
1689:. Tomorrow. 2012-07-29
1199:Ireland's Dáil Eireann
787:Scandinavian languages
316:Parliament of Scotland
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1861:Legislative buildings
1270:Parliament of Finland
878:Seating configuration
734:, meaning "old man").
481:Ancient Greek theater
324:Parliament of Britain
320:Parliament of Ireland
312:Parliament of England
188:deliberative assembly
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1581:In the King's Shadow
1573:Notes and references
1447:Examples and images:
1255:Examples and images:
1151:Examples and images:
1071:Examples and images:
968:Examples and images:
695:in Ukraine, meaning
407:during the reign of
389:Legislative Assembly
61:improve this article
1846:Deliberative groups
1371:Scottish Parliament
1278:Scottish Parliament
1266:UN General Assembly
912:USSR Supreme Soviet
908:Examples and images
819:John G. Diefenbaker
559:Chamber of Deputies
393:National Convention
284:council of citizens
196:legislative chamber
32:legislative chamber
1755:Ingeborg Glambek:
1625:2018-07-29 at the
1470:Society of Friends
1341:Finnish Parliament
1008:Panel presentation
904:direct discourse.
901:direct instruction
409:Napoleon Bonaparte
332:Westminster system
160:
1286:Riksdag of Sweden
1154:India's Lok Sabha
1145:Chandigarh, India
1043:Westminster style
1033:The rectangular (
940:Council and court
602:Holy Roman Empire
541:National Assembly
430:established the
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1856:Legislatures
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1029:Rectangular
785:in modern
756:lawspeakers
452:U.S. Senate
448:upper house
440:lower house
358:Isle of Man
1840:Categories
1693:2017-07-03
1650:0273772236
1639:Geof Cox,
1590:0745647677
1456:of Wales,
1441:indigenous
1435:-style or
1220:Fan-shaped
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893:auditorium
887:Auditorium
685:, meaning
667:, meaning
657:Parliament
614:parliament
592:, meaning
512:Oireachtas
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350:parliament
288:city state
184:university
172:parliament
87:newspapers
1433:consensus
1232:hemicycle
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1048:dominions
950:courtroom
760:Icelandic
641:Rigsdagen
623:Bundestag
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627:Landtag
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547:Chamber
535:, also
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261:History
182:, or a
157:Finland
153:Tampere
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