316:
539:
adopted for the purpose of enlarging its authority, that every person sued is in the custody of the marshal of the court and may, therefore, be proceeded against for any personal cause of actions. Thus, by degrees, this court has drawn over to itself actions which really belong to...the Court of Common Pleas. The Court of Common Pleas, however...never was able to obtain cognizance of – the peculiar subject of King's Bench jurisdiction – Crown Pleas... the
Exchequer has adopted a similar course for, though it was originally confined to the trial of revenue cases, it has, by means of another fiction – the supposition that everybody sued is a debtor to the Crown, and further, that he cannot pay his debt, because the other party will not pay him, – opened its doors to every suitor, and so drawn to itself the right of trying cases, that were never intended to be placed within its jurisdiction.
531:
633:
721:. Occasionally appointed before 1272, the number fluctuated considerably between 1 and 4; from 1522, the number was fixed at 3. Provisions for a fourth were established in 1830, and a fifth in 1868. Following the dissolution of the Court of King's Bench, the remaining Justices because Justices of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. Justices were originally paid £26 a year, increasing to £66 in 1361, and £100 in 1389. An ordinance of 1645 increased this to £1,000, with the salary peaking at £5,500 in 1825. As with the Chief Justice, pension arrangements were formally organised in 1799, starting at £2,000 a year and peaking at £3,500 in 1825.
161:
574:, the Judicature Commission was formed in 1867, and given a wide remit to investigate reform of the courts, the law, and the legal profession. Five reports were issued, from 25 March 1869 to 10 July 1874, with the first (dealing with the formation of a single Supreme Court of Judicature) considered the most influential. The report disposed of the previous idea of merging the common law and equity, and instead suggested a single Supreme Court capable of using both.
665:, defines the early King's Bench jurisdiction as "to correct all crimes and misdemeanours that amounted to a breach of the peace, the King being then plaintiff, for such were in derogation of the Jura regalia; and to take cognizance of everything not parcelled out to the other courts". By the end of the 14th century much of the criminal jurisdiction had declined, although the court maintained a criminal jurisdiction over all cases in
44:
1957:
604:, with the divisions between the courts to remain. The Queen's Bench thus ceased to exist, holding its last session on 6 July 1875, except as the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court. The existence of the same courts as divisions of one unified body was a quirk of constitutional law, which prevented the compulsory demotion or retirement of Chief Justices. Thus all three Chief Justices (Lord Chief Justice
1945:
1969:
567:
1823, 43,465 actions were brought in the King's Bench, 13,009 in the Common Pleas and 6,778 in the
Exchequer of Pleas. Not surprisingly, the King's Bench judges were "immoderately over burdened", the Common Pleas judges were "fully occupied in term, and much engaged in vacation also" and the Barons of the Exchequer were "comparatively little occupied either in term or vacation".
364:, the court would have to issue an individual writ for each action, with associated time delays and costs for A, and then ensure that B appeared in court. Bills, on the other hand, were traditionally used against court officials and the court's prisoners; as such, the defendant was assumed to already be in the court's custody and presence in court was not needed. Thus a
406:
274:
the
Kingdom and should do right and should not depart from the king's court but should remain there to hear the complaints of men, with this understanding that, if there should come up among them any question which could not be brought to a conclusion by them, it should be presented to a royal hearing and be determined by the king and the wiser men of the kingdom".
437:. Under the medieval common law, claims seeking the repayment of a debt or other matters could only be pursued through a writ of debt in the Common Pleas, a problematic and archaic process. By 1558 the lawyers had succeeded in creating another method, enforced by the Court of King's Bench, through the action of
669:, the county where Westminster Hall stood. The King's Bench's main jurisdiction was over "pleas of the crown"; cases which involved the King in some way. With the exception of revenue matters, which were handled by the Exchequer of Pleas, the King's Bench held exclusive jurisdiction over these cases.
705:
This practice ended in 1689, when all of the Chief
Justices became appointed to serve "during good behaviour". The initial salary was £40 a year, with an additional £66 in 1372 and an increase to a total of £160 in 1389. An ordinance of 1646 set a fixed salary of £1,000, increased to £2,000 in 1714,
380:
The advantages to this method were that bills were substantially cheaper, and unlike writs did not tie the plaintiff down. Once the case came to court the bill could be amended to include any action or actions the plaintiff wanted to enforce. By avoiding the
Chancery writ, the case was substantially
136:
The King's Bench's jurisdiction initially covered a wide range of criminal matters, any business not claimed by the other courts, and any cases concerning the monarch. Until 1830, the King's Bench acted as a court of appeal for the
Exchequer of Pleas and Common Pleas, and required Parliament to sign
501:
The King's Bench got around this in the 1670s; the Act did not say that the process had to be true, so the court continued to use legal fictions, simply ensuring that the true cause of action was expressed in the process, regardless of whether or not it was correct. The Bill of
Middlessex disclosed
425:
While these reforms succeeded in forming an equilibrium between the old common law courts and the new courts, they were viewed with suspicion by the Common Pleas, who became highly reactionary to the changes the King's Bench attempted to introduce. While the King's Bench was more revolutionary, the
347:
used by the
Chancery made court procedure far faster, and from 1460 to 1540 there was a steep decline in the number of cases in the common law courts, coinciding with a sharp increase in cases in the newer courts. This loss of business was quickly recognised by the King's Bench, which was urged by
273:
learned that the land and the men of the land were burdened by so great a number of justices, for there were, eighteen, chose with the counsel of the wise men of his
Kingdom five only, two clerks three and laymen, all of his private family, and decreed that these five should hear all complaints of
493:
granted some respite to the Common Pleas, which abolished fines on original writs, hurting the King's Bench, but in 1660 the fines were reinstated and "then the very attorneys of the Common Pleas boggled at them and carried all their finable business to the King's Bench". In 1661 the Common Pleas
680:
in 1585 created a court from which King's Bench decisions could be appealed to, and with the expansion of the
Exchequer Chamber's jurisdiction in 1830 the King's Bench ceased to be an appellate court. Thanks to the Bill of Westminster and other legal fictions, the King's Bench gained much of the
566:
The purpose of Brougham's speech was to illustrate that three courts of identical jurisdiction were unnecessary, and further that it would create a situation where the best judges, lawyers and cases would eventually go to one court, overburdening that body and leaving the others near useless. In
372:
Eventually it became even more fictitious; if A wished to sue B merely for debt and detinue, a trespass writ would be obtained and then quietly dismissed when B was detained in custody. This was originally undertaken through getting a writ of trespass from the Chancery, but eventually a shorter
689:
The head of the court was the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, a position established by 1268. From the 14th century onwards, the Chief Justice was appointed by a writ, in Latin until 1727 and in English from then on. The Chief Justice was the most senior judge in the superior courts, having
538:
he jurisdiction of the Court of King's Bench, for example, was originally confined to pleas of the Crown, and then extended to actions where violence was used – actions of trespass, by force; but now, all actions are admissible within its walls, through the medium of a legal fiction, which was
385:, which justices expanded to encompass other things. In 1499 it enabled the enforcement of parol promises, which rendered Chancery subpoenas obsolete; later developments included the recovery of debts, suing for defamatory words (previously an ecclesiastical matter) and action on the case for
116:
as one of the two principal common law courts along with the Common Pleas. To recover, the King's Bench undertook a scheme of revolutionary reform, creating less expensive, faster and more versatile types of pleading in the form of bills as opposed to the more traditional
650:, academics thought for a long time that the King's Bench was primarily a criminal court. This was factually incorrect; no indictment was tried by the King's Bench until January 1323, and no record of the court ordering the death penalty is found until halfway through
706:£4,000 in 1733, and finally peaked at £10,000 a year in 1825. Pension arrangements were first made in 1799, peaking at £4,000 a year in 1825. The position remains to this day; after the dissolution of the Court of King's Bench, the Chief Justice has instead been the
282:. The later theory was that Henry II's decree created the Court of Common Pleas, not the King's Bench, and that the King's Bench instead split from the Common Pleas at some later time. The first records of an independent King's Bench come from 1234, when distinct
373:
workaround was used; since the King's Bench retained criminal jurisdiction over Middlesex, the trespass (which was fictitious anyway) would be said to have occurred there, allowing the King's Bench to issue a bill of arrest on its own. This became known as the
124:
There was a steep decline in business from 1460 to 1540. As the new reforms began to take effect the King's Bench's business was significantly boosted. Between 1560 and 1640, it rose tenfold. The Common Pleas became suspicious of the new developments, as
544:
352:
in 1501 to develop new remedies so that "subpoenas would not be used as often as they are at present". From 1500 the King's Bench began reforming to increase its business and jurisdiction, with the tide finally turning in their favour by 1550.
518:'s reign, all three common law courts had a similar jurisdiction over most common pleas, with similar processes. By the 18th century, it was customary to speak of the "twelve justices" of the three courts, not distinguishing them, and
381:
cheaper. The result of this was substantial; between 1560 and 1640, the King's Bench's business rose tenfold. This period also saw a substantial broadening of the remedies available in the common law. The main remedy and method was
368:
arose; if A wished to sue B for trespass, debt and detinue, he would have a writ issued for trespass. B would be arrested as a result, and the covenant, detinue and debt actions undertaken by bill after he had been detained.
426:
Common Pleas became increasingly conservative in its attempts to avoid ceding cases. The disparity between the reformist King's Bench and conservative Common Pleas was exacerbated by the fact that the three Common Pleas
286:
are found for each court. Modern academics give 1234 as the founding date for the King's Bench as a fully independent tribunal, considering it part of the law reform which took place from 1232 to 1234. Under
133:
damaged its own business. Fighting against the King's Bench in a reactionary and increasingly conservative way, an equilibrium was eventually reached in the 17th century until the merger in 1873.
581:, attempted to bring the recommendations into law through an Act of Parliament, but did not go to the trouble of consulting the judiciary or the leader of the Conservatives, who controlled the
702:. Unlike other Chief Justices, who were appointed to serve "during the King's Pleasure", the appointment as Chief Justice of the King's Bench "did not usually specify any particular tenure".
339:, exercised through the Court of Chancery. These courts were more attractive to the common lawyers because of their informality and the simple method used to arrest defendants. The bills of
1994:
193:
was the King's court, composed of those advisers and courtiers who followed the King as he travelled around the country. This was not a dedicated court of law, instead a descendant of the
1609:
654:'s reign. The court did have some criminal jurisdiction, with a royal ordinance in 1293 directing conspiracy cases to be brought to the King's Bench and the court's judges acting in
430:
could not agree on how to cut costs, leaving the court both expensive and of limited malleability while the King's Bench became faster, cheaper and more varied in its jurisdiction.
291:, the presence of the King in the court became more and more irregular, and by 1318 the court sat independent of the monarch. Its last travels around the country were in 1414 to
2009:
1176:
772:
447:
used was that by failing to pay after promising to do so, a defendant had committed deceit, and was liable to the plaintiff. The conservative Common Pleas, through the
632:
226:
travelled with the King, there were problems with the administration of justice. For example, if the King left the country for an extended period of time (as
1602:
1989:
2004:
523:
530:
303:
in 1421. From then onwards, the King's Bench became a fixed court rather than one that followed the King. Like the Common Pleas, the King's Bench sat in
502:
the true cause of action, satisfying the 1661 statute, but did not require a valid complaint. This caused severe friction within the court system, and
315:
211:
staffed by itinerant judges dispensed justice throughout the country, operating on fixed paths at certain times. These judges were also members of the
1787:
506:, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, eventually reached a compromise by allowing such legal fictions in the Common Pleas as well as the King's Bench.
1720:
278:
This was originally interpreted as the foundation of the King's Bench, with the Court of Common Pleas not coming into existence until the grant of
1897:
1777:
1649:
1595:
707:
621:
98:
593:
in September 1872, a second bill was introduced after consultation with the judiciary; although along the same lines, it was far more detailed.
1892:
265:
There is some controversy over whether the original fixed court was the Common Pleas or King's Bench. In 1178, a chronicler recorded that when
590:
547:
1792:
1654:
605:
597:
586:
555:
94:
459:
413:
1644:
616:) continued in post. Kelly and Cockburn died in 1880, allowing for the abolition of the Common Pleas Division and Exchequer Division by
609:
676:
and local courts, but was not a court of last resort; its own records were sent to Parliament to be signed off on. The creation of the
646:
97:, after which point the King's Bench was a division within the High Court. The King's Bench was staffed by one Chief Justice (now the
470:
action to a higher court where the Justices of the King's Bench could vote, allowing them to overrule the Common Pleas and establish
1999:
1845:
1797:
1534:
1430:
1303:
1259:
1180:
691:
578:
503:
483:
356:
The recovery of the King's Bench was thanks to its use of Chancery-like procedure; centrally, the system of bills. Prior to this, a
780:
397:, who never lived to see the results of his work; it took over 100 years for the reforms to fully reverse the decline in business.
160:
498:
based on legal fictions, forbidding "special bail" in any case where "the true cause of action" was not expressed in the process.
1730:
463:
409:
121:. Although not immediately stemming the tide, it helped the King's Bench to recover and increase its workload in the long term.
31:
1710:
235:
78:
1705:
1618:
711:
155:
108:
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the King's Bench's jurisdiction and caseload was significantly challenged by the rise of the
1855:
718:
681:
Common Pleas's jurisdiction, although the Common Pleas remained the sole place where real property claims could be brought.
1440:
Polden, Patrick (2002). "Mingling the waters: personalities, politics and the making of the Supreme Court of Judicature".
1935:
1850:
1247:
695:
672:
The Court of King's Bench did act as an appellate body, hearing appeals from the Court of Common Pleas, eyre circuits,
1860:
1840:
1695:
673:
677:
182:
138:
360:
would have to be issued, with different writs depending on the issue. If A wished to sue B for trespass, debt and
1819:
1295:
377:, and undermined the jurisdiction of the Court of Common Pleas, which would normally deal with such civil cases.
262:
eventually became known as the King's Bench, with the King himself required to be present for the court to sit.
1735:
620:
on 16 December 1880. The High Court was reorganised into the Chancery Division, Queen's Bench Division and the
1360:
475:
1812:
1674:
730:
48:
1973:
1807:
1659:
601:
559:
515:
490:
328:
90:
35:
1679:
77:, the King's Bench initially followed the monarch on his travels. The King's Bench finally joined the
776:
651:
227:
68:
234:
followed, making hearings difficult to hold. To remedy this, a central "bench" was established; the
1782:
1664:
699:
288:
266:
1918:
1865:
1802:
1725:
1465:
1409:
382:
323:, a competitor to the King's Bench and other common law courts during the 15th and 16th centuries
239:
82:
1913:
327:
During the 15th century, the traditional superiority of the common law courts was challenged by
1715:
1574:
1553:
1530:
1506:
1486:
1457:
1426:
1401:
1372:
1339:
1318:
1299:
1278:
1255:
1235:
571:
374:
320:
208:
186:
130:
109:
17:
600:, merged the Common Pleas, Exchequer, Queen's Bench and Court of Chancery into one body, the
558:, merging the Common Pleas, Exchequer, King's Bench and Court of Chancery into one body, the
1745:
1518:
1449:
1393:
1364:
617:
390:
304:
300:
255:
164:
86:
1835:
1639:
551:
448:
336:
434:
451:
the Court of Exchequer Chamber, began to overrule decisions made by the King's Bench on
43:
1949:
1482:
582:
292:
102:
1565:
Wiener, Frederick Bernays (1973). "Tracing the Origins of the Court of King's Bench".
1983:
1469:
613:
570:
In response to this and the report of a committee investigating the slow pace of the
479:
444:
365:
126:
1750:
1526:
1525:. Law, Liberty and Parliament: Selected Essays on the Writings of Sir Edward Coke.
1498:
1351:
Ibbetson, David (1984). "Sixteenth Century Contract Law: Slade's Case in Context".
752:
The words were duly changed to reflect gender during the reign of a female monarch.
427:
332:
113:
1587:
1956:
1669:
1503:
Select cases in the Court of King's Bench under Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V
655:
641:
543:
394:
349:
279:
246:
so that common pleas could be heard in "some fixed place". Thus, there were two
243:
199:
173:
73:
534:
The Court of King's Bench at work in Westminster Hall in the early 19th century
486:, which briefly led to a less reactionary and more revolutionary Common Pleas.
89:
in 1318, making its last travels in 1421. The King's Bench was merged into the
1961:
1453:
296:
283:
247:
64:
1578:
1557:
1461:
1405:
1376:
1343:
1282:
1239:
1510:
1490:
1322:
717:
A Chief Justice of the King's Bench was assisted in his work by a number of
666:
585:. The bill ran into strong opposition from lawyers and judges, particularly
439:
418:
340:
178:
1368:
1226:
Adams, George Burton (1920). "Origin of the English Courts of Common Law".
405:
1384:
Turner, Ralph V. (1977). "The Origins of Common Pleas and King's Bench".
494:
attempted to reverse this by pushing for an Act of Parliament to abolish
344:
1479:
The Judges of England 1272–1990: a list of judges of the superior courts
1700:
495:
361:
1413:
1269:
Bonner, George A. (1933). "The History of the Court of King's Bench".
519:
386:
51:
from about 1460 is the earliest known depiction of the English court.
1397:
514:
The unintended outcome of these compromises was that by the end of
542:
529:
404:
159:
42:
416:
who brought the Common Pleas and King's Bench into conflict over
357:
177:, one of the three central administrative bodies along with the
118:
1591:
1544:
Washburn, Emory (1876). "King's Bench and Growth of the Law".
254:, which followed the King, and the Common Pleas, which sat in
230:, who spent the vast majority of his reign overseas did), the
215:, and would hear cases on the King's behalf in the "lesser
466:, deliberately provoked the Common Pleas into bringing an
71:. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century from the
433:
The troubles during this period are best illustrated by
1330:
Hamlin, Elbert B. (1935). "The Court of Common Pleas".
1933:
1523:
The Place of Slade's Case in the History of Contract
1209:
1207:
1906:
1885:
1878:
1828:
1770:
1763:
1688:
1632:
1625:
474:as the main contractual action. After the death of
489:The struggle continued even after this point. The
36:High Court of Justice § King's Bench Division
522:cases were shared equally between them. In 1828,
1995:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
1179:. Judiciary of England and Wales. Archived from
167:, where the King's Bench sat until its abolition
271:
141:served for appeals of King's Bench decisions.
1603:
61:The Court of the King Before the King Himself
8:
2010:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1875
1882:
1767:
1629:
1610:
1596:
1588:
1271:Journal of the Law Society's School of Law
1036:
1034:
965:
963:
47:The Court of King's Bench at work. This
1721:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
1252:An Introduction to English Legal History
905:
903:
848:
846:
836:
834:
748:
746:
631:
455:, causing friction between the courts.
443:, which was technically for deceit. The
314:
1940:
1315:A History of English Legal Institutions
1292:Sir Edward Coke and the Elizabethan Age
764:
742:
708:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
622:Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division
393:. Most of this reform took place under
242:, received official recognition in the
99:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
27:English common law court (c. 1200–1873)
1006:
1004:
1002:
917:
915:
1386:The American Journal of Legal History
663:History of English Legal Institutions
612:and Chief Baron of the Exchequer Sir
171:Originally, the sole "court" was the
137:off on its decisions. From 1585, the
7:
608:, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
598:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
556:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
95:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873
2005:1870s disestablishments in England
647:Institutes of the Lawes of England
25:
1846:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
1448:(3). Cambridge University Press.
1392:(3). Temple University: 238–254.
692:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
658:commissions around the country.
589:. After Hatherly was replaced by
484:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
460:Chief Justice of the King's Bench
414:Chief Justice of the King's Bench
1967:
1955:
1943:
1731:Court of Great Sessions in Wales
1990:Court of King's Bench (England)
1353:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
554:who oversaw the passage of the
1706:Court for Crown Cases Reserved
1619:Judiciary of England and Wales
1521:(2004). Allen D. Boyer (ed.).
712:Judiciary of England and Wales
401:Struggle with the Common Pleas
156:Government in medieval England
18:Court of the King's Bench
1:
1103:Manchester (1980) p. 149
1085:Manchester (1980) p. 148
1049:Manchester (1980) p. 145
1040:Manchester (1980) p. 130
640:Due to a misunderstanding by
577:In 1870 the Lord Chancellor,
32:King's Bench (disambiguation)
1851:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
719:Justices of the King's Bench
696:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
636:English courts prior to 1830
1861:Justice of the Common Pleas
1856:Justice of the King's Bench
1841:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
1696:Court of Appeal in Chancery
1094:Washburn (1876) p. 533
996:Ibbetson (1984) p. 305
238:, initially split from the
2026:
1421:Manchester, A. H. (1980).
678:Court of Exchequer Chamber
153:
139:Court of Exchequer Chamber
29:
1820:Common Serjeant of London
1505:. Vol. 7. Quaritch.
1454:10.1017/S0008197302001745
1296:Stanford University Press
1139:Weiner (1973) p. 756
1076:Polden (2002) p. 577
1067:Polden (2002) p. 576
1058:Polden (2002) p. 575
978:Simpson (2004) p. 71
969:Simpson (2004) p. 70
879:Turner (1977) p. 248
852:Wiener (1973) p. 754
840:Hamlin (1935) p. 202
2000:Legal history of England
1736:Court of High Commission
1290:Boyer, Allen D. (2003).
1213:Sainty (1993) p. 20
1201:Sainty (1993) p. 19
1177:"The Lord Chief Justice"
1121:Carter (1910) p. 85
987:Boyer (2003) p. 127
870:Adams (1920) p. 799
861:Adams (1920) p. 798
1361:Oxford University Press
1332:Connecticut Bar Journal
1166:Sainty (1993) p. 5
1157:Sainty (1993) p. 4
1148:Sainty (1993) p. 3
1130:Bonner (1933) p. 6
1112:Baker (2002) p. 51
1028:Baker (2002) p. 50
1019:Baker (2002) p. 47
1010:Baker (2002) p. 46
957:Baker (2002) p. 45
948:Baker (2002) p. 44
939:Baker (2002) p. 43
930:Baker (2002) p. 42
921:Baker (2002) p. 41
909:Baker (2002) p. 40
897:Baker (2002) p. 37
888:Baker (2002) p. 39
828:Kemp (1973) p. 572
819:Baker (2002) p. 15
810:Baker (2002) p. 17
801:Baker (2002) p. 12
773:"Manuscript Collection"
596:The Act, passed as the
307:until its dissolution.
1813:Recorder of Manchester
1675:High Court of Chivalry
1499:Sayles, George Osborne
1313:Carter, A. T. (1910).
1277:(1). The Law Society.
1234:(1). Yale University.
710:, now the head of the
637:
606:Sir Alexander Cockburn
563:
541:
535:
422:
324:
276:
203:. In concert with the
168:
52:
49:illuminated manuscript
1808:Recorder of Liverpool
1788:Court of Appeal judge
1741:Court of King's Bench
1711:Court of Common Pleas
1477:Sainty, John (1993).
1442:Cambridge Law Journal
690:superiority over the
661:A. T. Carter, in his
635:
602:High Court of Justice
560:High Court of Justice
546:
533:
528:
458:In Slade's Case, the
408:
329:ecclesiastical courts
318:
236:Court of Common Pleas
163:
154:Further information:
91:High Court of Justice
79:Court of Common Pleas
57:Court of King's Bench
46:
1423:Modern Legal History
1369:10.1093/ojls/4.3.295
777:Inner Temple Library
698:, and from 1612 the
478:, the more activist
335:jurisdiction of the
295:, Staffordshire and
101:) and usually three
69:English legal system
59:, formally known as
30:For other uses, see
1783:Master of the Rolls
1665:Court of Protection
1546:Stanford Law Review
731:King's Bench Prison
700:Master of the Rolls
114:equitable doctrines
1919:Admiralty Advocate
1866:Justice of Chester
1803:Recorder of London
1778:Lord Chief Justice
1726:Court of Exchequer
1680:Magistrates' Court
638:
587:Alexander Cockburn
564:
536:
423:
383:action on the case
325:
240:Exchequer of Pleas
197:and partly of the
169:
83:Exchequer of Pleas
53:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1898:Solicitor General
1874:
1873:
1759:
1758:
1716:Court of Chancery
1519:Simpson, A. W. B.
783:on 22 August 2010
572:Court of Chancery
526:complained that:
375:Bill of Middlesex
321:Court of Chancery
299:, and a visit to
187:Court of Chancery
185:, from which the
131:Bill of Middlesex
110:Court of Chancery
63:, was a court of
16:(Redirected from
2017:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1893:Attorney General
1883:
1793:High Court judge
1768:
1746:Court of Probate
1630:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1589:
1582:
1561:
1540:
1514:
1494:
1473:
1436:
1425:. Butterworths.
1417:
1380:
1347:
1326:
1309:
1286:
1265:
1254:. Butterworths.
1243:
1228:Yale Law Journal
1214:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:on 30 April 2008
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
997:
994:
988:
985:
979:
976:
970:
967:
958:
955:
949:
946:
940:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
910:
907:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
859:
853:
850:
841:
838:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
779:. Archived from
769:
753:
750:
618:Order in Council
305:Westminster Hall
301:Northamptonshire
256:Westminster Hall
165:Westminster Hall
87:Westminster Hall
21:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1914:King's Advocate
1902:
1870:
1836:Lord Chancellor
1824:
1755:
1684:
1655:Court of Appeal
1640:Court of equity
1621:
1616:
1564:
1543:
1537:
1517:
1497:
1476:
1439:
1433:
1420:
1383:
1350:
1329:
1317:. Butterworth.
1312:
1306:
1289:
1268:
1262:
1246:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:
973:
968:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
913:
908:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
860:
856:
851:
844:
839:
832:
827:
823:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
796:
786:
784:
771:
770:
766:
762:
757:
756:
751:
744:
739:
727:
687:
642:Sir Edward Coke
630:
552:Lord Chancellor
512:
476:Edmund Anderson
449:appellate court
403:
337:Lord Chancellor
313:
158:
152:
147:
103:Puisne Justices
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:Modern history
1964:
1952:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1562:
1541:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1483:Selden Society
1474:
1437:
1431:
1418:
1398:10.2307/844792
1381:
1348:
1327:
1310:
1304:
1287:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1203:
1194:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1030:
1021:
1012:
998:
989:
980:
971:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
911:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
854:
842:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
763:
761:
758:
755:
754:
741:
740:
738:
735:
734:
733:
726:
723:
686:
683:
629:
626:
610:Lord Coleridge
583:House of Lords
524:Henry Brougham
511:
508:
428:prothonotaries
402:
399:
312:
309:
293:Leicestershire
151:
148:
146:
143:
127:legal fictions
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Circuit judge
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Privy Council
1648:
1646:
1645:Supreme Court
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1536:0-86597-426-8
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1432:0-406-62264-7
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1305:0-8047-4809-8
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:0-406-93053-8
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
918:
916:
912:
906:
904:
900:
894:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
858:
855:
849:
847:
843:
837:
835:
831:
825:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
782:
778:
774:
768:
765:
759:
749:
747:
743:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
720:
715:
713:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
684:
682:
679:
675:
674:assize courts
670:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
614:Fitzroy Kelly
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
591:Lord Selborne
588:
584:
580:
579:Lord Hatherly
575:
573:
568:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:Lord Selborne
545:
540:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
505:
504:Francis North
499:
497:
492:
487:
485:
481:
480:Francis Gawdy
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:legal fiction
442:
441:
436:
431:
429:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
378:
376:
370:
367:
366:legal fiction
363:
359:
354:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
317:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
281:
275:
270:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
209:eyre circuits
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
189:formed. This
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:
166:
162:
157:
149:
144:
142:
140:
134:
132:
128:
122:
120:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1879:Law Officers
1751:Star Chamber
1740:
1701:Assize Court
1585:
1570:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1527:Liberty Fund
1522:
1502:
1478:
1445:
1441:
1422:
1389:
1385:
1356:
1352:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1291:
1274:
1270:
1251:
1248:Baker, J. H.
1231:
1227:
1220:Bibliography
1197:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1024:
1015:
992:
983:
974:
953:
944:
935:
926:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
824:
815:
806:
797:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
767:
716:
704:
688:
671:
662:
660:
645:
639:
628:Jurisdiction
595:
576:
569:
565:
537:
513:
500:
488:
471:
467:
457:
452:
438:
435:Slade's Case
432:
424:
417:
379:
371:
355:
326:
277:
272:
264:
259:
251:
250:courts: the
231:
223:
222:Because the
221:
216:
212:
204:
198:
194:
190:
172:
170:
135:
129:such as the
123:
107:
72:
60:
56:
54:
40:
1670:Crown Court
1567:ABA Journal
1363:: 295–317.
656:trailbaston
510:Dissolution
491:Interregnum
464:John Popham
410:John Popham
280:Magna Carta
244:Magna Carta
217:curia regis
205:curia regis
200:witenagemot
195:curia ducis
174:curia regis
74:curia regis
1984:Categories
1660:High Court
1481:. Oxford:
760:References
516:Charles II
391:conversion
297:Shropshire
284:plea rolls
248:common law
65:common law
1579:0747-0088
1558:0038-9765
1470:144219482
1462:0008-1973
1406:0002-9319
1377:0143-6503
1344:0010-6070
1283:703607923
1240:0044-0094
787:26 August
685:Officials
667:Middlesex
652:Edward II
472:assumpsit
468:assumpsit
453:assumpsit
440:assumpsit
419:assumpsit
395:Fineux CJ
350:Fairfax J
341:complaint
333:equitable
228:Richard I
179:Exchequer
1764:Justices
1511:60042997
1501:(1971).
1491:29670782
1323:60732892
1250:(2002).
725:See also
496:latitats
345:subpoena
331:and the
289:Edward I
267:Henry II
183:Chancery
1950:England
1936:Portals
1886:Current
1771:Current
1633:Current
1187:27 July
644:in his
482:became
362:detinue
150:Origins
145:History
93:by the
67:in the
1907:Former
1829:Former
1689:Former
1626:Courts
1577:
1556:
1533:
1509:
1489:
1468:
1460:
1429:
1414:844792
1412:
1404:
1375:
1342:
1321:
1302:
1281:
1258:
1238:
550:, the
520:assize
412:, the
387:trover
311:Reform
258:. The
1573:(1).
1552:(1).
1466:S2CID
1410:JSTOR
1359:(3).
1338:(1).
737:Notes
260:curia
252:curia
232:curia
224:curia
213:curia
191:curia
119:writs
1575:ISSN
1554:ISSN
1531:ISBN
1507:OCLC
1487:OCLC
1458:ISSN
1427:ISBN
1402:ISSN
1373:ISSN
1340:ISSN
1319:OCLC
1300:ISBN
1279:OCLC
1256:ISBN
1236:ISSN
1189:2010
789:2010
694:and
389:and
358:writ
343:and
319:The
219:".
181:and
112:and
81:and
55:The
34:and
1962:Law
1450:doi
1394:doi
1365:doi
85:in
1986::
1571:59
1569:.
1548:.
1529:.
1485:.
1464:.
1456:.
1446:61
1444:.
1408:.
1400:.
1390:21
1388:.
1371:.
1355:.
1334:.
1298:.
1294:.
1275:11
1273:.
1232:30
1230:.
1206:^
1033:^
1001:^
962:^
914:^
902:^
845:^
833:^
775:.
745:^
714:.
624:.
462:,
269::
207:,
105:.
1938::
1611:e
1604:t
1597:v
1581:.
1560:.
1550:1
1539:.
1513:.
1493:.
1472:.
1452::
1435:.
1416:.
1396::
1379:.
1367::
1357:4
1346:.
1336:9
1325:.
1308:.
1285:.
1264:.
1242:.
1191:.
791:.
562:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.