721:
the ground rules for the biota (Court Jester hypotheses). . . . A class of alternative ideas, here termed Court Jester hypotheses, share the basic tenet that changes in the physical environment rather than biotic interactions themselves are the initiators of major changes in organisms and ecosystems. . . . Court Jester hypotheses imply that events random in respect to the biota occasionally change the rules on the biotic playing field. Accelerated biotic response (relative to background rates) is the result."
709:(1972) by providing a primary mechanism for it. The 2001 paper by Barnosky that is one of the first to use the term appropriate for the Court Jester side of the debate: the Stability hypothesis of Stenseth and Maynard Smith (1984), Vrba's Habitat Theory (1992), Vrba's Turn-over pulse hypothesis (1985), Vrba's Traffic light hypothesis and Relay Model (1995), Gould's Tiers of Time (1985), Brett and Baird's Coordinated Stasis (1995), and Graham and Lundelius' Coevolutionary Disequilibrium (1984) theories.
36:
591:
578:
730:"Indeed, as Ned Johnson remarked (after listening to a lecture expressing these ideas), ‘‘Maybe it is time for the Court Jester to marry the Red Queen.’’ That is, perhaps the dichotomy between the two hypotheses is really a dichotomy of scale, and that as we look for ways to travel across biological levels, we will find ways to resolve the dichotomies."
720:
through time, so well documented not only for mammals but throughout the fossil record, is more strongly influenced by interactions among species (Red Queen hypotheses), or by random perturbations to the physical environment such as climate change, tectonic events, or even bolide impacts that change
684:
in 1999 in allusion to the Red Queen hypothesis. In a 2001 paper on the subject, Barnosky uses the term without citation, suggesting that he is the one who coined it. Westfall and Millar attribute the term to him (citing the 2001 paper) in a paper of their own from 2004. Michael Benton also credits
725:
The Red Queen hypothesis (focusing on evolution by biotic interactions) and Court Jester hypothesis (focusing on evolution by abiotic factors such as stochastic environmental perturbations) both influence coevolutionary switching in host-parasite interaction. Barnosky acknowledges in the 2001 paper
753:. It refers in evolution theory to the arms race of evolutionary developments and counter-developments that cause co-evolving species to mutually drive each other to adapt. There is dispute over how strongly evolution at the scale of speciation is driven by these competitions between
688:
Since 2001, many researchers in evolution (such as Tracy Aze, Anthony
Barnosky, Michael J. Benton, Douglas Erwin, Thomas Ezard, Sergey Gravilets, J.B.C. Jackson, Paul N. Pearson, Andy Purvis, Robert D. Westfall, and
854:
Thomas H. G. Ezard, Tracy Aze, Paul N. Pearson, and Andy Purvis, "Interplay
Between Changing Climate and Species’ Ecology Drives Macroevolutionary Dynamics", Science April 15, 2011: Vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 349–351
813:
Robert D. Westfall and
Constance I. Millar, "Genetic consequences of forest population dynamics influenced by historic climatic variability in the western USA" Forest Ecology and Management 197 (2004) 159–170.
693:) have started to use the term "Court Jester hypothesis" to describe the view that evolution at a macro scale is driven by abiotic factors more than the biotic competition called the Red Queen hypothesis.
795:
Anthony
Barnosky, "Distinguishing The Effects Of The Red Queen And Court Jester On Miocene Mammal Evolution In The Northern Rocky Mountains" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(1):172–185, March 2001
831:
Michael J. Benton, "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species
Diversity and the Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Through Time", Science February 6, 2009: Vol. 323 no. 5915 pp. 728–732
307:
712:
Barnosky's 2001 paper that was one of the first to introduce the term, explains what the Court Jester hypothesis means, describing it as one side of a debate over:
622:
230:
541:
776:
Anthony
Barnosky, "Does evolution dance to the Red Queen or the Court Jester?", 3 Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology USA (1999).
943:
Barnosky, Anthony (2001). "Distinguishing The
Effects Of The Red Queen And Court Jester On Miocene Mammal Evolution In The Northern Rocky Mountains".
349:
874:
Jeremy B.C. Jackson and
Douglas H. Erwin, "What can we learn about ecology and evolution from the fossil record?" Trends in Ecology and Evolution)
55:
536:
483:
761:
strikes and climate change, but there was not an artful metaphor to capture this alternative until one was coined by
Anthony Barnosky.
615:
344:
175:
927:
909:
900:
Eldredge, Niles; Gould, S. J. (1972). "Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism". In Schopf, T. J. M. (ed.).
77:
334:
302:
556:
339:
1050:
608:
595:
526:
582:
815:
82:
749:
448:
423:
403:
383:
60:
956:
883:
Sergey
Gavrilets, et al., "Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data",Science February 6, 2009: 732–737.
438:
433:
408:
363:
329:
323:
312:
551:
458:
453:
398:
359:
160:
702:
681:
463:
418:
240:
135:
797:
561:
443:
388:
354:
267:
993:
674:
413:
185:
70:
27:
717:
690:
503:
493:
428:
393:
277:
180:
105:
40:
960:
726:
that the Court Jester hypothesis is not necessarily inconsistent with the Red Queen hypothesis:
546:
478:
262:
190:
155:
777:
1027:
1009:
923:
905:
706:
247:
125:
115:
110:
35:
1055:
1017:
1001:
984:
952:
884:
856:
832:
282:
740:
235:
225:
87:
997:
1022:
979:
317:
220:
1044:
744:
468:
140:
964:
488:
473:
257:
252:
170:
816:
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/westfall/Westfall%20&%20Millar%2004.pdf
498:
215:
165:
662:
272:
195:
150:
130:
44:
1013:
888:
860:
836:
666:
658:
531:
145:
65:
1031:
1005:
577:
521:
120:
650:
754:
654:
646:
642:
798:
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/RESULTS-MIOMAP/barnoskyjvp2001.pdf
758:
980:"Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes"
778:
https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ujvp20/19/sup003?nav=tocList
757:, and how much it is driven instead by abiotic factors like
657:, function as a major driving force behind the processes in
957:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0172:DTEOTR]2.0.CO;2
850:
848:
846:
844:
809:
807:
805:
904:. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper. pp. 82–115.
827:
825:
823:
680:The term "Court Jester hypothesis" was coined by
870:
868:
791:
789:
787:
785:
739:The Red Queen Hypothesis is a term coined by
616:
8:
701:The court jester hypothesis builds upon the
623:
609:
18:
1021:
769:
26:
641:is used in reference to the idea that
716:"hether this march of morphology and
7:
922:. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
978:Rabajante, J; et al. (2016).
945:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
685:Barnosky with coining the phrase.
16:Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
14:
743:, in 1973, in a reference to the
590:
589:
576:
34:
583:Evolutionary biology portal
542:Creation–evolution controversy
296:History of evolutionary theory
1:
527:Evolution as fact and theory
1072:
562:Nature-nurture controversy
750:Through the Looking Glass
449:Evolutionary neuroscience
424:Evolutionary epistemology
404:Evolutionary anthropology
384:Applications of evolution
735:The Red Queen Hypothesis
439:Evolutionary linguistics
434:Evolutionary game theory
409:Evolutionary computation
889:10.1126/science.1157966
861:10.1126/science.1203060
837:10.1126/science.1157719
671:court-jester hypothesis
639:court jester hypothesis
552:Objections to evolution
459:Evolutionary psychology
454:Evolutionary physiology
399:Evolutionary aesthetics
378:Fields and applications
360:History of paleontology
1006:10.1126/sciadv.1501548
902:Models in Paleobiology
703:punctuated equilibrium
484:Speciation experiments
464:Experimental evolution
419:Evolutionary economics
241:Recent human evolution
99:Processes and outcomes
918:Eldredge, N. (1985).
697:Content of hypothesis
444:Evolutionary medicine
389:Biosocial criminology
355:History of speciation
268:Evolutionary taxonomy
231:Timeline of evolution
1051:Evolutionary biology
718:species compositions
675:Red Queen hypothesis
653:competition between
414:Evolutionary ecology
28:Evolutionary biology
998:2016SciA....2E1548R
691:Constance I. Millar
667:evolutionary theory
516:Social implications
504:Universal Darwinism
494:Island biogeography
429:Evolutionary ethics
394:Ecological genetics
340:Molecular evolution
278:Transitional fossil
106:Population genetics
22:Part of a series on
645:forces (including
547:Theistic evolution
479:Selective breeding
191:Parallel evolution
156:Adaptive radiation
633:
632:
324:Origin of Species
126:Natural selection
1063:
1036:
1035:
1025:
985:Science Advances
975:
969:
968:
940:
934:
933:
915:
897:
891:
881:
875:
872:
863:
852:
839:
829:
818:
811:
800:
793:
780:
774:
682:Anthony Barnosky
625:
618:
611:
598:
593:
592:
585:
581:
580:
557:Level of support
350:Current research
335:Modern synthesis
330:Before synthesis
283:Extinction event
41:Darwin's finches
38:
19:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1041:
1040:
1039:
992:(3): e1501548.
977:
976:
972:
951:(1): 172–185 .
942:
941:
937:
930:
917:
912:
899:
898:
894:
882:
878:
873:
866:
853:
842:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
783:
775:
771:
767:
741:Leigh Van Valen
737:
699:
649:), rather than
629:
588:
575:
574:
567:
566:
517:
509:
508:
379:
371:
370:
369:
297:
289:
288:
287:
236:Human evolution
226:History of life
210:
209:Natural history
202:
201:
200:
100:
92:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
970:
935:
928:
910:
892:
876:
864:
840:
819:
801:
781:
768:
766:
763:
736:
733:
732:
731:
723:
722:
698:
695:
673:contrasts the
661:which produce
631:
630:
628:
627:
620:
613:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
586:
569:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Social effects
534:
529:
524:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
320:
315:
310:
305:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Classification
260:
255:
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
228:
223:
221:Common descent
218:
216:Origin of life
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:
48:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
929:0-691-02435-9
925:
921:
916:Reprinted in
913:
911:0-87735-325-5
907:
903:
896:
893:
890:
886:
880:
877:
871:
869:
865:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
838:
834:
828:
826:
824:
820:
817:
810:
808:
806:
802:
799:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
779:
773:
770:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:Lewis Carroll
742:
734:
729:
728:
727:
719:
715:
714:
713:
710:
708:
707:Stephen Gould
704:
696:
694:
692:
686:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
606:
604:
603:
597:
587:
584:
579:
573:
572:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
513:
512:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Phylogenetics
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Before Darwin
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
293:
292:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
206:
205:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
141:Genetic drift
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
53:
51:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
989:
983:
973:
948:
944:
938:
919:
901:
895:
879:
772:
748:
738:
724:
711:
700:
687:
679:
670:
638:
636:
634:
489:Sociobiology
474:Paleontology
322:
258:Biogeography
253:Biodiversity
171:Coextinction
161:Co-operation
136:Polymorphism
61:Introduction
920:Time frames
499:Systematics
308:Renaissance
186:Convergence
176:Contingency
166:Coevolution
1045:Categories
765:References
705:theory of
663:speciation
273:Cladistics
196:Extinction
181:Divergence
151:Speciation
131:Adaptation
45:John Gould
1014:2375-2548
659:evolution
532:Dysgenics
248:Phylogeny
146:Gene flow
116:Diversity
111:Variation
1032:26973878
965:12356079
596:Category
522:Eugenics
364:timeline
345:Evo-devo
303:Overview
121:Mutation
83:Evidence
78:Glossary
1056:Ecology
1023:4783124
994:Bibcode
755:species
655:species
647:climate
643:abiotic
88:History
71:Outline
1030:
1020:
1012:
963:
926:
908:
759:meteor
669:, the
651:biotic
594:
318:Darwin
961:S2CID
747:book
665:. In
56:Index
1028:PMID
1010:ISSN
924:ISBN
906:ISBN
637:The
66:Main
1018:PMC
1002:doi
953:doi
885:doi
857:doi
833:doi
43:by
1047::
1026:.
1016:.
1008:.
1000:.
988:.
982:.
959:.
949:21
947:.
867:^
843:^
822:^
804:^
784:^
677:.
1034:.
1004::
996::
990:2
967:.
955::
932:.
914:.
887::
859::
835::
624:e
617:t
610:v
366:)
362:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.