Trebuchet - Knowledge (XXG)

1438: 1513: 1045: 1216: 3397:, p. 86 "With regard to stone-throwers, however, China and the Mediterranean world had followed quite different paths of development. Hellenistic and Roman stone-throwers were torsion machines that derived their propulsive power from twisted fibers or sinews, whereas in China, as we have seen, traction-based stone-throwers (or trebuchets) had been employed since ancient times and torsion-based devices are not attested. There has been much debate about whether even the simplest of the torsion machines, the one-armed “onager,” remained in use into the early Byzantine period. But the dominant trend was toward convergence, with the Byzantines adopting the traction trebuchet as their new stone-thrower (and possibly as early as 587)." 1287: 645:, the traction trebuchet was 17 ft (5.2 m) high with 4 ft (1.2 m) buried below ground, the fulcrum attached was constructed from the wheels of a cart, the throwing arm was 30–35 ft (9.1–10.7 m) long with three quarters above the pivot and a quarter below to which the ropes are attached, and the sling 2.8 ft (0.85 m) long. The range given for projectiles are 300 ft (91 m), 180 ft (55 m), and 120 ft (37 m). They were used as defensive weapons stationed on walls and sometimes hurled hollowed-out logs filled with burning charcoal to destroy enemy siege works. By the 1st century AD, commentators were interpreting other passages in texts such as the 2507: 1400:

equipped with their own wheels, as shown in two 17th- and 18th-century Chinese illustrations, which are also the only Chinese depictions of counterweight trebuchets on land. According to Liang Jieming, the "illustration shows... its throwing arm disassembled, its counterweight locked with supporting braces, and prepped for transport and not in battle deployment." However, according to Joseph Needham, the large tank in the middle was the counterweight, while the bulb at the end of the arm was for adjusting between fixed and swinging counterweights. Both Liang and Needham note that the illustrations are poorly drawn and confusing, leading to mislabeling.

603: 2534: 1483: 497:; on command, men pull ropes attached to the shorter end of the trebuchet beam. The difficulties of coordinating the pull of many men together repeatedly and predictably makes counterweight trebuchets preferable for the larger machines, though they are more complicated to engineer. The trebuchet had further modifications to allow an increase to its range, by creating a slot for the sling and projectile to sit underneath the trebuchet, enabling the sling to be lengthened and thus extending the range, an alteration in the trajectory, or the release point to be changed. Further increasing their complexity is that either 1410: 584: 4217:, p. 405 "From the First Crusade onward, it is very difficult to discern any differences, let alone a technological advantage, between the trebuchets employed by Muslim forces and those used by their Frankish counterparts. Even during the siege of Acre (1189-91), when individuals from across Europe and the Middle East were drawn together and encountered people from distant regions and different technological traditions for the first time, their accounts provide no suggestion of an advantage or even difference between the engines employed by the Franks and those of the Muslims. 3014:, pp. 4–5 "Although this is strong evidence that this type of technology was known, and likely employed, in the Levant before the first known use of ‘trebuchet’, there is little consensus among scholars as to when and where the counterweight trebuchet was first developed. Al-Tarsusi’s description and accompanying illustration are far from conclusive proof that this type of engine was developed in the Islamic world. At the siege of Acre in 1189-91, eyewitness sources provide no indication that the artillery employed by either the Muslim garrison or the crusaders was superior." 1495: 755:

Mediterranean by the late 6th century AD, where it replaced torsion powered siege engines such as the ballista and onager. The rapid displacement of torsion siege engines was probably due to a combination of reasons. The traction trebuchet is simpler in design, has a faster rate of fire, increased accuracy, and comparable range and power. It was probably also safer than the twisted cords of torsion weapons, "whose bundles of taut sinews stored up huge amounts of energy even in resting state and were prone to catastrophic failure when in use." At the same time, the late

83: 1426: 1295: 2578: 3567:, p. 141 "Although neither the role of the Avars in the diffusion of the traction trebuchet and many other items of military technology westward across Eurasia nor the connection between the European Avars and the East Asian Rouran can be established with certainty, the fit is nevertheless a good one. The theory of an East Asian origin for at least a key component of the Avar elite is congruent with the evidence for the arrival of East Asian technologies in western Eurasia in the last decades of the sixth century ce." 913: 2550: 1016: 1471: 1437: 1033: 595: 997: 1311:, sieges were a last resort and negotiations for surrender were common. In these instances, trebuchets were used to threaten or bombard enemy fortifications and ensure victory. On the side of caution, historians such as John France, Christopher Marshall, and Michael Fulton emphasize the still considerable difficulty of reducing fortifications with siege artillery. Examples of the failure of siege artillery include the lack of evidence that artillery ever threatened the defenses of 930: 576: 964: 947: 1303:

Chevedden, and Hugh Kennedy consider its power to have caused significant changes in medieval warfare. This line of thought suggests that rams were abandoned due to the effectiveness of the counterweight trebuchet, which was capable of reducing "any fortress to rubble". Accordingly, traditional fortifications became obsolete and had to be improved with new architectural structures to support defensive counterweight trebuchets. In southern

367:. It is unclear, however, whether these referred to counterweight trebuchets. Codagnellus did not specify a specific type of engine with the term and even implied that they were "fairly light in subsequent references". Only in the late 1210s do variations of "trebuchet" in sources, described as increasingly powerful machines or utilizing different components, identify more closely with the counterweight trebuchet. Other terms, such as 2169: 1595: 985: 2522: 1375:, explicitly states this division of functions. Traction trebuchets were to be used for hitting people in undefended areas. At the Siege of Acre (1291), both traction and counterweight trebuchets were used. The traction trebuchets provided cover fire while the counterweight trebuchets destroyed the city's fortifications. The counterweight-trebuchet could also be used for cover fire and as an anti-personnel weapon. 72: 1353:(146 lb)) have been found at Acre, located near the site of the siege and likely used by the Mamluks, surviving walls of a 13th-century Montmusard tower are no more than one meter thick. There is no indication that the thickness of fortress walls increased exponentially rather than a modest increase of 0.5–1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) between the 12th and 13th century. The 2439:" design. Instead of using the traditional axle fixed to a frame, these devices are mounted on wheels that roll on a track parallel to the ground, with a counterweight that falls directly downward upon release, allowing for greater efficiency by increasing the proportion of energy transferred to the projectile. A more radical design; Jonathan, Orion, and Emmerson Stapleton's "walking arm", described as 2562: 725:

according to the city . At the end of the arm there is a sling which holds the stone or stones, of weight and number depending on the stoutness of the arm. Men pull end, and so shoot it forth. The carriage framework can be pushed and turned around at will. Alternatively the ends can be buried in the ground and so used. the 'Whirlwind' type or the 'Four-footed' type depends upon the circumstances.

3002:, p. 33 "Neither the precise date, then, nor the route of its arrival can be determined with certainty. What is certain is that the only place known to have developed this form of artillery was China. It is equally possible that the Avars (with their origins in Central Asia), the Byzantines, or the Persians could have been the first to learn of and make use of the weapon in the western world." 2338: 3555:, p. 2 "Historians had previously assumed that the diffusion of trebuchets westward from China occurred too late to affect the initial phase of the Islamic conquests, from 624 to 656. Recent work by one of us (Chevedden), however, shows that trebuchets reached the eastern Mediterranean by the late 500s, were known in Arabia and were used with great effect by Islamic armies." 1090:

counterweights. A fixed counterweight is an intrinsic part of the swinging arm and its trajectory is circular. Hanging counterweights hang below the arm and drop vertically. Hinged counterweights are attached to the arm by a swinging joint. Some fixed counterweights also had a hinged component. The type described by al-Tarsusi was a hanging counterweight. Writing in 1280,

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type. Although less accurate, traction trebuchets might be expected to achieve the same result, albeit with more shots, in a similar amount of time. Accordingly, it was only profitable to employ counterweight trebuchets if they were capable of harnessing noticeably more energy, allowing them to throw significantly larger stones or similarly sized stones greater distances.

173: 1587: 478: 1529: 436: 3373:, p. 265 "The earliest version of the trebuchet, which worked on the principle of a pivoted beam, that is, the man-powered traction trebuchet, was operated by a crew pulling on ropes, which were attached to the short end of the beam, in other words by using manpower rather than a counterweight. Such machines date back as far as ancient China." 549:, but is typically a large stone. Dense stone, or even metal, specially worked to be round and smooth, gives the best range and predictability. When attempting to breach enemy walls, it is important to use materials that will not shatter on impact; projectiles were sometimes brought from distant quarries to get the desired properties. 3409:"We do however know that the forerunner of the giant catapults of the Medieval era, simple traction catapults based on the lever principle, were already in use during the Warring States period in China in the 5th - 3rd century B.C. Their description appeared in the writings of Mozi, in a Mohist text under a section on Siege Warfare." 2215:, England, constructed in 2005. Based on historical designs, it stands 18 metres (59 ft) tall and throws missiles typically 36 kg (80 lbs) up to 300 metres (980 ft). The trebuchet gained significant interest from numerous news sources when in 2015 a burning missile fired from the siege engine struck and damaged a 886:' initial siege artillery was countered by the defenders' own, which shot stones at the besieging machine. In response, the Seljuks constructed another one requiring 400 men to pull and threw stones weighing 20 kg (44 lb). A breach was created on the first shot but the machine was burnt down by the defenders. According to 2181: 1234:

year and no further references to the Arresting Trebuchet appear. The earliest definite mention of the counterweight trebuchet in China was in 1268, when the Mongols laid siege to Fancheng and Xiangyang. After failing to take the twin cities of Fancheng and Xiangyang for several years, collectively known as the

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of Aragon employed this as a defensive tactic in many fortified structures and towns which proved effective. Trebuchets could cause mass casualties due to the destruction of structures. During an assault on Muntcada by King James I, a trebuchet was used to target a tower, destroying the structure and

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effects of the enemy's trebuchets. Ropes of rice straw four inches thick and thirty-four feet long were joined together twenty at a time, draped on to the buildings from top to bottom, and covered with clay. Then neither the incendiary arrows, nor bombs from trebuchets, nor even stones of a hundred

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commander Qiang Shen. Qiang invented a device called the "Arresting Trebuchet" which only needed a few men to work it, and could hurl great stones more than a hundred paces, further than even the strongest traction trebuchet. However no other details on the machine are given. Qiang died the following

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shortly after 1218. By the 1230s the counterweight trebuchet was a common item in siege warfare. Despite the lack of clearly definable terms in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, it is likely that both Muslims and Europeans already had working knowledge of the counterweight trebuchet beforehand.

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The design of the Muslim trebuchets came originally from the Muslim countries, and they were more powerful than ordinary trebuchets. In the case of the largest ones, the wooden framework stood above a hole in the ground. The projectiles were several feet in diameter, and when they fell to the earth

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from around 1205. Only in the late 1210s do references to "trebuchet", describing more powerful engines and different components, more closely align with the features of a counterweight trebuchet. Some of these more powerful engines may have just been traction trebuchets, as one was described being

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For the trebuchet they use large baulks of wood to make the framework, fixing it on four wheels below. From this there rise up two posts having between them a horizontal bar which carries a single arm so that the top of the machine is like a swape. The arm is arranged as to height, length and size,

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of the lever). These factors multiply the acceleration transmitted to the throwing portion of the beam and its attached sling. The sling starts rotating with the beam, but rotates farther (typically about 360°) and therefore faster, transmitting this increased speed to the projectile. The length of

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described the faster firing traction trebuchets as more dangerous to the defenders than the counterweight ones. The Song dynasty described countermeasures against counterweight trebuchets that prevented them from damaging towers and houses: "an extraordinary method was invented of neutralising the

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There is little to no consensus as to where and when the counterweight trebuchet, which has been described as the "most powerful weapon of the Middle Ages", was first developed. The earliest known description and illustration of a counterweight trebuchet comes from a commentary on the conquests of

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period. They were commonly called stone-throwing machines, thunder carriages, and stone carriages in the following centuries. They were used as ship mounted weapons by 573 for attacking enemy fortifications. It seems that during the early 7th century, improvements were made on traction trebuchets,

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There is some evidence that the counterweight trebuchet could be transported. Armies employed a magister tormentorum ('master of trebuchets') for the reconstruction of trebuchets after they were deconstructed for transportation to their destination, whether on carts or by ship. They could also be

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Rather than replace traction trebuchets, counterweight trebuchets supplemented them in a different role. Their slower shooting rate and greater mass made them more difficult to reposition, or even yaw, leaving few incentives to employ a small counterweight engine rather than a comparable traction

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reportedly invented new pieces of heavy artillery which deviated from the conventional design and made a deep impression on everyone. Illustrations produced later in 1270 depicted fixed counterweight trebuchets used at the siege. Possible references to counterweight trebuchets also appear for the

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The catapult, the account of which has been translated from the Greek several times, was quadrangular, with a wide base but narrowing towards the top, using large iron rollers to which were fixed timber beams "similar to the beams of big houses", having at the back a sling, and at the front thick

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The counterweight trebuchet did not completely replace the traction trebuchet. Despite its greater range, counterweight trebuchets had to be constructed close to the site of the siege unlike traction trebuchets, which were smaller, lighter, cheaper, and easier to take apart and put back together

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fielded 72 or 92 trebuchets, including 14 or 15 counterweight trebuchets and the remaining traction types, they were never able to fulfill a breaching role. The Mamluks entered the city by sapping the northeast corner of the outer wall. Though stone projectiles of substantial size (~66 kilograms

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Although al-Tarsusi provided the first description and illustration of a counterweight trebuchet, the text implies that the engine was not new and had previously been built. Al-Tarsusi referred to the counterweight trebuchet as the "Persian" trebuchet whereas the "Frankish" trebuchet was a light

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According to Paul E. Chevedden, a hybrid trebuchet existed that used both counterweight and human propulsion. However no illustrations or descriptions of the device exist from the time when they were supposed to have been used. The entire argument for the existence of hybrid trebuchets rests on

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stated in 1388: "The old type of trebuchet was really more convenient. If you have a hundred of those machines, then when you are ready to march, each wooden pole can be carried by only four men. Then when you reach your destination, you encircle the city, set them up, and start shooting!" The

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While some historians have described the counterweight trebuchet as a type of medieval super weapon, other historians have urged caution in overemphasizing its destructive capability. On the side of the counterweight engine as a medieval military revolution, historians such as Sydney Toy, Paul

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The rotation speed of the throwing beam increases smoothly, starting slow but building up quickly. After the projectile is released, the arm continues to rotate, allowed to smoothly slow down on its own accord and come to rest at the end of the rotation. This is unlike the violent sudden stop

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debuted in 2016 and in 2018 won both the Grand Champion Best Design and Middleweight Open Division of the 10th annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin Festival. Another recent development is the "flywheel trebuchet," in which a flywheel is spun into rapid rotation to build up momentum before release.

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causing the consequential deaths of civilians and livestock. But typically the counterweight trebuchet was used against battlements such as parapets, other defensive structures, and the lower section of walls due to its greater accuracy and longer range, which was how it was employed by the

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was used to describe hinged counterweight engines in contrast to previous fixed or hanging counterweight trebuchets. Sometimes counterweight trebuchets are separated into two or three different categories based on how their counterweights are attached. These being fixed, hanging, and hinged

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by the sixth to seventh centuries AD. Some scholars suggest that the Avars carried the traction trebuchet westward while others claim that the Byzantines already possessed knowledge of the traction trebuchet beforehand. Regardless of the vector of transmission, it appeared in the eastern

509:, are typically required to raise the more massive counterweights. So while counterweight trebuchets require significantly fewer men to operate than traction trebuchets, they require significantly more time to reload. In a long siege, reload time may not be a critical concern. 1646:) was invented by Liu Yongxi and presented to the emperor in 1002. It was a pole with a pin at its upper end that acted as a fulcrum for the arm. The pole was used as a shot for fixing in the ground and the user could then throw missiles at the enemy from a static position. 1512: 901:

West of China, the traction trebuchet remained the primary siege engine until the 12th century when it was replaced by the counterweight trebuchet. In China the traction trebuchet was the primary siege engine until the counterweight trebuchet was introduced during the

558: 2241:, which at the 2013 WCPC Championship tossed a pumpkin 2835.8 ft (864.35 metres). The 51-foot-tall (16 m), 55,000-pound (25,000 kg) trebuchet flings the standard 8–10-pound (3.6–4.5 kg) pumpkins, specified for all entries in the WCPC competition. 1315:

between 1170 and 1188. Marshall maintains that "the methods of attack and defence remained largely the same through the thirteenth century as they had been during the twelfth." Reservations on the counterweight trebuchet's destructive capability were expressed by

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In spite of the evidence regarding increasingly powerful counterweight trebuchets during the 13th century, "it remains an important consideration that not one of these appears to have effected a breach that directly led to the fall of a stronghold." In 1220,

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accounts of increasingly more effective siege weapons. Peter Purton suggests that this was simply because the machines became larger. The earliest depiction of a hybrid trebuchet is dated to 1462, when trebuchets had already become obsolete due to cannons.

6424: 6222: 1109:, which is only useful to counterweight machines, at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. However the source for this was written in the 1180s to 1190s and Niketas may have been placing the engine of his own time anachronistically into the past. At the 789:

in 586 with traction trebuchets. The bombardment lasted for hours, but the operators were inaccurate and most of the shots missed their target. When one stone did reach their target, it "demolished the top of the rampart down to the walkway." The

2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 324:, describes it as a "trap whose trigger mechanism consists of an assembly of balanced logs" (understood as animal trap by 1375) while the ca. 1200 edition describes it as a "war engine that throws stones to break down walls". The word 2188: 538:, which must absorb most of the launching energy into their own frame, and must be heavily built and reinforced as a result. This key difference makes the trebuchet much more durable, allowing for larger and more powerful machines. 847:, used in a supportive position alongside archers and slingers. Most accounts of traction trebuchets describe them as light artillery weapons while actual penetration of defenses was the result of mining or siege towers. At the 6417: 6215: 1494: 2549: 759:

seems to have fielded "considerably less artillery than its forebears, organised now in separate units, so the weaponry that came into the hands of successor states might have been limited in quantity." Evidence from

2185: 1152:. Chevedden argues that given the references to new and better trebuchets that by the 1120–30s, the counterweight trebuchet was being used in a variety of places by different peoples such as the crusader states, the 2207:

The methods of trebuchet construction were lost at the beginning of the 16th century. In 1984, the French engineer Renaud Beffeyte made the first modern reconstruction of a trebuchet, based on documents from 1324.

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Although rarely used as a weapon today, trebuchets maintain the interest of professional and hobbyist engineers. One modern technological development, especially for the competitive pumpkin-hurling events, is the

6208: 2987:, p. 142 "Another, more specifically Chinese contribution to military technology that may have been carried westward by the Avars is the traction trebuchet. In contrast to the counterweighted trebuchet..." 529:

to give it the range to hit the target. Adjusting the sling's release point is the primary means of fine-tuning the range, as the rest of the trebuchet's actions are difficult to adjust after construction.

1560:. Accounts of the attack note that its use was motivated by the limited supply of gunpowder. The attempt was reportedly unsuccessful: the first projectile landed on the trebuchet itself, destroying it. 489:

is stored by slowly raising an extremely heavy box (typically filled with stones, sand, or lead) attached to the shorter end of the beam (typically on a hinged connection), and releasing it on command.

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they made a hole three or four feet deep. when wanted to hurl them to a great range, they added weight and set it further back when they needed only a shorter distance, they set it forward, nearer .

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in 1199. However it is unclear if this referred to counterweight trebuchets since the author did not specify what engine was used and described the machine as fairly light. They may have been used in

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and built trebuchets for the siege. Chinese and Muslim engineers operated artillery and siege engines for the Mongol armies. By 1283, counterweight trebuchets were also used in Southeast Asia by the

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is a smaller version of a counterweight trebuchet with a single frame instead of the usual double "A" frames. The counterweight is split into two halves to avoid hitting the center frame.

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in 1187. However cases for the existence of both European and Muslim counterweight trebuchets prior to 1187 have been made. In 1090, Khalaf ibn Mula'ib threw out a man from the citadel in

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Sayers, William (2023), "Chapter 3: The Counterweight Trebuchet, the History of Its Name in Medieval France and Britain, and the Terminology of Its Components in Villard de Honnecourt",

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at one point or another. Confusion between the onager, mangonel, trebuchet, and other catapult types in contemporary terminology has led some historians today to use the more precise

5039: 688:, the engineer Jiang Xingben made great advancements on trebuchets that were unknown in ancient times. Jiang Xingben participated in the construction of siege engines for Taizong's 1320:, who "asserted that even counterweight-powered artillery could do little more than destroy crenellations, clear defenders from parapets and target the machines of the besieged." 1229:

Counterweight trebuchets do not appear with certainty in Chinese historical records until about 1268. Prior to 1268, the counterweight trebuchet may have been used in 1232 by the

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to swing the arm. It appeared in both Christian and Muslim lands around the Mediterranean in the 12th century, and was carried back to China by the Mongols in the 13th century.

2204:, and use in other historical celebrations. As their construction is substantially simpler than modern weapons, trebuchets also serve as the object of engineering challenges. 1215: 657:

as references to the traction trebuchet: "the guai is 'a great arm of wood on which a stone is laid, and this by means of a device is shot off and so strikes down the enemy.

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Most trebuchet use in recent centuries has been for recreational or educational, rather than military purposes. New machines have been constructed and old ones restored by

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Chevedden argues that counterweight trebuchets appeared prior to 1187 in Europe based on what might have been counterweight trebuchets in earlier sources. The 12th-century

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is primarily obtained by having the projectile section of the beam much longer than the opposite section where the force is applied – usually four to six times longer.

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Instruction of the masters on the means of deliverance from disasters in wars. Bodleian MS Hunt. 264. ed. Cahen, Claude, "Un traite d'armurerie compose pour Saladin"

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to throw a projectile. They are typically large constructions, with the length of the beam as much as 15 meters (50 ft), with some purported to be even larger.

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in 865, defensive artillery were responsible for repelling an attack on the city gate while traction trebuchets on boats claimed a hundred of the defenders' lives.

5219: 1203:(1096–1099) onward, there does not appear to be any discernible difference in the technology of siege engines employed by Muslim and Frankish forces, and by the 1425: 5417: 2495:

troops. The IDF later issued a response to suggest that the trebuchet's use was a "local initiative", rather than a widely-used tool in the Israeli military.

946: 1184:, who was killed by artillery at the siege, is a traction trebuchet. Though soon after, clear evidence of counterweight machines appeared. According to the 912: 963: 851:

in 766, Byzantine defenders used wooden cover to protect themselves from the enemy artillery while inflicting casualties with their own stone throwers.

4255: 1470: 264:(10th century) meant "to overthrow, to bring down", then and now "to stumble", maybe earlier "to rock" or "to tilt". It is a compound of (Old) French 1181: 607: 5076: 233:

is first mentioned in the 14th century (13th century in Anglo-Latin) as "medieval stone-throwing engine of war". It is borrowed from (Old) French

2521: 929: 6072: 3385:, p. 2 "The trebuchet, invented in China between the fifth and third centuries B.C.E., reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century C.E." 996: 462:

suspended high above the ground by a stout frame and base, such that the beam can rotate vertically through a wide arc (typically over 180°). A

5402: 1286: 4767: 4151: 399:, which was used as a generic term for any medieval stone throwing artillery. Both the traction and counterweight trebuchets have been called 6092: 5871:

Miracula S. Demetrii, ed. P. Lemerle, Les plus anciens recueils des miracles de saint Demitrius et la penetration des slaves dans les Balkans

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noted that at the siege of Balis in 823 it was the defenders that suffered from bombardment rather than the fortifications. At the siege of

2491:. The goal was to burn down the thicket that grew alongside the border wall between Israel and Lebanon, so it couldn't be used as cover by 1190:, the defenders "ran to the ropes and wound the trebuchets", and to shoot the machine, they "then released their ropes." They were used in 5279:"Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival: The Final Results and Report for the 8th Annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival on Sept. 25th, 2016" 5057: 2283:. It recreates the true story that it took some three months to build and Edward would not let his enemy surrender until he could use it. 120:. The design of a trebuchet allows it to launch projectiles of greater weights and further distances than that of a traditional catapult. 76: 2222:

situated at the River Avon close by, inadvertently demonstrating the weapon's power. It is built on the design of a similar trebuchet at

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A modern improvised trebuchet erected by rioters in Hrushevskoho Street, Kyiv in 2014, with the counterweight used to operate it visible

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in 848, traction trebuchets were used, "reportedly killing 100 and wounding 400 on each side during the eight-month siege." During the

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say that "The flying stones weigh 12 catties and by devices are shot off 300 paces." Traction trebuchets went into decline during the

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In China, the last time trebuchets were seriously considered for military purposes was in 1480. Not much is heard of them afterwards.

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The Crossbow With a Treatise on the Balista and Catapult of the Ancients and an Appendix on the Catapult, Balista and Turkish Bow

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is attached to one end of the beam to hold the projectile. The projectile is thrown when the beam is quickly rotated by applying

872: 6549: 5978: 4990: 2287: 1246:" is a loose slang referring to any Muslims), or Xiangyang trebuchet (襄陽砲) because they were first encountered in that battle. 1207:(1189–1192), both sides seemed well acquainted with the enemy's siege weapons, which "appear to have been remarkably similar." 1186: 1073:

fortifications. David Nicolle argues that these events could have only been possible with the use of counterweight trebuchets.

860: 6011: 4910: 821: 131:, which uses manpower to swing the arm. It first appeared in China by the 4th century BC. It spread westward, possibly by the 6554: 2464: 663: 5256: 1242:

army brought in two Persian engineers to build hinged counterweight trebuchets. Known as the Huihui trebuchet (回回砲, where "

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The difference between counterweight and traction trebuchets is what force they use. Counterweight trebuchets use gravity;

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cables, enabling the arm to be raised and lowered, and which threw "enormous blocks into the air with a terrifying noise".

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Some exceptionally large and powerful traction trebuchets have been described during the 11th century or later. At the

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Humphries, Paul D. (1985). "'Of Arms and Men': Siege and Battle Tactics in the Catalan Grand Chronicles (1208-1387)".

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The counterweight and traction trebuchets were phased out around the mid-15th century in favor of gunpowder weapons.

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tried to capture an island castle with traction trebuchet on galleys. Traction trebuchets were also used in India.

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In recent years several trebuchets has been created capable of throwing cars. In the episode "Carnage A Trois" in

6243: 6120: 2381: 879: 1294: 890:, this machine weighed 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) and caused a number of casualties to the city's defenders. 6498: 5189: 1247: 1153: 1062: 1020: 898:

in 1161, a traction trebuchet was reported to have had a range of 200 paces (over 400 m (1,300 ft)).

867:

in 838 saw the use of traction trebuchets to drive away defenders and destroy wooden defenses. At the siege of

6402: 2226:

in Denmark. In 1989, Middelaldercentret became the first place in the modern era to have a working trebuchet.

6200: 6146: 6126: 3827: 2975:, pp. 71, 74. "The traction trebuchet, invented by the Chinese sometime before the fourth century B.C." 2234: 2211:

The largest currently-functioning trebuchet in the world is the 22,000-kilogram (49,000 lb) machine at

2201: 513: 5659:

Hansen, Peter Vemming (April 1992). "Medieval Siege Engines Reconstructed: The Witch with Ropes for Hair".

2388: 112:

that uses a rotating arm with a sling attached to the tip to launch a projectile. It was a common powerful

6135: 6023: 5509:

Chevedden, Paul E. (2000). "The Invention of the Counterweight Trebuchet: A Study in Cultural Diffusion".

2436: 2309: 2216: 1623:

mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a one-man traction trebuchet, it was used by troops of emperor

1549: 1545: 820:

contains the earliest western European reference to mangonels (traction trebuchets) in its account of the

587: 6559: 6455: 5511: 2613: 2513: 2484: 2301: 1567: 1015: 844: 619: 615: 546: 2297: 1329: 4977: 2370: 1366:

again where necessary. The superiority of the counterweight trebuchet was not clear cut. Of this, the

594: 6248: 5880:

Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity – An Illustrated History

5661: 5482: 5162:(YouTube). Hancock, NH: The Science Channel. November 24, 2010. Event occurs at 1:17. Archived from 2568: 1624: 1557: 1460: 1345: 1148: 1122:, where the crusaders reportedly made use of "great trebuchets". However the sources for this siege, 471: 448: 364: 88: 6028: 481:

Example sling-release mechanism that automatically launches projectile at desired point of arm swing

6197: – A website about trebuchets with particular focus on modern uses and developments. 5473: 4765: 4165: 2313: 1502: 1308: 1235: 1123: 693: 631:

The first recorded use of traction trebuchets was in ancient China. They were probably used by the

6141: 5916:

Charlemagne and Louis the Pious: The Lives by Einhard, Notker, Ermoldus, Thegan and the Astronomer

1553: 575: 6381: 6041: 5789: 5781: 5748: 5723: 5676: 5594: 5528: 5361: 5313: 4607: 4565: 4332: 2540: 2229:

Trebuchets compete in one of the classifications of machines used to hurl pumpkins at the annual

2223: 1632: 1114: 1094:

claimed that hinged counterweight trebuchets had a greater range than fixed counterweight types.

852: 806:

in the Sudan. Like the Chinese, by 653, the Arabs also had ship mounted traction trebuchets. The

289: 5249:"Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival: Results of the 10th annual Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin Festival" 1325: 1032: 5624:

Artillery in the Era of the Crusades: Siege Warfare and the Development of Trebuchet Technology

5220:"World's Simplest and Newest Trebuchet (Walking Arm Trebuchet) : 17 Steps (with Pictures)" 1371:

traction trebuchet continued to serve as an anti-personnel weapon. The Norwegian text of 1240,

6088: 5850: 5840: 5627: 4599: 4557: 4324: 4261: 3918: 3831: 3521: 3496: 3300: 2468: 1381: 1376: 1102: 990:

12th-century depiction of a traction trebuchet (also called a perrier) next to a staff slinger

887: 799: 653: 6084: 5961:

The Worlds of Villard de Honnecourt: The Portfolio, Medieval Technology, and Gothic Monuments

5834: 6508: 6371: 6294: 6080: 6033: 5773: 5715: 5586: 5520: 5490: 4549: 3493:

Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7

2832: 2786: 2728: 2682: 2639: 2608: 2453: 2276: 2230: 1500:

Possibly a counterweight trebuchet (however text says cannon) from the Chinese encyclopedia

1443: 1349: 1119: 848: 825: 803: 791: 739: 717: 506: 486: 444: 136: 5498: 5040:"Experts reveal the science behind 'the world's biggest trebuchet' on You Have Been Warned" 1105:

may have been referring to a counterweight trebuchet when he described one equipped with a

1085:(Frankish trebuchet) to refer to counterweight trebuchets. Paul E. Chevedden suggests that 525:

so that, at the time of release from the sling, the projectile is traveling in the desired

6351: 6325: 4771: 2321: 2305: 2280: 2250: 2168: 1455: 1416: 1354: 1127: 1110: 864: 795: 751: 535: 439:

Side view of counterweight trebuchet, with a detail of the counterweight release mechanism

391: 316: 177: 132: 101: 5802: 4752: 4538:""Of Arms and Men": Siege and Battle Tactics in the Catalan Grand Chronicles (1208-1387)" 214:, have obscured the origin of the term. In Arabic the counterweight trebuchet was called 5486: 1594: 1518:

Early 18th-century depiction of a Chinese ship armed with three counterweight trebuchets

1163:

The earliest solid reference to a "trebuchet" in European sources dates to the siege of

768:

suggests there was substantial loss of skills and techniques in artillery further west.

6513: 6386: 6116: 5737:"War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218" 4313:"War in the South: A First Look at Siege Warfare in the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218" 3938: 3516:

Franke, Herbert (1994). Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (eds.).

2395: 2292: 2212: 2197: 2173: 1627:

around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the

1608: 1367: 1317: 1069:

with a machine and in the early 12th century, Muslim siege engines were able to breach

975: 954: 937: 920: 895: 816: 672: 563: 557: 542: 463: 5494: 5442: 1344:

but could not penetrate past the outer wall, which was soft but thick. As late as the

395:, a torsion powered catapult that is often conflated in contemporary sources with the 6528: 6493: 6391: 6346: 6269: 6045: 5969: 5793: 2238: 1204: 1200: 1091: 159: 2237:, U.S. The record-holder in that contest for trebuchets is the Yankee Siege II from 1721:

130–275 m (427–902 ft) (no damage to walls over 130 m (430 ft))

71: 6361: 6131: 4914: 3518:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368

2618: 1312: 1263: 1180:

were mentioned to have been deployed, but the siege engine depicted at the tomb of

970: 786: 756: 709: 705: 681: 307: 195: 113: 894:

describes a traction trebuchet capable of throwing a man in 1089. At the siege of

6012:"Trebuchet - A Gravity-Operated Siege Engine: Study in Experimental Archaeology" 5990: 5971:

Trebuchet – a gravity operated siege engine. A Study in Experimental Archaeology

5643:

The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium

4994: 3074: 2337: 2317: 2271: 1616: 891: 802:

in the second half of the 7th century. In 652, the Arabs used trebuchets at the

738:

The traction trebuchet was adopted by various peoples west of China such as the

685: 668: 637: 494: 185: 181: 6117:

Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets)

4939: 671:

due to long periods of peace but became a common siege weapon again during the

419:

to mean exclusively traction trebuchets, while others call traction trebuchets

6376: 6315: 6183: 6172: 6161: 5854: 5804:

The Counterweighted Trebuchet – an Excellent Example of Applied Retromechanics

5355: 5341: 5303: 5163: 4701: 1243: 526: 522: 502: 5681: 4603: 4561: 4328: 1540:, the trebuchet began to lose its place as the siege engine of choice to the 6467: 6289: 6274: 5762:"The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine" 4961:"armedieval - le trebuchet et les machines civiles et militaires médiévales" 3169: 3165: 3146: 3097: 2492: 2219: 1571: 1537: 1251: 1221: 1098: 701: 647: 306:

The earliest appearance of the term "trebuchet" in French dates to the late

117: 6037: 2441:"...a stick falling over with a huge counterweight on top of the stick..." 517: 172: 6503: 6488: 6450: 6445: 6356: 6320: 6310: 6279: 6264: 5590: 5379: 2603: 2598: 2258: 1451: 1106: 1070: 1066: 765: 743: 625: 382: 140: 128: 109: 17: 5813: 5752: 5077:"The Grand Tour: This Is What Happened To The Carnage A Trois Trebuchet" 4611: 4587: 4336: 4312: 1586: 477: 314:

as a siege weapon are from around the year 1200. The 1174-77 edition of

6366: 5785: 5736: 5727: 5598: 5532: 5308: 5142: 4569: 4537: 2584: 2488: 2279:, King of Scots. During the film, it hurls an incendiary projectile at 2262: 2245: 1575: 1528: 1191: 1168: 1157: 1058: 883: 697: 579:

Sicilian-Byzantine depiction of a traction trebuchet, 12th-13th century

435: 337: 5608:

The Diffusion of Artillery Terminology in the Early Thirteenth Century

5574: 5376:"Ukrainian Protesters Built A Giant Catapult To Fight The Riot Police" 4703:

Israel Uses Medieval Trebuchet Against Hezbollah in Lebanon | WSJ News

147:, and other neighboring peoples by the sixth to seventh centuries AD. 5403:"Watch: IDF uses trebuchet to launch flaming projectile at Hezbollah" 2467:

in Ukraine, rioters used an improvised trebuchet to throw bricks and

2460:. The trebuchet was used to project explosives at government troops. 2320:

created a 14-metre (46 ft) high trebuchet capable of throwing a

1541: 1447: 1304: 1239: 1195: 1002: 868: 811: 807: 632: 5777: 5719: 5524: 5197: 4553: 2192:

2012 demonstration of the Warwick Castle trebuchet (launch at 10:30)

6156: 5562:

Dennis, George (1998). "Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis".

1697:

0.6 kg (1.3 lb) (stone)/0.4 kg (0.88 lb) (lead)

676:

although it is not explicitly stated what. According to a stele in

521:

the sling increases the mechanical advantage, and also changes the

6462: 6284: 5761: 5703: 5542:

The Anarchy: War and Status in 12th-Century Landscapes of Conflict

2179: 2167: 1620: 1593: 1585: 1527: 1293: 1285: 1259: 1214: 1043: 1031: 1014: 782: 747: 712:

soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur against the ships of the

601: 593: 582: 574: 556: 498: 476: 467: 452: 434: 171: 144: 2527:

19th century French drawing of a medieval counterweight trebuchet

1219:

A Chinese counterweight trebuchet packed for transport, from the

6151: 3815: 3813: 1255: 761: 459: 6406: 6204: 5934:

Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States

4774:

Couillard pictures ... see CHÂTEAU DES BAUX-DE-PROVENCE, France

389:

was created mainly to distinguish this type of weapon from the

5704:"By Hook or by Crook: Siege Warfare in the Fourteenth Century" 5575:"English Artillery 1189-1307: The Implications of Terminology" 5443:"IDF uses medieval siege weapon to fling fireballs at Lebanon" 4588:"By hook or by crook: Siege warfare in the fourteenth century" 2798: 2331: 1019:

The earliest known depiction of a counterweight trebuchet, by

6194: 5138:"This Massive Homemade Trebuchet Can Launch Washing Machines" 5017:"Season 8 Filming: Watch a trebuchet test at Titanic Studios" 3823:

City of heavenly tranquility: Beijing in the history of China

1077:

traction engine. Later during the 13th century, Muslims used

794:

adopted the traction trebuchet possibly as early as 587, the

635:

as early as 4th century BC; descriptions can be found in the

534:

inherent in the action of other catapult designs such as the

458:

A trebuchet consists primarily of a long beam attached by an

541:

A trebuchet projectile can be almost anything, even debris,

6433:

Medieval mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons

4991:"World Championship Punkin Chunkin – Current World Records" 4260:(reprint ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 283. 2862: 2844: 2758: 2740: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2663: 2651: 1431:

Counterweight trebuchet at the siege of Nicaea (1097), 1337

385:), not used by contemporary users of the weapons. The term 6231:

Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons

5357:

Syrian opposition use medieval 'trebuchet' to launch bombs

4492: 4490: 2853: 2755: 2749: 2703: 2660: 2657: 2583:

A scale model of a trebuchet, based on the design of the "

5058:"Car is launched from trebuchet at Shropshire fundraiser" 4893: 4891: 4878: 4876: 4659: 4657: 4225: 4223: 3855: 3853: 3450: 3448: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3051: 3049: 2850: 2810: 2804: 2746: 5923:

Payne-Gallwey, Sir Ralph (1903). "LVIII The Trebuchet".

3985: 3983: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3626: 3624: 3587: 3585: 3342: 3340: 2921: 2919: 2917: 371:, might have also referred to counterweight trebuchets. 194:

The numerous forms of the word that appeared during the

123:

There are two main types of trebuchet. The first is the

5672:"Experimental Reconstruction of the Medieval Trebuchet" 4960: 4000: 3998: 3740: 3738: 3641: 3639: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 42: 5418:"IDF forces use 15th-century weapon against Hezbollah" 4980:. archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013 2512:

Modern recreation of a Mongol-era traction trebuchet,

2874: 2859: 2835: 2822: 2807: 2770: 2731: 2718: 2672: 2296:

the presenters uses a trebuchet to allegedly sling a

733:(太白陰經) by Tang military official Li Quan (李筌), 759 AD 180:

was a torsion powered weapon used in Europe from the

5364:

from the original on 2021-11-07 – via YouTube.

5119:"YouTuber Colin Furze creates trebuchet in Stamford" 4257:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3297:

Ingenium : five machines that changed the world

2865: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2761: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2709: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2654: 2648: 2645: 411:

used to distinguish what was before called simply a

284:

expressing "displacement" in that case + Old French

6481: 6438: 6339: 6303: 6257: 6236: 5907:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2

2856: 2789: 2752: 2685: 2642: 1488:

16th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet

1476:

15th-century depiction of a counterweight trebuchet

641:(compiled in the 4th century BC). According to the 3299:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 66–70. 2487:used a trebuchet to hurl flaming projectiles into 1700:180 m (590 ft)/300 m (980 ft) 5889:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6 2176:(England) based on drawings from the 13th Century 952:Sìjiǎo "Four Footed" traction trebuchet from the 863:used artillery to damage houses in the town. The 512:When the trebuchet is operated, the force causes 86:Counterweight trebuchet used in a siege from the 5943:A History of the Early Medieval Siege c.450-1200 5833:Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (10 January 2014). 4152:"Historic Traction Trebuchet Illustrations Pt 1" 3520:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242. 2995: 2993: 1570:made at least partial use of trebuchets against 1552:. One of the last recorded military uses was by 843:The traction trebuchet was most efficient as an 59:Siege engine using long arm to throw projectiles 6077:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 5873:. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 4972: 4970: 1386: 1268: 830: 722: 150:The later, and often larger and more powerful, 5952:A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200-1500 5836:Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe 3162:Dictionnaire historique de la langue française 2456:, rebels were filmed using a trebuchet in the 696:constructed 300 trebuchets for his assault on 628:in some sources, originated in ancient China. 624:The traction trebuchet, also referred to as a 598:13th-century depiction of a traction trebuchet 561:Wheeled whirlwind traction trebuchet from the 6418: 6216: 6055:Siege Weapons of the Far East (1) AD 612-1300 5464:Chevedden, Paul E.; et al. (July 1995). 5100:"Carnage a Trois" Episode Falls Largely Flat" 4166:"Medieval Warfare during the Cathar Crusades" 2248:as part of the set for the television series 2244:A large trebuchet was tested in late 2017 in 1362:caused any damage to the towers and houses." 704:did the same at Luoyang, and onward into the 8: 5812:Jahsman, William E.; MTA Associates (2001). 5801:Jahsman, William E.; MTA Associates (2000). 6066:. Bulletin d'etudes orientales 12 :103–163. 5869:Archbishop of Thessalonike, John I (1979). 5242: 5240: 4913:. Thelep.org.uk. 2008-11-20. Archived from 3495:. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. 1639:(author anonymous) as a form of artillery. 814:adopted the weapon in the 8th century. The 606:Traction trebuchet depicted at the tomb of 244:The French word is from the verbal root of 26: 6425: 6411: 6403: 6223: 6209: 6201: 5900:. Cambridge University Press. p. 218. 6027: 4843: 4722: 4687: 4114: 4090: 4066: 4042: 3603: 3552: 3382: 3282: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 2972: 2422:Learn how and when to remove this message 1671:Comparison of different artillery weapons 1544:. Trebuchets were still used both at the 5839:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 4938:. Engineering.wright.edu. Archived from 4636: 4481: 3669: 3576: 3370: 2082: 2019: 1931: 1863: 1742: 1679: 608:Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester 81: 70: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 6073:"Christian and Islamic Nubia, 543–1820" 4855: 4831: 4734: 4675: 4496: 4469: 4241: 4229: 4054: 3962: 3900: 3871: 3859: 3792: 3540: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3439: 3331: 3229: 3193: 3055: 2937:OED, Random House Unabridged Dictionary 2925: 2894: 2629: 2502: 1996:460–1,060 m (1,510–3,480 ft) 1993:950–1,200 kg (2,090–2,650 lb) 1919:900–1,360 kg (1,980–3,000 lb) 1558:siege of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlán 1405: 908: 777:, probably written around 620 by John, 288:"trunk of the body, bulk", itself from 28: 6085:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.407 5989:Siano, Donald B. (November 16, 2013). 5918:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 5622:Fulton, Michael S. (August 13, 2018). 5616:Artillery in and around the Latin East 4897: 4882: 4867: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4663: 4648: 4624: 4581: 4579: 4531: 4529: 4520: 4508: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4349: 4298: 4286: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4138: 4126: 4102: 4078: 4030: 4004: 3989: 3974: 3888: 3804: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3729: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3645: 3630: 3591: 3358: 3346: 3319: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3217: 3205: 3181: 3134: 3119: 3040: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2908: 2358:Please improve this article by adding 2126: 2107: 2079:Reconstructed counterweight trebuchets 2001:European siege crossbow (15th century) 1896: 1877: 6185:Traction Trebuchet hurling a football 5927:(Reprint ed.). pp. 308–315. 5190:"The Original Floating Arm Trebuchet" 5019:. winteriscoming.net. 6 November 2017 3717: 3657: 3615: 3564: 3427: 3406: 3394: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2984: 2955: 2089:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) 2026:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) 2009:364–420 m (1,194–1,378 ft) 1982:350–520 m (1,150–1,710 ft) 1870:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) 1752:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) 1686:Projectile weight: kilograms (pounds) 708:when in 1161, trebuchets operated by 690:campaigns against the Western Regions 470:to the opposite end of the beam. The 7: 6142:Caerphilly Castle trebuchet shooting 4020:. Estonian Academy Publishers. 2006. 1860:Counterweight trebuchets (estimates) 1446:attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of 75:Replica counterweight trebuchets at 5565:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 5196:. New Braunfels, TX. Archived from 5117:Baillie, Maddy (27 December 2020). 4993:. punkinchunkin.com. Archived from 1969:250–500 m (820–1,640 ft) 935:Crouching tiger trebuchet from the 918:Five whirlwind trebuchets from the 904:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty 295:"belly" similar to Old High German 5094:Lewis, Corey (December 21, 2021). 3945:. Historynet.com. 5 September 2006 2946:Random House Unabridged Dictionary 798:in the early 7th century, and the 57: 6163:Trebuchet de l'AMQ a St-Marcellin 5898:Science and Civilization in China 5495:10.1038/scientificamerican0795-66 5360:. Truthloader. 22 February 2013. 5283:Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival 5253:Vermont Pumpkin Chuckin' Festival 5075:Douglas, Steven (March 7, 2022). 4978:Reconstructing Medieval Artillery 4018:"Estonian Journal of Archaeology" 2265:" was constructed for a scene in 2103:120–168 m (394–551 ft) 2086:Counterweight: kilograms (pounds) 2016:Reconstructed traction trebuchets 1867:Counterweight: kilograms (pounds) 1853:200–275 m (656–902 ft) 1830:Four footed (seven arm) trebuchet 1726:Onager (Vitruvius reconstruction) 1036:Siege of Baghdad (1258) from the 516:of the beam around the axle (the 6005:from the original on 2022-10-10. 5932:Peterson, Leif Inge Ree (2013), 5828:from the original on 2006-10-06. 4536:Humphries, Paul Douglas (1985). 2831: 2785: 2727: 2681: 2638: 2576: 2560: 2548: 2532: 2520: 2505: 2336: 1816:Four footed (five arm) trebuchet 1532:Siege of Baghdad (1258), c. 1430 1511: 1493: 1481: 1469: 1436: 1424: 1415:Counterweight trebuchets at the 1408: 1290:Counterweight trebuchet, c. 1280 995: 983: 962: 945: 928: 911: 6016:Estonian Journal of Archaeology 5984:from the original on 2022-10-10 5691:The Journal of Military History 5316:from the original on 2021-11-07 5159:Punkin Chunkin 2010- Tired Iron 2448:Uses in activism and insurgency 2146:30,000 kg (66,000 lb) 1941:Draw weight: kilograms (pounds) 1897:30,000 kg (66,000 lb) 1878:15,000 kg (33,000 lb) 1802:Four footed (two arm) trebuchet 1788:Four footed (one arm) trebuchet 1236:siege of Fancheng and Xiangyang 1187:Song of the Albigensian Crusade 1172:pulled by ten thousand. At the 1048:Counterweight trebuchet in the 861:Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani 5670:Hansen, Peter Vemming (1992). 5447:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5401:Smith, Nicola (13 June 2024). 5136:Hart, Matthew (Dec 11, 2020). 2127:6,000 kg (13,000 lb) 1642:In China, the hand-trebuchet ( 1254:travelled to South China from 1138:that were later translated as 1113:in 1097 the Byzantine emperor 664:Records of the Grand Historian 310:and the first attestations of 1: 5914:Noble, T. F. X., ed. (2009). 5680:(63): 189–208. Archived from 5650:Gravett, Christopher (1990). 5579:The English Historical Review 5302:Stanton, Tom (Sep 24, 2020). 3939:"Arms and Men: The Trebuchet" 2360:secondary or tertiary sources 2108:4,000 kg (8,800 lb) 2100:12–15 kg (26–33 lb) 2097:2,000 kg (4,400 lb) 1613:χειρομάγγανον, cheiromanganon 1298:Counterweight trebuchet, 1430 1174:Siege of Toulouse (1217–1218) 423:and counterweight trebuchets 415:. Some modern historians use 355:is found a decade later with 222:. In China it was called the 5891:, Cambridge University Press 5735:Marvin, Laurence W. (2001). 5606:Fulton, Michael S. (2016a), 5222:. 2019-09-08. Archived from 4311:Marvin, Laurence W. (2001). 2111:8–12 kg (18–26 lb) 2040:5–15 kg (11–33 lb) 1120:second siege of Tyre in 1124 5614:Fulton, Michael S. (2016), 5573:Bachrach, David S. (2006). 2567:Counterweight trebuchet at 2257:A large trebuchet based on 2172:A functioning trebuchet at 2149:476 kg (1,049 lb) 2133:320 m (1,050 ft) 2114:445 m (1,460 ft) 2006:545 kg (1,202 lb) 1987:Mounted triple-bow crossbow 1974:Mounted double-bow crossbow 1961:Mounted single-bow crossbow 1956:460 m (1,510 ft) 1949:Mounted multi-bolt crossbow 1903:400 m (1,300 ft) 1884:365 m (1,198 ft) 1780:7.25 kg (16.0 lb) 774:Miracles of Saint Demetrius 684:'s conquest of what is now 6576: 6304:Crew-served stone-throwers 6258:Crew-served arrow-throwers 6174:Slow motion mini trebuchet 6053:Turnbull, Stephen (2001), 5546:Liverpool University Press 5540:Creighton, Oliver (2017). 4749:"Trebuchet Design Factors" 2045:~100 m (330 ft) 1836:56.7 kg (125 lb) 1619:mounted on a pole using a 822:siege of Tortosa (808–809) 779:Archbishop of Thessaloniki 613: 64:Trebuchet (disambiguation) 61: 6244:Greek and Roman artillery 6071:Zurawski, Bogdan (2021). 5760:Tarver, W. T. S. (1995). 5702:Gareth, Williams (2013). 4586:Williams, Gareth (2013). 2465:Hrushevskoho street riots 2141:200 m (660 ft) 2138:100 kg (220 lb) 2122:185 m (607 ft) 2119:100 kg (220 lb) 2072:137 m (449 ft) 2066:1.9 kg (4.2 lb) 2058:145 m (476 ft) 2053:3.1 kg (6.8 lb) 2032:Max range: meters (feet) 1911:160 m (520 ft) 1908:250 kg (550 lb) 1900:100 kg (220 lb) 1892:217 m (712 ft) 1889:100 kg (220 lb) 1850:~86 kg (190 lb) 1822:44.5 kg (98 lb) 1811:120 m (390 ft) 1808:11.3 kg (25 lb) 1794:1.1 kg (2.4 lb) 1774:Crouching tiger trebuchet 1766:1.8 kg (4.0 lb) 1705:Ballista (reconstruction) 1694:Ballista (reconstruction) 1635:(c. 1000), and listed in 1612: 1536:With the introduction of 880:Siege of Manzikert (1054) 256:+ diminutive noun suffix 166:Etymology and terminology 135:, and was adopted by the 6499:Bullet-shooting crossbow 5905:Needham, Joseph (1986), 5896:Needham, Joseph (2004). 5887:Needham, Joseph (1994), 5641:Graff, David A. (2016), 5555:Medieval Siege Weapons 2 3826:(illustrated ed.). 3491:Needham, Joseph (1987). 3075:Etymology Online : 2202:historical re-enactments 2164:Recreation and education 2152:80 m (260 ft) 2130:55 kg (121 lb) 1881:60 kg (130 lb) 1839:78 m (256 ft) 1825:78 m (256 ft) 1797:78 m (256 ft) 1783:78 m (256 ft) 1769:78 m (256 ft) 1732:90 m (300 ft) 1711:82 m (269 ft) 1194:at least by 1217 and in 1165:Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda 1081:(Western trebuchet) and 1063:Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi 1021:Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi 1005:traction trebuchet, 1285 969:Traction trebuchet on a 493:Traction trebuchets use 361:Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda 39:latest accepted revision 5878:Liang, Jieming (2006). 5553:Nicolle, David (2003), 4700:WSJ News (2024-06-14). 4069:, pp. 76–86, 110f. 3828:Oxford University Press 3151:(read online in French) 3102:(read online in French) 2235:Sussex County, Delaware 1844:Counterweight trebuchet 1729:26 kg (57 lb) 1716:Onager (reconstruction) 1708:26 kg (57 lb) 1574:objectives in southern 1524:Decline of military use 1458:) in 1003 AD, from the 1011:Counterweight trebuchet 817:Life of Louis the Pious 514:rotational acceleration 425:counterweight mangonels 409:counterweight trebuchet 379:counterweight trebuchet 152:counterweight trebuchet 6550:Medieval siege engines 6136:Medieval Siege Society 6038:10.3176/arch.2006.1.03 6010:Saimre, Tanel (2006). 5968:Saimre, Tanel (2007), 5950:Purton, Peter (2010), 5941:Purton, Peter (2009), 5766:Technology and Culture 5652:Medieval Siege Warfare 4254:René Grousset (1970). 3913:Bradbury, Jim (1992). 3820:Jasper Becker (2008). 3164:, sous la direction d' 2479:Uses in regular armies 2347:relies excessively on 2193: 2177: 1637:De obsidione toleranda 1599: 1591: 1550:siege of Rhodes (1480) 1533: 1397: 1299: 1291: 1279: 1226: 1053: 1041: 1024: 841: 736: 611: 599: 591: 588:Siege of Naples (1191) 580: 567: 482: 447:that makes use of the 440: 189: 156:counterpoise trebuchet 105: 93: 79: 6555:Obsolete technologies 6439:Crew-served artillery 5512:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 3917:. The Boydell Press. 2614:Onager (siege weapon) 2514:Inner Mongolia Museum 2302:White Cliffs of Dover 2191: 2171: 2092:Range: meters (feet) 1944:Range: meters (feet) 1873:Range: meters (feet) 1755:Range: meters (feet) 1689:Range: meters (feet) 1676:Roman torsion engines 1597: 1589: 1531: 1297: 1289: 1218: 1136:machinae iaculatoriae 1047: 1035: 1018: 906:in the 13th century. 845:anti-personnel weapon 620:Torsion mangonel myth 616:Chinese siege weapons 605: 597: 586: 578: 560: 480: 438: 175: 85: 77:Château de Castelnaud 74: 6249:Torsion siege engine 5662:Military Illustrated 5654:. Osprey Publishing. 5304:"Flywheel Trebuchet" 5104:The Truth About Cars 4997:on November 15, 2012 4712:– via YouTube. 3295:Denny, Mark (2007). 2463:In 2014, during the 2452:In 2013, during the 1625:Nikephoros II Phokas 1607:The hand-trebuchet ( 1346:Siege of Acre (1291) 1050:La Mort le Roi Artus 472:mechanical advantage 449:mechanical advantage 365:Iohannes Codagnellus 342: (835 years ago) 340:on 6 April 1189 226:(Muslim trebuchet). 154:, also known as the 116:until the advent of 62:For other uses, see 6147:Trebuchet animation 6132:Video Demonstration 6062:Al-Tarsusi (1947). 6057:, Osprey Publishing 5992:Trebuchet Mechanics 5954:, The Boydell Press 5945:, The Boydell Press 5909:, Caves Books, Ltd. 5557:, Osprey Publishing 5487:1995SciAm.273a..66C 5474:Scientific American 4747:Max (19 May 2015). 3720:, p. 241 n.73. 3481:, pp. 214–215. 2314:YouTube personality 1760:Whirlwind trebuchet 1503:Gujin Tushu Jicheng 1309:Albigensian Crusade 1124:Fulcher of Chartres 694:Li Mi (Sui dynasty) 443:The trebuchet is a 369:machina maior/magna 328:appeared alongside 29:Page version status 6545:Medieval artillery 6540:Chinese inventions 6535:Artillery of China 6382:Repeating crossbow 5677:Acta Archaeologica 5591:10.1093/ehr/cel284 5544:. United Kingdom: 4834:, p. 216-217. 4798:, p. 362-363. 4770:2022-05-20 at the 4460:, p. 293-295. 4448:, p. 334-335. 4436:, p. 297-300. 4033:, p. 438-439. 3915:The Medieval Siege 3660:, p. 86, 144. 3442:, p. 207-209. 2541:Middelaldercentret 2324:in December 2020. 2298:Citroën C3 Pluriel 2224:Middelaldercentret 2194: 2178: 1739:Chinese trebuchets 1633:Nikephoros Ouranos 1600: 1592: 1534: 1300: 1292: 1227: 1115:Alexios I Komnenos 1054: 1042: 1025: 853:Michael the Syrian 612: 600: 592: 581: 571:Traction trebuchet 568: 483: 441: 421:traction mangonels 405:traction trebuchet 387:traction trebuchet 381:are modern terms ( 375:Traction trebuchet 290:Old Low Franconian 190: 125:traction trebuchet 94: 80: 35: 6522: 6521: 6482:Hand-held weapons 6400: 6399: 6340:Hand-held weapons 6157:Virtual Trebuchet 6127:Warwick trebuchet 6094:978-0-19-027773-4 5846:978-1-4766-1207-2 5382:. 20 January 2014 5277:Jb (2016-09-29). 5247:Jb (2018-10-03). 5081:Grand Tour Nation 3924:978-0-85115-312-4 3684:, pp. 45–46. 3527:978-0-521-24331-5 3502:978-0-521-30358-3 2469:Molotov cocktails 2432: 2431: 2424: 2406: 2200:enthusiasts, for 2189: 2156: 2155: 2076: 2075: 2013: 2012: 1925: 1924: 1916:tens of thousands 1857: 1856: 1736: 1735: 1461:Jami' al-tawarikh 1394:Michael S. Fulton 1382:Kingdom of Aragon 1182:Simon de Montfort 1154:Normans of Sicily 1149:Estoire d'Eracles 1103:Niketas Choniates 1087:manjaniq maghribi 1079:manjaniq maghribi 1038:Jami' al-tawarikh 973:warship from the 888:Matthew of Edessa 771:According to the 654:Classic of Poetry 543:rotting carcasses 363:in an account by 336:in a document in 229:The English word 216:manjaniq maghribi 89:Jami' al-tawarikh 16:(Redirected from 6567: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6202: 6195:Super Trebuchets 6186: 6175: 6164: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6067: 6058: 6049: 6031: 6006: 6004: 5997: 5985: 5983: 5976: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5919: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5829: 5827: 5820: 5808: 5797: 5756: 5731: 5708:Medieval Warfare 5698: 5685: 5666: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5618: 5610: 5602: 5585:(494): 1408–30. 5569: 5558: 5549: 5536: 5505: 5503: 5497:. Archived from 5470: 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5405:. The Telegraph. 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5340:. Archived from 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5255:. Archived from 5244: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5188:RLT Industries. 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123:Stamford Mercury 5114: 5108: 5107: 5098:The Grand Tour's 5091: 5085: 5084: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5038:Gavin, Rachael. 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4886: 4880: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4751:. Archived from 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4592:Medieval Warfare 4583: 4574: 4573: 4542:Military Affairs 4533: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4129:, p. 35-36. 4124: 4118: 4117:, pp. 104f. 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3817: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3771:, p. 22-23. 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3184:, p. 34-35. 3179: 3173: 3159: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3104: 3095: 3080: 3072: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3027: 3026:, p. 33-34. 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2634: 2609:Medieval warfare 2580: 2569:Château des Baux 2564: 2552: 2536: 2524: 2509: 2458:Battle of Aleppo 2454:Syrian civil war 2427: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2364: 2340: 2332: 2277:Robert the Bruce 2233:contest held in 2231:pumpkin chucking 2190: 2083: 2029:Shots per minute 2020: 1932: 1864: 1743: 1680: 1650:Hybrid trebuchet 1614: 1590:Hybrid trebuchet 1582:Other trebuchets 1568:Israeli military 1548:(1475–1476) and 1515: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1444:Mahmud of Ghazni 1440: 1428: 1412: 1395: 1350:Mamluk Sultanate 1277: 1083:manjaniq ifranji 999: 987: 966: 949: 932: 915: 873:siege of Baghdad 849:Siege of Kamacha 839: 826:Republic of Pisa 804:siege of Dongola 734: 731:Tai bai yin jing 718:Battle of Caishi 716:navy during the 660: 507:block and tackle 487:potential energy 445:compound machine 359:at the siege of 350: 348: 343: 320:, an epic about 21: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6477: 6434: 6431: 6401: 6396: 6352:Cheiroballistra 6335: 6299: 6253: 6232: 6229: 6184: 6173: 6162: 6152:Trebuchet plans 6113: 6108: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6029:10.1.1.692.8350 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5859: 5857: 5847: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5800: 5778:10.2307/3106344 5759: 5734: 5720:10.2307/1987537 5701: 5688: 5669: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5634: 5621: 5613: 5605: 5572: 5561: 5552: 5539: 5525:10.2307/1291833 5508: 5501: 5468: 5466:"The Trebuchet" 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449:. 13 June 2024. 5441: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5064:. Jun 24, 2013. 5062:Shropshire Star 5056: 5055: 5051: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4920: 4918: 4911:"Thelep.org.uk" 4909: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4772:Wayback Machine 4764: 4760: 4755:on 4 June 2015. 4746: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4554:10.2307/1987537 4535: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3334:, p. 2013. 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3160: 3156: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3107: 3096: 3083: 3073: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2915: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2788: 2784: 2780:; also spelled 2775: 2771: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2572: 2565: 2556: 2553: 2544: 2537: 2528: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2501: 2481: 2450: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2353:primary sources 2341: 2330: 2322:washing machine 2306:English Channel 2281:Stirling Castle 2267:David Mackenzie 2251:Game of Thrones 2180: 2166: 2161: 2081: 2018: 1930: 1928:Siege crossbows 1862: 1741: 1678: 1673: 1661: 1652: 1605: 1584: 1546:siege of Burgos 1526: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1474: 1465: 1456:Nimruz province 1441: 1432: 1429: 1420: 1419:(1097), c. 1270 1417:siege of Nicaea 1413: 1396: 1393: 1373:Speculum regale 1355:Templar of Tyre 1326:Al-Mu'azzam Isa 1284: 1278: 1275: 1213: 1130:, only mention 1128:William of Tyre 1111:siege of Nicaea 1030: 1013: 1006: 1000: 991: 988: 979: 967: 958: 950: 941: 933: 924: 916: 865:Sack of Amorium 840: 837: 824:. In 1173, the 735: 729: 658: 622: 573: 555: 527:speed and angle 433: 346: 344: 341: 317:Roman de Renart 268:, variant form 220:majaniq ifranji 192: 191: 168: 108:) is a type of 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6181: 6170: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6129: 6124: 6112: 6111:External links 6109: 6107: 6106: 6093: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6007: 5986: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5911: 5902: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5866: 5845: 5830: 5809: 5798: 5757: 5741:War in History 5732: 5699: 5686: 5684:on 2007-04-03. 5667: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5619: 5611: 5603: 5570: 5559: 5550: 5537: 5506: 5504:on 2012-01-11. 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5434: 5408: 5393: 5367: 5347: 5344:on 2014-06-15. 5327: 5294: 5269: 5236: 5211: 5200:on May 3, 2010 5180: 5149: 5128: 5109: 5086: 5067: 5049: 5030: 5008: 4982: 4976:June 14, 2005 4966: 4952: 4927: 4902: 4900:, p. 385. 4887: 4885:, p. 383. 4872: 4870:, p. 424. 4860: 4858:, p. 176. 4848: 4844:Chevedden 2000 4836: 4824: 4812: 4810:, p. 363. 4800: 4788: 4786:, p. 362. 4776: 4758: 4739: 4737:, p. 214. 4727: 4723:Chevedden 2000 4715: 4692: 4688:Chevedden 1995 4680: 4678:, p. 227. 4668: 4666:, p. 422. 4653: 4651:, p. 269. 4641: 4629: 4627:, p. 404. 4617: 4575: 4548:(4): 173–178. 4525: 4523:, p. 295. 4513: 4511:, p. 386. 4501: 4499:, p. 229. 4486: 4474: 4472:, p. 225. 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4424:, p. 298. 4414: 4412:, p. 299. 4402: 4400:, p. 218. 4390: 4388:, p. 347. 4378: 4376:, p. 328. 4366: 4364:, p. 327. 4354: 4352:, p. 326. 4342: 4323:(4): 373–395. 4317:War in History 4303: 4301:, p. 324. 4291: 4289:, p. 201. 4279: 4267:978-0813513041 4266: 4246: 4244:, p. 218. 4234: 4232:, p. 223. 4219: 4207: 4195: 4193:, p. 387. 4183: 4171: 4157: 4143: 4141:, p. 380. 4131: 4119: 4115:Chevedden 2000 4107: 4095: 4091:Chevedden 2000 4083: 4081:, p. 442. 4071: 4067:Chevedden 2000 4059: 4047: 4043:Chevedden 2000 4035: 4023: 4009: 3994: 3992:, p. 449. 3979: 3977:, p. 433. 3967: 3955: 3930: 3923: 3905: 3903:, p. 4-5. 3893: 3891:, p. 382. 3876: 3874:, p. 235. 3864: 3862:, p. 213. 3849: 3837:978-0195309973 3836: 3830:. p. 64. 3809: 3797: 3795:, p. 215. 3785: 3773: 3761: 3749: 3734: 3732:, p. 291. 3722: 3710: 3708:, p. 367. 3698: 3686: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3635: 3633:, p. 364. 3620: 3618:, p. 141. 3608: 3604:Chevedden 1995 3596: 3594:, p. 366. 3581: 3579:, p. 409. 3569: 3557: 3553:Chevedden 1995 3545: 3543:, p. 211. 3533: 3526: 3508: 3501: 3483: 3471: 3469:, p. 210. 3459: 3457:, p. 206. 3444: 3432: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3383:Chevedden 1995 3375: 3363: 3361:, p. 419. 3351: 3349:, p. 420. 3336: 3324: 3312: 3306:978-0801898464 3305: 3287: 3283:Chevedden 1995 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3220:, p. 410. 3210: 3208:, p. 365. 3198: 3186: 3174: 3154: 3139: 3124: 3105: 3081: 3060: 3058:, p. 221. 3045: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2989: 2977: 2973:Chevedden 2000 2960: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2928:, p. 236. 2913: 2911:, p. 425. 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2480: 2477: 2449: 2446: 2430: 2429: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2293:The Grand Tour 2213:Warwick Castle 2198:living history 2174:Warwick Castle 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833:250 (rotating) 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819:157 (rotating) 1817: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805:100 (rotating) 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1604: 1603:Hand-trebuchet 1601: 1583: 1580: 1556:, at the 1521 1525: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1442: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1391: 1368:Hongwu Emperor 1328:laid siege to 1318:Viollet-le-Duc 1283: 1280: 1273: 1212: 1209: 1029: 1026: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1001: 994: 992: 989: 982: 980: 976:Wujing Zongyao 968: 961: 959: 955:Wujing Zongyao 951: 944: 942: 938:Wujing Zongyao 934: 927: 925: 921:Wujing Zongyao 917: 910: 835: 727: 673:Three Kingdoms 572: 569: 564:Wujing Zongyao 554: 551: 432: 429: 407:instead, with 322:Renard the Fox 170: 169: 167: 164: 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6572: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6509:Skåne lockbow 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6393: 6392:Spear-thrower 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6270:Carroballista 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237:Generic terms 6235: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5772:(1): 136–67. 5771: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5747:(4): 373–95. 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5697:(4): 173–178. 5696: 5692: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5633:9789004376922 5629: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5394: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5351: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5331: 5328: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5295: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5259:on 2019-03-08 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5226:on 2019-09-08 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5199: 5195: 5194:Trebuchet.com 5191: 5184: 5181: 5169:on 2013-12-11 5165: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5018: 5012: 5009: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4942:on 2010-07-18 4941: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4917:on 2012-04-26 4916: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4846:, p. 72. 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4822:, p. 12. 4821: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4725:, p. 110 4724: 4719: 4716: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4639:, p. 36. 4638: 4637:Turnbull 2001 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4484:, p. 33. 4483: 4482:Turnbull 2001 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4205:, p. 36. 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4181:, p. 34. 4180: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4105:, p. 98. 4104: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4057:, p. 11. 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4007:, p. 47. 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3968: 3965:, p. 16. 3964: 3959: 3956: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3807:, p. 29. 3806: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3783:, p. 25. 3782: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759:, p. 22. 3758: 3753: 3750: 3747:, p. 24. 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3696:, p. 47. 3695: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3670:Zurawski 2021 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3648:, p. 30. 3647: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3577:Peterson 2013 3573: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3371:Bradbury 1992 3367: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3322:, p. 73. 3321: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3268:, p. 64. 3267: 3262: 3259: 3256:, p. 65. 3255: 3250: 3247: 3244:, p. 66. 3243: 3238: 3235: 3232:, p. 17. 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3196:, p. 21. 3195: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147:CNRTL : 3143: 3140: 3137:, p. 91. 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3122:, p. 33. 3121: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098:CNRTL : 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3043:, p. 37. 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2958:, p. 41. 2957: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2870: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2766: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2539:Trebuchet at 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:In 2024, the 2478: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2437:floating arms 2426: 2423: 2415: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2373: – 2372: 2368: 2367:Find sources: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2345:This article 2343: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2316:and inventor 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2275:(2018) about 2274: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2239:New Hampshire 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217:Victorian-era 2214: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791:40 (rotating) 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1777:70 (rotating) 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1763:50 (rotating) 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1658: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1602: 1596: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1566:In 2024, the 1564: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554:Hernán Cortés 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1523: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1288: 1281: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1205:Third Crusade 1202: 1201:First Crusade 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1092:Giles of Rome 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1010: 1004: 998: 993: 986: 981: 978: 977: 972: 965: 960: 957: 956: 948: 943: 940: 939: 931: 926: 923: 922: 914: 909: 907: 905: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775: 769: 767: 763: 758: 753: 749: 745: 741: 732: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 670: 666: 665: 656: 655: 650: 649: 644: 640: 639: 634: 629: 627: 621: 617: 609: 604: 596: 589: 585: 577: 570: 566: 565: 559: 552: 550: 548: 544: 539: 537: 531: 528: 524: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 488: 479: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 450: 446: 437: 430: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 291: 287: 283: 280:) from Latin 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 227: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 187: 183: 179: 174: 165: 163: 161: 160:counterweight 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 91: 90: 84: 78: 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6560:Song dynasty 6472: 6456:Torsion myth 6362:Gastraphetes 6330: 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