1700:: Born Dunedin, New Zealand on 5 January 1869. Claimed 5 years service in the New Zealand mounted Rifles (pre-war) but no evidence of any previous Boer War service was found. Enlisted in BVC at Durban on 19 April 1901 - age 32, stockman, height 5'6", 11 stone, blue eyes, fair hair, scar on nose. NOK: Mrs W. Christie, Keithmore Farm, Weipa, Otago, New Zealand. He served for a short period from 1 June 1901 with the BVC detachment at Strydpoort and Chuniespoort after which he was transferred to the Spelonken. He became a member of Sergeant Frank Eland's Troop and was one of only three of that troop with Eland at the Duivelskloof action when the Sergeant and Captain Hunt were killed. He and the other two troop members escorted Frank Eland's body from the Medingen Mission Station to his farm, 'Ravenshill', for burial. Christie was one of the 15 BVC members who signed the letter of complaint to Colonel Hall which instigated the inquiry into the actions of BVC officers at Fort Edward in the Spelonken. After he became due for discharge, he was detained in Peitersburg as a possible witness at the courts martial. He was finally discharged form the PLH on 17 February 1902 and no subsequent Boer War service was found. He qualified for the QSA medal with clasps Transvall, SA 1901 & SA 1902." (Woolmore, 2002, p.167).
326:] might have stripped him. He said no; that Captain Hunt's tunic and trousers had been found in the Cape cart. 'But,' I said, 'the boy was not wearing them.' 'Anyhow,' he said, 'its got to be done. It's unfortunate that he should be the first to suffer.' I still held that it was not right to shoot him after carrying him for so far. But as up to this time Morant and I had been good friends I said no more, but tore off my 'B.V.C.' badge and cursed such a form of soldiering. Then we saddled up and trekked for home."
25:
553:, finding one wounded Boer there." The following day, Visser, the wounded Boer, "accompanied the force some distance." During the dinner hour, Lieut. Morant "held a conversation in which", Visser, "who was in a car cart six yards away away, appeared to take no part." Lieut. Morant and Intelligence Scout Henry Ledeboer then approached Visser, "telling him that they were sorry, but that he had been found guilty of being in possession of the late Captain Hunt's clothing, and also of wearing
557:. Sgt. Robinson did not hear "what further was said, but was told to earn to men for duty." Sgt. Robinson "refused, asking Picton by whose orders this man was to be shot. Lieutenant Picton replied that the orders were from Lord Kitchener, naming a certain date, and were to the effect that all the Boers wearing khaki from that date were to be shot. The witness said he had never seen any such orders, which should have been posted or read regimentally."
691:
murder. A stronger case of implied malice aforethought has rarely been represented before any tribunal. I fail to understand on what grounds the other 3 prisoners were found guilty of manslaughter only. I disagree with this finding: From the evidence adduced I consider the 4 officers are jointly & severally responsible for the death of Visser & guilty of murder. I do not consider it proved that Visser was wearing
British uniform."
1408:
615:
Visser, who had on a soldier's shirt, and was using
Captain Hunt's trousers as a pillow. He was court-martialed and shot on this account." Lieut. Morant alleged that "the others all knew of Captain Hunt's orders." Lieut. Morant "had told them he had previously disregarded them, but after the way the Boers had treated Captain Hunt, he would carry out the orders which he regarded as lawful."
261:
Lieutenant Morant said his neck was broken. Visser vehemently denied it. Before commencing to ask these questions
Lieutenant Morant said, 'If you tell the truth your life will be spared, if you tell lies you will be shot.' He then asked as to the plans of the Boers. Visser replied that the Boers did not intend to stay around there (Little Letaba) but we're trekking to the Woodbush to join
812:
1386:
378:
his men to form a firing squad and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A coup de grace was delivered by BVC Lieutenant Harry Picton. The killing of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy
Frederick Hunt, at Duivelskloof on 6 August 1901.
1252:, none of which were held in Malta – commented that "The trials represent a milestone in the history of war-crimes tribunals." Although they were truncated in the end by political pressures, and directed by Turkey's domestic laws rather than by an international tribunal, the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-20 were an antecedent to the
565:
taken". On one occasion, Sgt. Robinson had been "abused" by
Captain Hunt "for bringing in three prisoners against orders." Sgt. Robinson further revealed that, prior to Captain Hunt's death at Duivelskloof, "Morant had previously been considerate to prisoners", but that afterwards, "He was in charge of the firing party that executed Visser."
797:
employment he pleased, and it should not be any dispensation for former offences". The rule is not so now, as applied to
Military offences. "The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, after the knowledge of an offence committed, ought", said the late Duke of Wellington, "to convey a pardon for the offence"...
715:
The deposition of former BVC Corporal Albert van der
Westerhuizen, the memoirs of George Witton, and the Transvaal War Museum archives reveal that, after the prisoners were taken, they were marched to a hillside nearby and forced to dig their own mass grave. Then, as planned in advance, Henry Lebeoer
690:
After observing the trial, Colonel A.R. Pemberton wrote to the War Office, "I consider that Lieut. Morant was properly convicted... The so-called Court was not a Court at all; it may be more justly called a consultation between 4 officers which ended in a party of subordinates being ordered to commit
568:
The next witness for the prosecution was Morant's former orderly and interpreter – an
Afrikaner ""joiner" named Trooper Theunis J. Botha – who "corroborated the previous witness, and said that he was one of the firing party who carried out the sentence on Visser, who was
414:
till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore, we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by
Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept in camp at Pietersburg till
281:
According to
Trooper Botha, "When Ledeboer told Visser he was about to be shot I heard Visser remind Lieutenant Morant through the interpreter that he had promised to spare his life if he had answered all his questions. Lieutenant Morant said, 'It is idle talk. We are going to shoot you,' or word to
277:
According to BVC Trooper Edward Powell, "After being captured he was conveyed in a cape cart about fifteen miles. When we outspanned I heard that Lieutenants Morant, Handcock, and Picton would hold a court-martial and that Visser would probably be shot. Visser was in the cart all the time to the best
268:
As the patrol continued their pursuit of the Viljoen Commando, Visser was carried along. Trooper Botha continued, "In the morning similar questions were again asked of him by Lieutenant Morant who again promised to spare his life if he answered truthfully. Visser answered every question truthfully as
671:
of Visser's death. Morant alleged that a similar report also reached Captain Taylor. When pressed, however, Lieut. Morant admitted that he "had only Captain Hunt's word for it that Colonel Hamilton" had ordered the killing of prisoners. Lieut. Morant also admitted that he "had made no attempt to get
409:
of the BVC, Major Robert Lenahan, of being "privy these misdemeanours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are
377:
of Floris Visser, a wounded prisoner of war, near the Koedoes River on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured two days before his death by a BVC patrol led by Lieut. Harry Morant. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lieutenant Morant had ordered
1629:
and the writer said it's the story of these guys who were railroaded by the British. But that's not what it's about at all. The film never pretended for a moment that they weren't guilty. It said they are guilty. But what was interesting about it was that it analysed why men in this situation would
765:
While the trial was underway, Boer commandos launched a surprise attack on Pietersburg. Morant and his co-accused were released from their cells and given arms in order to participate in the defence. It is reported that they fought bravely, in the direct line of fire, and assisted in the defeat of
545:
The prosecution called Sergeant S. Robinson, who testified about the attack on the Viljoen homestead at Duivelskloof, during which Captain Percy Frederick Hunt and Sergeant Frank Eland were killed. Sgt. Robinson testified that when he returned to the battlefield later, Captain Hunt's body had been
423:
In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Colonel Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town
400:
The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf, 16, and Christiaan, 12, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who had recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters Farm near
388:
near Bandolierkop on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Heese had spiritually counselled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Heese was BVC Lieutenant Peter Handcock.
675:
Toward the end of the trial, the court moved to Pretoria, where Colonel Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Major Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted
614:
Lieut. Morant further testified that he "took command after Captain Hunt was killed and went with reinforcements. When he learned the circumstances of Captain Hunt's death, and the way he had been maltreated", Lieut. Morant "followed the Boers and attacked their laager. The Boers cleared, leaving
254:, later recalled, "I may say here that for Morant's own cowardice the whole of the party would have been caught as every other man in the patrol will testify. Instead of going close up as he could easily have done and so closing the cordon he started firing at 2000 yards and would not go nearer."
652:
When asked about Visser's "court-martial", Lieut. Morant admitted that "No witnesses were called", as all present had been eyewitnesses. During the proceeding, Lieut. Picton had "raised an objection to Visser being shot, on the ground that he should have been shot the night before." When pressed
381:
The shooting, ordered by Captain Taylor and Lieutenant Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four Dutch schoolteachers, who had been captured at the Elim Hospital in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lieutenant George Witton, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and
796:
served the Crown under a special Commission, giving him Supreme Command, with the power of life and death over others, but he was afterwards executed upon his former conviction – the doctrine then laid down being "that the King might use the service of any of his subjects in what
588:
Henry Ledeboer, an Intelligence Scout for Captain Taylor, took the stand and testified that on the day in question "he translated the sentence of a Court-Martial that condemned Visser to be shot." Ledeboer admitted, however, that "the court-martial" consisted merely of a discussion between four
630:. Morant's reply, according to Witton, was: "Was it like this? No; it was not quite so handsome. As to rules and regulations, we had no Red Book, and knew nothing about them. We were out fighting the Boers, not sitting comfortably behind barb-wire entanglements; we got them and shot them under
564:
by Major Thomas, Sgt. Robinson "said that Captain Hunt's body bore signs of ill-treatment." Furthermore, Visser, when captured, "had a kind of khaki jacket on." Sgt. Robinson further revealed that he had been told by the late Captain Hunt "that he had direct orders that no prisoners were to be
396:
The orders, given by BVC Lieutenant Charles H.G. Hannam, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5 and 13, and the wounding of a 9-year-old
871:
In the trial itself, Lieutenant Colonel Hubert Hamilton categorically denied giving Captain Percy Frederic Hunt orders to shoot POWs; he also denied the existence of a coded telegram from him to Lord Roberts. Even so, Thomas still demanded the acquittal of his clients on the grounds that they
645:." Morant admitted, however, that "He had never seen these orders in writing", but that "Captain Hunt quoted the actions of Kitchener's and Strathcona's Horse as precedents." Lieut. Morant further explained that his reason for disobeying Captain Hunt was "because his captured were 'a good lot.
260:
Trooper Botha later recalled, "I generally acted as interpreter for Lt Morant. On the evening on which Visser was captured I acted in that capacity. I asked Visser by Lieutenant Morant's request how Capt. Hunt was killed. He replied that he was killed in a fair fight, shot through the chest.
1571:
Upon its release in 1980, Beresford's film both brought Morant's life story to a worldwide audience and "hoisted the images of the accused officers to the level of Australian icons and martyrs." Many Australians now regard Lts. Morant and Handcock as scapegoats or even as the victims of
361:
on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains Alfred Taylor and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sergeant Major K.C.B. Morrison to Sergeant D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and
365:
The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lieutenant Peter Handcock on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward while awaiting shipment to
584:
account of the trial, Lieut. Witton alleges in his memoirs that Corporal Sharpe admitted under cross-examination by Major Thomas that he had expressed a willingness to cross South Africa on foot in return for a chance be in the firing squad that would execute the defendants.
1217:, took the trials out of Turkish hands, and removed the proceedings to Malta. There an attempt was made to seat an international tribunal, but the Turks deliberately botched the investigations and mishandled the evidence so that nothing of their work could be used in court.
876:
they acted under orders. In response, the prosecutor argued that, even if Kitchener had ordered the shooting of prisoners, they were "illegal orders", and that the defendants had no right to obey them. The judges agreed with the prosecution and found the defendants guilty.
415:
the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek."
401:
Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lieutenants Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sergeant Major Hammet, Corporal MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.
1634:. Look at all the things that happen in these countries committed by people who appear to be quite normal. That was what I was interested in examining. I always get amazed when people say to me that this is a film about poor Australians who were framed by the Brits."
703:
The case had barely commenced before the prosecution counsel, Captain Burns-Begg, and two of the judges, Major Ousley and Captain Marshall, were replaced. Documents connected with the case reveal that Major R. Whigham and Colonel James St. Clair had ordered Major
1365:
730:
According to South African historian Dr. C.A.R. Schulenburg, "Morant, Handcock, and Witton were found guilty of the murder of the eight Boers. Morant's defence was again that he was merely carrying out orders from senior officers 'not to bring any more prisoners
295:
The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. Trooper Christie watched as the Lobedu lifted Visser out of the cape cart in a blanket and laid him down twenty yards away in a sitting position with his back to the firing squad.
1468:
Morant and Handcock were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on the morning of 27 February, less than 18 hours after the verdict. Witton had also been sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life in prison by Kitchener (he was released by the
242:
was pursued by a BVC patrol led by Lieut. Harry Morant, who was outraged by the death of his friend Captain Hunt. Although Morant had only arrived from Fort Edward after Captain Hunt's burial, he had been told rumours that Hunt's body had been mutilated.
1343:
The Dostler case became the precedent for the Nuremberg trials of Nazi leaders beginning in November 1945, namely, that proof of superior orders does not excuse a defendant from the legal or moral responsibility for obeying commands that violate the
1291:
of 15 American POWs, who had been captured in March 1944. Like Morant and his co-defendants, Gen. Dostler admitted to ordering the shooting of the POWs but said that he could not be held criminally responsible because he only followed orders.
1232:
be executed, even at the order of the vile Constantinople government, we would seriously consider executing all British prisoners in our custody." By February 1921 the military court in Constantinople began releasing prisoners without trials.
2664:
1026:
of using hospital ships for military purposes and had announced on 19 March 1917 that U-boats could sink hospital ships under certain conditions. The court ruled that Neumann had believed the sinking to be a lawful act and found him
456:
In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Lieutenant Handcock was charged with murder and Major Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to
2240:
Sidney Morning Herald April 4, 1902 Witton wrote he had fired at a escaping Boer to keep him away, although later in "Scrapgoats of the Empire" He admitted that he had shot a escaping Boer prisoner who had tried to seize Witton's
1200:
The court sat for nearly a year, from April 1919 through March 1920, although it became clear after just a few months that the tribunal was simply going through the motions. The judges had condemned the first set of defendants
716:
and Mr. Schwartz, two local Afrikaners assigned to Captain Taylor's staff, fired three shots to make it appear that the party was under attack by the Zoutpansberg Commando. All eight prisoners were then shot and buried in the
448:
of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for further two weeks, at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows:
542:. Lieuts. Morant, Hancock, Picton, and Witton "were charged with the murder of a wounded Boer prisoner named Visser. They pleaded Not Guilty and were defended by Major James Francis Thomas, New South Wales Mounted Rifles."
1078:, as well as Canadian soldiers and sailors died in the sinking and in the subsequent machine-gunning of survivors and ramming of the lifeboats by U-86's crew. Only 24 people, the occupants of a single life-raft, survived.
666:
Despite Colonel Hall's role in ordering Lieut. Morant's arrest, Morant further alleged that the Colonel had known of the "court-martial" and execution of Visser, as an honest report was mailed to the Colonel within a
495:
After the murder of Van Buuren the officers seem to have exercised a reign of terror in the District, which hindered their men from reporting their illegal acts & even prevented their objecting to assist in the
1209:, et al.) only when they were safely out of the country, but now, with other Turkish lives on the line, the Tribunal, despite making a great show, had no intention of actually finding anyone guilty. Admiral Sir
927:, the trial of Peter von Hagenbach is seen as the first war crimes prosecution based on this principle. More recently, the trial of Peter von Hagenbach has been cited to argue against ongoing efforts in modern
699:
The trial recommenced on 31 January 1902 with the four Afrikaners and four Dutch schoolteachers who had surrendered to a party led by Morant and Handcock at the Elim Hospital on the morning of 23 August 1901.
680:" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in the prosecution's favour.
292:
Before taking his place in the firing squad, Trooper Botha told Trooper Christie about Visser, "I know him good. I went to school with him. I don't like to do it, but they will shoot me if I don't."
142:. Morant and Handcock were acquitted of killing Heese, but were sentenced to death on the other two charges and executed within 18 hours of sentencing. Their death warrants were personally signed by
1317:
who were captured by German forces. However, like the judges at Morant's Court-martial, the American judges rejected the Superior Orders defence and found Gen. Dostler guilty of war crimes. He was
481:
The idea that no prisoners were to be taken in the Spelonken area appears to have been started by the late Captain Hunt & after his death continued by orders given personally by Captain Taylor.
1576:. Attempts continue, with widespread public support, to obtain them a posthumous pardon or even a new trial. South Africans who oppose this effort, however, have cited as precedents the trial of
257:
Hearing the shots, the Letaba Commando scattered. As his comrades fled, Visser, who was unable to walk or ride was left behind. The Bushveldt Carbineers found him lying under one of the wagons.
712:. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter." Meanwhile, Captains Matcham and Brown took the place of Ousley and Marshall.
316:
According to Trooper Christie, "I said that Captain Hunt had died a soldier's death - that he was killed in a 'fair go' and beyond being stripped there was no maltreatment of him; and how the
2617:, p.236. These sources use the documents: Britain FO 371/5091, E 16080/27/44; 371/6509, E 5141 f.130; E 8562 f.13; E 10662 f.159; 371/7882, E 4425 f.182; as a source to reach their judgements
2906:
Petition for clemency, pardon, and the immediate release from incarceration of George Ramsdale Witton, addressed to King Edward VII, and signed by 37 citizens of Colebrook, Tasmania, c.1904.
2711:
453:
In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sergeant Major Morrison, were charged with committing the offence of murder while on active service.
749:
It opened on 17 February, with Major Bolton alleging that Heese had been ambushed and shot by Handcock on the orders of Morant. Handcock was charged with murder and Morant with inciting.
599:
Taking the stand, Lieut. Morant said that he had served under the command of Captain Hunt, "with the force charged with clearing the northern district of Boers", and that "it was regular
1514:, justice was only partially achieved by the trial and the resultant sentences. The feeling still prevails that not all the guilty parties were dealt with – the notorious
2287:
Clode, C.M., The Military Forces of the Crown: Their Administration and Government, in Two Volumes: Volume I, John Murray, London, 1869, p.173 (84. Condonation of Military Offences)
1117:, however, "generally speaking, the German population took exception to these trials, especially because the Allies were not similarly bringing their own soldiers to justice." (See
917:, against whose rule the city of Breisach had rebelled. The court, however, rejected the superior orders defence. Peter von Hagenbach was found guilty of war crimes and executed by
382:
Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead.
656:
Maj. Thomas then asked Lieut. Morant "whether he knew who gave the orders, but the Judge Advocate protested against the question, and was upheld by the Court after consultation."
663:"the orders that no prisoners were to be taken." Lieut. Morant further alleged that many others, including Lieut. Peter Handcock, had received the same orders from Captain Hunt.
3265:
1538:. He has, however been added to the monument to civilian casualties at Fort Edward, the monument at Blas Perreira's Store, and on the monument at the Viljoen family homestead.
569:
carried down to a river and shot." Trooper Botha added that he "had previously lived with Visser on the same farm", and that he "objected to forming one of the firing party."
659:
When the trial resumed on January 18, 1902, "the Court allowed the question." Lieut. Morant then alleged that the late Captain Percy Frederick Hunt had received from Colonel
1541:
Despite more than a century of efforts by the South African Government and by local residents to find and mark his grave, the location of Visser's burial remains a mystery.
1097:
and were both sentenced to four years in prison. The sentences of Dithmar and Boldt were later overturned on the grounds that they were only following orders and that their
463:
In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with "While on active service committing the offence of murder".
622:
makes no mention of it, Lieut. Witton alleges that the President of the Court then asked Lieut. Morant whether Visser's "court-martial" had been constituted like Morant's
534:
The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial on January 17, 1902. The Court was composed of Lieutenant-Colonel Denny and five other officers. Major Copland was
337:
On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the Bushveldt Carbineers (BVC) garrison at Fort Edward was secretly dispatched to Colonel F.H. Hall, the British Army
483:
The statement that Captain Hunt's body had been maltreated is in no way corroborated & the reprisals undertaken by Lt Morant on this idea were utterly unjustifiable.
611:." Lieut. Morant explained that he once "brought in 30 prisoners" and that "Captain Hunt reprimanded him for bringing them in at all, and told him not to do it again."
2239:
1429:
738:
After the conclusion of the "Eight Boers" hearing, the prisoners were placed in irons, taken to Pretoria by rail under heavy guard and tried on the third main count.
653:
about the reason why, Morant insisted that Captain Hunt had repeatedly ordered him not to take prisoners and that "he never questioned" the validity of those orders.
313:
Lieutenant Morant then approached Trooper Christie and said, "I know it's hard times for him, but it's got to be done, see how the Boers knocked Captain Hunt about."
746:
The charge concerned the murder of the Lutheran missionary, Reverend Daniel Heese, who had spiritually counselled the eight Afrikaner and Dutch victims at Valdezia.
485:
Lieut Morant seems to have been the primary mover in carrying out these orders, & Lieut Handcock willingly lent himself out as the principle executioner of them.
3336:
1113:, the trials were seen as a travesty of justice because of the small number of cases tried and the perceived leniency of the court. According to American historian
460:
In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lieutenants Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offence of murder".
572:
Corporal Sharpe then took the stand and, "gave corroborative evidence", and added that after Visser was shot, a coup de grace was delivered by Lieutenant Picton.
868:: namely, that the defendants could not be held criminally or morally responsible because they only followed orders from Lord Kitchener to "take no prisoners".
822:
546:
stripped. Robinson then took the bodies to the Mendingen Mission Station, where his party was later reinforced by Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, Picton and Witton.
487:
Lieut Morant acquiesced in the illegal execution of the wounded Boer Visser & took a personal part in the massacre of the 8 surrendered Boers on 23 August.
864:
Major Thomas argued that summary executions of surrendered members of the Boer Commandos were justified under what became known, half a century later, as the
1197:
conducted its own investigation into alleged Turkish war crimes, as they doubted that the process was being adequately dealt with by Turkish courts martial.
1093:
Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt, were charged with committing a war crime on the high seas. On 21 July 1921, Dithmar and Boldt were found guilty in one of the
893:
in 1474 was the first "international" recognition of commanders' obligations to act lawfully. Hagenbach was put on trial for atrocities committed during the
471:
In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Morant and Handcock were charged with "While on active service committing the offence of murder".
444:, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Colonel H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the
2835:
2771:
The legend of Breaker Morant is dead and buried : a South African version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg : May 1901-April 1902
2445:
The legend of Breaker Morant is dead and buried : a South African version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg : May 1901–April 1902
2375:
1765:
The legend of Breaker Morant is dead and buried : a South African version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg : May 1901–April 1902
130:
and 14 other members of the BVC, were that Lieutenant Morant had incited the co-accused to murder some 20 people, including the wounded prisoner of war (
1136:
723:
Witton alleged in his account that he shot a Boer who had lunged at him and attempted to grab his rifle. Other sources allege that the same man was a
720:
which they had dug. According to South African historian Charles Leach, only five out of the eight victims were members of the Zoutpansberg Commando.
138:, a group of four Boer prisoners of war (POWs) and four Dutch schoolteachers, Boer civilian adults and children, and a Lutheran missionary named Rev.
781:"The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, after the knowledge of an offence committed by a soldier, ought to convey a pardon for the offence.
3341:
2307:
1492:. The Australian government felt so strongly about this case that it insisted that none of its troops would be tried by the British military during
774:
757:
Morant and Handcock stood accused of ordering certain troopers and a corporal to shoot Roelf van Staden and both his sons. They were found guilty.
250:. That evening, after coming upon the Letaba Commando's encampment in a gully, the patrol prepared to attack. Morant's Afrikaner adjutant, Trooper
2383:
1668:
932:
3250:
2605:, p.281–291; Dadrian V.N. (1986), "The Naim Andonian documents on the world war I destruction of Ottoman Armenians: the anatomy of a Genocide".
2516:
1245:
commented that the Allied efforts at prosecution were an example of "a retributive justice gave way to expedience of political accommodation".
2831:
1275:
became the first German officer to be prosecuted for war crimes after the end of the Second World War. The trial took place before an American
2327:
1477:, and Lenehan was reprimanded and discharged. All charges against the British intelligence officer Captain Taylor (died 1941) were dismissed.
3043:
3002:
2816:
The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried. A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901-April 1902
2795:
The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried. A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901-April 1902
2677:
2453:
2080:
1773:
1353:
143:
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126:
The charges, which were in part prompted by a "letter of complaint" which was written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane and signed by
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2350:
1515:
1485:
News of the execution of the two Australians was published in March 1902, and the Australian Government requested particulars of the case.
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1130:
833:
46:
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1631:
367:
246:
On the morning of 9 August 1901, Morant led a patrol consisting of both members of the Bushveldt Carbineers and warriors from the local
2638:
677:
490:
465:
In relation to the slaying of Heese; Morant and Handcock were charged with "While on active service committing the offence of murder".
329:
On the orders of the officers, Visser was buried by the Lobedu in a shallow grave near Blas Perreira's Shop along the Koedoes River.
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3170:
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3103:
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1295:
General Dostler was able to prove that the killing of the 15 American prisoners of war was done in obedience to a direct order from
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1170:
851:
68:
1630:
behave as they had never behaved before in their lives. It's the pressures that are put to bear on people in war time. Look at the
792:"The principle of condonation for criminal offences is peculiar to the Military Code, and is of comparatively modern origin . Sir
505:
The first court martial opened on 16 January 1902, with Lieutenant-Colonel H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Major
2302:
1604:. The fact that Major James Thomas' superior orders defence argument was also infamously used by so many of those prosecuted for
3321:
2650:
Vahakn N. Dadrian "The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus" page 308
1194:
1166:
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Isaacs, I.A., "Opinion of the Hon. Isaac A. Isaacs K.C., M.P., re the case of Lieutenant Witton", (Melbourne), 28 August 1902.
1433:
437:
2479:
1526:
Even though Floris Visser had revealed information that placed his comrades at risk, his name was posthumously added to the
2073:
Ready, Aim, Fire : Major James Francis Thomas, the Fourth Victim in the Execution of Lieutenant Harry "Breaker" Morant
1623:
said about his award-winning film adaptation of the court-martial proceedings, "I read an article about it recently in the
1719:
1653:
549:
Sgt. Robinson testified that the following morning, "they went in pursuit of the Boers, overtook them, and captured their
3236:
3113:
Wallace, J.W (1976). "The Australians at the Boer War". Australian War Memorial/Australian Government Publishing Service.
770:", which should have earned them clemency because of their roles in the defence, his request was dismissed by the court.
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1140:
514:
127:
3306:
3301:
3296:
1075:
436:
Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the
1418:
39:
33:
2916:
Copeland, H., "A Tragic memory of the Boer War: When Two Australian Officers Were Shot by Lord Kitchener's Orders",
3346:
3331:
2412:
262:
231:
Barend Viljoen, his brother J.J. Viljoen, and F.J. Schell. The Bushveldt Carbineers lost Captain Hunt and Sergeant
1437:
1422:
1228:
said about the detainees in Malta: "...should any of the detainees either already brought or yet to be brought to
773:
The principle of condonation in military law traces back to the "Memorandum on Corporal Punishment" issued by the
289:, the men objected and one of the Lieutenants shouted, "If you're so damn chicken-hearted I'll shoot him myself."
3291:
3257:, (14 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of Clutha, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (2).
2732:
1322:
1094:
1047:
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956:
385:
149:
It was not until 1907 that news of the trial and executions were made public in Australia when Witton published
50:
2408:
1470:
1210:
1135:
As Turkish war crimes had been far more systematic and heinous than anything done by the Kaiser's Germany, the
135:
2627:
Shadow of the Sultan's Realm: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
2388:
1225:
1086:
517:, had been retained to defend Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants.
410:
Australians who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are Africaners who have fought from
1345:
1280:
1114:
468:
No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.
390:
353:, Western Australia, the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents":
154:
104:
1066:, but had also machine-gunned the survivors in the lifeboats. The sinking had taken place off the coast of
3244:
2275:
1658:
1531:
1311:
1155:
1061:
923:
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Even if Thomas had been able to prove this, Morant, Handcock, and Witton might still have been convicted.
637:
Under cross-examination by Major Thomas, Lieut. Morant alleged "that Captain Hunt's orders were to clear
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3118:
1648:
1643:
1561:
1550:
1535:
1527:
1186:
1174:
1023:
724:
479:
I agree generally with the views expressed by the Court of Inquiry in the opinions of the several cases.
299:
Trooper Powell further alleged that the Lobedu danced "the war dance before Visser before he was shot."
188:
184:
157:
subsequently ensured that none of its troops would be tried by the British military during World War I.
683:
Morant was found guilty of murder. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of
627:
1488:
The Australian debate was revived in 1907 after Witton returned to Australia and published his story,
2707:
2524:
2335:
1892:
1507:
1369:
1349:
1019:
506:
357:
The shooting of six surrendered Afrikaner men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at
346:
317:
220:
108:
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2429:
2425:
1577:
1558:
1144:
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1106:
886:
577:
522:
251:
2286:
307:
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1593:
1581:
1511:
1098:
338:
232:
2360:
989:
1158:
demanded 141 Turks be tried for crimes against British soldiers, and 17 for involvement in the
1018:. Neumann was able to prove, however, that he had acted under orders from his superiors in the
285:
According to Trooper James Christie, a New Zealander, when Morant ordered the patrol to form a
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3166:
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3020:
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1613:
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The initial prosecution of war criminals was established between 1919 and 1920 by the Turkish
1159:
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960:
890:
865:
642:
604:
600:
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539:
411:
211:
On the night of 6 August 1901, Floris Visser was wounded in his ankle during an ambush of his
192:
905:, which, "he as a knight was deemed to have a duty to prevent", and of personally committing
2905:
1609:
1338:
1253:
1178:
914:
910:
603:". Lieut. Morant further testified that Captain Hunt, in giving orders to shoot prisoners, "
303:
2891:
520:
The summary that follows is based upon the detailed summary of the trials that appeared in
3206:
3131:
3091:
2819:
2798:
2715:
1620:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1580:, the 1813 prosecution of Ensign Hugh Maxwell for murdering French POW Charles Cottier at
1573:
1565:
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in Duivelskloof, which lists the names of all local Afrikaners who were killed during the
1389:
1110:
1071:
973:
968:
894:
660:
445:
406:
374:
239:
180:
120:
2276:
Memorandum on Corporal Punishment (4 March 1832), pp.233–239, passage cited is at p.237.
1499:
Despite having left a written confession in their cell, Morant and Handcock have become
2659:
2590:
Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die Türkische Nationalbewegung
1307:
1229:
1148:
940:
936:
793:
705:
535:
116:
96:
92:
2312:
3285:
3139:
1318:
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1272:
1214:
1058:
1002:
944:
247:
212:
100:
2963:
Shoot Straight, You Bastards': The True Story Behind The Killing of 'Breaker' Morant
1364:
967:, the defence attorney's claim that an alleged war criminal "only followed orders" (
1703:(Two items containing details of Christie's version of events are included in the "
1510:, particularly descendants of victims as well as other involved persons in the far
1303:
1257:
1206:
1090:
1043:
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at Breisgach on 4 May 1474. Despite the fact there was no explicit use of the term
918:
684:
631:
286:
228:
224:
216:
139:
16:
1902 prosecution of six British Army soldiers for crimes during the Second Boer War
649:" Lieut. Morant further admitted that he "had shot no prisoners prior to Visser."
2480:"Obedience of Orders and the Law of War: Judicial Application in American Forums"
708:
to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a
2665:
A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility
1601:
1493:
1407:
1202:
977:) was taken very seriously and resulted in both acquittals and light sentences.
964:
767:
342:
2376:"The Perennial Conflict Between International Criminal Justice and Realpolitik"
389:
Although Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Heese's driver, a member of the
3271:
3012:
2727:
1474:
717:
441:
440:, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a
384:
The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend Carl August Daniel Heese of the
350:
112:
3260:
2981:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2896:
2882:
2495:
2463:
2303:"The evolution of individual criminal responsibility under international law"
1783:
2579:
British foreign archive: FO 371/5091/E15109 Malta Internees, 8 November 1920
1506:
According to South African historian Charles Leach, "In the opinion of many
1500:
1314:
1028:
928:
709:
668:
638:
510:
196:
176:
91:
prosecution that brought to trial six officers – Lieutenants
88:
1102:
2443:
1763:
2355:
1585:
1224:
was strictly opposed to any attempts to prosecute accused war criminals.
1182:
996:
902:
898:
608:
475:
In a confidential report to the War Office, Colonel J. St. Claire wrote:
425:
358:
302:
A volley rang out and Visser fell backwards from his sitting position. A
2736:. No. 10, 858. New South Wales, Australia. 31 March 1902. p. 4
1070:
on 27 June 1918 and was the deadliest Canadian maritime disaster of the
909:, Hagenbach replied that he, like Morant, only followed orders from the
589:
officers – Lieuts. Morant, Picton, Handcock, and Witton.
1284:
1067:
1051:
906:
428:, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Hunt.
2883:
Executed Officers: Detailed Reports of the Trial: Five Main Charges,
1326:
1221:
993:
550:
489:
The two N.C.O.s acted under orders but were not justified in obeying
3237:"Evidence in New Zealand: An Eye-Witness's Account of a Brutal Deed"
901:. Standing accused of allowing his troops to commit mass murder and
424:
like criminals". Morant was arrested after returning from leave in
1530:'s Roll of Honour. Visser's name does not appear, however, at the
1363:
554:
215:
by a patrol of the Bushveldt Carbineers, an irregular unit of the
203:. At the time of his death, Visser was about twenty years of age.
3251:"The Bush Veldt Horrors: Revelations of a Former Clutha Resident"
2703:
On April 24, the world must remember victims of Armenian genocide
3261:
3 April 1902 Newspaper article, The Court-Martialled Australians
2328:"Exhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal"
1549:
Their court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a
727:
deacon and member of the Zoutpansberg Commando named C.J. Smit.
596:, "The prisoners elected to give evidence on their own behalf."
3243:, (10 April 1902), p. 5: the account of James Christie of
1742:
1740:
1738:
1401:
805:
676:
under orders". In response, Burns-Begg argued that they were "
322:
131:
18:
2925:
Paterson, A.B. ("Banjo"), "An Execution and a Royal Pardon",
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2090:
2088:
2049:
2047:
1372:
standing over the joint grave of Morant and Handcock (1902).
345:. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former
3189:
Wilcox, Craig (23–24 February 2002). "Ned Kelly in Khaki".
2226:
2224:
1975:
1973:
626:
court-martial, and whether the four "judges" had observed
1731:, (contains photographs of each of the book's 240 pages).
3266:"The Trial of Officers for the Murder of Boer Prisoners"
3163:
The Bushveldt Carbineers and the Pietersburg Light Horse
1109:, and thus was never prosecuted as a result. Outside of
278:
of my belief and was not present at the court-martial."
2603:
Genocide as a problem of national and international law
2250:
2248:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1996:
1994:
1723:: Copyright Application by George Ramsdale Whitton for
1596:'s court martial of the servicemen responsible for the
1287:, Italy. General Dostler stood accused of ordering the
829:
195:
while a wounded prisoner of war was one of the alleged
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1171:
charged and tried several former leaders and officials
766:
the attackers. Although Major Thomas filed a "plea of
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1757:
1755:
1057:, which had not only torpedoed and sunk the Canadian
1352:
and similar principles are found in sections of the
1101:
alone was responsible. Patzig, however, had fled to
223:. The ambush took place at the Viljoen homestead in
2409:
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court
1378:
2426:Command Responsibility - The Mens Rea Requirement
1248:Peter Balakian – referring to the
1022:. The Imperial German Government had accused the
107:and Major Robert Lenehan – of the
2773:. Louis Trichardt, South Africa: Charles Leach.
2448:. Louis Trichardt, South Africa: Charles Leach.
1768:. Louis Trichardt, South Africa: Charles Leach.
1473:on 11 August 1904 and died in 1942). Picton was
1220:Meanwhile, the Turkish Republican Government in
2075:, Sid Harta Publishers, (Glen Waverley), 2018.
790:
779:
477:
1310:, which demanded the summary execution of all
2263:
1746:
227:. During the same attack, the Commandos lost
8:
3247:, formerly of the Bush Veldt Carbineers (1).
2607:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2484:American University International Law Review
1048:stood accused of war crimes on the high seas
1016:stood accused of war crimes on the high seas
3184:(18). Australian War Memorial: 12–16. 2002.
2995:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
2592:(Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996), p. 185.
2559:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5.
2180:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
2146:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
2133:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
2109:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
2096:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
1889:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers
1436:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
672:his report" to Colonel Hall "as evidence."
2764:
2762:
2760:
2744:– via National Library of Australia.
2557:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945
2403:
2401:
1698:CHRISTIE, James, Trooper No. 160 (BVC/PLH)
1390:Photo of the grave of Morant and Handcock.
1050:. They were two officers of the submarine
370:, of what had happened to their relatives.
3278:, (Friday, 26 September 1980), p. 3.
3268:17 April 1902 Newspaper article, Reuters,
2897:'L.', "Australian Military Legislation",
2374:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (10 February 2006).
2296:
2294:
1456:Learn how and when to remove this message
1137:effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals
1001:, who had torpedoed and sunk the British
852:Learn how and when to remove this message
526:and the memoirs of Lieut. George Witton.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2836:wayback machine archive 9 September 2015
2308:International Committee of the Red Cross
1350:Principle IV of the Nuremberg Principles
575:Although there is no account of this in
32:This article includes a list of general
3034:Jooste, Graham; Webster, Roger (2002).
2850:
2834:(15 May 1999) accessed 17 October 2012
2384:Georgia State University College of Law
1690:
1669:Pardons for Morant, Handcock and Witton
1616:, has also been cited as an argument.
823:not related to the topic of the article
161:Floris Visser ambush, capture and death
3337:20th-century prisoner of war massacres
3165:. Australia: Slouch Hat Publications.
3127:
3116:
2157:
1940:Leach (2012), pages 62-68, 73-82, 100.
1375:
1143:(1919) and ultimately included in the
1074:. 234 doctors, nurses, members of the
238:After the ambush, the remnants of the
2929:, (Saturday, 25 February 1939), p.21.
2728:"THE SHOOTING OF AUSTRALIAN SOLDIERS"
1354:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
2934:Burke, A., "Melodrama of Boer War",
2832:Phone interview with Bruce Beresford
1518:being the most obvious one of all."
1434:adding citations to reliable sources
1395:Genealogical Society of South Africa
1131:Prosecution of Ottoman war criminals
959:, however, which prosecuted alleged
787:Military Forces of the Crown (1869):
2997:. Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society.
2301:Greppi, Edoardo (30 October 1999).
1958:Leach (2012), pages 87-90, 100-101.
1250:post-war Ottoman military tribunals
1081:After the war, three officers from
1046:Ludwig Dithmar and John Boldt also
3212:Breaker Morant: A Play in Two Acts
2947:, (Friday, 10 December 1954), p.9.
2938:, (Saturday, 7 August 1954), p.14.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3161:Woolmore, William (Bill) (2002).
2982:"A Tragic memory of the Boer War"
2555:de Zayas, Alfred-Maurice (1989).
2200:Leach (2012), pages 115-118, 203.
2041:Leach (2012), pages 105–107, 203.
1348:. This principle was codified in
2943:"Bartle Frere", "Harry Morant",
2920:, (Saturday, 11 June 1938), p.6.
2901:, (Wednesday, 1 July 1903), p.5.
2691:History of the Armenian Genocide
1406:
1384:
810:
618:Although the account written in
23:
3342:1900s massacres in South Africa
3191:The Weekend Australian Magazine
2887:, (Saturday, 24 May 1902), p.6.
2517:"Patzig's fate? Patzig's fate?"
1949:Leach (2012), pages 83-86, 100.
1931:Leach (2012), pages 61-72, 100.
1922:Leach (2012), pages 35-60, 100.
1264:US Military tribunal at Caserta
1193:. At the same time the British
1167:Committee of Union and Progress
201:Court martial of Breaker Morant
85:court-martial of Breaker Morant
3098:. Cambridge University Press.
2822:, South Africa. Pages 194-195.
2818:, Leach Printers & Signs,
2797:, Leach Printers & Signs,
2311:(835): 531–553. Archived from
1913:Leach (2012), pages 22-23, 99.
1904:Leach (2012), pages 17-22, 99.
1729:National Archives of Australia
1237:Response to the Ottoman trials
1181:, and with what is now called
538:and Captain R. Burns-Begg was
1:
3255:The (Wellington) Evening Post
3241:The (Wellington) Evening Post
3057:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2980:Copeland, H. (11 June 1938).
2945:The Townsville Daily Bulletin
1654:Military history of Australia
1268:On 8 October 1945, Wehrmacht
889:by an ad hoc tribunal of the
832:or discuss this issue on the
169:
3215:. Melbourne: Edward Arnold.
2955:Other periodicals, and books
2349:Murray, Don (18 July 2002).
2326:Grant, Linda (Spring 2006).
2053:Leach (2012), page 109, 203.
1988:Leach (2012), page 104, 106.
1967:Leach (2012), pages 100–101.
933:retrial or posthumous pardon
881:Trial of Peter von Hagenbach
515:Tenterfield, New South Wales
405:The letter then accused the
199:that were prosecuted in the
3327:United Kingdom military law
3272:"Move to Bring Morant Home"
2986:The Argus Week-end Magazine
2965:. Australia: Random House.
2918:The Argus Week-End Magazine
2875:(Chronologically arranged)
2871:Press citations on Internet
2633:, Potomac Books Inc, 2011,
1878:Leach (2012), pages 98-101.
1076:Canadian Army Medical Corps
269:subsequent events proved."
3363:
3312:Controversies in Australia
2413:Cambridge University Press
2230:Leach (2012), pages 61-72.
1979:Leach (2012), pages 97-98.
1612:that it is now called the
1336:
1128:
1125:Ottoman military tribunals
3146:. Angus & Robertson.
3053:Pakenham, Thomas (1979).
3019:. Angus & Robertson.
2961:Bleszynski, Nick (2002).
2936:The Sydney Morning Herald
2927:The Sydney Morning Herald
2899:The Sydney Morning Herald
2879:Contemporary treatments:
2264:Jooste & Webster 2002
1895:, Cape Town. Pages 78-82.
1747:Jooste & Webster 2002
1383:
1360:Conviction and sentencing
1095:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
957:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
951:Leipzig War Crimes Trials
897:against the civilians of
386:Berlin Missionary Society
306:was delivered by BVC Lt.
175:- 11 August 1901) was an
3144:Scapegoats of the Empire
2613:338–355; Helmreich P.C.
2545:Yarnall 2011, pp. 194–5.
1891:, Second Series No. 18.
1725:Scapegoats of the Empire
1632:atrocities in Yugoslavia
1490:Scapegoats of the Empire
1471:British House of Commons
1323:executed by firing squad
1211:Somerset Gough-Calthorpe
151:Scapegoats of the Empire
103:, Henry Picton, Captain
3180:"Villains or Victims".
2769:Leach, Charles (2012).
2754:Leach (2012), page 139.
2478:Solis, Gary D. (1999).
2442:Leach, Charles (2012).
2411:", William A. Schabas,
2254:Leach (2012), page 109.
2218:Davey (1987), page 122.
2209:Davey (1987), page 123.
2191:Leach (2012), page 110.
2062:Leach (2012), page 113.
2032:Leach (2012), page 203.
2023:Leach (2012), page 125.
2009:Leach (2012), page 107.
2000:Leach (2012), page 105.
1869:Leach 2012, pages 56-57
1815:Leach 2012, pages 53-55
1797:Leach 2012, pages 40-48
1762:Leach, Charles (2012).
1727:, dated 7 August 1907,
1346:laws and customs of war
1281:Royal Palace of Caserta
802:Superior orders defence
391:Southern Ndebele people
183:, which fought for the
53:more precise citations.
3322:Second Boer War crimes
3126:Cite journal requires
3072:Pollock, John (1998).
2993:Davey, Arthur (1987).
2814:Charles Leach (2012),
2793:Charles Leach (2012),
2428:", by Eugenia Levine,
1659:Command responsibility
1588:, Scotland during the
1373:
1156:British Foreign Office
1141:Paris Peace Conference
972:
924:command responsibility
799:
783:
498:
93:Harry "Breaker" Morant
2801:, South Africa. Page
2394:on 10 September 2008.
2363:on 13 September 2013.
2315:on 10 September 2009.
2178:Arthur Davey (1987),
2144:Arthur Davey (1987),
2131:Arthur Davey (1987),
2107:Arthur Davey (1987),
2094:Arthur Davey (1987),
1887:Arthur Davey (1987),
1806:Leach 2012, page 52-3
1649:Breaker Morant (play)
1644:Breaker Morant (film)
1619:In a 1999 interview,
1536:Second Anglo-Boer War
1528:Soutpansberg Commando
1503:in modern Australia.
1367:
1226:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
1177:of the constitution,
1087:Helmut BrĂĽmmer-Patzig
821:may contain material
785:According to Clode's
761:Attack on Pietersburg
725:Dutch Reformed Church
189:Second Anglo-Boer War
185:Republic of Transvaal
155:Australian government
3038:. New Africa Books.
2885:The Brisbane Courier
2609:, Cambridge, Mass.,
2332:Harvard Law Bulletin
1893:Van Riebeeck Society
1532:Heroes Acre Monument
1430:improve this section
1329:on 1 December 1945.
1139:was taken up by the
1020:Imperial German Navy
947:, and Henry Picton.
830:improve this section
753:The Three Boers Case
507:James Francis Thomas
347:Justice of the Peace
221:Percy Frederick Hunt
109:Bushveldt Carbineers
3317:Court-martial cases
2714:26 May 2020 at the
2631:Daniel Allen Butler
2430:Global Policy Forum
2338:on 24 October 2014.
1860:Leach 2012, page 56
1840:Leach 2012, page 55
1824:Leach 2012, page 54
1578:Peter von Hagenbach
1559:Australian New Wave
1241:Armenian historian
1154:After the war, the
887:Peter von Hagenbach
578:The Times of London
523:The Times of London
368:concentration camps
3307:British war crimes
3302:1907 controversies
3297:1902 controversies
3276:The Canberra Times
2670:Metropolitan Books
2351:"Judge and master"
1594:United States Army
1582:Glencorse Barracks
1545:In popular culture
1512:Northern Transvaal
1374:
1319:sentenced to death
1099:commanding officer
1085:, Kapitänleutnant
775:Duke of Wellington
695:"Eight Boers" case
628:King's Regulations
393:, was also killed.
339:Officer Commanding
179:and member of the
3347:Massacres in 1901
3332:War crimes trials
3045:978-0-86486-532-8
3004:978-0-620-12485-0
2678:978-0-8050-7932-6
2455:978-0-620-52056-0
2081:978-1-9252-3050-5
1775:978-0-620-52056-0
1674:War crimes trials
1664:Nuremberg defense
1626:Los Angeles Times
1614:Nuremberg Defense
1466:
1465:
1458:
1400:
1399:
1300:Albert Kesselring
1289:summary execution
1277:military tribunal
1243:Vahakn N. Dadrian
1213:protested to the
1160:Armenian genocide
1063:Llandovery Castle
1037:Llandovery Castle
1012:Mediterranean Sea
963:after the end of
961:German war crimes
891:Holy Roman Empire
866:Nuremberg Defense
862:
861:
854:
777:on 4 March 1832:
706:Wilfred N. Bolton
643:take no prisoners
601:guerrilla warfare
562:cross-examination
540:Public Prosecutor
219:, led by Captain
193:summary execution
79:
78:
71:
3354:
3292:1902 in case law
3226:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3157:
3135:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3092:Ross, Kenneth G.
3087:
3068:
3049:
3030:
3008:
2989:
2976:
2912:Retrospectives:
2858:
2855:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2724:
2718:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2681:
2672:, New York 2006
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2601:Dadrian V.N. in
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2527:on 28 March 2012
2523:. Archived from
2521:invisionzone.com
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2439:
2433:
2432:, February 2005.
2422:
2416:
2415:, Third Edition.
2405:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:. Archived from
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2359:. Archived from
2346:
2340:
2339:
2334:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2252:
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2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2148:, pages 127-128.
2142:
2136:
2129:
2112:
2111:, pages 126-127.
2105:
2099:
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2083:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
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2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2010:
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2001:
1998:
1989:
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1965:
1959:
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1798:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1759:
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1744:
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1710:
1695:
1610:Nuremberg Trials
1461:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1410:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1339:Nuremberg trials
1333:Nuremberg trials
1254:Nuremberg Trials
1179:War profiteering
1147:(1920) with the
1145:Treaty of Sèvres
1119:Victor's justice
1107:independent city
1014:on 26 May 1917,
992:Karl Neumann of
915:Charles the Bold
911:Duke of Burgundy
857:
850:
846:
843:
837:
814:
813:
806:
734:
648:
607:he brought from
583:
530:The Visser trial
509:, an Australian
491:illegal commands
240:Letaba Commandos
174:
171:
166:Floris J. Visser
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
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1721:NAA: A1336, 227
1717:
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1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1640:
1621:Bruce Beresford
1606:Nazi war crimes
1598:My Lai Massacre
1590:Napoleonic Wars
1574:judicial murder
1566:Bruce Beresford
1562:film adaptation
1555:Kenneth G. Ross
1547:
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1127:
1115:Alfred de Zayas
1072:First World War
1041:
1031:of war crimes.
990:Kapitänleutnant
987:
974:Befehlsnotstand
953:
895:Burgundian Wars
883:
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661:Hubert Hamilton
646:
605:acted on orders
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446:Provost Marshal
434:
421:
407:Field Commander
383:
375:revenge killing
335:
275:
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181:Letaba Commando
172:
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121:Second Boer War
75:
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58:
55:
45:Please help to
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3140:Witton, George
3136:
3128:|journal=
3110:
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3096:Breaker Morant
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3044:
3036:Innocent Blood
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1308:Commando Order
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1230:Constantinople
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3076:. Constable.
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1522:Floris Visser
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1446:November 2021
1439:
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1415:This section
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1297:Field Marshal
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1273:Anton Dostler
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1215:Sublime Porte
1212:
1208:
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1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Pontic Greeks
1185:against both
1184:
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1091:Oberleutnants
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1059:hospital ship
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1044:Oberleutnants
1038:
1034:
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842:February 2021
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819:This section
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265:' Commando."
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105:Alfred Taylor
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3119:cite journal
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3055:The Boer War
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2988:. p. 6.
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2738:. Retrieved
2733:Evening News
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2525:the original
2520:
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2499:. Retrieved
2487:
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2389:the original
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1443:
1428:Please help
1416:
1342:
1304:Adolf Hitler
1294:
1267:
1258:World War II
1247:
1240:
1219:
1207:Talaat Pasha
1199:
1164:
1153:
1134:
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1080:
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1007:Dover Castle
1005:
997:
988:
983:Dover Castle
982:
954:
931:seeking the
922:
884:
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848:
839:
828:Please help
820:
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772:
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714:
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685:manslaughter
682:
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404:
336:
328:
321:
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308:Harry Picton
301:
298:
294:
291:
287:firing squad
284:
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267:
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245:
237:
229:Field cornet
225:Duivelskloof
217:British Army
210:
200:
165:
164:
150:
148:
140:Daniel Heese
125:
115:regiment of
84:
82:
80:
65:
56:
37:
3017:The Breaker
2708:Times Union
2660:Taner Akçam
2641:, p.211-212
2182:, page 128.
2158:Witton 1982
2135:, page 127.
2098:, page 126.
1707:" (below).)
1602:Vietnam War
1600:during the
1501:folk heroes
1494:World War I
1279:inside the
1203:Enver Pasha
965:World War I
955:During the
768:condonation
432:Indictments
343:Pietersburg
233:Frank Eland
191:. Visser's
187:during the
173: 1881
119:during the
51:introducing
3286:Categories
3013:Denton, K.
2865:References
2740:1 December
2531:15 January
2501:8 November
2490:(2): 500.
1592:, and the
1551:stage play
1175:subversion
1105:, then an
1029:not guilty
742:Heese case
718:mass grave
442:grand jury
351:Kalgoorlie
333:The letter
320: [
197:war crimes
111:(BVC), an
89:war crimes
34:references
3074:Kitchener
2689:Dadrian,
2496:1520-460X
2464:808438842
1784:808438842
1685:Citations
1680:Footnotes
1557:, and an
1481:Aftermath
1475:cashiered
1417:does not
1315:commandos
1191:Armenians
929:Australia
919:beheading
834:talk page
710:barrister
669:fortnight
639:Spelonken
620:The Times
594:The Times
511:solicitor
177:Afrikaner
113:irregular
83:The 1902
3209:(1979).
3193:: 20–22.
3142:(1982).
3094:(1990).
3015:(1973).
2712:Archived
2680:, p. 354
2615:op. cit.
2356:CBC News
1638:See also
1586:Penicuik
1183:genocide
903:war rape
899:Breisach
874:believed
632:Rule 303
609:Pretoria
426:Pretoria
359:Valdezia
59:May 2012
3182:Wartime
2468:p. 194.
2241:carbine
1788:page 53
1608:at the
1438:removed
1423:sources
1393:Source:
1302:and to
1285:Caserta
1270:General
1111:Germany
1068:Ireland
1010:in the
907:perjury
560:During
419:Arrests
412:Colenso
318:Kaffirs
207:Capture
47:improve
3245:Clutha
3219:
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2611:18 (3)
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1370:Thomas
1368:Major
1327:Aversa
1312:Allied
1256:after
1222:Ankara
1169:which
1103:Danzig
1089:, and
1024:Allies
994:U-boat
969:German
582:'s
551:laager
496:crime.
457:make."
263:Beyers
153:. The
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36:, but
2845:Notes
2803:xxxii
2392:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
1584:near
1039:trial
998:UC-67
985:trial
555:khaki
513:from
397:girl.
362:Dale.
349:from
273:Death
3217:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3132:help
3100:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2742:2016
2674:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2533:2011
2503:2015
2492:ISSN
2460:OCLC
2450:ISBN
2077:ISBN
1780:OCLC
1770:ISBN
1421:any
1419:cite
1321:and
1189:and
1173:for
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