156:; and soon the kings of England and France, following the precedent established by the lawyers and by cathedral chapters in provincial councils, began to express the Roman principle of due process in court, 'Quod omnes tangit' etc., as an integral part of the
209:
The council's modern historian, Richard Kay, asserts several lasting effects of the council. Among the most prominent was the earliest expression of the political tenet that would come to be identified as
144:
to attend, but without the power to assent to taxation on their behalf. When taken before
Innocent, the papal decision went against the chapters, as the power was alleged to lie in Romanus'
96:
The assembled churchmen authorized a tax on their annual incomes, the "Albigensian tenth", to support the
Crusade. Permanent reforms intended to fund the papacy in perpetuity, floundered.
230:
in the fifteenth century, has succeeded in the
European secular sphere from the seventeenth century onwards. The papacy was left to fund itself with stop-gap measures, which included the
120:
of all clerical incomes within his lands for a period of five years. But the seeds had been sown. Upon the king's death the following 8 November, the chapters of four French dioceses—
310:
148:. But the precedent set at Bourges had far-reaching reverberations in Italy and Spain. "By 1268 Roman formulas of the proctorial mandate were adapted for use of
136:— withheld future payments of the tithe on the grounds that they had not assented to it. Romanus responded that he had granted the tax on behalf of their
46:, it was attended by 112 archbishops and bishops, more than 500 abbots, many deans and archdeacons, and over 100 representatives of cathedral chapters.
257:, requiring married priests to put aside their wives; purely provincial councils of Bourges were convened in 1276, presided over by the Papal legate,
320:
104:
Through skillful maneuvering on the part of the legate the tax was passed, and a public opportunity was taken advantage of, to humiliate the
35:; it was the second largest church assembly held in the West up to that time, exceeded in the numbers of prelates that attended only by the
211:
171:
in every chapter, of which the yearly income, together with a portion of the bishop's income, would be reserved for the upkeep of the
90:
86:
315:
274:, in series "Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West" (Aldershort, Hampshire/Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate) 2002.
93:. Unsurprisingly, the Catholic Amaury was judged the rightful Count and, like his father, Raymond was excommunicated.
223:
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of the representation of individual and corporate rights before the king and his court and council in assembly."
330:
250:
305:
36:
67:
184:
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and the overwhelming majority of the council assembled. The chapters maintained that they had sent
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in the fourth and fifth centuries. The first order of business was to adjudicate the claims to the
55:
43:
227:
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of cathedrals and abbeys, and Kay characterizes the effect of the council as the fountainhead of
219:
153:
82:
254:
164:
325:
133:
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188:
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21:
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was unanimously rejected in May 1226, at a mixed council of laity and clergy convened at
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258:
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74:
40:
283:
Gaines Post, "Roman Law and Early
Representation in Spain and Italy, 1150-1250"
172:
231:
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63:
290:.2 (April 1943:211-232), p. 232, noting the precedent set at Bourges, 1225.
78:
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137:
59:
28:
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71:
32:
226:, which, though it failed within the Church with the failure of the
199:
195:
117:
24:
203:
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to secure permanent papal funding, by establishing a papal
218:. Over a thousand of those who attended were representing
214:", a provision that had recently been incorporated into
194:
Bishops also successfully defended their rights over
198:
within their jurisdiction from the papal claim that
272:
The
Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History
234:, which would play a divisive role in the future.
163:Less than successful, however, was the attempt of
8:
70:viewed as the most threateningly successful
242:
112:. In January 1226, Romanus granted to
311:13th-century Catholic Church councils
175:. A letter extending this request to
7:
212:no taxation without representation
54:The council was called during the
14:
202:were responsible directly to the
1:
27:convened in November 1225 in
321:History of Cher (department)
89:against the prominent Count
62:was organized to eliminate
347:
224:representational democracy
251:Council of Bourges (1031)
110:Aristotelian teachings
37:Fourth Lateran Council
68:Roman Catholic Church
150:knights of the shire
316:Albigensian Crusade
232:sale of indulgences
106:University of Paris
56:Albigensian Crusade
44:Romanus Bonaventura
228:Conciliar movement
146:legatine authority
100:Outcome and legacy
87:Amaury de Montfort
83:County of Toulouse
39:. Summoned by the
18:Council of Bourges
255:clerical celibacy
165:Pope Honorius III
50:Order of business
338:
291:
281:
275:
268:
262:
247:
77:had faced since
346:
345:
341:
340:
339:
337:
336:
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331:1220s in France
296:
295:
294:
282:
278:
269:
265:
248:
244:
240:
183:jointly by the
102:
52:
41:cardinal-legate
12:
11:
5:
344:
342:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
306:1225 in Europe
298:
297:
293:
292:
276:
263:
261:, and in 1280.
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101:
98:
51:
48:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
343:
332:
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303:
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289:
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273:
270:Richard Kay,
267:
264:
260:
259:Simon de Brie
256:
253:had affirmed
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49:
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34:
30:
26:
23:
19:
287:
284:
279:
271:
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245:
208:
193:
162:
157:
108:and its new
103:
95:
75:Christianity
66:, which the
53:
17:
15:
249:A previous
173:papal curia
91:Raymond VII
300:Categories
189:Archbishop
181:Canterbury
154:Parliament
114:Louis VIII
216:canon law
158:rationale
64:Catharism
285:Speculum
220:chapters
187:and the
138:proctors
79:Arianism
22:Catholic
326:Bourges
177:England
169:prebend
142:nuncios
60:Crusade
58:. That
29:Bourges
25:council
200:abbots
196:abbeys
72:heresy
33:France
20:was a
238:Notes
134:Tours
130:Rouen
122:Reims
118:tithe
204:pope
185:King
132:and
126:Sens
16:The
152:in
85:of
302::
288:18
206:.
191:.
128:,
124:,
116:a
31:,
210:"
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