Covenant theology - Knowledge (XXG)

3432:, under the same "substance" but different "administrations". The Covenant of Grace, the Old Covenant, and the New Covenant then, all have the same substance though only differ in the fact that the Old Covenant and the New Covenant constitute two separate administrations of that single substance. Covenant theology under the Second London Baptist Confession, in contrast, also sees the Covenant of Grace as beginning with The Fall in Genesis 3, and continuing through the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. But it sees the substance of the Covenant of Grace as being the same as the New Covenant, though not the Old Covenant. The Covenant of Grace, then, is the same thing as the New Covenant. As such, the Covenant of Grace coexists with the Old Covenant though is not the Old Covenant. Instead, under the Old Covenant it is a series of promises that point towards the New Covenant, and won't be realized until that point. 3444:, and as such consist of "types" and "antitypes", where the "type" is the explicit purpose of that covenant, but the "antitype" is the way in which that covenant points towards the promises of the Covenant of Grace through the New Covenant. Salvation was therefore possible for people under the Old Covenant through the Covenant of Grace if they had saving faith in these promises. Covenant theology under Westminster Federalism allows paedobaptism since it sees a greater continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. Covenant theology under 1689 Federalism, in contrast, supports credobaptism under the 3292:

covenant character, and is rightly considered as a mystery or sacrament. Of the blessings of this covenant it is the SIGN, holding forth the washing away of sin, and the pouring out of the Holy Ghost; and it is the SEAL, inasmuch as, being administered under the command of Christ, it is a constant PLEDGE of His unchangeably gracious intentions to those that believe and are baptized; while our submission to this rite is that act by which we accept and make ourselves parties to this covenant of grace and salvation, claiming its blessing, and binding ourselves to fulfil its conditions.

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the New Covenant are several other covenants, in particular the covenant of Abraham, the covenant of Moses, and the covenant of David. But these covenants are "works and law" covenants and not "redemptive" covenants, since they exist only for specific earthly purposes in space and time, such as to allow Israel to live in the promised land under the conditions given in the covenant. Though their substance is different from the Covenant of Grace, and are therefore not part of that covenant, they do point to the promises in that covenant. They do this by drawing on

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Covenant, the covenant is administered by "the preaching of the Word, and the administration of the sacraments" so that "there are not, therefore, two covenants of grace differing in substance, but one and the same under various dispensations. In contrast, the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith condenses this all down to say that the Covenant of Grace was revealed progressively over Old Testament history after Genesis 3 "by further steps, until the full discovery thereof was completed in the New Testament."

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still be under condemnation. The gospel truth, however, is that Christ has performed the one act of righteousness and by His obedience of the one the many are made righteous (Rom 5:18, 19)… . Underlying Christ's mediatorship of a covenant of grace for the salvation of believers is His earthly fulfillment, through meritorious obedience, of His heavenly covenant of works with the Father. …What begins as a rejection of works ends up as an attack, however unintentional, on the biblical message of saving grace.

1220: 69: 3251:: "The Apostle does not here oppose the covenant given by Moses, to the covenant given by Christ. …But it is the covenant of grace, which God, through Christ, hath established with men in all ages". The covenant of grace was therefore administered through "promises, prophecies, sacrifices, and at last by circumcision" during the patriarchal ages and through "the paschal lamb, the scape goat, the priesthood of Aaron" under 2466:

writes, "The function of law within Scripture is the maintenance of relationship, not the creation of relationship. Legal obligation is not the precondition for life and relationship. Rather, life and relationship form the necessary environment for obligation." While this view still affirms the necessity of the merit of Christ, it departs from Kline's construal of merit as a fundamental principle of the covenant of works.

2495: 667: 3460: 3169: 1816:"You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised." 1826:, the promise is seen to extend to the children of believers as it always was in the Abrahamic Covenant. The Biblical covenants between God and man include signs and seals that visibly represent the realities behind the covenants. These visible signs and symbols of God's covenant redemption are administered in a corporate manner (for instance, to households—see 1097:. Although redemption motifs are prominent as Noah and his family are delivered from the judgment waters, the narrative of the flood plays on the creation motifs of Genesis 1 as de-creation and re-creation. The formal terms of the covenant itself more reflect a reaffirmation of the universal created order, than a particular redemptive promise. 1300:: (1) The Law of Moses was in first place a reenactment of the covenant of works; viewed this way, it is the ministration of condemnation and death. (2) It was also a national covenant, giving national blessings based on national obedience; in this way it was purely legal. (3) In the sacrificial system, it points to the 3291:

But as the entrance into the Jewish Church was by circumcision, so the entrance into the Christian Church is by baptism. Hence its administration is here prescribed to those who are made disciples, and as such disposed to become formally the members of Christ's Church. Hence it derives its federal or

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This covenant, the blood of Christ, that is, the pouring forth of His blood as a sacrificial victim, at once procured and ratified; so that it stands firm to all truly penitent and contrite spirits who believe in Him: and of this great truth, the Lord's Supper was the instituted sign and seal; and he

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If meritorious works could not be predicated of Jesus Christ as second Adam, then obviously there would be no meritorious achievement to be imputed to His people as the ground of their justification-approbation. The gospel invitation would turn out to be a mirage. We who have believed on Christ would

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meal, to which he gave a radical reinterpretation. The festival of Passover commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt – specifically, how the lamb's blood which God commanded them to place on their door posts caused the Angel of Death to "pass over" their dwellings, so that their firstborn

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On the other hand, Calvinist theologians more in line with Murray tend to say that works were never meant to be the basis for grace, but that grace precedes the call for obedience. Consequently, works are the necessary response to grace and not the precondition for it. For example, Michael Williams

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Nehemiah 13:29 which refers to "the covenant of the priesthood and the Levites", Malachi 2:8 who speaks of "the covenant of Levi," and Jeremiah 33:21 who points to the "covenant with the Levitical priests." Van Dorn argues that the covenant document for this covenant is the book of Leviticus itself.

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Covenant theologians argue that the Abrahamic Covenant is still in force, and that God's covenantal promise "to be your God and the God of your descendants after you" still stands for every believer. The argument that the administration of all (other) Biblical covenants, including the New Covenant,

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Covenant theology is a hermeneutical framework that seeks to understand the Bible according to its covenantal structure. Covenant theology is particularly associated with Reformed theology, as the Reformed tradition has devoted much attention to studying the biblical covenants. As Dr. R. C. Sproul

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Since the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace are the only redemptive covenants, stemming from the Covenant of Redemption, salvation is only possible through the Covenant of Grace, as in the covenant theology of standard Westminster pedobaptist federalism. Between The Fall in Genesis 3 and

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The Westminster Confession of Faith outlines this "one substance, two administrations" understanding by specifying that under the Old Covenant, the covenant was "administered by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the paschal lamb, and other types and ordinances", while under the New

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Kline has argued that comparisons between the suzerain-vassal treaties and royal grants of the Ancient Near East provide insight in highlighting certain distinctive features of the Mosaic covenant as a law covenant, in contrast with the other historic post-Fall covenants. Many who have embraced

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as a covenant is present in the early confessions even if the Covenant of Works is not explicitly named. Examples include Belgic Confession, article 14, which speaks of Adam having received and transgressed the "commandment of life"; or Heidelberg Catechism, Question and Answer 6 affirming the

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Other commentators, such as Douglas Van Dorn, recognize a separate priestly covenant, independent of the Mosaic covenant (which he takes as a prophetic covenant). In taken with the Davidic (kingly) covenant, this represents the three offices of Christ. Van Dorn argues this case on the basis of

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The covenant of grace runs through the Old and New Testaments, and is the same in substance under both the law and gospel, though there is some difference in the administration. Under the law, the sacrifices, prophesies, and other types and ordinances of the Jews signified Christ, and men were

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The point of divergence is Wesley’s conviction that not only is the inauguration of the covenant of grace coincidental with the fall, but so is the termination of the covenant of works. This conviction is of supreme importance for Wesley in facilitating an Arminian adaptation of covenant

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teaches: "The Baptismal Covenant is God's word to us, proclaiming our adoption by grace, and our word to God, promising our response of faith and love. Those within the covenant constitute the community we call the Church". Watson explicates Wesleyan-Arminian theology regarding baptism:

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churches, Murray acknowledged the traditional concept of a works principle as a condition for life with Adam in the Garden of Eden, comparing Adam's works to the works of Christ. He disputed its label as a covenant, however, preferring to call this arrangement the Adamic administration.

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were under the covenant of works, while on the other hand, all of their progeny are under the covenant of grace. With Mosaic Law belonging to the covenant of grace, all of humanity is brought "within the reach of the provisions of that covenant." This belief is reflected in

2412:, and others have sought to uphold the distinction of two sorts of covenant traditions: one based on merit, earned by obedience to law (works), and the other on promise (grace). While the consensus in Calvinist theology is that works are antithetical to grace as the means of 1043:) on the part of God, but also entailed conditions on the part of men. The conditions of the covenant of grace were spoken of as assumptive and confirmatory rather than duties required in order to receive the covenant. The covenant was therefore also bilateral or dipleuric ( 3333:

Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other" (Wesley's

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and few others proposed that the Mosaic Covenant is a third kind of substance, called the Subservient Covenant, as opposed to most covenant theologians Moses Amyraut did not hold that the two substances are only the "Covenant of Grace" and the "Covenant of Works".

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who in faith drinks of the cup, having reference to its signification, that blood of Christ which confirms to true believers the whole covenant of grace, is assured thereby of its faithfulness and permanence, and derives to Himself the fulness of its blessings.

969:, and shows His redeeming care in clothing Adam and Eve in garments of skin—perhaps picturing the first instance of animal sacrifice. The specific covenants after the fall of Adam are seen as administered under the overarching theological covenant of grace. 4330:

The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets, he (Christ) did not take away. It was not the design of His coming to revoke any part of this. This is a law which never can be broken. It stands fast as the faithful witness in

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God's covenantal relationship with God's creation is not made automatically or out of necessity. Rather, God chooses to establish the connection as a covenant, wherein the terms of the relationship are set down by God alone according to God's own will.

925:). God offered Adam a perfect and perpetual life if he did not violate God's single commandment, but warned that death would follow if he disobeyed that commandment. Adam broke the covenant, thus standing condemned as representative for all humankind. 1664:. Some covenant theologians have denied the intra-Trinitarian covenant of redemption, or have questioned the notion of the Son's works leading to the reward of gaining a people for God, or have challenged the covenantal nature of this arrangement. 2310:

to the believer. He argued that Jesus' own justification was due to His faith and obedience. In the same way then, the believer must be justified before God by faith and obedience. Shepherd's followers claim that the Covenant of Works between

1113:. In contrast with the covenants made with Adam or Noah which were universal in scope, this covenant was with a particular people. Abraham is promised a seed and a land, although he would not see its fruition within his own lifetime. The 1051:). Scholars have challenged the notion in contemporary scholarship that Genevan Reformers taught a unilateral and unconditional covenant relationship whilst the Rhineland Reformers taught a bilateral contractual relationship. Mark Jones, 2260:

have departed from the traditional recognition of a covenant of works in classical covenant theology to develop a monocovenantal scheme subsuming everything under one Covenant of Grace. The focus of all biblical covenants is then on

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with God and the Church through the making of vows. On New Year's Eve, congregations belonging to various Methodist connexions, such as the United Methodist Church, Free Methodist Church and Pilgrim Holiness Church, conduct a

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Romans 11 teaches disobedient Jews are broken off of the family tree of Abraham. It is only after the full number of the Gentiles have been grafted into Abraham's family tree that God will pour out His mercy on the people of

3416:, published in 1689. The principal difference between these two variants of covenant theology is their understanding of the Covenant of Grace. Standard Westminster covenant theology sees the Covenant of Grace beginning with 3221:, it discards the "predestinarian template of Reformed theology that was part and parcel of its historical development." The main difference between Wesleyan covenant theology and classical covenant theology is as follows: 2306:. His views involved a reconfiguration of covenant theology that went beyond those of Murray, his predecessor. Shepherd denied any notion of a works or merit principle, leading to a denial of the imputation of Christ's 952:

writes of a probationary period for Adam, a promise of life for obedience, and the federal headship of Adam, but he does not write of a covenant of works. It is not referred to as a covenant in the opening chapters of

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There have been recent developments in classical covenant theology by Reformed (Calvinist) pastors and theologians. Wesleyan covenant theology, a variation of classical covenant theology, was designed by

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a distinct and gracious covenant, involving circumcision of the heart, which foresees the embrace of the Gentiles and which is looked back upon as distinct from the Mosaic Covenant by the Apostle Paul in

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According to covenant theology, Paul makes it clear that baptism is the external sign of faith in Christ ("…you were baptized into Christ…"), and that through faith in Christ the believer is part of the

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justified by their faith in Him just as they would be under the gospel. These were done away with the coming of Christ, and replaced with the much simpler sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper.

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proclaims that He will build a house and lineage for David, establishing His kingdom and throne forever. This covenant is appealed to as God preserves David's descendants despite their wickedness (

1812:, corporate inclusion, or "generational succession" is therefore of secondary importance to whether infants should be baptized or not. The familial nature of the Abrahamic covenant is undisputed. 1578:

because they are explicitly described in the Bible. Under the covenantal overview of the Bible, submission to God's rule and living in accordance with His moral law (expressed concisely in the

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covenant is eternal, the followers of Christ are "children of Abraham" and therefore part of this covenant through faith. "Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham."

1937:), focused on the continuity of the covenant of grace, but taught the substance of what became classic covenant theology in terms of Law and Gospel. Early post-reformation writings, including 1017:

covenantal representative fulfilling the covenant of works on their behalf, in both the positive requirements of righteousness and its negative penal consequences (commonly described as His

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was not originally part of covenant theology, following John Murray's observation that a covenant of works at creation does not receive explicit mention in early confessions such as the

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is considered to be the visible New Testament sign of entrance into the Abrahamic Covenant and therefore may be administered individually to new believers making a public profession of

2387:(1646) explicitly names the Covenant of Works which Adam transgressed (7.2; 19.1), and which "continues to be a perfect rule of righteousness" in the form of the moral law (19.2, 3). 622: 1672:

In Reformed theology, a sacrament is usually defined as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. Since covenant theology today is mainly Reformed in its outlook, proponents view

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had mentioned a covenant of creation in 1562. The concept of the covenant of works became commonly recognized in Reformed theology by 1590, though not by all; some members of the

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theology—first, by reconfiguring the reach of the covenant of grace; and second, by disallowing any notion that there is a reinvigoration of the covenant of works beyond the fall.

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Covenant theology first sees a covenant of works administered with Adam in the Garden of Eden. Upon Adam's failure, God established the covenant of grace in the promised seed

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On the one hand, Calvinist theologians were more in line with Kline tend to say that works are ultimately the basis for grace, since God requires perfect upholding of the

1650:, but the idea of a contractual relationship between the Father and Son is present. Scriptural support for such a covenant may be found in Psalms 2 and 110, Isaiah 53, 1586:). Even in His giving of the Ten Commandments, God introduces His law by reminding the Israelites that he is the one who brought them out of slavery in Egypt (grace). 837:). That such a framework exists appears at least feasible, since from New Testament times the Bible of Israel has been known as the Old Testament (i.e., Covenant; see 644: 4287:, p. 224: ‘For Wesley as for his Calvinist counterparts, every provision of grace throughout all ages flows only and always from the reconciling work of Christ.’ 3448:

since it sees less direct continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant, even if it still sees major continuity through the overarching Covenant of Grace.

695: 4627: 1025:, with the promise of a "seed" of the woman who would crush the serpent's head, is usually identified as the historical inauguration for the covenant of grace. 639: 4631: 2110: 3780: 3283: 2399:

reemphasized the idea of a covenant of works as expressed in the Westminster Confession of Faith 7.2 as a means to protect a gospel of grace. Kline wrote:

299: 5036: 5032: 1889:(including baptism) must be based on explicit commands of Scripture, is violated by infant baptism. Furthermore, because the New Covenant is described in 4639: 4635: 1277:), particularly displayed as His glory-presence comes to dwell in the midst of the people. This covenant is the one most in view when referring to the 3413: 2519: 803: 278: 5192: 3384:, so that Methodist believers can personally renew their covenant with the Creator every year; this liturgy is traditionally preceded by prayer and 2721: 2640: 5012: 2928: 878: 4168: 3738: 857:" or as "replacement theology", due to the perception that it teaches that God has abandoned the promises made to the Jews and has replaced the 2664: 978: 850: 142: 3577: 1206:. Non-covenantal theology does not teach that the Abrahamic covenant is inherited by gentiles, and thus presents a different view of baptism. 798:" or "1689 Federalism", to distinguish it from the standard covenant theology of Presbyterian "Westminster Federalism". It is associated with 770:

Covenentalists call these three covenants "theological" because, though not explicitly presented as such in the Bible, they are thought of as

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followed the main lines of the classic view, teaching the Covenant of Redemption, the Covenant of Works (Law), and the Covenant of Grace (

957:, but is referred to as a covenant in Hosea 6:7, "But like Adam, they transgressed the covenant; there, they dealt faithlessly with Me." 3197: 2378:. Additionally, defenders of the merit-based view argue that the concept of this works principle operating in the pre-Fall state in the 1919:

were among the first reformers to speak of God's salvation economy under the categories of a covenant of works and a covenant of grace.

688: 3587: 1714: 499: 786:, but as the structure by which the biblical text organizes itself. The most well-known form of Covenant Theology is associated with 4964: 4942: 4925: 4904: 4882: 4856: 4837: 4818: 4801: 4780: 4758: 4736: 4710: 4680: 2979: 1198:

covenant ("Abraham's seed"). This provides the basis for the doctrine that baptism is the New Testament sign of God's covenant with

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and is most often used for the collection of books in the Bible, but can also refer to the New Covenant as a theological concept.

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in this sense, which are sometimes called "church ordinances." Along with the preached word, they are identified as an ordinary

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Some of Shepherd's critics contend that the concept of a works principle distinct from a Covenant of Grace is evident in the

771: 681: 509: 492: 1055:, J. Mark Beach, and John Von Rohr have argued that Leonard Trinterud's identification of the apparent polarisation between 2951: 2549: 2118: 2106: 2024: 1317: 389: 252: 205: 30:

This article is about the Reformed or Wesleyan-Arminian theological framework. For the Catholic theological approach, see

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explains that he was looking to a better and heavenly land, a city with foundations, whose builder and architect is God (

5100: 3473: 2746: 2632: 1856: 1855:). In this view, baptism is thus seen as the functional replacement and sacramental equivalent of the Abrahamic rite of 671: 349: 257: 3325:

As with the Reformed view, the founder of the movement, John Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the

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circles, conceived of grace as the fundamental reality underlying all of creation. Influential among more conservative

881:, not as a separate replacement entity. Many covenant theologians have also seen a distinct future promise of gracious 5187: 4720: 4401: 4019: 3135: 2898: 2671: 2409: 2078: 1847:. Paedobaptists further believe this extends corporately to the households of believers which typically would include 1052: 1006: 479: 174: 159: 1634:, glorify Him, and give Him a people. Two of the earliest theologians to write about the covenant of redemption were 3282:

Wesleyan covenant theology is also seen in the Methodist theology of baptism, e.g. when introducing this sacrament,

2458:." The sinner is thus saved by Christ's works and not his own. Right standing before God is then due to an alien or 2269:. This has not been developed consistently between the various theologians. For example, Barth, influential in the 2185:

in the 2nd millennium BC. One of the highlights of his work has been the comparison of the Mosaic Covenant with the

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hermeneutics traditionally use a variation of this, known as Wesleyan covenant theology, which is consistent with

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Drawn Into Controversie: Reformed Theological Diversity and Debates Within Seventeenth-Century British Puritanism

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which has become known as the New Testament (or Covenant). Detractors of covenant theology often refer to it as "

795: 634: 147: 1322: 1178: 4785: 4449: 4077: 3478: 3381: 3113: 2792: 2413: 2303: 2257: 1126: 767:, under the framework of three overarching theological covenants: those of redemption, of works, and of grace. 394: 195: 4372: 1170: 1156: 1150: 1144: 4084:. Collected Writings of John Murray. Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom: Banner of Truth. pp. 217–218. 3664: 3190: 3079: 2999: 2994: 2989: 1901: 1710: 1607: 869:

His promises to Israel, but see the fulfillment of the promises to Israel in the person and the work of the

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Treaty formula. A suggested comparison of the treaty structure with the book of Deuteronomy is as follows:

1174: 3614: 2873: 2817: 2751: 2691: 2676: 1984: 1916: 1881:) hold that baptism is only for those who can understand and profess their faith, and they argue that the 1874: 1639: 1631: 1464: 1313: 1203: 1188: 994: 374: 309: 179: 4248:

An exposition of the gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark: and some other detached parts of Holy Scripture

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The covenant of grace became the basis for all future covenants that God made with mankind such as with

919: 764: 752: 728: 521: 404: 319: 242: 60: 5137: 3669:"Sermon preached in June 1864 for the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews" 2494: 2462:

received by faith, not by personal faithfulness which is the fruition of salvation and not its ground.

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and passive obedience). It is the historical expression of the eternal covenant of redemption. Genesis

5109: 1654: 1255:, expands on the Abrahamic promise of a people and a land. Repeatedly mentioned is the promise of the 5202: 5126: 5120: 4430: 3445: 3145: 2908: 2883: 2827: 2741: 2736: 2659: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2167: 2094: 1827: 1820: 1396: 945: 589: 574: 225: 215: 210: 1900:

written on their hearts and would know God, Baptist Covenant Theologians believe only those who are

1219: 5006: 4980: 4866: 4694: 4668: 4426: 4059: 3991: 3593: 3507: 3465: 3441: 3372: 3173: 3130: 3103: 2299: 2098: 2082: 1799: 1743: 1615: 1583: 1575: 1079: 740: 549: 1094: 4644: 3377: 3183: 3118: 2850: 2837: 2573: 2478: 1930: 1658: 1068: 744: 604: 459: 444: 354: 324: 264: 52: 3408:" or "1689 federalism", to distinguish it from "Westminster federalism", and is associated with 2807: 2617: 1392: 464: 2370:). There is also explicit articulation of a Covenant of Works in the writings of those such as 1688:

for salvation. The benefits of these rites do not occur from participating in the rite itself (

1545: 1110: 5164: 5073: 5060: 4960: 4938: 4921: 4900: 4892: 4878: 4852: 4833: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4776: 4754: 4746: 4732: 4706: 4676: 4603: 4584: 4453: 4351: 4302: 4265: 4219: 4041: 3999: 3896: 3744: 3583: 3409: 3357: 3231: 3069: 3034: 2938: 2778: 2559: 2396: 2363: 2355: 2332: 2324: 2186: 2182: 2159: 2086: 2059: 1996: 1938: 1775: 1635: 1479: 1476: 1274: 1118: 1032: 941: 882: 818: 799: 736: 724: 526: 474: 454: 429: 369: 339: 220: 5052: 1969:, 1597), developed the covenant of works and covenant of grace scheme along the lines of the 1661: 1452: 1129: 922: 3977:

The economy of the covenants, between God and man: Comprehending a complete body of divinity

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In Wesleyan covenant theology, the source of the covenant of grace is Jesus Christ, as "the

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collected by R. Scott Clark, associate professor of Historical and Systematic Theology at

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The baptism of disciples alone: A covenantal argument for credobaptism versus paedobaptism

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Theses, quotations from Reformed covenant theologians, and histories of covenant theology

4916:(2001). "The Doctrine of the Covenant in Reformed Theology." In R. B. Gaffin Jr. (Ed.), 4583:, The Westminster Assembly and the Reformed Faith, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 3668: 2358:

works of the earliest covenant theologians, particularly in the distinction made between

2240:, that the Mosaic covenant was fundamentally an administration of the Covenant of Grace. 1983:(particularly chap. 7, 8, 19), as well as in the writings of English theologians such as 1567: 1267: 3953: 3364:

to follow Him, and "God is always the innocent party in cases where salvation is lost".

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Wesleyan covenant theology, unlike Reformed classical covenant theology, emphasizes the

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Richard Watson, An Exposition of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark, pages 282, 318

2443: 1518: 1494:), leading His people to the heavenly promised land. He is the high priest greater than 1369: 5088: 4913: 4772: 4555:

Jones, Mark (2011), "The 'Old' Covenant", in Haykin, Michael A.G.; Jones, Mark (eds.),

4264:(Regular Black ed.). United Methodist Publishing House. 5 April 2016. p. 91. 3368: 3084: 3024: 2878: 2865: 2761: 2756: 2379: 2375: 2359: 2320: 2253: 2067: 2055: 2051: 1977: 1970: 1958: 1870: 1852: 1804: 1706: 1685: 1643: 1553: 1515: 1468: 1444: 1440: 1362: 1264: 1245: 1044: 1036: 990: 911: 903: 559: 434: 424: 419: 414: 384: 359: 230: 42: 5046: 4918:

Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: The Shorter Writings of Geerhardus Vos

4536: 3874: 3858: 3636: 1475:

and Israel's hope and consolation: he is the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (

1399:, there is hope of restoration under a Davidic king who will bring peace and justice ( 1381: 1373: 5181: 5065: 5026: 5022: 5001: 4576: 3397: 3162: 3049: 3044: 2933: 2918: 2913: 2903: 2600: 2595: 2434:, it is Christ who perfectly obeyed the law in fulfillment of the covenant of works. 2043: 2035: 1783: 1763: 1739: 1594: 1522: 1460: 1293: 1064: 982: 937: 862: 787: 660: 594: 584: 409: 399: 364: 344: 114: 85: 77: 4976: 3781:""The Covenant of Works Revived:" John Owen on Republication in the Mosaic Covenant" 3503: 1350: 817:

As a framework for Biblical interpretation, covenant theology stands in contrast to

782:

treat classical covenant theology not merely as a point of doctrine or as a central

5133: 4134: 3842:

German Calvinism in the Confessional Age: The Covenant Theology of Caspar Olevianus

3429: 3425: 3158: 2923: 2893: 2822: 2812: 2612: 2447: 2312: 2262: 2102: 2090: 1866: 1623: 1571: 1472: 1425: 1419: 1166: 1122: 915: 874: 826: 822: 656: 579: 469: 314: 200: 104: 17: 4957:

There Really Is a Difference: A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology

4560: 3714:"Report of the Committee to Study Republication: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church" 3740:

The Covenant Theology of Jonathan Edwards: Law, Gospel, and Evangelical Obedience

2454:. What Adam failed to achieve, Christ, the second Adam, succeeded in achieving. 1173:, but it has to be matched by an internal change, the circumcision of the heart. 4985: 4728: 4690: 3417: 3244: 2860: 2832: 2534: 2529: 2499: 2274: 2139: 2063: 2047: 1920: 1779: 1767: 1695: 1252: 1056: 1010: 949: 756: 531: 329: 109: 81: 35: 1292:), a layer of law is prominent. Concerning this aspect of the Mosaic Covenant, 666: 5156: 3455: 3252: 2802: 2701: 2249: 2189: 2171: 1995:. The classical statements among 17th century continental theologians include 1747: 1681: 1035:

theologians taught that the covenant was primarily unilateral or monopleuric (

775: 739:, a competing form of biblical theology. It uses the theological concept of a 554: 439: 4600:

From Faith to Faith: John Wesley's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation

3459: 3260: 3210: 3168: 2515: 2486: 2278: 2143: 1759: 1755: 1730: 1677: 1582:) is a response to grace – never something which can earn God's acceptance ( 1380:), although it did not stop judgment from finally arriving (compare 2 Kings 1271: 1227: 1013:

to the elect to give them willingness and ability to believe. Christ is the

977:

There is debate among the reformed if the Mosaic covenant was in some way a

807: 779: 760: 564: 334: 89: 5079:"Covenant Theology Illustrated: Romans 5 on the Federal Headship of Christ" 4897:

The New Schaff-Herzog Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

4022:(2002). "Law, Gospel, and Covenant: Reassessing Some Emerging Antitheses". 1951:

Concerning the Substance of the Covenant of Grace between God and the Elect

1885:, which many paedobaptists also advocate and which states that elements of 1574:

founded and fulfilled in Christ. These individual covenants are called the

1284:

Although it is a gracious covenant beginning with God's redemptive action (

3980:. Vol. 1 (2nd American ed.). New York: Thomas Kirk. p. 126. 1646:

had hinted at the idea before them. This covenant is not mentioned in the

3892: 3214: 1734: 1456: 1436: 811: 609: 3916: 3713: 4655: 4564: 4123:. Phillipsburg, New Jersey, United States: Presbyterian & Reformed. 3385: 3213:

maintains the superstructure of classical covenant theology, but being

2554: 1886: 1840: 1787: 1721:

are commonly considered to be the sacraments of the covenant of works.

1673: 1541: 1507: 1433: 1429: 1199: 1195: 1184: 1162: 1136: 1106: 1072: 870: 748: 2236:

Kline's insights have still insisted, however, in accordance with the

1935:

A Brief Exposition of the One and Eternal Testament or Covenant of God

1786:

as an actual bodily presence of Christ, as well as from the generally

4874: 4702: 4693:(1996), "American Secession Theologians on Covenant and Baptism", in 3256: 2424: 2178: 2175: 2071: 1809: 1498:, offering up Himself as the perfect sacrifice once for all (Hebrews 1354: 1301: 1256: 4581:

The Westminster Assembly: Reading Its Theology in Historical Context

2077:

Recent well-known covenant theologians in the United States include

1851:, or individually to children or infants of believing parents (see 1451:, Jesus alludes to this prophecy, as well as to prophecies such as 1143:

Exclusive: it is only for Abraham and his (spiritual) descendants.

966: 3675:, vol. 10 – via The Christian Classics Ethereal Library 2607: 2590: 2435: 2427:

reward. Since this is understood to be an impossible task for the

2266: 1848: 1844: 1754:

saves God's New Covenant people from being judged for their sins.

1560: 1549: 1495: 1483: 1343: 1241: 1218: 783: 732: 5161:

A Father Who Keeps His Promises: God's Covenant Love in Scripture

4156:. Phillipsburg, New Jersey, United States: P & R. p. 74. 3396:

The most well-known form of Covenant theology is associated with

1490:), and the Son over the house where Moses was a servant (Hebrews 4751:

Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview

3349: 3235: 1859:(Colossians 2:11–14) and symbolizes the internal cleansing from 1533: 1090: 981:. The view that there was such a republication was advocated by 858: 1790:

position that the supper is strictly a memorial commemoration.

1606:

The covenant of redemption is the eternal agreement within the

1009:

for all people who have faith in Christ. God also promises the

3520:

frequently observed, "Reformed theology is covenant theology."

3353: 3239: 2431: 2420: 2416:, differences emerge in attempts to describe this antithesis. 2316: 2248:

A number of major 20th-century covenant theologians including

1976:

Classical statements of covenant theology can be found in the

1860: 1125:

writes that the promised seed refers in particular to Christ (

3998:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker. p. 648. 4141:. Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States: Baker. p. 160. 4119:

Estelle, Bryan D; Fesko, JV; VanDrunen, David, eds. (2009).

1610:

in which the Father appointed the Son through the Spirit to

34:. For the religious and political movement in Scotland, see 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 2438:, earning the reward, graciously bestows it to His people ( 3263:, baptism and the Lord's Supper. The Methodist theologian 2224:

List of gods as witnesses (notably lacking in Deuteronomy)

2170:, by identifying the form of the covenant with the common 2450:

writes, "Man's relationship to God in creation was based

1896:

as a time when all who were members of it would have the

1705:

to include signs and seals of the covenant of works. The

731:

framework for understanding the overall structure of the

3259:, the covenant of grace is mediated through the greater 2456:

Ultimately the only way one can be justified is by works

879:

established the church in organic continuity with Israel

4543:, Exposition of the Old and New Testament, Sacred texts 4505: 4503: 4501: 4341: 4339: 1149:

Everlasting: it is not replaced by any later covenant.

4346:

Marquardt, Manfred; Klaiber, Walter (1 January 2002).

3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3367:

When persons become professing members of a Methodist

2302:

was dismissed due to controversy over his teaching on

1459:

meal is "the New Covenant in blood." This use of the

4937:, 2 vols. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed. 4895:(1955), "Covenant Theology", in Loetscher, LA (ed.), 4348:

Living Grace: An Outline of United Methodist Theology

1955:

De substantia foederis gratuiti inter deum et electos

865:

on the Earth. Covenant theologians deny that God has

5122:

Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East

4328:. Vol. 75. George B. Utter. 1913. p. 422. 2166:, in the 1960s and 1970s, building on prior work by 910:, also called the covenant of life) was made in the 76:

in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians

747:. The standard form of covenant theology views the 4250:. George Lane & Levi Scott. pp. 282, 318. 4048:. Eugene, Oregon, United States: Wiph & Stock. 1733:or the Lord's Supper was instituted by Jesus at a 1259:, "I will be your God and you will be my people" ( 1075:on the other hand is a faulty reading of history. 4423:Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches 3960:, The Christian classics ethereal library, Sec. 1 2001:The Doctrine of the Covenant and Testament of God 1837:), not in an exclusively individualistic manner. 1701:Sometimes Reformed covenantal theologians define 1630:for their sin. In return, the Father promised to 918:who represented all humankind as a federal head ( 5163:. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books. p. 294. 5013:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man 4935:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man 4849:The Israel of God: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow 4811:A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith 4528:The Distinctiveness of Baptist Covenant Theology 3996:New Testament Theology: Magnifying God in Christ 3917:"Report of the Committee to Study Republication" 2021:The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man 1525:" comes from the Latin translation of the Greek 645:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council 4194: 4192: 4190: 3331: 3289: 3269: 3223: 2401: 2031:, Vol 2, Banner of Truth edition, p. 950. 4214:Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011). 4920:. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed. 4851:, Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed, 4725:God of Promise: Introducing Covenant Theology 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 3191: 1428:is anticipated with the hopes of the Davidic 689: 640:International Conference of Reformed Churches 8: 4320: 4318: 4301:(2nd ed.). Abingdon Press. p. 40. 3889:Covenant Theology: A Reformed Baptist Primer 2111:Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary 2005:Summa doctrinae de foedere et testamento dei 3582:. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 361. 2105:. This system is taught at schools such as 1993:An Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews 1869:Covenant theologians (such as the Baptists 1738:might be spared from the final plague. The 930: 3198: 3184: 2578: 2473: 948:disagreed with the teaching in the 1640s. 821:in regard to the relationship between the 696: 682: 47: 27:Protestant biblical interpretive framework 4491:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith 3414:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith 3343:John Wesley, Sermons, Volume 1, Sermon 25 2023:. It may also be seen in the writings of 804:Second London Baptist Confession of Faith 774:, describing and summarizing a wealth of 5029:– a central passage for federal theology 4218:. Oxford University Press. p. 117. 3649:Bonar, Horatius (July 1870), "The Jew", 3267:, with regard to the Eucharist, stated: 2641:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament 4871:Extra-Scriptural Binding: a New Danger 4699:Extra-Scriptural Binding: a New Danger 4675:, Dingwall: Peter and Rachel Reynolds, 4598:Rodes, Stanley J. (25 September 2014), 4169:"Sermon 6 – The Righteousness of Faith" 3495: 3371:, they personally bind themselves to a 2651: 2581: 2485: 2383:goodness of man in creation. The later 1432:, and most explicitly predicted by the 1161:The external sign of entering into the 59: 4106: 3940: 3895:: Waters of Creation. pp. 102–8. 3815: 3803: 3697: 2395:In opposition to the modern revisers, 2368:Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism 2244:Contemporary revisions and controversy 2029:Collected Writings of Jonathan Edwards 1943:Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism 979:republication of the covenant of works 143:Republication of the Covenant of Works 5116:Covenant theology articles and essays 5112:by historic and contemporary scholars 4959:. Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry. 4383:(2). Fundamental Wesleyan Publishers. 4284: 4094: 4064:The Current Justification Controversy 3844:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. 3827: 3708: 3706: 3685: 3563: 2677:Four sources of theological authority 1770:(that is, real spiritual presence or 1762:as a mysterious participation in the 1514:), ruling forever on David's throne ( 1463:typology is developed further in the 751:of God's dealings with mankind, from 32:Covenantal theology (Catholic Church) 7: 4350:. Abingdon Press. pp. 112–115. 4262:The United Methodist Book of Worship 3404:. Another form is sometimes called " 2787:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 2162:did pioneering work in the field of 1316:, see in the passage that begins in 794:. Another form is sometimes called " 630:World Communion of Reformed Churches 273:Institutes of the Christian Religion 5066:"Two Adams, Two Covenants of Works" 5002:A treatise of the covenant of grace 4673:A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace 4509: 4297:Campbell, Ted A. (1 October 2011). 4046:The Structure of Biblical Authority 3540: 3412:(credobaptists) and comes from the 3400:(paedobaptists) and comes from the 1963:A Treatise of our Effectual Calling 1455:, when he says that the cup of the 883:restoration for unregenerate Israel 4299:Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials 3923:. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church 3779:Brown, Michael (27 January 2011). 1715:tree of knowledge of good and evil 1482:). He is the prophet greater than 25: 5089:Introduction to Covenant Theology 4790:Collected Writings of John Murray 4066:. Unicoi, TN: Trinity Foundation. 3651:The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy 2980:Methodist Church of Great Britain 2652:Distinctive beliefs and practices 2227:Sanctions: curses and blessings ( 1957:, 1585), and Scottish Theologian 1904:are members of the New Covenant. 1304:of salvation through a mediator. 735:. It is often distinguished from 4990:Post-Reformation Digital Library 3870: 3854: 3632: 3458: 3284:United Methodist Book of Worship 3167: 3141:Ordination of women in Methodism 2727:Sanctification (growth in grace) 2493: 2292:Westminster Theological Seminary 2123:Westminster Theological Seminary 1945:(published posthumously, 1591), 1746:: as the lamb's blood saved the 1694:), but through the power of the 1298:Commentary on Second Corinthians 672:Reformed Christianity portal 665: 67: 5193:Christian theological movements 5105:Westminster Seminary California 4624:Westminster Confession of Faith 4475:Westminster Confession of Faith 4373:"An Arminian Covenant Theology" 4024:Westminster Theological Journal 3958:Westminster Confession of Faith 3737:Hoehner, Paul J. (2021-05-13). 3402:Westminster Confession of Faith 2385:Westminster Confession of Faith 2238:Westminster Confession of Faith 2127:Westminster Seminary California 2013:Institutes of Elenctic Theology 1981:Westminster Confession of Faith 1967:Tractatus de vocatione efficaci 1883:regulative principle of worship 1698:as they are received by faith. 1506:). He is the king greater than 1224:Moses with the Ten Commandments 1005:The covenant of grace promises 825:(with national Israel) and the 792:Westminster Confession of Faith 743:as an organizing principle for 248:Westminster Confession of Faith 4986:Early modern works on covenant 4847:——— (2000), 4788:(1982). Covenant Theology. In 3673:Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit 3424:3, and continuing through the 3075:Conservative holiness movement 1742:writers understand this event 155:Logical order of God's decrees 1: 4824:Robertson, O. Palmer (1981), 4444:Sweet, Leonard (2014-02-21). 3785:Christ United Reformed Church 3743:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 3006:Other Methodist denominations 2119:Reformed Theological Seminary 2107:Covenant Theological Seminary 1395:). Among the prophets of the 1183:According to Paul, since the 1109:covenant is found in Genesis 1093:covenant is found in Genesis 253:Westminster Shorter Catechism 5023:Commentary on Romans 5:12-21 4651:Westminster Larger Catechism 3474:Biblical law in Christianity 3329:, continues to stand today: 2747:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 2633:Sermons on Several Occasions 727:, a conceptual overview and 258:Westminster Larger Catechism 5110:Essays on covenant theology 5095:Series on Covenant Theology 5047:"The Adamic Administration" 4830:Presbyterian & Reformed 4402:The United Methodist Church 4371:Reasoner, Vic (Fall 2000). 4199:Crowther, Jonathan (1815). 3621:, vol. 17, p. 560 3576:Murray, Iain (2014-10-01). 3136:Homosexuality and Methodism 2899:William Williams Pantycelyn 2672:Priesthood of all believers 2150:Classical covenant theology 1750:from the plague, so Jesus' 780:Reformed systems of thought 5219: 5138:"The Covenant with Israel" 4955:Showers, Reginald (1990). 4753:, Overland Park: Two Age, 4569:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 4216:American Methodist Worship 4201:A Portraiture of Methodism 4152:Williams, Michael (2005). 3887:Van Dorn, Douglas (2014). 3356:initiates a covenant with 3109:Methodist views on alcohol 2470:Wesleyan covenant theology 2345:Second Helvetic Confession 1797: 1766:of Christ mediated by the 1668:Covenantal signs and seals 1632:raise Christ from the dead 1417: 1296:makes three points in his 1233: 1077: 40: 29: 4792:, vol. 4. Carlisle, PA: 4602:, James Clarke & Co, 4394:"¶217. Membership Vows". 4154:Far as the Curse is Found 3766:Marrow of Modern Divinity 3406:Baptist covenant theology 3392:Baptist covenant theology 3304:prophet, priest, and king 2687:Substitutionary atonement 2231:. Deuteronomy 28; 31–34). 2115:Knox Theological Seminary 1758:has generally viewed the 796:Baptist Covenant Theology 635:World Reformed Fellowship 148:Baptist Covenant Theology 4450:Tyndale House Publishers 4246:Watson, Richard (1852). 4139:Getting the Gospel Right 3479:Covenant renewal worship 3382:Covenant Renewal Service 3114:Methodist local preacher 2793:Covenant Renewal Service 2665:Conditional preservation 2273:churches and in certain 1312:Some commentators, like 395:Friedrich Schleiermacher 41:Not to be confused with 5037:"The Covenant of Grace" 5033:"The Covenant of Works" 4899:, Grand Rapids: Baker, 4826:Christ of the Covenants 4656:1689 Baptist Confession 4433:. 2002. pp. 25–28. 3840:Bierma, Lyle D (1997). 3360:, humans are given the 3174:Christianity portal 3080:Holiness Pentecostalism 3000:Global Methodist Church 2995:World Methodist Council 2990:United Methodist Church 2207:. Deuteronomy 1:5–3:29) 1808:include a principle of 1111:chapters 12, 15, and 17 902:The covenant of works ( 861:with Christians as His 849:"), in contrast to the 737:dispensational theology 133:Theology of John Calvin 4813:. Nashville: Nelson. 3346: 3300: 3280: 3249:Righteousness of Faith 3228: 2929:Countess of Huntingdon 2904:Benjamin Titus Roberts 2692:Imparted righteousness 2406: 1917:Johannes Oecolampadius 1863:, among other things. 1724: 1626:of mankind to make an 1602:Covenant of redemption 1570:), and finally in the 1465:Epistle to the Hebrews 1231: 1048: 1040: 931: 907: 772:theologically implicit 310:Johannes Oecolampadius 5198:Christian terminology 4794:Banner of Truth Trust 4767:Malone, Fred (2003). 3617:, "Exercitation 18", 3484:New Covenant theology 3338:, Vol. I, Sermon 25). 3097:Other relevant topics 2985:Free Methodist Church 2889:John William Fletcher 2732:Sunday Sabbatarianism 2540:First Great Awakening 2460:imputed righteousness 2203:Historical prologue ( 2040:Princeton theologians 1782:which believe in the 1774:). This differs from 1752:substitutionary death 1648:Westminster Standards 1471:). Jesus is the last 1346:covenant is found in 1222: 1078:Further information: 889:Theological covenants 320:Peter Martyr Vermigli 243:Westminster Standards 61:Reformed Christianity 5127:George E. Mendenhall 5053:"What is a Covenant" 4995:Nave's Topical Bible 4873:, Neerlandia, Alta, 4701:, Neerlandia, Alta, 4618:Historical documents 4446:The Well-Played Life 4431:Emmanuel Association 4326:The Sabbath Recorder 4121:The Law is Not Faith 3566:, pp. 7, 62–76. 3446:regulative principle 3146:Bishops in Methodism 2909:Walter Ashbel Sellew 2828:Brush arbour revival 2742:Second work of grace 2737:Christian perfection 2626:Articles of Religion 2520:in the United States 2341:Heidelberg Catechism 2337:Thirty-Nine Articles 2286:Shepherd controversy 2200:. Deuteronomy 1:1–4) 2168:George E. Mendenhall 2095:Richard L. Pratt Jr. 1821:Acts of the Apostles 1590:Subservient Covenant 1063:on the one hand and 946:Westminster Assembly 590:New England theology 575:Mercersburg theology 500:Continental Reformed 226:Heidelberg Catechism 216:Three Forms of Unity 211:Helvetic Confessions 170:Regulative principle 5041:Systematic Theology 4082:Studies in Theology 4060:Robertson, O Palmer 3830:, pp. 183–184. 3818:, pp. 233–234. 3508:Ligonier Ministries 3504:"Covenant Theology" 3466:Christianity portal 3380:in the form of the 3314:of His church, the 3104:Saints in Methodism 2582:Doctrinal standards 2300:systematic theology 2294:in the late 1970s, 2214:. Deuteronomy 4–26) 2099:O. Palmer Robertson 2083:J. Ligon Duncan III 2011:(1623–1687) in his 1800:Covenant succession 1244:covenant, found in 1155:Accepted by faith. 1080:Covenant (biblical) 802:and comes from the 790:and comes from the 300:List of theologians 279:Systematic theology 18:Covenantal theology 5188:Calvinist theology 5097:by J. Ligon Duncan 5083:Modern Reformation 4893:Van Til, Cornelius 4807:Reymond, Robert L. 4645:Helvetic Consensus 4477:, sections 5 and 6 4397:Book of Discipline 3700:, pp. 227–28. 3378:watchnight service 3320:judge of the world 3316:heir of all things 3119:Itinerant preacher 3030:General Conference 2838:Watchnight service 2660:Assurance of faith 2155:Covenant structure 1999:(c. 1603–1669) in 1931:Heinrich Bullinger 1772:pneumatic presence 1576:biblical covenants 1546:Genesis 12, 15, 17 1232: 1101:Abrahamic covenant 1041:foedus monopleuron 936:was first used by 851:Christian addition 841:, "they hear the 839:2 Corinthians 3:14 745:Christian theology 605:Princeton theology 445:H. Richard Niebuhr 355:Franciscus Gomarus 325:Heinrich Bullinger 265:Barmen Declaration 5170:978-0-89283-829-5 5136:(November 2005). 5074:Meredith G. Kline 5061:Meredith G. Kline 4977:Covenant Theology 4933:(Reprint 1990). 4747:Kline, Meredith G 4590:978-0-87552-612-6 4526:Denault, Pascal, 4512:, pp. 41–44. 4493:, 1689, section 3 4459:978-1-4143-9080-2 4429:, United States: 4377:Arminian Magazine 4173:The Wesley Center 4109:, pp. 35–50. 4097:, pp. 108–9. 4020:Horton, Michael S 4005:978-0-8010-2680-5 3992:Schreiner, Thomas 3902:978-0-9862376-0-7 3750:978-1-7252-8157-8 3665:Spurgeon, Charles 3543:, pp. 10–20. 3410:Reformed Baptists 3232:Wesleyan-Arminian 3208: 3207: 3070:Holiness movement 3035:Methodist Circuit 2939:George Whitefield 2769: 2768: 2682:Covenant theology 2560:Wesleyan theology 2364:Zacharias Ursinus 2333:Belgic Confession 2325:French Confession 2298:, a professor of 2221:. Deuteronomy 27) 2217:Document clause ( 2183:Ancient Near East 2160:Meredith G. Kline 2142:, the founder of 2087:Meredith G. Kline 2060:J. Gresham Machen 1997:Johannes Cocceius 1989:Biblical Theology 1939:Zacharius Ursinus 1776:Roman Catholicism 1636:Johannes Cocceius 1033:Reformed orthodox 1001:Covenant of grace 942:Zacharias Ursinus 898:Covenant of works 875:Jesus of Nazareth 819:dispensationalism 800:Reformed Baptists 778:data. Historical 725:Biblical Theology 709:Covenant theology 706: 705: 475:Donald G. Bloesch 455:Cornelius Van Til 370:Samuel Rutherford 340:Zacharias Ursinus 221:Belgic Confession 138:Covenant theology 16:(Redirected from 5210: 5174: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5134:Dulles SJ, Avery 5081:by S. M. Baugh, 5070:Kingdom Prologue 5057:Kingdom Prologue 5043:by Charles Hodge 4931:Witsius, Hermann 4909: 4887: 4861: 4842: 4828:, Phillipsburg: 4763: 4741: 4727:, Grand Rapids: 4715: 4685: 4612: 4609:978-0-22790220-2 4593: 4571: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4513: 4507: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4357:978-1-42675650-4 4343: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4308:978-1-42675347-3 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4271:978-1-42673500-4 4258: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4230: 4229: 4225:978-0-19045420-3 4211: 4205: 4204: 4196: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4042:Kleine, Meredith 4038: 4032: 4031: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3972:Witsius, Hermann 3968: 3962: 3961: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3884: 3878: 3868: 3862: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3764:Fisher, Edward. 3761: 3755: 3754: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3592:. Archived from 3579:The Puritan Hope 3573: 3567: 3561: 3544: 3538: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3500: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3344: 3327:Ten Commandments 3298: 3278: 3230:As such, in the 3200: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3171: 2717:Prevenient grace 2712:Outward holiness 2579: 2497: 2474: 2446:). For example, 2343:(1563), and the 2329:Scots Confession 2308:active obedience 2164:Biblical studies 2025:Jonathan Edwards 2009:Francis Turretin 1947:Caspar Olevianus 1913:Huldrych Zwingli 1879:Charles Spurgeon 1691:ex opere operato 1680:as the only two 1612:become incarnate 1580:Ten Commandments 1338:Davidic covenant 1318:Deuteronomy 29:1 1308:Moabite covenant 1251:and the book of 1049:foedus dipleuron 940:in 1585, though 934: 914:between God and 717:federal theology 698: 691: 684: 670: 669: 527:Reformed Baptist 450:Reinhold Niebuhr 390:Jonathan Edwards 380:Francis Turretin 305:Huldrych Zwingli 284:Metrical psalter 238:Scots Confession 74:Reformation Wall 71: 48: 21: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5132: 5091:by J. I. Packer 5018:Hermann Witsius 4973: 4952: 4914:Vos, Geerhardus 4907: 4891: 4885: 4877:: Inheritance, 4865: 4859: 4846: 4840: 4823: 4761: 4745: 4739: 4721:Horton, Michael 4719: 4713: 4705:: Inheritance, 4689: 4683: 4667: 4664: 4620: 4610: 4597: 4591: 4575: 4554: 4546: 4544: 4534: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4499: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4244: 4233: 4226: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4197: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3631: 3627: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3599: 3597: 3590: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3547: 3539: 3526: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3464: 3457: 3454: 3394: 3345: 3342: 3299: 3296: 3279: 3276: 3204: 3166: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3065: 3057: 3056: 3040:Pastoral charge 3020: 3012: 3011: 2975: 2974: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2870: 2853: 2843: 2842: 2808:Mourner's bench 2798:Revival service 2781: 2771: 2770: 2666: 2647: 2644: 2618:Apostles' Creed 2576: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2523: 2510: 2502: 2472: 2393: 2362:(for instance, 2296:Norman Shepherd 2288: 2246: 2157: 2152: 2135: 2019:(1636–1708) in 2017:Hermann Witsius 1961:(1555–1599) in 1949:(1536–1587) in 1941:(1534–1583) in 1910: 1802: 1796: 1727: 1670: 1604: 1592: 1449:the Last Supper 1422: 1416: 1405:Book of Ezekiel 1340: 1331: 1329:Levite covenant 1310: 1238: 1236:Mosaic covenant 1217: 1215:Mosaic covenant 1179:Philippians 3:3 1115:Book of Hebrews 1103: 1087: 1085:Noahic covenant 1082: 1015:substitutionary 1003: 975: 973:Mosaic covenant 963: 961:Adamic covenant 900: 891: 855:supersessionism 831:house of Israel 711:(also known as 702: 664: 650: 649: 625: 615: 614: 570:Marrow Brethren 545: 537: 536: 495: 485: 484: 465:Jürgen Moltmann 350:William Perkins 297: 289: 288: 193: 185: 184: 128: 120: 119: 100: 92: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5169: 5153: 5130: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5076: 5063: 5050: 5049:by John Murray 5044: 5030: 5020: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4983: 4972: 4971:External links 4969: 4968: 4967: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4928: 4911: 4905: 4889: 4883: 4867:Schilder, Klas 4863: 4857: 4844: 4838: 4821: 4804: 4783: 4773:Founders Press 4765: 4759: 4743: 4737: 4717: 4711: 4695:Schilder, Klas 4687: 4681: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4595: 4589: 4577:Letham, Robert 4573: 4552: 4532: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4497: 4481: 4465: 4458: 4452:. p. 62. 4436: 4427:Logansport, ID 4414: 4386: 4363: 4356: 4335: 4314: 4307: 4289: 4277: 4270: 4253: 4231: 4224: 4206: 4203:. p. 224. 4186: 4167:Wesley, John. 4159: 4144: 4126: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4069: 4051: 4033: 4011: 4004: 3983: 3963: 3945: 3943:, p. 235. 3933: 3908: 3901: 3879: 3863: 3847: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3806:, p. 232. 3796: 3771: 3756: 3749: 3729: 3702: 3690: 3688:, p. 185. 3678: 3656: 3641: 3625: 3619:Complete Works 3606: 3589:978-1848714786 3588: 3568: 3545: 3524: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3453: 3450: 3393: 3390: 3340: 3297:Richard Watson 3294: 3274: 3265:Richard Watson 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3195: 3188: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085:Evangelicalism 3082: 3077: 3072: 3066: 3064:Related groups 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3025:Connexionalism 3021: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2879:Francis Asbury 2876: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2866:Charles Wesley 2863: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2762:Works of mercy 2759: 2757:Works of piety 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2471: 2468: 2410:Michael Horton 2397:Meredith Kline 2392: 2389: 2380:Garden of Eden 2360:Law and Gospel 2321:Garden of Eden 2287: 2284: 2254:Klaas Schilder 2245: 2242: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2215: 2210:Stipulations ( 2208: 2201: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2134: 2131: 2079:Michael Horton 2068:Herman Bavinck 2062:) and, in the 2056:Geerhardus Vos 2052:B. B. Warfield 1959:Robert Rollock 1929:2:9–11), like 1909: 1906: 1871:Benjamin Keach 1853:Infant baptism 1795: 1792: 1726: 1723: 1707:Garden of Eden 1686:means of grace 1669: 1666: 1644:Caspar Olevian 1603: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1469:esp. chs. 7–10 1441:Jeremiah 31:31 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1327: 1309: 1306: 1234:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1204:Galatians 3:26 1191: 1181: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1102: 1099: 1086: 1083: 1053:Richard Muller 1002: 999: 991:Meredith Kline 974: 971: 962: 959: 912:Garden of Eden 899: 896: 890: 887: 835:Christ's blood 704: 703: 701: 700: 693: 686: 678: 675: 674: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 560:Federal Vision 557: 552: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 524: 522:Congregational 519: 518: 517: 512: 502: 496: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 480:Michael Horton 477: 472: 467: 462: 460:T. F. Torrance 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 435:Geerhardus Vos 432: 427: 425:B. B. Warfield 422: 420:Herman Bavinck 417: 415:Abraham Kuyper 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 385:Richard Baxter 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 360:William Twisse 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 276: 269: 268: 267: 262: 261: 260: 255: 250: 240: 235: 234: 233: 231:Canons of Dort 228: 223: 213: 203: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 183: 182: 177: 175:Predestination 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 151: 150: 145: 135: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 43:Federal Vision 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5215: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5027:Charles Hodge 5024: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4965:0-915540-50-9 4962: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4943:0-87552-870-8 4940: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:0-87552-513-X 4923: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4906:99914-2-980-8 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4884:0-921100-46-9 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4858:0-87552-398-6 4854: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4839:0-87552-418-4 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4819:0-8499-1317-9 4816: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:0-85151-340-9 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781:0-9713361-3-X 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760:0-9706418-0-X 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4738:0-8010-1289-9 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4712:0-921100-46-9 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4682:1-84685-278-1 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Chapter XXVII 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4485: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3733: 3730: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3596:on 2015-07-18 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:Presbyterians 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3163:Protestantism 3160: 3156: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:Circuit rider 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3051: 3050:Penitent band 3048: 3047: 3046: 3045:Class meeting 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:Phoebe Palmer 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919:Albert Outler 2917: 2915: 2914:Howell Harris 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2874:Richard Allen 2872: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722:Real presence 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2667:of the saints 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601:New Testament 2599: 2597: 2596:Old Testament 2594: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550:Nonconformism 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2414:justification 2411: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2304:justification 2301: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Charles Hodge 2041: 2037: 2036:United States 2032: 2030: 2027:(1703–58) in 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987:(1616–1683), 1986: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1973:distinction. 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1784:Real Presence 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Real Presence 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:typologically 1741: 1740:New Testament 1736: 1732: 1725:Lord's Supper 1722: 1720: 1716: 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The term " 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:Old Testament 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1323:Romans 10:6–8 1319: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Charles Hodge 1291: 1290:Exodus 20:1–2 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1189:Galatians 3:7 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Genesis 17:10 1168: 1165:covenant was 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139:covenant is: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1000: 998: 996: 992: 988: 987:Edward Fisher 984: 983:Thomas Boston 980: 972: 970: 968: 960: 958: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 938:Dudley Fenner 935: 933: 932:foedus operum 926: 924: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:foedus operum 905: 897: 895: 888: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 863:chosen people 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 814:soteriology. 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 788:Presbyterians 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:covenantalism 710: 699: 694: 692: 687: 685: 680: 679: 677: 676: 673: 668: 663: 662: 661:Protestantism 658: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623:Organizations 619: 618: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:New Calvinism 593: 591: 588: 586: 585:Neo-Calvinism 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 541: 540: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 516: 515:United States 513: 511: 508: 507: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493:Denominations 489: 488: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410:Charles Hodge 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Philip Schaff 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Moses Amyraut 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 345:Theodore Beza 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 293: 292: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274: 270: 266: 263: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 239: 236: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 196:List of texts 189: 188: 181: 180:Scholasticism 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 165:Lord's Supper 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 124: 123: 116: 115:Protestantism 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 96: 95: 91: 87: 86:Theodore Beza 83: 79: 78:William Farel 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 58: 54: 50: 49: 44: 37: 33: 19: 5160: 5145:. 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